高中英语语法——构词法和猜词技巧（无答案）

构 词 法
I.合成法：两个或两个以上独立的词和在一起构成的复合词
（1）复合形容词：
a warm-hearted person, a three-legged table, a four-day holiday
He is color-blind.
A pine trees is ever-green.
I need to have a face-to-face talk with my tutor.
Our visit to Xian is badly-organized.
(2) 复合名词
laptop, pigtail, …
II. 转化法：由一种词性转化为另一种词性的用法
(1) The teacher asked the class who could give the right answer to the question but no one knew.
(2) One task for children to go to school is to learn to tell right and wrong.
(3) The instructor encouraged us to right our wrong doings in the past.
III. 派生法：由词根加上前后缀构成的新词。前缀一般只改变词义而不改变词性，后缀一般只改变词性，不改变词义。
常用前缀：
常用否定前缀：
ir-, il-, in.-, im: 不，非 irregular, illegal, impossible, invisible
un-, non-：不，非 unfit, unfair, unknown, non-payment, non-stop
dis-: 否定 disappear, discourage, disability, discharge
inter-:相互之间 international, inter-school
mis-: 误 mistake, mislead, misunderstand
re-: 重复，再 return, reunite, remarry
以下前缀可改变词性：
a-: 变为副词或表语形容词： asleep, alone, awake, ahead
en-: 将形容词变为动词，使…可能：enable, enlarge, enrich[来源:Zxxk.Com]
常用后缀：
名词性后缀:
-er / -or:: ……者 traveler, swimmer, foreigner
-ist: 专业人员 artist, pianist, archeologist
-ian: 精通…的人，…某地方的人 musician, technician, Russian
-ment: 性质，状态 government, development, movement
-ness: 性质，状态 illness, darkness
-tion / -sion: 动作，过程，结果 pollution, invention, discussion, conclusion
-ism: 论，说，主义 socialism, capitalism
形容词性后缀：
-al, -an, -ern, -ful, -(a)ble, -ish, -ive, -y, -less, -ous, -ing, -ed:
具有…的性质，与…有关[来源:Z。xx。k.Com]
practical, educational; American, Italian; southern, western;
helpful, useful; reasonable, horrible; foolish, selfish
active, passive; rainy, sleepy; careless, useless, hopeless
dangerous, poisonous living, interesting excited, frightened
动词性后缀：
-fy: 使……化： simplify, electrify, terrify[来源:学科网ZXXK]
-ize: 使 ……成为 realize, apologize, organize
-en: 使……变得…… sharpen, widen, shorten
副词后缀：
-ly: 方式，程度 freely, perfectly
-ward(s): 表方向 towards, forward, outward
Practice:
I. 给下列单词加上恰当的前缀构成意义相反的词。
agree complete important
cover healthy practical
selfish perfect touched
dress proper successful
lucky approval seen
kind reasonable fair
comfort satisfaction logical
II. 根据括号里的要求改写下列单词：
storm (adj.) shy(adv.) die(n.)
hot (v.) frighten (adj.) beautiful (n.)
friend (adj.) free (n.) polite (n.)
safe (n.) slow (adv.) early(adv.)
angry (n.) satisfaction (v.) danger (adj.)
deep (v.) Brazil (adj.) west (adv.)
III. 根据构词法猜测下列各句中划线单词的词性及意义：
1. The maths paper was rather difficult this time.
My uncle always reads his evening paper while having his supper.
2. In hot summer days big trees can cool us with their shade.
The mild is not cool enough to drink.
3. His heart beat faster when he heard his name called.
When the music started, all the villagers began to dance to the strong beat.
4. He brushed the dirt off his clothes, using a plastic brush.
Many foreigners think it amazing for Chinese artist to paint with a brush.
英语阅读中的猜词技巧
I 通过定义或解释猜测词义或语义：
句中常有be, mean, define(下定义), refer to, be known as, as you know, that is 等引出下文中的解释或定义，也可以定语从句为线索进行猜测。
1. Ventilation, as you know, is a system or means of providing fresh air. It plays a very important part in the field of engineering.
2. This powerful poison was imperceptible when mixed with liquid, that is, it could not be tasted, smelled or seen..
3. Pantomime refers to a short play in which no words are spoken.
4. Even now, according to the report, more than 400 million people suffer from malnutrition, which is defined as not getting enough food energy to carry out everyday tasks.
5. A homograph is a word that has the same spelling as another, but is different in meaning, origin or pronunciation. [来源:学*科*网Z*X*X*K]
6. Man must have water for himself and for animals that live near him. He naturally makes his home somewhere near a source of water. Even nomads, who have no fixed dwelling(住所) place, must travel to spots where there are water holes.
II. 根据例证猜测词义或语义。
文中常用括号、破折号、冒号引号或某些标志性语言举例说明前文中的词语，如：for instance, for example, such as, just as, like, and so on等.
1. You may borrow from the library any periodicals: Nature, News Week, Times or People.
2. Some artists plan their paintings around geometric forms like squares, circles and triangles.
3. Finally the enemy surrendered. They threw down their weapons and walked out of the room with their hands at the back of their heads.
4. In the corner was a Christmas tree with its branches decorated with shinning ornaments such as colored lights, glass balls and sometimes hung with gifts.
5. The largest player — Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Rental offers a wide variety of choices: deluxe, sedans, minivans, station wagons, coaches, Santana sedans are the big favorite.[来源:学科网]
6. When a farmer keeps livestock, such as cattle, sheep, pigs or goats, he must se that livestock are fed regularly. He must give them grain, vegetables, grass, etc.
III. 利用反义或同义关系推测词义或语义：
利用反义关系推测语义：有些生词后会出现反义词或表转折意义的连词、词组等，可以帮助我们通过逆向思维推测词义或语义，标志词如although, but, however, while, whereas(反之), on the contrary, on the other hand, rather than 等
利用同义关系推测语义：标志词有or, like, similarly 等1. Though Tom’s face has been washed quite clean, his neck remained grubby.
2. Unlike the United States, where many nationalities make up the population, Japan’s population is quite homogenous.
3. Written language tends to be static, while spoken language constantly changes.
4. He replied quickly. But after considering the problem more carefully, he regretted having made such a hasty decision.
5. Although people in many countries consider raw meat a delicacy(美味佳肴), we Chinese people seldom eat any meat uncooked.
6. The new tax law supersedes, or replaces the law that was in effect last year.
IV．利用语境猜测词义或语义。
（1）利用“小”上下文猜测词义：既利用生词附近的内容进行推测。
（2）利用“大”上下文进行推测：既利用整个段落或篇章进行推断。
1. I’m a resolute man. Once I set up a goal, I won’t give up easily.
2. When I got to the booking office, I was relieved to see that nobody was waiting inline. I was the first to get there and sure that I could get the ticket without any problem.
3. Apple trees may not grow as tall as twelve meters. They do best in areas that have very cold winters. Although no fruit is yielded during the winter, this cold period is good for the tree.
4. The workers’ life was wretched. They worked from morning to night in all kinds of weather, earning only enough money to buy simple food and cheap clothes.
5. Yesterday’s concert was a disappointment. One singer was terrible. The notes he sang were often the wrong pitch. Sometimes they were too high and sometimes too low.
6. Jane was intrigued by the behavior of animals; she could sit for hours observing a bird making a nest or an ant carrying a leaf.
V. 利用构词法猜测词义或语义。
1. “Even when a man is said to be a best friend,” Rubin writes, “the two share little about their innermost feelings.”
2. Impressionism is a form of art which began in the 1870s.
3. Most nations try to find a peaceful solution to their disputes and differences. In some cases, however, one country refuses to consider or respect the other’s position, and war and violent conflict become unavoidable.
4. Among the fundamental concepts of mechanics are those of work, power and energy. These three terms are in common use id nonscientific language.
5. This is an unanswerable question indeed. It is hard enough to measure influence, it is even harder to decide what is good and what isn’t.
6. Probes are unmanned space draft which scientists send to the moon and planets. They send back information and close-up photographs of these places.
VI. 根据因果关系猜测词义或语义。
常见的表示因果关系的词有：as a result, for, because, as, since, because of, as a result of, due to等。
1. He wanted the hairdresser to trim his hair a bit because it was too long.
2. The river is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even where it is shallow
3. He didn’t hear my knocking at the door because he was completely engrossed in TV.
4. It rained, so the football match was postponed.
5. Not wanting to disturb the sleeping little cat, I gingerly lift her from the box and put her on a blanket near the heater.
6. Hotel and restaurants are integral part of the city; without them, the city’s tourist industry could not exist.
VII. 利用文化背景、生活常识、逻辑推理猜测词义或语义。
1. When a doctor performs an operation on a patient, he usually gives him an anesthetic to make him unconscious, because he doesn’t want his patient to feel pain or to know what is happening to him.
2. After spending so many days lost in the desert, he was suffering from severe dehydration..
3. Long-distance races are won by the runners with the greatest endurance.
4. We had thought we were in complete agreement and we expected a unanimous vote. However, one person voted against the plan.
5. This is not a novel, but an autobiography, which was written by Johnson himself about his own life.
6. Some animals do not eat during the winter and only come out in spring; we call them hibernating animals.