Unit 6 Disaster and hope
Hope！Of all ills that man endure，the only cheap and universal cure.
—Abraham Cowley
在人们能忍受的一切疾病中，希望是唯一廉价和普遍的治疗。
——亚伯拉罕·考利
Hope is the second soul of the unhappy.
—Goethe
希望是不幸者的第二灵魂。
——歌德
The natural flights of the human mind are not from pleasure to pleasure，but from hope to hope.
—Samuel Johnson
人类思想的天然线路，不是从享乐到享乐，而是从希望到希望。
——塞缪尔·约翰逊
My hopes are not always realized，but I always hope.
—Ovid
我的希望不是总能实现的，但我不断希望着。
——奥维德
Hope is like the sun，as we journey toward it，casts the shadow of our burden behind us.
—Samuel Smiles
希望犹如太阳，当我们向它行进时，便把我们负担的阴影投在身后。
——塞缪尔·斯迈尔斯
Man is，properly speaking，based upon hope；he has no other possession but hope.
—Carlyle
可以说，人是立足于希望之上的，除了希望他别无所有。
——卡莱尔
Hope is the thing with feathers
—Emily Dickinson
Hope is the thing with feathers
That perches in the soul
And sings the tune without the words
And never stops at all
And sweetest in the gale is heard
And sore must be the storm
That could abashed the little bird
That kept so many warm
I've heard it in the chillest land
And on the strangest sea
Yet，never，in extremity
Tasked a crumb of me
希望长着翅膀
——艾米莉·狄金森
希望是长着翅膀的鸟儿，
栖居在人们的灵魂之中，
吟唱着没有歌词的曲调，
永无止息。
在风暴中它的歌声最为甜美；
风暴必然会带来痛苦，
风暴会令小鸟窘困惊慌，
它却留给我们如斯温暖。
我已在最荒寒的陆地上，
也在最陌生的海洋中听到，
但它纵然身处绝境，
也不向我索取分毫。
Hope is what makes your life continue forward.Setting goals for yourself is fine，but impossible to reach without hope.Many humans believe that hope is something that creates disappointment.However，hope provides you with the ability to project success in your mind，aids in your acceptance of your faults helps you to know that challenges lie ahead，and provides the strength needed to remain appropriately focused on your goals.
Hope provides you with trust，healthy and responsible anticipation.Hope does not create disappointment but expectation does.Because when you expects，you ignorantly narrows your focus.Expectation is what creates disappointment by causing each expectant individual to feel pessimistic about failure，impatient with new fears and challenges，and immature and uneducated when their narrow scope for goal achieving goes away.Hope brings your focus on goal achieving into a broader view，helping you to prepare for new fears and challenges.
[探索发现]
1．What do you think of hope in your study and daily life?
2．If you are in deep trouble，what does hope mean to you?
[答案] 1.It can make our study and life better.
2．It means the ability to deal with trouble.
Section Ⅰ Preparation for the unit
Ⅰ.匹配词义
a．给下列单词选择正确的汉语意思。
( )1.mosquito A．n.管子
( )2.tube B．n.飓风
( )3.plus C．adv.极其，非常
( )4.hurricane D．n.蚊子
( )5.grab E．n.危机
( )6.exceptionally F．v.攫取，抓住
( )7.crisis G．n.(坐着时的)大腿部
( )8.satellite H．n.台风
( )9.lap I．adj.(用于数字后面表示)多，余
( )10.typhoon J．n.人造卫星
( )11.billion K．n.所有物，资产，财产
( )12.property L．adv.什么地方都不，无处
( )13.nowhere M．num.十亿
[答案] 1－5 DAIBF 6－10 CEJGH 11－13 MKL
b．给下列短语选择正确的汉语意思。
( )1.pick up A．浏览；翻阅
( )2.make it B．毕竟；终究
( )3.compared to C．及时抵达；达到预定目标；走完
路程
( )4.look through D．与……相比
( )5.what's more E．而且
( )6.after all F．拾起，捡起
( )7.on the way G．在历史上
( )8.in history H．由……组成
( )9.consist of I．突然
( )10.all of a sudden J．还没有
( )11.have yet to K．在途中，接近；沿途
( )12.fly off L．飞走
[答案] 1－5 FCDAE 6－10 BKGHI 11－12 JL
Ⅱ.默写单词
1．erupt v． (火山)爆发，喷发
2．immediately adv. 即刻，马上
3．occur v. 发生
4．announcement n. 通告，公告
5．forecast v. 预测，预报
6．reliable adj. 可信赖的，可靠的
7．rescue v. 营救，解救
8．emergency n. 紧急情况，不测事件
9．claim v. (战争、事故等)夺去(生命)
10．threaten v. 威胁到，危及
11．precisely adv. 精确地，准确地
12．otherwise adv. 否则，要不然
13．county n. (美国等国家的)县；(英国的)郡
14．threat n. 威胁，可能会带来危险的人(事)
Ⅰ.语境填空
disasters；tube；plus；erupted；immediately；occur；announcement；hurricane；midnight；reflected
1．The disasters always happen with some small warning.
2．Blood flowed along the tube into the bottle.
3．Her knowledge of French is a plus in her job.
4．It's many years since Mount Vesuvius last erupted．
5．The purpose may not be immediately evident.
6．Thunderstorms often occur in summer.
7．The announcement of the royal birth was broadcast to the nation.
8．Hurricane is a kind of storm with a violent wind，especially a West Indian cyclone.
9．They had to leave at midnight．
10．The sunshine reflected on the glass?wall of the building.
Ⅱ.语法填空之派生词
1．In my mind，you are a reliable (rely) friend forever，and I depend on you so much.
2．The weather，even for January，was exceptionally (exceptional) cold.
3．He has received several threatening(threaten)letters.
4．She pronounced the word very slowly and precisely (precise)．
5．Midnight(night)means 12 o'clock at night.
6．This door should only be used in an emergency(emergent)．
7．The following day she felt sufficiently(sufficient)well to go to work.
8．They both lead very sheltered(shelter)lives.
9．In the heavy?stricken area，the drinking (drink)water was in great need.
10．He kept the photos of his daughter as reminders (reminder) of her childhood.
1．Today，the temperature in London is expected to reach 30 plus degrees!
今天，伦敦的气温预计将达到30度以上！
2．I had bacon and eggs for breakfast，and now I'm feeling a bit sick...
我早餐吃了熏肉和鸡蛋，现在我觉得有点不舒服……
3．I should probably put my flat on the market and buy a boat.
我或许应该把我的公寓出售然后买一艘船。
4．He had disappeared the moment the storm hit.
暴风雨刚一来袭，他就已经消失了。
5．Now，one year has passed and I am back home in New Orleans.
现在一年过去了，我回到了新奥尔良的家中。
课文助读
①pick up捡起；获得；收拾；(汽车；飞机)乘载；不费力地学会
②the Tube(伦敦的)地下铁道，地铁
③be expected to有望做某事；被期待做某事
④plus adj.(用于数字后面表示)多，余
⑤typical adj.典型的；特有的；象征性的
It is typical of sb.to do sth.做某事是某人一贯的作风。
⑥as well as也；和……一样；不但……而且，用来连接两个并列的成分
⑦that's erupting是定语从句修饰前面的volcano；erupt v．(火山)爆发；喷出
⑧compared to与……相比 通常作状语，和compared with用法相同
⑨next to紧挨着，在……旁边；仅次于；除……之外
⑩sick adj.恶心的；生病的；不舒服；feel sick 感到恶心
?make it及时抵达；达到预定目标；走完路程
?reflect vt.反射，照出；反映；显示；反省reflection n．反射；反映；显示；反省
?melted cars融化了的汽车。melted是过去分词作定语
?hotter比较热hot的比较级；最高级hottest最热的
?scared adj.害怕的scary adj.令人害怕的
?start planning开始计划 start to plan开始计划
?put my flat on the market把我的房子投放到市场
?when引导时间状语从句 表示“当……的时候”
?be able to有能力做某事
?to go to动词不定式作定语
Most importantly最重要的是
join a beginner's swimming class参加初学者的游泳课join v．加入；参加；汇入join the party入党；join the army参军
immediately adv.立刻，立即，刚
survive v．活下来，幸存；在……之后仍然生存，从……中逃生；survive the fire从大火中逃生
look through浏览；翻阅
showing that ＋从句 现在分词短语作定语，that引导宾语从句
hurricane n．飓风
destroy v．破坏，损坏destroyed是其过去分词形式
what's more而且，更进一步
landslides n．山体滑坡
across Southern Europe整个南欧
occur v．发生 过去式和过去分词形式都是occurred
due to由于
now that既然，通常用于表示众所周知的原因
It's hard to do 做某事是困难的 it是形式主语，to do不定式是真正的主语
think about考虑
comes the announcement 是倒装句，正常语序应该是 the announcement comes有广播传来
step out of走出
with prep.带着，带有
have been doing现在完成进行时 强调动作的持续
after all毕竟，终究
课文呈现
1．①Picking up a free newspaper at ②the Tube station，I see the title“Hot！Hot！Hot！”．Today，the temperature in London ③is expected to reach 30 ④plus degrees！The average high temperature in July is only 22 degrees，so over 30 is not usual for London.It's going to be awful on the Central Line，with no air conditioning.Why did they have to invent the Tube before air conditioning? It's just ⑤typical that my journey is on one of the oldest lines，⑥as well as one of the deepest.It's the hottest on the whole Tube system.
2．Sure enough，going down the stairs and onto the platform is like jumping into a volcano ⑦that's erupting.This，however，is nothing ⑧compared to the train.Because there's no air conditioning，the temperature inside the train can reach 35 degrees！It's lovely at the beach，but not so when you're wearing a suit and in a crowd of passengers！I'm sure the passenger ⑨next to me and I are melting and becoming one！I had bacon and eggs for breakfast，and now I'm feeling a bit ⑩sick—I hope I can?make it to Bank station...I'll avoid the feeling by thinking about work.I work in a tall，glass building.One very hot summer，the sun?reflected off it and ?melted cars parked below！Will this happen again today?
3．Yes，each summer in London definitely seems ?hotter than the last.I suddenly feel a bit ?scared.Perhaps now is the time to ?start planning for the future? I should probably ?put my flat on the market and buy a boat.That way，?when the Thames rises and there is a flood in London，I'll still?be able to get to work.But wait！Would I still have a workplace ?to go to？My office is only on the third floor of the building，so quite low.I'll speak with my manager about moving to the top floor.Most importantly，I will need to learn to swim！I'll join a beginner's swimming class immediately.Then I'll be able tosurvive even when the tall buildings are flooded.
4.Looking through my newspaper，I'm shocked by photos showing that a hurricane in Asia has destroyed a town.What's more，heavy rain in Eastern Europe has caused landslides，and the heat across Southern Europe has caused forest fires.Experts say this bad weather has occurred due to climate change.News like this makes me feel nervous. Now that it's hard to avoid a disaster on Earth，perhaps I should start thinking about moving to space...
5．“The next station is Bank！”comes the announcement. That's my destination. Stepping out of the station with a heavy heart，I suddenly feel a fresh wind on my face.Well，maybe I have been worrying too much.After all，it's only 30 degrees outside！
译文参考
1．拿起地铁站的免费报纸，我看到标题“热！热！热！”。今天，伦敦的气温预计将达到30度以上！七月份的平均高温只有22度，所以超过30度是不正常的。在没有空调的中央线上会很糟糕。为什么他们要在空调之前发明地铁呢？一贯如此，我乘的是最古老的线路之一，也是其中一个最深层的。它是整个地铁系统中最热的。
2．果然，下楼梯走上地铁站台就像跳进一座正在喷发的火山。然而，与车厢内相比，这根本算不上什么。因为没有空调，车厢内的温度可以达到35度！在海滩上很好，但当你穿着西装，在一群乘客中时，情况就不是这样了！我敢肯定我旁边的乘客和我都正在融化，然后融为一体！我早餐吃了熏肉和鸡蛋，现在我觉得有点不舒服——我希望我能及时赶到银行站。我会通过思考工作来避免这种感觉。我在一栋高大的玻璃建筑里工作。有一个非常炎热的夏天，太阳反射了在玻璃大楼上，融化了的汽车停在下面！今天还会再发生这种事吗？
3．是的，伦敦的每个夏天肯定比上一个夏天更热。我突然觉得有点害怕。也许现在是开始规划未来的时候了？我或许应该把我的公寓出售然后买一艘船。这样的话，当泰晤士河水上升，伦敦发生洪水时，我仍然可以上班。但是等等！我依然还会有工作的地方吗？我的办公室只在三楼，所以很低。我会和我的经理谈谈搬到顶层的事。最重要的是，我需要学会游泳！我马上参加初学者的游泳课。即使高楼被淹了，我也能活下来。
4．翻阅我的报纸，我很震惊地看到发生在亚洲的飓风摧毁了城市的照片。更有甚者，东欧的大雨导致了山体滑坡，而整个南欧的炎热也引发了森林火灾。专家说，这种坏天气是由于气候变化造成的。这样的消息让我感到紧张。既然地球上的灾难很难避免，也许我应该开始考虑搬到太空去……
5．“下一站是银行站！” 广播里传来。这是我的目的地。带着沉重的心情走出车站，我突然感觉到脸上有股清新的风。嗯，也许我一直太担心了。毕竟，外面只有30度！
速读P62－63教材课文，完成下列任务：
Ⅰ.阅读判断
判断以下句子提供的信息是正确的，还是错误的，还是没有提及。
1．The author finds all the newspapers at the Tube station are free.( )
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
2．London seldom reaches 30 plus degree in summer.( )
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
3．There is a volcano in London that is erupting.( )
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
4．The author and the passenger beside him are working in the same place.( )
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
5．The outside of the Tube is cooler that the inside.( )
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
[答案] 1－5 BACCA
Ⅱ.补全信息
选择正确选项填入空白处，补全所给句子提供的信息。
A．because he wants to avoid the disasters
B．because it is hot and crowded in it
C．because the temperature is lower outside
D．because the disasters are serious and dangerous
E．because the temperature is higher than expected
F．because he wants to go to work by boat
1．The newspaper has the title“Hot！Hot！Hot！” ．
2．The author feels sick in the Tube ．
3．The author wants to sell his flat ．
4．The author feels shocked at the photos ．
5．The author wants to move to space ．
6．The author feels good walking out of the Tube ．
[答案] 1－6 EBFDAC
Ⅲ.表格填空
根据课文内容，在空白处填入合适的单词或短语。
Location What the author finds What the author feels
Outside of the Tube I see 1.the title of the newspaper “Hot！Hot！Hot！”． The central line is2.the hottest on the whole Tube system.
Inside the Tube Going down the stairs and onto the platform is like 3.jumping into a volcano that is erupting.One very hot summer，the 4.melted cars parked below. It is lovely at the beach，but I feel I am 5.melting together with the passenger beside me and feel a bit 6.sick．I hope I can 7.make it to Bank Station.
Each summer inLondon seems8.hotter than the last. I suddenly feel a bit scared.
9.Looking through the newspaper, I find the photos showing the disasters. I am shocked.
Outside of the Tube again The ⑩announcement tells him of the coming of his destination. I suddenly feel a fresh wind on my face.
细读P62－63教材课文，完成下列任务：
Ⅰ.主旨匹配
细读课文，匹配段落大意。
1．Paragraph 1 A．The author's feeling after walking
out of the Tube.
2．Paragraph 2 B．What the author finds and feels
before entering the Tube.
3．Paragraph 3 C．The strange ideas of the author in
the Tube.
4．Paragraph 4 D．The author's experience inside the
Tube.
5．Paragraph 5 E．The shocking news about the
disaster from the newspaper.
[答案] 1－5 BDCEA
Ⅱ.单项选择
细读课文，选择最佳答案。
1．What does the text mainly tell us?
A．There is a volcano in London erupting now.
B．The working place will move to the top floor.
C．The author wants to sell his flat and buy a boat.
D．The temperature in London is higher than before.
2．What do we know about the Central Line in London?
A．It was built earlier than most of the other lines.
B．The air conditioning was invented early than it.
C．Going down on the stairs is hard for the passengers.
D．It was the hottest and deepest on the world's Tube system.
3．Why does the author feel uncomfortable in the Tube?
A．Because he is wearing a suit today.
B．Because he had special food for breakfast.
C．Because he can make it to Bank Station soon.
D．Because there are many people and much hot air.
4．What makes the author feel shocked and nervous?
A．The bad weather caused by the climate change.
B．The heavy rain and the landslides in Eastern Europe.
C．The thought of avoiding a disaster and moving to space.
D．The photos and the news of the disasters around the world.
5．Why does the author feel good after walking out of the Tube?
A．Because he has been worrying too much.
B．Because he is moving to space.
C．Because he feels cooler outside.
D．Because the destination is here now.
[答案] 1－5 DADDC
Ⅲ.读后续写微技能
读后续写微技能之——文章结构之位移
A．文中表示主体位移的句子。
1．Sure enough，going down the stairs and onto the platform is like jumping into a volcano that's erupting.(下楼梯走上地铁的站台)
2．Because there's no air conditioning，the temperature inside the train can reach 35 degrees！(在地铁车厢里面)
3．Stepping out of the station with a heavy heart，I suddenly feel a fresh wind on my face.(走出地铁)
B．判断下列是否表示主体位移的句子。
1．It is going to be awful on the Central Line with no air conditioning.( )
2．One very hot summer，the sun reflected off it and melted cars parked below！( )
3．Now that it's hard to avoid a disaster on Earth, perhaps I should start thinking about moving to space...( )
[答案] 1－3 ××√
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Section Ⅱ Starting out & Understanding ideas
1．erupt v．(火山)爆发，喷发→ eruption n．(火山)爆发，喷发
2．immediate adj.立即的，直接的→immediately adv.即刻，马上
3．occur v．发生 →occurrence n．发生，发现；事件
4．type n．类型，模范，典型→typical adj.典型的，象征性的
5．compare v．比较→comparison n．比较
1．erupt v．(指火山)爆发；(情绪)突然爆发；突然发生；(指斑点等)在皮肤上出现
①It's many years since Mount Vesuvius last erupted.(指火山)爆发
②Violence has erupted on the streets.突然发生
③When I saw the size of the bill I simply erupted and became quite angry.(情绪) 突然爆发
④A rash has erupted all over my back.(指斑点等)在皮肤上出现
2．immediately adv.立即，即刻；直接地；在临近，紧接着；conj.一……就
①During the conference he sat in the seat immediately in front of me.在临近，紧接着
②He confirmed who was immediately responsible to the accident.直接地
③He did all sorts of tricks immediately my back was turned.一……就
④Seeing the invitation，I wrote him an answer immediately.立即，即刻
3．pick up拾起；捡起；接收(信号)；(偶然)学会；收拾；整理；(用车)接(人)；(健康、生意等)好转；买到
①The school bus picks up the children three times every day.(用车)接(人)
②The equipment picked up the signal from the satellite.接收(信号)
③He picked up some French while he was away on a business trip in Paris.(偶然)学会
④My friend began to pick up after staying in hospital for several days.(健康、生意等)好转
⑤The twin sisters were shopping on Women's Day and managed to pick up bags of bargains.买到
Words And Phrases
react to 对……做出回应
(教材P61) How did people there react to the disaster?
那里的人们对灾难如何做出回应？
[例1] The public reacted strongly to the news that someone treated his parents badly.
公众对那条有人不善待父母的新闻反应强烈。
[例2] How did the coach react to the news of the failure？教练听到这个失败消息时有何反应？
[造句] 学生们对减少假期的天数的决定怎么回应？
How do the students react to the decision of reducing the days of the holiday?
[知识拓展]
(1)react on/upon 对……有影响
react with 与……产生化学反应
react against 反对；反抗
(2)reaction n. 反应；起作用(常与介词to连用)
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Many chemical substances react with oxygen.
②Our eyes react to the light.
pick up 拾起，拿起
(教材P62) Picking up a free newspaper at the Tube station，I see the title“Hot！Hot！Hot！”．
拿起地铁站的免费报纸，我看到标题“热！热！热！”。
[例1] He picked up the child and put her on his shoulders.
他抱起孩子让她骑在自己的肩膀上。
[例2] The children picked up many sea shells at the sea shore.
孩子们在海边捡到了许多贝壳。
[造句] 他很善良帮助那个老人拾起了他的书。
He was so kind to help the old man to pick up his book.
[知识拓展]
pick out 挑选出；了解；领会
pick on 挑选；选中；批评
pick and choose 挑三拣四，仔细挑选
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①I have picked out the bad tomatoes from the basket.
②The examiners can pick on any student to answer questions.
[小片段填空]
One day Johnson saw an old radio on his way to school and picked it up．He turned it on and found it still picked up very clear signals from foreign BBC.The boy planned to pick up some British English.At the thought，he ran to school so excitedly that he fell down onto the ground.Luckily he picked himself up．
一天约翰逊在上学的路上发现了一部旧收音机就把他捡了起来。他把收音机打开发现居然能接收到BBC非常清晰的信号。男孩计划用它来学点英式英语。想到这个想法，他往学校跑得太激动了以至于摔倒在地上，幸好他自己爬了起来。
be expected to有望做某事，被期待做某事
(教材P62) Today，the temperature in London is expected to reach 30 plus degrees!
今天，伦敦的气温预计将达到30度以上！
[例1] The rare disease is expected to be cured in a short period of time.
这种罕见的疾病预计能在短时间内治愈。
[例2] All the students are expected to participate in the activity actively.
期待所有的学生能积极参加这项活动。
[造句] 这本书本月预计要卖到1 500本。
This book is expected to sell 1，500 copies this month.
[知识拓展]
expect v． 期望；预料；要求；认为(某事)会发生
expectation n. 期待；预期；前程
expected adj. 预计要发生的，期待中的
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Her astonished expression suggested that she hadn't expected (not expect)that result.
②The result was out of his expectation(expect)．Harry looked at the medal in surprise without saying a word.
compare to 与……相比，和……比起来
(教材P62) This，however，is nothing compared to the train.然而，与车厢内相比，这根本算不上什么。
[例1] She is tall，compared to most of her classmates.
与她大多数同学相比，她算很高了。
[例2] Film has a much shorter history，especially when compared to such art forms as music and painting.电影的历史相对较短，尤其是和像音乐和绘画这样的艺术形式相比。
[造句] 与汽车相比，自行车不会造成环境问题。
Compared to cars，bicycles cause no environmental problems.
[知识拓展]
compare A with/and B 把A和B加以比较
compare A to B把A比作B
beyond / without compare 无与伦比的，不可比的
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Chairman Mao compared the young to the morning sun.
②I carefully compared the first report with the second.
make it 及时赶到；成功；能参加
(教材P62) I hope I can make it to Bank station...我希望我能及时赶到银行站。
[例1] Sarah made it to the airport just in time to catch her plane this morning.
萨拉赶到了机场，正好及时赶上了今天早上的飞机。
[例2] I don't have enough money to make it through the week.我的钱不足以撑过这个星期。
[造句] 离发车还有10分钟，我想我们能赶得上。
The train won't leave for another ten minutes，so I think we can make it.
[知识拓展]
make it＋时间 定为某个时间
make it through... 挺过……，熬过……
make it a rule 定为规则；养成一种习惯
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Let's make it 8：00 am if you want to go to the park with me.
②I make it a rule to write my diary every night.
immediate adv.即刻 马上
(教材P63) I'll join a beginner's swimming class immediately.
我马上参加初学者的游泳课。
[例1] I immediately jumped up on my bicycle seat and started home.我立即跳上自行车往家赶。
[例2] We immediately climbed onto the table and，for the next four hours，waited for those snakes to leave our camp.我们立即跳上了桌子，接下来四个小时，等着那些蛇离开我们的帐篷。
[造句] 如果您能给我立即回复我将不胜感激。
I'll appreciate it if you can give us an answer immediately.
[知识拓展]
immediately conj. 一……就
immediate adj. 立即的；直接的；最接近的
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①When these events occur，you should not let them determine your immediate course.
②Immediately I've done it I feel completely disgusted with myself.
occur v．发生，出现；想起
(教材P63) Experts say this bad weather has occurred due to climate change.
专家说，这种坏天气是由于气候变化造成的。
[例1] Almost all of them occur in the US，in the area from Texas to South Dakota.
几乎所有的龙卷风都发生在美国德克萨斯州到南达科塔州一带地区。
[例2] The serious traffic accident occurred yesterday morning and three people were confirmed to be dead.
那场严重的交通事故发生在昨天上午，三人被确认死亡。
[造句] 我们都应该记住一些伟大的科学发现都是偶然发生的。
We should all remember that some great scientific discoveries occurred by chance.
[知识拓展]
sth.occurs to sb. 某事浮现在某人的脑海中；某人想到……
It occurs to sb.that... 某人想到……
It occurs to sb.to do sth... 某人想到……
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①A perfect idea occurred (occur) to us that we could give a handmade gift to our teacher for Teachers' Day.
②It never occurred to him to ask (ask) anyone for helping him with English.
[小片段填空]
Last month something really amazing occurred in Jack's family.It never occurred to him that his father bought what he had been longing for.He fell into great excitement and a perfect idea occurred to him that he would do something great for his father.
上个月一件非常令人吃惊的事情发生在了杰克的家里。他从来没想过他的父亲居然给他买了他一直盼望的东西。他非常激动。突然一个绝妙的想法浮现在他脑海里，他得为父亲做点什么伟大的事情。
after all 毕竟，终究
(教材P63) After all，it's only 30 degrees outside.
毕竟外面只有30度。
[例1] You shouldn't do that.After all，he is your father.
你不应该那样做。毕竟，他是你父亲。
[例2] After two years of hard practice，I passed the driving exam after all.
经过两年的辛苦练习，我终于通过了考试。
[造句] 让他自己去上学，毕竟他十岁了。
Let him go to school by himself.After all，he is ten years old.
[知识拓展]
in all 总计，总共
above all 首先；最重要的是
first of all 首先
all in all 总的来说
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①There were a hundred people in all．
②Never waste anything，but above all never waste time.
Sentence Patterns
It is typical that 从句 一贯如此；做某事是典型的
(教材P62) It's just typical that my journey is on one of the oldest lines，as well as one of the deepest.
一贯如此，我乘的是最古老的线路之一，也是其中一个最深层的。
句式分析：该句是一个主从复合句，it作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的that主语从句。
[例1] It is typical that what teachers teach is what exams test.典型的就是老师教什么考试考什么。
[例2] It is typical that he will take a nap after lunch every day.他一贯的做法是每天午饭后小睡一会儿。
[造句] 来参加生日宴会忘记带礼物来正是他的特点。
It is typical that he forgets to bring a present when attending a birthday party.
[知识拓展]
(1)It＋be＋形容词(possible，obvious，important...)＋that从句
(2)It＋be＋名词短语(a pity，a fact，a wonder，an honour，an idea，no wonder...)＋that从句
(3)It＋be＋过去分词(said，thought，believed，supposed，reported...)＋that从句
[翻译]
①It is obvious that without the help of the whole society，there would be no new school today.(很明显)
②It is true that this is a good chance for you to have a good knowledge of traditional Chinese culture.(这是真实的)
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①It's a pity that you've missed such a good chance.
②It is generally believed (believe) that communication skills are becoming what it takes to be a good doctor.
now that 引导时间状语从句
(教材P63) Now that it's hard to avoid a disaster on Earth，perhaps I should start thinking about moving to space...
既然地球上的灾难很难避免，也许我应该开始考虑搬到太空去……
句式分析：now that 引导的原因状语从句
[例1] Now that everyone is here，let's begin today's meeting.
既然大家都到了， 我们开始今天的会议。
[例2] Now that you have got the result，let me tell you what caused it.
既然你知道结果了，我来告诉你是什么造成的。
[造句] 既然晚饭准备好了，去洗洗手吧！
Now that the dinner is ready，go and wash your hands!
[知识拓展]
英语中原因状语从句引导词还有：
(1)because表示直接的原因或理由，表示原因的语气最强。回答以why引导的特殊疑问句，只能用because。意为“因为”。
(2)since表示对方已经知道，无须加以说明的原因或事实，语气比because稍弱。意为“既然”。
(3)as往往表示十分明显的原因，听者或读者已经知道或能看出来，语气较弱，比较口语化。as引导的句子一般放在句首。意为“由于”。
[翻译]
①I draw a picture everyday because I like it．(因为我喜欢)
②Since it is so hot，let's go swimming.(既然天这么热)
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①—Why were you absent from school last week?
—Because my mother was ill.
②Since /Now that you feel uncomfortable，you'd better not drive to do business.
have been doing sth.一直在做某事
(教材P63) Well，maybe I have been worrying too much.嗯，也许我一直太担心了。
句式分析：该句考查的时态是现在完成进行时，其结构是has/have been doing sth.。
[例1] I have to see the doctor because I have been coughing a lot lately.
我必须要去看医生了因为最近一直咳嗽的厉害。
[例2] —Why do you want to work for our company?
—This is the job that I have been looking for.
——为什么你要在我公司工作？
——这是我一直在寻找的那种工作。
[造句] 过去这三年中，这个女孩一直在上排球课，一周两次。
The girl has been taking volleyball classes twice a week over the last three years.
[知识拓展]
现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别
现在完成进行时和现在完成时皆可表示动作对现在产生的结果，但前者所表示的结果是直接的，而后者所表示的则是最后的结果。现在完成进行时表示动作还在继续，现在完成时往往没有这层含义。现在完成进行时往往表示动作在重复，现在完成时则常常不带重复性。现在完成进行时比较生动，有时含有明显的感彩，而现在完成时往往只说明一个事实，一种影响或结果，平铺直叙，没有什么感彩可言。
[翻译]
①雨下了两小时。
It has rained for two hours.
②雨已经一直下了两小时了。
It has been raining for two hours.
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The car is going again now.Tom has repaired (repair)it.
②Tom's hands are very dirty.He has been repairing (repair) the car.
教材 高考
1.I hope I can make it to Bank station... (2013·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)It was a real race against time to get the project done.Luckily，we made it.
2.Experts say this bad weather has occurred due to climate change. (2016·江苏卷)Years ago，a critical event occurred in my life that would change it forever.
1．Looking through my newspaper，I'm shocked by photos showing that a hurricane in Asia has destroyed a town.
[分析] 本句是主从复合句。looking through my newspaper是现在分词作状语。后面的showing that 从句是photos的定语，其中that引导的是宾语从句。
[译文] 翻阅我的报纸，我很震惊地看到发生在亚洲的飓风摧毁了城市的照片。
2．Now that it's hard to avoid a disaster on Earth，perhaps I should start thinking about moving to space...
[分析] 本句是主从复合句。从句是now that 引导的原因状语从句，从句it是形式主语，代替后面的动词不定式。
[译文] 既然地球上的灾难很难避免，也许我应该开始考虑搬到太空去……
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．We are expected (expect) to take part in the Provincial contest next month.
2．It is typical (type) that he will fall asleep while having the meeting.
3．Walking into the underground is just like entering a volcano that is erupting (erupt)．
4．The police set off to search for the lost boy immediately (immediate) they got the call.
5．Attention please，everyone！I have a very important announcement (announce) to make.
6．It never occurred (occur) to me that he should break into my house and stole my notebook.
7．Most importantly(important)，we still need more money to finish the task successfully.
8．With the heavy rain outside，I really hope my parents could make it to the nearest station.
9．Seeing the snake winding around the branch，I felt a bit scared (scary) and ran away.
10．Your parents have been waiting (wait) for you since you told them you were coming.
Ⅱ.短语填空
compared to；after all；next to；what's more；most importantly；pick up；make it
1．Picking up the apple under the tree，I found a worm eating inside it.
2．Treat the boy patiently.After all，he is just a student in Grade 1.
3．Compared to the result，the process where we have been working matters more.
4．He drove to the airport to pick us up.What's more，he took warm lunch for us.
5．Keep yourself active.Most importantly，build up your body and meanwhile，your mind.
6．Although it was late into the night，he made it to the subway station to pick me up.
7．I really hope the man next to me could stop playing his cellphone game.
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
The temperature in London 1.is expected (expect) to reach 30 plus degrees！You may find the newspapers 2.with the title“Hot！Hot！Hot！”．The Central Line is one of the oldest 3.lines(line)and one of the 4.deepest(deep)．Going down the stairs and onto the platform makes you hard to breathe and it is nothing，5.compared (compare) to the train.Some of the passengers in it feel 6. a bit sick and they hope they can make 7.it to their destination soon.Each summer in London definitely seems 8.hotter (hot) than the last.Perhaps it is time 9.to start (start) planning for the future.Fortunately，if you step out of the station，you 10.will feel (feel)a fresh wind on your face.
PAGE
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Section Ⅲ Using language
省略
省略是为了避免重复、突出新信息而省略句中的一个或者几个句子成分并使上下文紧密连接的一种语法修辞手段。省略和替代一样，也是避免重复、突出关键词语并使上下文紧密连接。只要不损害语法结构或产生歧义，能省略就应省略。尤其在对话中，它是一种普遍的现象，因为它有助于语言上的简洁。所涉及的省略情况一般有：词的省略、句子成分的省略、多个成分的同时省略等。
[观察例句]
注意括号里省略掉的成分
①It is just typical that my journey is on one of the oldest lines，as well as one of the deepest (lines)．
②My office is only on the third floor of the building，so (it is) quite low.
③He is going to his uncle's (house)．
④(Is there) Anything wrong?
⑤Her job is to take care of the elders and (to) wash their clothes.
⑥The child wanted to play in the street，but her mother told her not to(play in the street)．
⑦— Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
— I'd like to (come to dinner tonight)．But I'm too busy.
⑧To some smile is very easy，and to others (smile is) so hard.
⑨Mary is going to sweep the floor because Alice won't (sweep the floor)．
⑩The baby closed his eyes as if (he were) to sleep.
[归纳用法]
1．可省略主语和谓语。
A word about your composition.(省略了I will say...)
我现在谈一下你的作文。
Though tired，he was not disheartened.(省略了he was...)
他虽然累了，但没有泄气。
Got a smart?phone？(句首省略了Have you...)
有智能手机吗？
2．可省去从句。
You have done better this time.(省去从句than you did before)
这一次你做得好些了。
Oh，that reminds me.(me之后省去了that从句，其内容由具体情况而定)
噢，这使我想起了一件事。
3．可用不定式to，省去前面提到的谓语动词。
Jack didn't pass the driving test，but he still hope to.(to后省去了pass)
杰克没有通过驾驶证考试，但他仍希望能通过。
4．可用so，not省略前面提到的事，表肯定与否定。
—Do you think it's going to rain over the weekend?
你认为周末会下雨吗？
—I believe not/I believe so.(即I don't believe it's going to rain)
我想不会/我想会的。
5．根据不同语境可省略不同成分。如：
only if，If only，what so ever, in case
6．特殊疑问句的省略。
Where to？去哪里？
(＝Where are you going to？)
What for？为什么？
(例如：What do you come here for？你来这里干什么？)
Why not do it？为什么不做那件事呢？
(＝Why don't you do it？)
How/What about(sb.)doing sth.？做某事怎么样？
What's on tonight?
今晚上映什么？
What's up?
发生什么事了？
[即时训练] 在括号里写出句子省略的成分。
1．We are delighted(that)you can come.
2．It happened on the day (when) we first met.
3．I hope to finish my job and (to)go back home.
4．(Does)anyone want a drink?
5．What we could do was (to)get away.
6．The suggestion has been made that the football game (should) be put off.
7．You may come to see me (at) any time between 4 and 5 in the afternoon.
8．(I)beg your pardon.
9．Just (wait) a moment please!
10．He spent part of the money and the rest (of the money) he saved.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．— I won't do it any more.
—Why not?
2．Although told (tell) to stop，he kept on working.
3．—Will you waste your time and money on that?
— Certainly not．
4．— Mary didn't attend the lecture，did she?
— Yes，she did．
5．— What's Joan doing?
— Reading (read) newspapers in the room.
6．— Can you climb that tree，my boy?
— Me (I) ?
7．Some people are against the plan but more (many) support it.
8．—I'll be away on a business trip.Would you mind looking after my cat?
—Not at all.I'd be happy to．
9．— Why not go and have dinner in a restaurant?
— I am afraid not．It's too expensive.
10．Someone has used my mobile phone，but I don't know who．
Ⅱ.短文语法填空
Each time you call 1.up your family，do you think this invention made by the distinguished 2.inventor (invent) Bell can have such a great effect on our life?
3．As we all know，the telephone is one of the most welcome and useful inventions.No wonder more and more families have got to use their own telephones today.The telephone makes things 4.convenient (convenience) in many ways.Especially，after the mobile telephone appears，communication becomes 5.easier (easy) and rapider.To students and people going out for business far away from their homes，the telephone can 6.shorten (short) the distance between them and their families.Thus they 7.will get (get)comfort whenever they are homesick or they run 8.into trouble.With the help of the telephone，people can keep in touch with anyone at any time and in any place for urgent help.
In 9.a word，the telephone is so helpful that we can say that nowadays we can not live without the telephone in our daily life.We will further improve the performance of the telephone so as 10.to create (create) better conditions for its development.
PAGE
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Section Ⅳ Developing ideas & Presenting ideas
阅读reading 2中的材料，选出最佳选项
1．What is the text mainly about?
A．The cat's being lost and found in the terrible storm.
B．The author's experience and optimistic attitude in the storm.
C．The stars looking more beautiful and attractive after the storm.
D．The author's habit of watching the stars after the storm.
2．What do we learn about the author's family?
A．The author's cat and the roof were blown away.
B．Mom was successful to run out of the room.
C．They went out by boat on the “street river”．
D．It became unsafe for them to stay at home.
3．What matters for the whole family in Mom's eyes?
A．Staying together and being safe.
B．Watching the stars with no lights.
C．Staying away from home for a few days.
D．Having clothes on their backs.
[答案] 1－3 BDA
Words And Phrases
reliable adj.可信赖的，可靠的
(教材P65) So，for accurate and reliable predictions，it's best to check an official，scientific report.
所以，对于精确可靠的预测而言，最好是去检查一下官方的科学报告。
[例1] He is a reliable man and you definitely can believe his words.
他是个可靠的人，你绝对可以相信他的话。
[例2] According to the reliable information，we will have three days off from tomorrow.
据可靠消息，我们明天起放三天假。
[造句] 我们的消息来源可靠。
Our information comes from a reliable source.
[知识拓展]
rely v． 依靠，信赖
rely on 依靠，依赖；信赖
rely on it that... 相信……；指望……
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①He likes to do well and to be seen as reliable(rely)．
②You can rely on it that it will rain this weekend.
[小片段填空]
Many parents feel some teachers in the kindergarten are not reliable and they can't rely on them to look after their children.We can't rely on it that a kindergarten whose purpose is to earn money will benefit your children a lot.
很多家长感觉这所幼儿园的老师不值得信赖，他们不能信赖他们来照顾自己的孩子。我们不能指望一所以赚钱为目的的幼儿园能对你的孩子有多少好处。
rescue v．&n.营救，解救；援救
(教材P65) Amongst all the international heavy rescue teams，the China International Search and Rescue Team (CISAR) was the first international heavy rescue team to arrive.
在所有的国际重型救援中，中国国际重型搜救和救援队是第一个到达的。
[例1] They were eventually rescued by helicopter.
他们最后被直升机救走了。
[例2] She had despaired of ever being rescued alive.
她那时对获救生还已经绝望了。
[造句] 我们那时已经放弃了获救的希望。
We had given up hope of rescue/being rescued.
[归纳拓展]
rescue sb./sth.from 从……营救某人/某物；使某人/某物免于
come to one's rescue 营救某人
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The 23?year?old's screams alerted a passerby who went to her (she) rescue.
②You rescued me from an embarrassing situation.
claim v．(战争、事故等)夺去生命；声称
(教材P66) Caused by exceptionally heavy snowfall within a short period of time，they destroyed buildings and forests，and claimed over 256 lives.
由于短时间内异常严重的降雪，他们摧毁了建筑物和森林，夺走了256条生命。
[例1] The civil war claimed several lives of Chinese members of UN Peacekeeping Force.
内战夺取了几个联合国维和部队中国成员的生命。
[例2] He claims that he was not given a fair chance of competition.
他声称他未得到公正的竞争机会。
[造句] 那次撞车事故导致三人死亡，包括两个成年人和一个孩子。
The car crash claimed three lives including two adults and a child.
[归纳拓展]
claim to have done 声称做过某事
claim to be 声称
It is claimed that 据称，听说
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①I am a newcomer and don't claim to be (be) an expert.
②The tourist claimed to have seen (see)the monster in the lake.
[小片段填空]
Someone called the police and claimed to be a doctor and claimed to have known the traffic accident three days ago.And he said the accident actually claimed five lives in all but the driver refused to admit.
有人打电话报警，声称自己是个医生，并且声称自己了解三天前那场交通事故。并且他说事故事实上造成五人死亡但是司机拒绝承认。
threaten v．威胁到，危及
(教材P66) It led to a severe food crisis and threatened the livelihoods of more than 9.5 million people.
它导致了严重的粮食危机，并威胁到950多万人的生计。
[例1] He said that elder boy had threatened to beat him on his way home.
他说那个大一点的男孩已经威胁过他了，回家路上揍他。
[例2] The thief threatened the old man with a knife.
这个抢劫犯用刀子威胁老人。
[造句] 她依然记得自己昨天被威胁的场景。
She still remember her being threatened yesterday.
[归纳拓展]
threat n． 威胁，可能带来危险的人(事)
threatened adj. 受到威胁的，感到危险的
threatening adj. (行为)威胁的
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The use of nuclear weapons is a horrible threat (threaten) to the human beings.
②He didn't feel threatened (threat) at the news of her succeeding in finishing the work.
[小片段填空]
It is said that several older students in that school threatened the younger ones to give them money or they would be punished.The threat led to many students not going to school.The parents felt the safety of their children threatened and they asked the school to punished the threatening behaviors in the school.
据说那所学校的几个年长点的学生威胁年龄小的学生给他们钱否则他们就会受到惩罚。这样的威胁导致很多学生不去上学。家长们觉得他们孩子的安全受到了威胁，要求校方惩罚学校里的威胁人的行为。
otherwise adv.& conj.否则，要不然
(教材P68) There was water everywhere，but we couldn't drink any of it otherwise we'd get really sick.
到处都是水，但是我们一滴也不能喝，否则我们就会真的得病。
[例1] He must work really hard，otherwise，he will soon be abandoned by his company and his fans.
他必须非常努力地工作，不然他很快就会被公司和歌迷遗弃。
[例2] I need your answer by six o'clock tonight－otherwise we'll leave you out of it!
我必须在今晚六点前得到你的答复，否则我们就把你排除在外！
[造句] 抓住这个机会，否则你会后悔的。
Seize the chance，otherwise you'll regret it.
[归纳拓展]
otherwise adv. 在其他方面，不同地，用别的方法
or otherwise 或相反，或其他情况
but otherwise 但在别的方面却
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Over 7，000 riders on Beijing subways were fined for putting feet on the seats or otherwise taking up too much space.
②She is not very clever，but otherwise she's a nice girl.
Sentence Patterns
be doing....when 正在做……这时……
(教材P68) I was sitting in my room with my cat，Smartie，on my lap，when the roof just flew off.我正坐在房间里，我的猫思马蒂坐在我大腿上，这时屋顶飞了下来。
句式分析：本句为一个并列句，when是并列连词，意为“ 正在这时/那时”，相当于and at that time，本句核心句型为：was/were doing...when“当……时，正在那时……”。
[例1] They were talking about him when he came in.
他们正在谈论他，正在那时他走了进来。
[例2] We were doing our homework when the lights went off.
我们正在做作业时，灯突然灭了。
[造句] 我正在家里学习，这时我的手机响了。
I was studying at home when my cellphone rang.
[归纳拓展]
when作并列连词常用于下列句型中：
(1)sb.was about to do sth.when...＝ sb.was on the point of doing sth.when...某人正要干某事，就在这时……
(2)be just going to do sth.when...正要……这时……
(3)sb.had (just) done sth.when...某人刚干完某事，就在这时……
[翻译]
①I was about to go out when it began to rain.(正要出门)
②He had just finished his homework when his mom asked him to help.(刚完成作业)
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①He was about to raise (raise) his hand when class was over.
②He had just sent (send) an email on the Internet when his computer broke down.
the moment 引导时间状语从句
(教材P69) He had disappeared the moment the storm hit.暴风雨刚一来袭，他就已经消失了。
句式分析：该句是由the moment连接的复合句。the moment意思是：一……就……
[例1] He rushed out the classroom the moment he saw his mother.
他一看到妈妈就从教室里冲了出来。
[例2] The moment I arrived at the station I found my friend waiting there.
我一到车站就看到我朋友在那里等我。
[造句] 一想起去打篮球，我就觉得激动。
I feel excited the moment I think of playing basketball.
[归纳拓展]
the moment在句中为名词短语用作连词，引导时间状语从句，意为“一……就……”。用作连词引导时间状语从句的名词短语还有：
(1)every time，any time，next time，the first time，the last time，by the time，the day等。
(2)the instant，the minute意为“一……就……”相当于as soon as。
[翻译]
①I think of the happy time we spent together every time I see these photos.(每次)
②The first time you take part in a race，it is very normal to feel tense.(第一次)
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Next time you come (come) to London，do come to pay me a visit.
②The first time I came (come) to that town，I was deeply impressed.
before在……之前
(教材P69) Although it was only a few days before we were rescued，it felt like months.
尽管仅仅过了几天我们就得救了，但是感觉像过了几个月。
句式分析：该句是一个although连接的让步状语从句。其中从句中的before 引导时间状语从句，句型为“It ＋be ＋过去时间段＋ before从句(一般过去时)”过……时间才……
[例1] It was nearly a day before he realized his mistakes and said sorry to his friend.
将近一天之后，他才意识到他的错误并向他的朋友道歉。
[例2] It was some time before we knew the truth of the accident.
过了一段时间后，我们才了解了事故的真相。
[造句] 这种状况或许要过很多年才能得到改善。
It may be many years before the situation improves.
[归纳拓展]
含before 的常用句式有：
(1)It won't be long before...“用不了多久就会……”(before从句用一般现在时)
(2)It wasn't long before...“没过多久就……”(before从句用一般过去时)
(3)It will be＋一段时间＋before...“要过若干时间之后才……”(before从句用一般现在时)
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①She and her family hid away for nearly twenty?five months before they were discovered.
②John thinks it won't be long before he is ready for his new job.
主旨大意题
提分技巧：快速确定文章大意。没有明显的主题句的文章或段落要通过归纳要点抓大意。主题句位于文章或段落中间类型的文章要从段落中抓大意。主题句出现在开头的文章，如说明文、议论文、科技文献和新闻报道，要从首句中抓大意。段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however，but，in fact，on the contrary，in contrast等)时，其后的句子很可能是主题句。首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是主题句。作者有意识地反复强调的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
[典例] (2018·全国卷Ⅰ·阅读理解C节选)
Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years，but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going.When the world was still populated by hunter?gatherers，small，tightly knit (联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other.Some language experts believe that 10，000 years ago，when the world had just five to ten million people，they spoke perhaps 12，000 languages between them.
Soon afterwards，many of those people started settling down to become farmers，and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number.In recent centuries，trade，industrialisation，the development of the nation?state and the spread of universal compulsory education，especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades，all have caused many languages to disappear，and dominant languages such as English，Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
At present，the world has about 6，800 languages.The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven.The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages，often spoken by many people，while hot，wet zones have lots，often spoken by small numbers.Europe has only around 200 languages；the Americas about 1，000；Africa 2，400；and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3，200，of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800.The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6，000，which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
Already well over 400 of the total of 6，800 languages are close to extinction (消亡)，with only a few elderly speakers left.Pick，at random，Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers)，Chiapaneco in Mexico (150)，Lipan Apache in the United States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one，with a question?mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.
31．What is the main idea of the text?
A．New languages will be created.
B．People's lifestyles are reflected in languages.
C．Human development results in fewer languages.
D．Geography determines language evolution.
C [第一段说明语言已有几千年的历史，但有一些语言正在消失；第二段说明随着人类社会的发展，语言变得更少；第三段说明语言的分布是不均匀的；第四段介绍了超过400种语言正面临消亡的威胁。整篇文章主要说明的是由于人类社会的发展导致了语言变得越来越少。故选C。]
请快速确定这篇文章节选的主旨大意
(2017·浙江卷·阅读理解A节选)
Benjamin West，the father of American painting，showed his talent for art when he was only six years of age.But he did not know about brushes before a visitor told him he needed one.In those days，a brush was made from camel's hair.There were no camels nearby.Benjamin decided that cat hair would work instead.He cut some fur from the family cat to make a brush.
...
In 1747，when Benjamin was nine years old，Mr.Pennington returned for another visit.He was amazed at what Benjamin had done with his gift.He asked Benjamin's parents if he might take the boy back to Philadelphia for a visit.
In the city，Mr.Pennington gave Benjamin materials for creating oil paintings.The boy began a landscape (风景) painting.William Williams，a well?known painter，came to see him work.Williams was impressed with Benjamin and gave him two classic books on painting to take home.The books were long and dull.Benjamin could read only a little，having been a poor student.But he later said，“Those two books were my companions by day，and under my pillow at night.” While it is likely that he understood very little of the books，they were his introduction to classical paintings.The nine?year?old boy decided then that he would be an artist.
21．What is the text mainly about？( )
A．Benjamin's visit to Philadelphia.
B．Williams' influence on Benjamin.
C．The beginning of Benjamin's life as an artist.
D．The friendship between Benjamin and Pennington.
C [根据第一段第一句“Benjamin West，the father of American painting，showed his talent for art when he was only six years of age.”以及选文第二段第一句“In 1747，when Benjamin was nine years old”和最后一段，并结合全文可知，本文主要讲述了艺术家本杰明·韦斯特少年时代的艺术启蒙。]
本单元的写作项目是写自然灾害时的安全指导，这种题目要求根据可能遇到的危险的内容有针对性地写出遇险时的安全指导。
[基本框架]
1．开头(beginning)——分析遇到的危险
2．主体1(body1)——介绍危险来临前的各种准备
3．主体2(body2)——危险中的各种应对措施
4．主体3(body3)——写出危险中不应该做的
[常用词块]
1．Organize personnel protection
组织人员防护
2．Move to a safe place
转移到安全地带
3．Avoid walking on banks and bridges
避免在岸边和桥上行走
4．Pay attention when walking in water.
在积水中行走要注意观察。
5．Get off the high hill
从高山上下来
6．Don't climb the trees when there is lightning.
闪电时不要爬树。
7．Cover your mouth and nose with wet clothes or towel
用湿的衣物或毛巾捂住口鼻
8．Hold your head quickly
迅速抱住头部
9．Send the poisoned or burned person to hospital
将中毒或烧伤人员送医院救治
[常用语句]
★精彩开头
1．If you are trapped in the flood what will you do to help yourself?
如果你被困在洪水中，你该怎么做来自救？
2．If you find somewhere around you is on fire，how will you escape safely?
如果你发现周围的某个地方着火了，你怎么安全逃生？
3．When there is an earthquake，you must obey the following rules to keep yourself safe.
如果发生地震，你必须遵循以下规则来保证自己的安全。
★丰满主体
1．Attention should be paid to prevent smoke poisoning，prevent suffocation.
要注意防止烟雾中毒，预防窒息。
2．When opening a room door，touch the door with the back of your hand first，see whether it is hot.
开房间门时，先用手背接触房门，看是否发热。
3．When you can't escape，don't hide in the attic or closet.
当无路可逃时，不要藏在顶楼或者壁橱等地方。
4．Learn more self?rescue common sense in advance.
提前学会更多的自救常识。
★余味结尾
1．Helping those who are in need is making a great difference.
帮助需要帮助的人让这个世界大不同。
2．Keep in mind that you should keep calm and don't panic.
要记住保持冷静不要慌乱。
夏天即将来临，暴雨增多，积水增加，洪水泛滥。新华学校为了增加学生的安全自救常识，准备了一份关于暴风雨时的安全知识宣传海报。请根据以下提示拟定海报内容。
1．收听广播或看电视，了解天气信息。
2．一旦遇到洪水，尽量待在高处，或者抓住能在水中漂浮的东西。
3．暴雨中不要在大树下避雨，尽量避免在积水深的地方行走。
4．……
要求：1.词数：80左右；
2．可适当增加细节，以使文章连贯。
[参考范文]
Flood Safety Guideline
Summer is drawing near.In order to keep you safe in case of flood，keep the following in mind：
Things to do before a flood：Keep yourself informed of the weather forecast and take your raincoat or umbrella in time.
Things to do during a flood：In case of a flood，stay at a higher place waiting for rescue, or catch something that can float on the water to rescue yourself.
Things not to do during a flood：Don't try to find shelter under high trees.Pay more attention to the deep water and avoid walking in water.
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