2020版高考英语二轮专题复习 第一部分 高考考题突破(6份打包)

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名称 2020版高考英语二轮专题复习 第一部分 高考考题突破(6份打包)
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更新时间 2020-03-15 18:23:51

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课件222张PPT。第一部分 高考专题突破专题一 阅读理解 A
(2019·全国卷 Ⅰ·阅读理解B)
For Canaan Elementary’s second grade in Patchogue,N.Y.,today is speech day,and right now it’s Chris Palaez’s turn.The 8-year-old is the joker of the class.With shining dark eyes,he seems like the kind of kid who would enjoy public speaking.But he’s nervous.“I’m here to tell you today why you should...should...” Chris trips on the “-ld,” a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers.His teacher,Thomas Whaley,is next to him,whispering support.“...Vote for...me...”Except for some stumbles,Chris is doing amazingly well.When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion,Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.A son of immigrants,Chris started learning English a little over three years ago.Whaley recalls(回想起) how at the beginning of the year,when called upon to read,Chris would excuse himself to go to the bathroom.
Learning English as a second language can be a painful experience.What you need is a great teacher who lets you make mistakes.“It takes a lot for any student,” Whaley explains,“especially for a student who is learning English as their new language,to feel confident enough to say,‘I don’t know,but I want to know.’”
Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president.The answer broke his heart.Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public.He wants these kids to learn to boast(夸耀) about themselves.
“Boasting about yourself,and your best qualities,” Whaley says,“is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident.”1.What made Chris nervous?
A.Telling a story.  B.Making a speech.
C.Taking a test. D.Answering a question.
2.What does the underlined word “stumbles” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A.Improper pauses. B.Bad manners.
C.Spelling mistakes. D.Silly jokes.
3.We can infer that the purpose of Whaley’s project is to ______.
A.help students see their own strengths
B.assess students’ public speaking skills
C.prepare students for their future jobs
D.inspire students’ love for politics
4.Which of the following best describes Whaley as a teacher?
A.Humorous. B.Ambitious.
C.Caring. D.Demanding.
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了小学教师Whaley通过组织学生演讲来帮助学生增强自信的教学实践。
1.B 细节理解题。根据题干中的关键词nervous可定位到第二段第一句,然后应到前文中找使他紧张的因素。根据第一段中的“...today is speech day,and right now it’s Chris Palaez’s turn.”和“...he seems like the kind of kid who would enjoy public speaking.”可知,今天是演讲日,现在轮到了Chris,虽然他看起来像那种喜欢在公共场合讲话的孩子,但是他很紧张。由此可知,演讲使Chris紧张。
2.A 词义猜测题。根据第二段中的“you should...should...”以及“...Vote for...me...”这样的语句特点可知,Chris的演讲不流畅,也就是说有不适当的停顿。这是他表现不好的地方,与画线词后的句意“他完成得非常好”构成转折关系,与短语except for的语意相呼应。注意:高考阅读中的熟词生义现象非常关键,例如,如果能够注意到第二段第三句中的trips一词在此语境中的特殊意义(意为“绊倒”)则有助于快速解答此题。3.A 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public.He wants these kids to learn to boast(夸耀) about themselves.”可知,Whaley创办这个项目的目的不仅仅是让学生学会阅读和在公共场合演讲,他还希望学生学会自夸。A项意为“帮助学生看到自己的长处”,与原文意思相符。
4.C 推理判断题。文章介绍了Whaley老师通过创办“总统竞选项目”,组织学生演讲来帮助学生增强自信。根据第二段中的“His teacher,Thomas Whaley,is next to him,whispering support.”和“...Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.”等细节也可看出Whaley老师是一个关心学生的老师。
B
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ·阅读理解D)
During the rosy years of elementary school(小学),I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes,which allowed me to keep my high social status.I was the queen of the playground.Then came my tweens and teens,and mean girls and cool kids.They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes,breaking rules and playing jokes on others,among whom I soon found myself.Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein,a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories:the likable and the status seekers.The likables’ plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships,jump-start interpersonal skills and,when tapped early,are employed ever after in life and work.Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence:status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed,Dr.Prinstein’s studies show unpleasant consequences.Those who were highest in status in high school,as well as those least liked in elementary school,are “most likely to engage(从事) in dangerous and risky behavior.”
In one study,Dr.Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents,scoring the least liked,the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys(调查研究).“We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates.But so had those who were high in status.It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment,high status has just the opposite effect on us.”Dr.Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date—sharing,kindness,openness—carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.
In analyzing his and other research,Dr.Prinstein came to another conclusion:Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes,but it is also responsible for those outcomes,too.“Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage,” he said.
5.What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?
A.Unkind. B.Lonely.
C.Generous. D.Cool.
6.What is the second paragraph mainly about?
A.The classification of the popular.
B.The characteristics of adolescents.
C.The importance of interpersonal skills.
D.The causes of dishonorable behavior.7.What did Dr.Prinstein’s study find about the most liked kids?
A.They appeared to be aggressive.
B.They tended to be more adaptable.
C.They enjoyed the highest status.
D.They performed well academically.
8.What is the best title for the text?
A.Be Nice-You Won’t Finish Last
B.The Higher the Status,the Better
C.Be the Best-You Can Make It
D.More Self-Control,Less Aggressiveness
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇议论文。文章从社会心理学视角讨论青少年小学与中学阶段的成长经历,论述了个体受欢迎程度这一青少年心理健康话题。 该语篇视角独特,积极倡导和谐的人际关系和人文情怀。5.C 推理判断题。根据题干中的关键词early years of elementary school可定位到第一段第一句“During the rosy years of elementary school,I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes...”,根据句意和sharing一词可推知,作者上小学的时候是一个慷慨大方的人,故选C项。注意不要受本段后几句话尤其是最后一句话的影响而错选A项,因为那是作者青少年时期的情况。
6.A 段落大意题。根据第二段内容以及第二句的句式特点(句中有冒号),可暂时断定第二句是本段的主旨句。而第三句和第四句分别用The likables’...和Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence...引出后文内容,恰恰就是介绍了受欢迎的两类人:讨人喜欢型和追求地位型。同时我们发现本段第二句中的关键词sort...into...(把……分成……)与A项中的classification相呼应,所以A项可以概括本段大意。7.B 推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句中的“It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment”可知,Dr.Prinstein的研究发现,最讨人喜欢的孩子往往适应性强。B项中的adaptable与第四段中的adjustment相呼应。
8.A 标题归纳题。本文主要介绍了研究者发现讨人喜欢与积极的人生结果有关,因此A项作为标题最合适。注意A项中的be nice与likability,popularity,kindness等词相呼应。Be Nice-You Won’t Finish Last从意义上类似于汉语的“与人为善,于己为善”。这里的finish本义是“获得(名次);排名”。
[考题分布] [命题分析]
高考英语阅读理解题所选材料体裁多样、语言地道、内容丰富、贴近生活、有很强的时代气息。阅读理解文章具有英语语言独有的文化特征,试题信息量大,对考生阅读速度和快速处理信息的能力要求更高。阅读理解的体裁以说明文、记叙文、应用文为主,议论文偶有考查,题型设置以细节理解题和推理判断题为主,兼顾词义猜测题和主旨大意题。细节理解题相对简单,而其他三种题型相对较难,且在题型设置上,推理判断题的难度会适当加大。
题型一 细节理解题
[细节理解题的设问方式]____________
1.特殊疑问句形式。以when,where,what,which,who,how much/many等疑问词引出的问题。
2.判断是非形式。含有TRUE/FALSE,NOT true或EXCEPT等的判断是非的问题。此时要注意题干中是否含有否定词,如not,never等。
3.以“According to...”开头的提问形式。
4.填空形式。如The biggest challenge for most mothers is from ______.
[细节理解题的选项特征]____________[细节理解题的解题技法]____________
技法一 定位比对判细节
【典例示范】
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ·阅读理解B) For Canaan Elementary’s second grade in Patchogue, N.Y., today is speech day, and right now it’s Chris Palaez’s turn. The 8-year-old is the joker of the class. With shining dark eyes, he seems like the kind of kid who would enjoy public speaking.
But he’s nervous. “I’m here to tell you today why you should...should...” Chris trips on the “-ld,” a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers. His teacher, Thomas Whaley, is next to him, whispering support. “...Vote for...me...” Except for some stumbles,_Chris is doing amazingly well. When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion, Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.
24.What made Chris nervous?
A.Telling a story.  B.Making a speech.
C.Taking a test. D.Answering a question.【解析】 细节理解题。根据题干中的Chris可以回原文找到Chris都是在哪里出现的,然后根据题干中的nervous找到第二段的第一句。很明显,“But he’s nervous.”中的“he”就是指代的前文中的Chris。综合理解“today is speech day, and right now it’s Chris Palaez’s turn”和“But he’s nervous.”两句可得出答案。
【答案】 B?技法归纳
广告、演出信息、航班时间表等应用文的阅读,不必阅读全文,宜采用“题干定位”法。先看题目,从题干中提取关键信息,采用速读技巧快速定位,仔细比对选项与文中细节,确定答案。
技法二 同义互释定选项
【典例示范】
(2018·全国卷Ⅰ·阅读理解A)
Washington, D.C.Bicycle Tours
Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington, D.C.
Duration: 3 hours
This small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see the world-famous cherry trees with beautiful flowers of Washington, D.C.Your guide will provide a history lesson about the trees and the famous monuments where they blossom. Reserve your spot before availability—and the cherry blossoms—disappear!21.Which tour do you need to book in advance?
A.Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington, D.C.
B.Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour.
C.Capital City Bike Tour in Washington, D.C.
D.Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour.
【解析】 由“Reserve your spot before availability—and the cherry blossoms—disappear!”可知,选择第一条旅行路线需要提前预订,此题考查reserve与book in advance同义词互释。
【答案】 A
?技法归纳
细节理解题答案选项的表述通常不是用文章的原话,而是使用与文中词语同义或近义的词语来表达。此类题目相对较难,是容易失分的题型。需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换,将确定的文章信息进行加工处理,然后进行进一步的辨别。
技法三 整合推算得答案
【典例示范】
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ·阅读理解A)
Stewardship Youth Ranger Program
You could apply to be a Stewardship Youth Ranger and work on local natural resource management projects for eight weeks this summer.
Who is eligible: Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire, but not turning 18 before December 31 this year.22.What is the age range required by Stewardship Youth Ranger Program?
A.15~18. B.15~24.
C.15~29. D.16~17.
【解析】 数字细节理解题。根据文中“Who is eligible: Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire, but not turning 18 before December 31 this year.”可知答案。此题计算不难,但考生忽略的是年龄的范围,没注意到“but not turning 18 before December 31 this year”的范围限定。
【答案】 D
?技法归纳
从文章中找到包含所需信息的段落,迅速确定关键词,然后重点理解。对于离散的细节理解或数字运算题,需要先找到与之相关的事实或数据,然后进行分析整合。
技法四 去伪存真辨是非
【典例示范】
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ·阅读理解C) In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch” four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates.The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.
30.What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard?
A.It’ll be environment-friendly.
B.It’ll reach consumers soon.
C.It’ll be made of plastics.
D.It’ll help speed up typing.【解析】 事实细节题。根据最后一句“the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.”可知,实现智能键盘商业化很容易,并且其造价并不昂贵,因此研发团队希望在不久的将来能将其投放市场。
【答案】 B?技法归纳
解答此类细节理解题,首先根据题干中的关键信息和四个选项的内容速览文章,查找与之相关的原文信息句,然后一一对比,找出完全与文章内容相符的选项,并最终确定答案。
Festival of Light, Longleat Safari Park, Wiltshire
Longleat is celebrating its 50th anniversary this year. Giant lanterns take the shapes of some of the park’s animals, and there are also lots of characters in Beatrix Potter’s books, such as Peter Rabbit, Jemima PuddleDuck, Squirrel Nutkin, to mark the 150th anniversary of the author’s birth. There is also a 20-metre-high birthday cake.·£27.85,adult/£ 20.65, child/under-threes, free.
·15 Dec. to 2 Jan.
Festival of Light, Enchanted Park, Gateshead
Enchanted Park is an interactive walk through Saltwell Park, just south of the town centre, along a trail(小径) of light with performances and sculptures. The story being told is a Midwinter Night’s Tale, inspired by the 400th anniversary of William Shakespeare’s death. Visitors can join stories and songs with Santa, and attend decorating workshops.·£8, adult/£2, child/under-fours, free.
·11-27 Dec.
Christmas Glow, RHS Garden Wisley, Surrey
The garden is glowing with giant lighted flowers. Some of the trees are brilliant, too. The glasshouse is decorated like a gingerbread house, and displays(陈列) seasonal plants. There are lanterns around the lake. The cafe serves hot chocolate and apple juice.
·£9.90, adult/£ 3.60, child.·20 Dec. to 2 Jan.
Christmas at Kew Gardens, London
Kew is a special place to visit at any time of the day or year, but the festive light show gives it a magical twist, as the mile-long trail through the garden is decorated with 60, 000 lights. Some of the garden’s oldest and tallest trees are also beautifully lit along the way.
·£16, adult/£10, child/£48, family/under-fours, free.
·24 Dec. to 2 Jan.
[语篇解读] 本文介绍了英国四个公园各自的特色。
1.What can people do in Enchanted Park?
A.Visit Shakespeare’s house.
B.Listen to a wonderful tale.
C.Enjoy hot chocolate and apple juice.
D.Play the part of Santa.
解析 细节理解题。根据“Festival of Light, Enchanted Park, Gateshead”部分中的“The story being told is a Midwinter Night’s Tale”可知,人们在“Enchanted Park”可以听故事。故选B项。
答案 B
2.Which place will attract children who are fond of fictional animal characters?
A.Longleat Safari Park. B.Enchanted Park.
C.RHS Garden Wisley. D.Kew Gardens.
解析 细节理解题。 根据“Festival of Light,Longleat Safari Park,Wiltshire”部分中的“Giant lanterns take the shapes of some of the park’s animals,and there are also lots of characters in Beatrix Potter’s books, such as Peter Rabbit”可知,在Longleat Safari Park中,巨型灯笼以一些动物的形状呈现,并且也有许多Beatrix Potter书中的动物角色,这样会吸引喜欢虚构的动物角色的孩子。故选A项。
答案 A3.How much is the admission to Kew Gardens for Mr.Green and his 3-year-old kid?
A.£10. B.£16.
C.£26. D.£48.
解析 细节理解题。根据“Christmas at Kew Gardens,London”中的“£16,adult/£10, child/£48,family/under-fours,free.”可知,成年人要16英镑,4岁以下的孩子免费,故选B项。
答案 B(2019·南昌一模)Traditionally, robots have been hard, made of metal and other rigid material: But a team of scientists at Harvard University in the US has managed to build an entirely soft robot-one that draws inspiration from an octopus(章鱼).
Described in science journal Nature, the “Octobot” could pave the way for more effective autonomous robots that could be used in search, rescue and exploration. “The Octobot is a minimal system which may serve as a foundation for a new generation of completely soft, autonomous robots,” the study’s authors wrote.
Robots built for precise, repetitive movements in a controlled environment don’t do so well on rough terrain (地形) or in unpredictable conditions. And they aren’t especially safe around humans, because they’re made out of hard and heavy parts that could be potentially dangerous to their users.
So researchers have been working on building soft robots for decades. They’ve taken inspiration from nature, looking to animals from jellyfish to cockroaches, which are often made up of more flexible matter.But creating a completely soft robot remains a challenge. Even if engineers build a silicone(硅酮) body, it’s still a grand challenge to construct flexible versions of essential parts, such as a source of power.
“Although soft robotics is still in its early stage, it holds great promise for several applications, such as search and rescue operations and exploration,” Barbara Mazzolai and Virgilio Mattoli of the Italian Institute of Technology’s Center for MicroBio Robotics, wrote in a comment. “Soft robots might also open up new approaches to improving wellness and the quality of life.”[语篇解读] 本文是一篇科普说明文。美国哈佛大学的科学家受到章鱼的启发,制造了软体机器人;这种机器人可以用于搜救、探险等行业,比常规机器人更安全;虽然对软体机器人的开发和研究尚处在早期阶段,但是未来这种机器人将更有助于改善人体的健康状况、提高生活水平。4.What’s the special feature of “Octobot”?
A.It’s soft.     
B.It’s made of metal.
C.It’s very small.
D.It looks like an octopus.
解析 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句中的“The Octobot is a minimal system which may serve as a foundation for a new generation of completely soft, autonomous robots” 可知,“Octobot”是一种可以用作软体机器人基础部件的微型系统。据此可知,“Octobot”的特点是柔软,故A项正确。
答案 A
5.What’s the disadvantage of traditional robots?
A.They’re hard to control.
B.They’re too heavy to move.
C.They can’t predict conditions.
D.They can’t behave well all the time.
解析 推理判断题。根据第三段的内容可知,传统机器人无法在崎岖的地形上很好地运行,此外,由于沉重的金属部件,传统机器人可能会对人体产生伤害。据此可知,传统机器人并非总能很好地运行,故D项正确。
答案 D6.One of the biggest challenges is to build Octobot’s______.
A.silicone body      
B.complex components
C.precise movements
D.flexible power source
解析 细节理解题。根据第五段中的第二句“Even if engineers build a silicone(硅酮)body, it’s still a grand challenge to construct flexible versions of essential parts, such as a source of power.”可知,即使工程师利用硅酮制造出了软体机器人的身体,但是制作柔韧性强的关键部件仍然面临巨大的挑战,比如动力来源。据此可知,制造软体机器人最大的挑战之一是柔韧性强的动力来源,故D项正确。
答案 D7.What’s the possible application of “Octobot”?
A.Medical research. B.Life rescue.
C.Machine operation. D.House cleaning.
解析 细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句中的“Although soft robotics is still in its early stage, it holds great promise for several applications, such as search and rescue operations and exploration”可知,尽管对软体机器人的开发和研究还处于早期阶段,但它适用于诸如搜索救援和探索等任务, 故B项正确。
答案 B
题型二 推理判断题
[推理判断题的设问方式]____________
1.细节推理判断题
细节推理判断题要求考生根据语篇内容,推断具体细节,如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息,或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。
该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现:
·It can be inferred from the text that ______.
·It can be concluded from the passage that ______.
·The writer/author indicates/suggests/implies that ______.
2.观点、态度推理判断题
该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现:
·The attitude of the author towards somebody/something is ______.
·The author’s attitude towards...can be best described as ______.
·The tone of this passage is best described as ______.
3.写作意图推理判断题
该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现:
·The main purpose of this text is ______.
·What’s the author’s purpose in writing this article?
·It can be concluded that the passage is mainly written for ______.
·The author writes this passage to ______.
·The author in this passage intends to ______.4.文章出处推理判断题
该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现:
·This passage most likely comes from ______.
·In which part of a newspaper can you most probably read the text?
·Where does the text most probably come from?
·From which is the text probably taken?
[推理判断题的选项特征]____________
[推理判断题的解题技法]____________
技法一 逻辑关联得结论
【典例示范】
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ·阅读理解B) “You can use me as a last resort(选择), and if nobody else volunteers, then I will do it.” This was an actual reply from a parent after I put out a request for volunteers for my kids’ lacrosse (长曲棍球) club.
24.What can we infer about the parent from her reply in paragraph 1?
A.She knows little about the club.
B.She isn’t good at sports.
C.She just doesn’t want to volunteer.
D.She’s unable to meet her schedule.
【解析】 推理判断题。根据文中的“You can use me as a last resort(选择), and if nobody else volunteers, then I will do it.”可知,这位家长说如果其他人都不愿意做志愿者的工作,她会做这份工作,作者可以把她当作最后的备选。合理把握其内在关系,理解其真正的含义,我们可以知道其言外之意就是“她不愿意做志愿者的工作”。
【答案】 C?技法归纳
1.抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理:要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息,即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断,利用逆向思维或正面推理。
2.整合全文(段)信息进行推断:有时需要在弄懂全文(段)意思的基础上,整合与题目相关的有用信息,综合起来去推理判断,确定最佳结论。
3.以事实为依据:推断一定要以文章所提供的事实为依据,不能凭空想象,这样才能做出合理的推断。技法二 忠于措辞定态度
【典例示范】
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ·阅读理解B) For Canaan Elementary’s second grade in Patchogue, N.Y., today is speech day, and right now it’s Chris Palaez’s turn. The 8-year-old is the joker of the class. With shining dark eyes, he seems like the kind of kid who would enjoy public speaking.
But he’s nervous. “I’m here to tell you today why you should...should...” Chris trips on the “-ld,” a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers. His teacher, Thomas Whaley, is next to him, whispering support. “...Vote for...me...” Except for some stumbles, Chris is doing amazingly well. When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion, Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.A son of immigrants, Chris started learning English a little over three years ago. Whaley recalls (回想起) how at the beginning of the year, when called upon to read, Chris would excuse himself to go to the bathroom.
Learning English as a second language can be a painful experience. What you need is a great teacher who lets you make mistakes. “It takes a lot for any student,” Whaley explains, “especially for a student who is learning English as their new language, to feel confident enough to say, ‘I don’t know, but I want to know.’”
Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president. The answer broke his heart. Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public. He wants these kids to learn to boast (夸耀) about themselves.
“Boasting about yourself, and your best qualities,” Whaley says, “is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident.”27.Which of the following best describes Whaley as a teacher?
A.Humorous.       B.Ambitious.
C.Caring. D.Demanding.
【解析】 推理判断题。本文主要介绍了Canaan Elementary二年级老师Thomas Whaley发起一项总统竞选演讲活动,帮助孩子们建立自信,看到自己的优点,由此可推知Whaley老师是一个很有爱心、关心学生的老师。
【答案】 C
?技法归纳
1.注意作者或文中人物的措辞:文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的观点或态度往往隐含在文章的字里行间或流露于修饰词之中。
(1)正确掌握字里行间所隐含或流露的意思,切不可用自己的观点来代替作者或文中人物的观点。
(2)留意那些描写所处氛围的语言及表达情感、态度或观点的词语或句子。
(3)结合平时所积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等的背景知识来进行合理的推断。2.牢记常见有关作者情感态度的词语:
(1)表示支持或肯定:positive积极乐观的;supportive支持的;optimistic乐观的;humorous幽默的;enthusiastic热情的;pleasant愉快的。
(2)表示中立:indifferent不感兴趣的,漠不关心的;uninterested不感兴趣的;objective客观的;neutral中立的;not mentioned未提及的。
(3)表示反对或否定:disgusted憎恶的,厌恶的;critical批评的;negative否定的,消极的;suspicious/skeptical怀疑的;disappointed失望的;disapproving不赞成的。
技法三 文体特点看意图
【典例示范】
(2018·浙江卷6月·A片段)How did Dickens get to the top? For all the feelings readers attach to stories, literature is a numbers game, and the test of time is extremely difficult to pass. Some 60,000 novels were published during the Victorian age, from 1837 to 1901; today a casual reader might be able to name a half-dozen of them. It’s partly true that Dickens’ style of writing attracted audiences from all walks of life. It’s partly that his writings rode a wave of social, political and scientific progress. But it’s also that he rewrote the culture of literature and put himself at the center. No one will ever know what mix of talent, ambition, energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguished writer. But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible-and important for our own culture-to understand how he made himself a lasting one.23.What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?
A.To remember a great writer.
B.To introduce an English novel.
C.To encourage studies on culture.
D.To promote values of the Victorian age.
【解析】 由题干中的关键信息“the author’s purpose in writing the text”定位到原文信息句,并标出关键句。从句子“No one will ever know what mix of talent, ambition, energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguished writer. But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible-and important for our own culture-to understand how he made himself a lasting one.”可推知,作者写作本文主要是为了纪念狄更斯200周年诞辰。
【答案】 A?技法归纳
常见文体的写作特点
1.记叙文:一般会在首段或尾段出现高度概括的总结性的语言,且往往有一定的哲理性,所有的叙述都是围绕该哲理展开。
2.广告类应用文:文章中有对某种物品或服务的详尽介绍,使用具有明显支持倾向的语言。
3.说明文:写作目的有赖于对文章主旨的把握,阅读时需要找准主题句。
4.议论文:提出论点——进行论证——得出结论,作者的意图往往隐含于最后一部分中。
技法四 写作思路辨结构
【典例示范】
(2016·四川卷·D片段)A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good night’s sleep. But now a study has found it really does help people nod off-if it is milked from a cow at night.
Researchers have discovered that “night milk” contains more melatonin(褪黑激素), which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night.
...
Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content, which helps people to relax.
35.How does the author support the theme of the text?
A.By giving examples.
B.By stating arguments.
C.By explaining statistical data.
D.By providing research results.
【解析】 “support the theme of the text”是题干中的关键信息,由文中的关键句“But now a study has found it really does help people nod off...Researchers have discovered that ‘night milk’ contains more melatonin... The study... involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night.”和“Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content...”归纳概括得出答案。
【答案】 D?技法归纳
1.了解文章通常的写作方法:按事件发展的顺序;按时间的先后顺序;按地点或空间的变换;按内容的总分关系;按人物的活动内容。
2.准确把握写作思路:在理解全文的基础上对所描述事件的发展顺序、所说明事物的结构层次或在论证观点过程中使用的论证方法进行推理、分析、判断、总结时,准确把握作者的写作思路尤为重要。技法五 语言特色推出处
【典例示范】
(2019·全国卷Ⅲ·阅读理解D) Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.
A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward. The researchers then tested how the monkeys combined-or added-the symbols to get the reward.Here’s how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone, who led the team, described the experiment: In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens. On one part of the screen, a symbol would appear, and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown. For example, the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8. If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice; if they went for the circle, they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers-17 in this example.
After running hundreds of tests, the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination.
35.In which section of a newspaper may this text appear?
A.Entertainment. B.Health.
C.Education. D.Science.【解析】 推理判断题。本文主要介绍了科学家们对恒河猴进行的有关数字计算的科学实验,从内容和语言特色可以确定应出现在报纸的科学专栏中。
【答案】 D
?技法归纳
1.具备一定常识
考生本身要具备一定的常识,把文章的内容与自己所具备的常识结合起来做出正确的判断。
2.了解语言特色
要对报纸、杂志、网络、小说、童话、广告、说明书、旅游指南、药品说明、操作指南等文章的语言特色,特别是其专用词汇有基本的了解,根据文章的语言特色和其专用词汇对号入座,快速选出最佳答案。(2019·山东高三下学期高考预测)Next month, I’m traveling to a remote area of Central Africa and my aim is to know enough Lingala-one of the local languages-to have a conversation. I wasn’t sure how I was going to manage this-until I discovered a way to learn all the vocabulary I’m going to need. Thanks to Memrise, the app (应用程序) I’m using. It feels just like a game. “People often stop learning things because they feel they’re not making progress or because it all feels like too much hard work,” says Ed Cooke, one of the people who created Memrise. “We’re trying to create a form of learning experience that is fun and is something you’d want to do instead of watching TV.”
Memrise gives you a few new words to learn and these are “seeds” which you plant in your “greenhouse”. When you practice the words, you “water your plants”. When the app believes that you have really remembered a word, it moves the word to your “garden”. And if you forget to log on (登录), the app sends you emails that remind you to “water_your_plants”.
The app uses two principles about learning. The first is that people remember things better when they link them to a picture in their mind. Memrise translates words into your own language, but it also encourages you to use:“means”.For example,I remembered motele,the Lingala word for “engine”,using a mem.I created-I imagined an old engine in a motel(汽车旅馆) room.
The second principle is that we need to stop after studying words and then repeat them again later, leaving time between study sessions. Memrise helps you with this, because it’s the kind of app you only use for five or ten minutes a day.
I’ve learnt hundreds of Lingala words with Memrise. I know this won’t make me a fluent speaker, but I hope I’ll be able to do more than just smile when I meet people in Congo. Now, I need to go and water my vocabulary! [语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文。作者介绍了自己学习外语的一个好帮手——Memrise,它是一款手机应用软件,旨在帮助使用者记单词,其寓教于乐的学习方式很受作者的喜爱。
1.What does Ed Cooke make an effort to do with Memrise?
A.Create memorable experiences.
B.Make progress with hard work.
C.Master languages through games.
D.Combine study with entertainment.
解析 细节理解题。题干中的关键信息是Ed Cooke,由此可定位到文章的第二段。根据该段中的“Ed Cooke, one of the people who created Memrise.‘We’re trying to create a form of learning experience that is fun and is something you’d want to do instead of watching TV.’”可知,Ed Cooke创造Memrise的初衷就是使学习外语单词不再枯燥乏味,他们尝试用寓教于乐的方式让使用者更好地学习单词。
答案 D2.What do the underlined words “water your plants” in Paragraph 3 refer to?
A.Learning new words.
B.Being a Memrise user.
C.Logging on to the app.
D.Taking care of your garden.
解析  推理判断题。由于题干中的water your plants在文中出现过两次,所以要想知道其真正含义应该仔细阅读原文中第一次出现这些词语的地方,即第三段中的“Memrise gives you a few new words to learn and these are ‘seeds’ which you plant in your ‘greenhouse’.When you practice the words,you ‘water your plants’.”可知,Memrise会给你一些“种子”(单词)让你学习,当你练习这些单词的时候,你就是在给你的“花园”里的“植物”(单词)“浇水”,所以这里“浇灌植物”指的是“学习新单词”。
答案 A
3.How does Memrise work?
A.By linking different mems together.
B.By putting knowledge into practice.
C.By offering human translation services.
D.By applying an associative memory approach.解析 推理判断题。题干问的是Memrise的运行模式,因此可定位到第四段中的“The app uses two principles about learning.”根据该段中的“The first is that people remember things better when they link them to a picture in their mind.”及作者举的例子可知,该软件通过联想记忆的方法帮助使用者记单词。
答案 D4.What is the author’s attitude towards Memrise?
A.Positive. B.Doubtful.
C.Uncaring. D.Disapproving.
解析 观点态度题。该题问的是作者的态度,因此应该从文章中寻找作者使用该软件后的心得、体会。从第一段中的“Thanks to Memrise,the app(应用程序)I’m using.It feels just like a game.”及最后一段中的“I’ve learnt hundreds of Lingala words with Memrise.”可知,作者通过Memrise学会了很多单词,而且学习的过程也充满乐趣,所以他对该软件的态度是认可的。
答案 A(2019·广西崇左模拟)I love the iPhone.I still remember the excitement I felt peeling back the protective plastic from my shiny new iPhone X. What a gorgeous piece of technology!That feeling didn’t last.
I could point out a list of complaints, like how Face ID is inconsistent, the bright metal casing is scratch-prone(易擦伤的), and the price tag is astronomical. But there’s really one shortcoming that matters to me.Though the phone is only a bit bigger than the iPhone 6, iPhone 7, and iPhone 8, the bigger screen dramatically changes how you interact with the device. The new gestures required by the notch at the top of the phone mean there’s no way to look at my notifications(通知) or access the control center with only one hand. It considerably limits the usability of the phone when I’m on the go or when I have only one hand free. The top two rows of apps on the home screen are basically inaccessible without a sliding move, and it makes me paranoid(患妄想狂的) if I’m going to drop the $1,000 device. The fear of dropping the phone comes from the $549 bill spent on repairing the cracked glass on its back. I hate the idea of risking that just trying to see my notifications. With my previous iPhone, the iPhone 6, I could use my pinky(小手指) as a kind of shelf for the phone to sit on as I tapped away, texting, checking email, or changing songs on Spotify. The iPhone X’s size doesn’t let that happen. I envied my friend when she showed me her new iPhone 8.At first, I thought it was just an adjustment period. I experienced something similar with my previous phone. Like the iPhone X’s new shape, the iPhone 6 represented a dramatic departure in form from previous iPhones. When I upgraded to the iPhone 6 from my iPhone 4S, I had similar doubts about one-handed use. I ended up falling in love with the phone. That same thing did not happen with the iPhone X after a month into using it.Determined! [语篇解读] 本文是一篇记叙文,讲述了作者买了一部新的iPhone X之后发现这部手机的诸多缺点。
5.According to the writer, what is exactly wrong with the iPhone X?
A.Its price is too high.
B.Its screen is a bit too big.
C.Its Face ID is inconsistent.
D.Its metal frame is easy to be scratched.
解析 细节理解题。根据文章第二段的第二句“But there’s really one shortcoming that matters to me.”和第三段的描述可知,在作者看来,屏幕太大、难以操作是真正的不足之处,故选B项。
答案 B
6.How do you think the writer will look at the notifications for safe?
A.Use the pinky as a shelf.
B.Use the iPhone X with a sliding move.
C.Use the iPhone X with both hands.
D.Use the iPhone X with only one hand free.
解析 细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“The new gestures required by the notch at the top of the phone mean there’s no way to look at my notifications(通知)or access the control center with only one hand. It considerably limits the usability of the phone when I’m on the go or when I have only one hand free.”可知,作者查看通知时应是用两只手使用iPhone X手机,故选C项。
答案 C7.How much has the writer spent on the iPhone X?
A.$451. B.$549.
C.$1,000. D.$1,549.
解析 推理判断题。上文讲了iPhone X手机诸多的缺点,特别是使用不方便,第三段提到“and it makes me paranoid(患妄想狂的)if I’m going to drop the $1,000 device...the $549 bill spent on repairing the cracked glass on its back”可知,iPhone X手机价格为1 000美元,而作者因为修它已花费了549美元,所以作者在这部手机上共花费了1 549美元,故选D项。
答案 D8.What do you think the writer will do according to the passage?
A.Downgrade the iPhone X.
B.Change the using habits.
C.Stop using the iPhone.
D.Go on with the adjustment period.
解析 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“When I upgraded to the iPhone 6 from my iPhone 4S,I had similar doubts about one-handed use.I ended up falling in love with the phone.That same thing did not happen with the iPhone X after a month into using it.Determined.”并结合全文讲述iPhone X的诸多缺点可以推知,作者以前从iPhone 4S升级成iPhone 6时,一开始也有类似的疑惑,但最后适应了;而这一次用了一个月也没有适应,所以作者要降级iPhone X手机,downgrade和upgrade是一对反义词,故选A项。
答案 A
题型三 主旨大意题
[主旨大意题的设问方式]____________
1.标题归纳题
·The best title of the passage is ______.
·Which of the following is the best title of the passage?
·What would be the best title for the passage?
·The most appropriate title of the passage is ______.
2.文章大意题
·What’s the main idea/point of the passage?
·The passage is mainly about ______.
·What is the text mainly about?
·The general/main idea of the passage is about ______.3.段落大意题
·What does the author tell us in Paragraph...?
·The main idea of the second paragraph probably is ______.
·The first paragraph is mainly about ______.
·Which of the following can best summarize Para.1?
[主旨大意题的选项特征]____________
[主旨大意题的解题技法]____________
类型一 文章大意题
【典例示范】
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ·阅读理解C) Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach’s Bar Louie counter by herself,quietly reading her e-book as she waits for her salad.What is she reading?None of your business!Lunch is Bechtel’s “me” time.And like more Americans,she’s not alone.
A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America.More than half (53 percent)have breakfast alone and nearly half (46 percent)have lunch by themselves.Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore,74 percent,according to statistics from the report.
“I prefer to go out and be out.Alone,but together,you know?” Bechtel said,looking up from her book.Bechtel,who works in downtown West Palm Beach,has lunch with coworkers sometimes,but like many of us,too often works through lunch at her desk.A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder.She returns to work feeling energized.“Today,I just wanted some time to myself,” she said.Just two seats over,Andrew Mazoleny,a local videographer,is finishing his lunch at the bar.He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the bar-keeper with whom he’s on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction(交流).“I reflect on how my day’s gone and think about the rest of the week,” he said.“It’s a chance for self-reflection.You return to work recharged and with a plan.”That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone.There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one,but those days are over.Now,we have our smartphones to keep us company at the table.“It doesn’t feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology,” said Laurie Demeritt,whose company provided the statistics for the report.31.What is the text mainly about?
A.The trend of having meals alone.
B.The importance of self-reflection.
C.The stress from working overtime.
D.The advantage of wireless technology.
【解析】 主旨大意题。根据第一、三、四段的例子,第二段的数据以及最后一段中的主题句“That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone.”再次提及的eat alone可知,本文主要说了独自用餐已经逐渐成为一种趋势,故答案为A。
【答案】 A
?技法归纳
快速阅读文首、文尾,或每段的首句和尾句等,可以快速找到主题句。以下是找主题句的四个小窍门:
1.段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually等)时,该句很可能是主题句。
2.首段出现疑问句时,对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
3.作者有意识地重复的观点,通常是主旨;反复出现的词语,一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
4.表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等词。
类型二 段落大意题
【典例示范】
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ·阅读理解D) Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein,a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories:the likable and the status seekers.
The likables’ plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships,jump-start interpersonal skills and,when tapped early,are employed ever after in life and work.Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence:status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.
33.What is the second paragraph mainly about?
A.The classification of the popular.
B.The characteristics of adolescents.
C.The importance of interpersonal skills.
D.The causes of dishonorable behavior.
【解析】 段落大意题。根据第二段内容以及第二句的句式特点(句中有冒号),可暂时断定第二句是本段的主旨句。而第三句和第四句分别用The likables’...和Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence...引出后文内容,恰恰就是介绍了受欢迎的两类人:讨人喜欢型和追求地位型。同时我们发现本段第二句中的关键词sort...into...(把……分成……)与A项中的classification相呼应,所以A项可以概括本段大意。
【答案】 A?技法归纳
方法1:概括段落大意
要准确概括某段的大意,务必要知道该段的逻辑结构。如该段是按总分顺序组织,首句做总的说明,其他句子对其进行具体论述,这种结构的主题句就在段首;如果按分总顺序组织,主题句就在段尾;如果按分总分的顺序组织,则主题句就在这段话的中间;如果对比各事物,那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。
方法2:揣摩段落大意
有时,作者可能不直接写出主题句,而是通过各种方法暗示给读者,这就需要充分发挥读者的想象力与判断力,揣摩段落大意。
类型三 标题归纳题
【典例示范】
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ·阅读理解D) Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms(微生物) from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? It’s turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not just any kids. It is depending on NASA HUNCH high school classrooms, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.
HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years, Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they’re close to a solution(解决方案). “We don’t give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers,” says Florence Gold, a project manager.
“There are no tests,” Gordon says. “There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades, other than ‘Are you working towards your goal?’ Basically, it’s ‘I’ve got to produce this product and then, at the end of the year, present it to NASA.’ Engineers come and really do an in-person review, and...it’s not a very nice thing at times. It’s a hard business review of your product.”Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact(影响) on college admissions and practical life skills. “These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don’t teach.” And that annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space.
35.What is the best title for the text?
A.NASA:The Home of Astronauts
B.Space:The Final Homework Frontier
C.Nature:An Outdoor Classroom
D.HUNCH:A College Admission Reform
【解析】 标题归纳题。 文章以国际空间站里的微生物很难清除开头,引出宇航员们解决此问题的途径——借助美国国家航空航天局的HUNCH高中班,此计划的目的是把航天技术与学校教育结合起来。本篇文章的主线是学生们通过homework(制作供美国国家航空航天局使用的产品)去探索无疆的太空,因此“太空:最后的功课疆域”最适合做文章的标题。
【答案】 B?技法归纳
1.正面肯定法:在理解文章主旨的基础上,揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨;
2.反面否定法:撇开原文,拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容,然后和原文章对照,一一排除不符选项;
3.研读备选项本身:研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。(2019·石家庄一模)Many years ago, when we first went to Canada, we were driving through Montana with our two children. We thought we would find a motel(汽车旅馆) on the way and had not made a booking. As it was getting late, we started looking for a motel, only to find that all were booked, which worried me sick.
Finally, around 9 p.m., we stopped at a gas station to fill up the gas tank. My husband asked for a phone book and told the woman at the counter that we were trying to find a motel. He tried for 15 minutes. When he was unsuccessful, the woman, Linda, said she and her family lived nearby and would be happy if we spent the night at her home.
My husband was stunned by her offer. She called her son to direct us, since she had to hold the fort at the gas station till midnight.
When we reached her home, her husband greeted us. He took out two sleeping bags for the children. He invited us to have coffee and chat while we waited for his wife. When she came back, we asked if we could slip away in the morning so as not to disturb them. They said we were now guests and we would have to have breakfast with them.
We woke up to a table set for breakfast. They made a mountain of pancakes and bacon. We ate breakfast, and when we were leaving, my husband asked if he could offer some payment.
They insisted we were their guests. We left moved by their spirit of hospitality(好客). We were amazed that they would take in a family of total strangers from a different country. We kept in touch for many years. Over the years, we’ve lost touch with them, but have never forgotten their kindness.
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者一家在去加拿大时得到陌生人帮助的经过。1.What made the author upset at first?
A.They got lost in Canada.
B.They ran out of gas.
C.They had nowhere to stay.
D.They were late for dinner.
解析 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“As it was getting late, we started looking for a motel, only to find that all were booked, which worried me sick.”可知,由于天色渐晚,作者他们开始找汽车旅馆,却发现所有的旅馆都被预订了。据此可知,让作者感到担心的是他们没有地方可以住宿,故C项正确。
答案 C
2.What does the underlined word “stunned” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A.Troubled.       B.Surprised.
C.Disappointed. D.Confused.
解析 词义猜测题。根据第二段最后一句和第三段第二句“She called her son to direct us, since she had to hold the fort at the gas station till midnight.”可知,Linda要为作者一家人提供住宿,她让她的儿子来给作者他们领路,因为她要值班到午夜。结合最后一段中的“We were amazed...strangers from a different country.”可知,作者他们对Linda为陌生人提供帮助的行为感到惊讶。故画线词表示“惊讶的”,故B项正确。
答案 B3.What did the author’s family do the next morning?
A.They slipped away.
B.They paid for their breakfast.
C.They met some strangers.
D.They had a big breakfast.
解析 细节理解题。根据第五段内容可知,第二天一早,Linda一家就准备好了丰盛的早餐,作者一家和Linda一家共享了早餐,故D项正确。
答案 D
4.What is the best title for the text?
A.Unexpected Hospitality
B.A Kind Woman
C.Be Kind to Strangers
D.Looking for a Motel
解析 标题归纳题。通读全文可知,本文是一篇记叙文,主要讲述了作者一家在去加拿大时得到加油站工作人员Linda和其家人帮助的经过。作者一家因为没有预订旅馆,晚上无法住宿,Linda得知情况后邀请作者一家到她家住宿,并热情招待了素不相识的作者一家。据此可知A项(意想不到的热情款待)最适合做文章的标题。
答案 A(2019·辽宁五校联考)A study has shown that nearly 90 percent of traffic accidents are caused by human errors.So our aim is a fully autonomous car that gets rid of the cause of most accidents:the driver.Researcher Hodgson points out, “For safety, the faster you can remove humans, the better, even if there are unfortunately a few accidents from new causes.It’s a question of balancing the number injured or killed by autonomous vehicles with the people whose lives are potentially saved.”
It’s an idea that Elon Musk, CEO of electric car company Tesla Motors, has long believed.His company is determined to be the first to deliver a fully autonomous vehicle to consumers.Last year, Musk announced that Tesla’s 2017 goal was “to do an example drive of full autonomy all the way from LA to New York...and have the car park itself”.
However, even Tesla admits that there are problems to overcome-the software needs further validation and the appropriate regulatory approval needs to be in place.Indeed, recent crashes of Tesla vehicles and Google cars confirm that the software isn’t ready yet.
The U.K. government appears committed to encouraging the development of autonomous vehicles.It’s supporting four city trials, publishing the Modern Transport Bill to reduce red tape around their introduction and adapting the legal system to take into account problems such as insurance liability when a human isn’t in control of a vehicle.
The insurance industry is similarly eager to help increase autonomy in cars.As the Association of British Insurers(ABI) points out, “More than 90 percent of road accidents are caused by human errors.” This costs motor insurers a shocking £20 m per day in claims.
[语篇解读] 本文介绍了一种无人驾驶汽车。由于交通事故主要是由驾驶员的失误引发的, 这种无人驾驶汽车在某种程度上可以解决交通事故问题。这种想法虽然还需进一步完善,但已经得到了英国政府及保险公司的支持。
5.What difficulty does the company Tesla Motors have?
A.New inventions may cause more injuries and deaths.
B.The company lacks confidence to make new creations.
C.The software should be made officially acceptable.
D.The traffic regulation has proved unreasonable.解析 细节理解题。题干中的关键词是difficulty, 据此定位到第三段的第一句“However, even Tesla admits that there are problems to overcome-the software needs further validation and the appropriate regulatory approval needs to be in place.”由此可知, 特斯拉公司还需要解决的问题是相关软件需要进一步的验证以及监管机构的批准。
答案 C6.What is the U.K. government’s attitude to autonomous cars?
A.Ambiguous. B.Positive.
C.Cautious. D.Disapproving.
解析 推理判断题。题干中的关键词是the U.K. government, 据此定位到第四段第一句“The U.K. government appears committed to encouraging the development of autonomous vehicles.即英国政府似乎是在鼓励无人驾驶汽车的研发。”由此可知, 英国政府的态度是支持的, 所以答案是B。
答案 B
7.What is the main idea of the last paragraph?
A.Insurance companies would like to support autonomous cars.
B.Human mistakes may be the key cause of traffic accidents.
C.Traffic accidents cost insurance companies quite a lot.
D.Motorists are surprised to hear about autonomous cars.解析 段落大意题。段落主题通常会出现在段首, 由最后一段的首句“The insurance industry is similarly eager to help increase autonomy in cars.”可知, 保险公司同样渴望去帮助提高汽车的自动性能。
答案 A
8.What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?
A.To show his deep love for autonomous cars.
B.To introduce a new development in technology.
C.To amuse readers with funny examples.
D.To provide a persuasive argument against autonomy.
解析 写作意图题。本文重点介绍了一项新技术——研发无人驾驶汽车, 并介绍了尚待解决的相关问题, 以及英国政府、 保险公司对此项新技术的态度。
答案 B
题型四 词义猜测题
[词义猜测题的设问方式]____________
1.词意类:①The underlined word/phrase... probably means/can be replaced by ______.
②Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word/phrase...?
2.指代类:①What does the underlined word “this/that/it/they...” refer to?
②The underlined word “this/that/it/they...” refers to ______.
3.句意类:①The underlined sentence in the... paragraph probably means ______.
②What can we infer from the underlined sentence in Paragraph...?[词义猜测题的选项特征]____________[词义猜测题的解题技法]____________
技法一 语境分析猜词义
【典例示范1】
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ·阅读理解B)“You can use me as a last resort (选择), and if nobody else volunteers, then I will do it.” This was an actual reply from a parent after I put out a request for volunteers for my kids’ lacrosse (长曲棍球) club.
I guess that there’s probably some demanding work schedule, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and tug_at_the_heartstrings. I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren’t even on...At this point the unwilling parent speaks up, “Alright. Yes, I’ll do it.”
25.What does the underlined phrase “tug at the heartstrings” in Paragraph 2 mean?
A.Encourage teamwork.  B.Appeal to feelings.
C.Promote good deeds. D.Provide advice.
【解析】 词义猜测题。 heartstrings是由heart + strings组成,可知此短语与心情有关。由上文可知,作者猜测这位家长对于参与一项不熟悉的运动可能有一些顾虑,作者需要说服她。由“I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren’t even on.”可知,作者提到了一位有四个孩子的单亲家长负责该活动;一位爸爸即便自己孩子没有加入球队,也给该球队执教。由此可猜测出作者是想从感情上打动这位家长。
【答案】 B
【典例示范2】
(2019·全国卷Ⅲ·阅读理解B)“China is impossible to overlook,” says Hill. “Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion—they are central to its movement.”Of course, not only are today’s top Western designers being influenced by China—some of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese. “Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu are taking_on Galliano, Albaz, Marc Jacobs—and beating them hands down in design and sales,” adds Hill.
26.What do the underlined words “taking on” in Paragraph 4 mean?
A.learning from B.looking down on
C.working with D.competing against
【解析】 词义猜测题。根据文中最后一句...beating them hands down in design and sales是对前面的解释说明,Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu这些人在设计和销售方面毫不费劲地打败了传统时尚大牌。故选D项。
【答案】 D【典例示范3】
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ·阅读理解B)But he’s nervous. “I’m here to tell you today why you should...should...” Chris trips on the “-ld,” a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers. His teacher, Thomas Whaley, is next to him, whispering support. “...Vote for...me...” Except for some stumbles,_Chris is doing amazingly well. When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion, Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.25.What does the underlined word “stumbles” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A.Improper pauses. B.Bad manners.
C.Spelling mistakes. D.Silly jokes.
【解析】 词义猜测题。 根据本段“to tell you today why you should...should...Chris trips on the...”可知Chris因为紧张,演讲时说话有点磕巴,故此处stumbles指不恰当的停顿。
【答案】 A?技法归纳
猜测词义五法
1.同义或定义解释法。上下文中以某种方式对其进行解释,如利用or, that is (to say), in other words, namely等词语进行解释,或利用破折号、同位语(从句)、定语从句等进行解释。
2.因果推断法。对生词词义的猜测需要结合上下文的因果关系进行。
3.前后对比法。上下文中往往对生词提供一定的对比背景,并且通常以反义或对照的方式出现,以此可推测生词意思。
4.语境理解法。生词词义的推测大多根据语境进行,做题时要根据上下文语境信息进行分析、推理,从而猜测出生词的意义。
5.基本构词法。根据前缀、后缀、合成及词性转换猜测词义。
技法二 就近原则判指代
【典例示范】
(2017·全国卷Ⅰ·阅读理解C)Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.
It’s Jason Moran’s job to help change that.As the Kennedy Center’s artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.29.What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 3 refer to?
A.Jazz becoming more accessible.
B.The production of jazz growing faster.
C.Jazz being less popular with the young.
D.The jazz audience becoming larger.
【解析】 词义猜测题。画线句子的意思为:Jason Moran的工作就是要帮助改变这一现象。可知,that指代上段内容。上段是说,尽管美国举行了庆祝活动,但爵士乐的听众不断减少,年龄也越来越大,而这种音乐也未能与年轻一代产生共鸣。故选C项。
【答案】 C
?技法归纳
代词指代判断三法
此类题目要求考生根据语境判断代词(this, that, it, they, them, one, which等)或助动词(do, does, did等)究竟指代什么。具体方法:
1.返回原文,找出指代词(it, they, them, this...)。
2.向上(有时向下)搜索,找最近的名词、代词、短语或句子(就近原则)。
3.将找到的词、词组或句子代入替换该指代词,看其意思、逻辑关系是否通顺,并最终确定最佳答案。技法三 意义吻合定句意
【典例示范】
(2017·浙江卷·阅读理解A)Benjamin West,the father of American painting,showed his talent for art when he was only six years of age.But he did not know about brushes before a visitor told him he needed one.In those days,a brush was made from camel’s hair.There were no camels nearby.Benjamin decided that cat hair would work instead.He cut some fur from the family cat to make a brush.The brush did not last long.Soon Benjamin needed more fur.Before long,the cat began to look ragged (蓬乱).His father said that the cat must be sick.Benjamin was forced to admit what he had been doing.
The_cat’s_lot_was_about_to_improve.That year,one of Benjamin’s cousins,Mr.Pennington,came to visit.He was impressed with Benjamin’s drawings.When he went home,he sent Benjamin a box of paint and some brushes.He also sent six engravings (版画)by an artist.These were the first pictures and first real paint and brushes Benjamin had ever seen.
22.What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 3 suggest?
A.The cat would be closely watched.
B.The cat would get some medical care.
C.Benjamin would leave his home shortly.
D.Benjamin would have real brushes soon.
【解析】 句意猜测题。画线句的字面意思为猫的命运将会得到改善。由上文可知,本杰明在没有专业画笔之前是用猫的毛制作画笔的。下文提到本杰明的堂兄给他送来了专业的颜料和画笔。由此可推知,画线句隐含的意思是:本杰明将得到真正的画笔。分析各选项意思为:A项,猫会被密切关注。B项,猫会得到一些药物治疗。C项,本杰明将很快离开家。D项,本杰明将很快得到真正的画笔。由第一步可知,正确答案为D。
【答案】 D?技法归纳
句意猜测两注意
句意猜测题要求考生通过阅读文章,用合适的语句对其进行解释性的描述。
1.返回原文,找到该句,对原句进行语法和逻辑关系的准确分析。对于需要推理的句意理解,首先要理解句子前后的语境,其次对此句在文章中的意思进行合理的推断,最后再归纳总结。
2.一般来说,正确选项的意思与原句的意思完全相同,只是用其他的英语词汇和句式来表达相同的意思。
(2019·第三次全国大联考)Ask any American what he/she is doing on Sunday,February 7 and the answer is likely to be either hosting or attending a Super Bowl Party.Played for the title of the National Football League Champion,Super Bowl is the most watched annual television program in the United States.
That’s because Super Bowl which is celebrating its Golden Anniversary this year,is more than just a 60-minute football game-it is a well-designed production that features halftime performances,fireworks shows and television ads that people discuss for days.
But most important of all,it is the day to set aside all diets and enjoy foods one would normally avoid or at least not consume at the same time.It should,therefore,come as no surprise that Super Bowl Sunday is one of the biggest food consumption days in the US-second only to Thanksgiving.
The noshing will start early in the day,long before matches begin and continue long after the 2016 NFL Champions have retired to celebrate.
As a result,it is estimated that on Sunday,the nation will consume 1.2 million pounds of potato chips,8.2 million pounds of tortilla chips,3.8 million pounds of popcorn and 3 million pounds of nuts.
When the real hunger pains start to hit,they will seek out comfort foods.Not surprisingly,pizza tops the list.Chicken wings are also very popular.It is estimated that almost 1.3 billion wings will be consumed on Super Bowl Sunday.Other favorites include bacon,hot dogs and burgers.
But the food consumption is not without consequences.Data released indicates that antacid(解酸药)sales increase by 20% on the Monday following the big game.Additionally,over seven million Americans call in sick.It is no wonder that fans have been urging the government to declare Super Bowl Monday a holiday.
[语篇解读] 一年一度的美国超级橄榄球杯大赛不仅是全美收视率最高的电视节目,而且超级碗星期天也是美国单日食品消费量最高的节日之一,食品消费量仅次于感恩节。
1.Why does Super Bowl become the most popular television program?
A.It is the longest football game.
B.It is hosted by famous film stars.
C.It contains the most wonderful ads.
D.It involves various performances.
解析 细节理解题。由第二段中的“it is a well-designed production that features halftime performances,fireworks shows and television ads that people discuss for days”可知选D。
答案 D
2.Which can replace the underlined word “noshing” in Paragraph 4?
A.Playing. B.Eating.
C.Competing. D.Resting.
解析 词义猜测题。前后段均介绍在超级橄榄球杯大赛期间食品的消费情况,由此判断选B。
答案 B
3.Which comfort food is consumed the most?
A.Hot dogs. B.Pizza.
C.Nuts. D.Chicken wings.
解析 细节理解题。根据第六段前两句“When the real hunger pains start to hit,they will seek out comfort foods.Not surprisingly,pizza tops the list.”可知选B。
答案 B4.What bad result might Super Bowl Sunday lead to?
A.Lots of food is wasted.
B.Public disorder is caused.
C.Some people have an upset stomach.
D.Many people lose their work.
解析 推理判断题。根据末段中“Data released indicates that antacid(解酸药)sales increase by 20% on the Monday following the big game.Additionally,over seven million Americans call in sick.”可知人们会因为毫无顾忌地大吃大喝而生病。故选C。
答案 C
(2019·长沙名校第二阶段测评)With stress levels reaching new highs, it’s important for business owners to take steps to control and reduce their stress. It’s good for owners and for their business. Small and mediumsized business(SMB) owners are some of the most stressed out workers in the U.S. Not only do they feel the pressure of sustaining(维持) and growing their business, SMB owners also face the greatest business challenges from expanding sales channels to increasing tax complexities.
Stress of employers and employees can cost your company 50 percent more in health insurance costs. Additionally, the serious health problems associated with stress could have a lasting, bad influence on your busine课件105张PPT。第一部分 高考专题突破专题三 完形填空 A
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Every year about 40,000 people attempt to climb Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa. They__1__with them lots of waste. The__2__might damage the beauty of the place. The glaciers (冰川) are disappearing, changing the __3__of Kilimanjaro.
Hearing these stories, I’m__4__about the place-other destinations are described as “purer” natural experiences.
However, I soon__5__that much has changed since the days of disturbing reports of__6__among tons of rubbish. I find a__7__mountain, with toilets at camps and along the paths. The environmental challenges are__8__but the efforts made by the Tanzania National Park Authority seem to be__9__.
The best of a Kilimanjaro__10__, in my opinion, isn’t reaching the top. Mountains are__11__as spiritual places by many cultures. This__12__is especially evident on Kilimanjaro as__13__go through five ecosystems(生态系统) in the space of a few kilometers. At the base is a rainforest. It ends abruptly at 3,000 meters,__14__lands of low growing plants. Further up, the weather__15__-low clouds envelop the mountainsides,which are covered with thick grass. I__16__twelve shades of green from where I stand. Above 4, 000 meters is the highland__17__: gravel(砾石), stones and rocks.__18__you climb into an arctic-like zone with__19__snow and the glaciers that may soon disappear.
Does Kilimanjaro__20__its reputation as a crowded mountain with lines of tourists ruining the atmosphere of peace? I found the opposite to be true.[语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文。介绍了非洲乞力马扎罗山的环境污染以及当地机构努力治理之后环境的改观。
1.A.keep  B.mix  C.connect   D.bring
解析 根据空前一句提到每年大约40 000人试图攀登非洲最高峰——乞力马扎罗山,空后一句提到……可能破坏这一地方的美丽,可知此空选bring,即登山者带来了大量的垃圾。
答案 D2.A.stories B.buildings
C.crowds D.reporters
解析 根据上文可知登山者带来了大量的垃圾,所以登山者可能破坏了这一地区的美丽。crowds此处意为“一群……的人”,照应了首句的40,000 people。
答案 C
3.A.position B.age C.face D.name
解析 综合第一段,作者描述了乞力马扎罗山因为人类活动所受到的影响,此句又提到冰川正在消失,这改变了乞力马扎罗山的面貌。face此处意为“外观;面貌”。
答案 C
4.A.silent B.skeptical C.serious D.crazy
解析 从破折号后的内容“其他目的地都被描述为更加纯净的自然之旅”,与作者听到的乞力马扎罗山受到污染的消息形成鲜明对比,作者对此感到怀疑——为什么别的地方是干净,而乞力马扎罗山却被污染了呢?
答案 B
5.A.discover B.argue C.decide D.advocate
解析 上一段提到作者对于有关乞力马扎罗山被污染的消息感到怀疑,本句开头however表示转折,作者很快发现事实并非如此。
答案 A
6.A.equipment B.grass
C.camps D.stones
解析 作者很快发现自那些令人不安的报道以来,情况已经发生了很大的改变。那些报道都是关于乞力马扎罗山的污染,而登山者必然是在满是垃圾的山上搭帐篷露营。
答案 C
7.A.remote B.quiet C.tall D.clean
解析 根据下文提到的在营地和沿途中都有卫生间,可知作者看到的是一座环境“干净”的山。
答案 D
8.A.new B.special C.significant D.necessary
解析 根据句中的but可知其前后是转折关系,再根据上一句提到的“干净”的山,可知此句意为:环境保护的难度虽然巨大,但是坦桑尼亚国家公园管理局的努力似乎见效了。
答案 C
9.A.paying off B.spreading out
C.blowing up D.fading away
解析 根据上文可知此处是说坦桑尼亚国家公园管理局为环境保护所做的努力有了回报。pay off意为“成功;奏效”;spread out意为“展开”;blow up意为“爆炸”;fade away意为“(人)衰弱;病重死亡”。
答案 A
10.A.atmosphere B.experience
C.experiment D.sight
解析 本段主要描述了乞力马扎罗山从山脚到山顶的五种生态系统,第一句作为本段的主题句,可知作者在此处点明攀登乞力马扎罗山最棒的体验并不在于登顶 (而是体验登山过程中五种生态系统的变化)。experience意为“经历;体验”。
答案 B11.A.studied B.observed
C.explored D.regarded
解析 在诸多文化里,山都有着某种精神的意义。be regarded as“被视为……”。
答案 D
12.A.view B.quality C.reason D.purpose
解析 根据上一句提到的很多文化将山视为有着精神层面的意义,这是一种“观点”,这种观点在乞力马扎罗山尤为明显。
答案 A13.A.scientists B.climbers
C.locals D.officials
解析 只有登山者在登山途中,在短短几公里的空间内可以经历五种生态系统。
答案 B
14.A.holding on to B.going back to
C.living up to D.giving way to
解析 这五种生态系统,从下至上,在山脚是雨林,到海拔3 000米的时候,雨林突然变成了大量的低矮植物。give way to本意为“给……让路”,此处指“被……替代”;hold on to意为“保住;不送或不卖”;go back to意为“回到;重新开始”;live up to意为“符合;不辜负”。
答案 D
15.A.changes B.clears C.improves D.permits
解析 从山脚的雨林到海拔3 000米的低矮植物,再往上变成了被低低的云团笼罩着的、长满茂密草丛的山坡,生态系统发生了变化,气候自然也要发生改变。
答案 A
16.A.match B.imagine C.count D.add
解析 此句中的shade是一大陷阱,整段描写的是乞力马扎罗山生态系统的多样性,从雨林到低矮植物再到茂密草丛,虽然都是绿色,但也各不相同,因此此句是指从作者所站的地方就能“数”出12种色度不同的绿色。shade在此意为“浓淡深浅;色度”。
答案 C
17.A.village B.desert C.road D.lake
解析 根据空后描述的砾石、石头和岩石,可知海拔4 000米以上就是高原荒漠。
答案 B
18.A.Obviously B.Easily
C.Consequently D.Finally
解析 本段前面的内容已经描述了四种不同的生态系统,此处应该要到达乞力马扎罗山的最高处了,“最终”登山者进入了一个类似北极的区域。
答案 D
19.A.permanent B.little
C.fresh D.artificial
解析 根据空前“一个类似北极的地区”可知,这个地区终年积雪。permanent意为“永久的”。
答案 A
20.A.enjoy B.deserve C.save D.acquire
解析 纵观全文,文章开头讲到有报道称乞力马扎罗山受到污染,作者提出了质疑,并发现其环境污染问题已经有了很大改观;随后以大段文字描写了乞力马扎罗山奇妙的生态系统,因此作者最后得出结论,乞力马扎罗山是否挤满了破坏其宁静气氛的游客呢?这一说法是否名副其实?答案是否定的。deserve one’s reputation意为“名不虚传;实至名归”。
答案 BB
(2019·全国卷Ⅲ) The small town of Rjukan in Norway is situated between several mountains and does not get direct sunlight from late September to mid-March-__1__six months out of the year.
“Of course, we__2__it when the sun is shining,” says Karin Ro, who works for the town’s tourism office. “We see the sky is__3__, but down in the valley it’s darker-it’s like on a__4__day.”?But that__5__when a system of high-tech__6__was introduced to reflect sunlight from neighboring peaks (山峰) into the valley below. Wednesday, residents (居民) of Rjukan__7__their very first ray of winter sunshine: A row of reflective boards on a nearby mountainside were put to__8__. The mirrors are controlled by a computer that__9__them to turn along with the sun throughout the__10__and to close during windy weather.They reflect a concentrated beam (束) of light onto the town’s central__11__, creating an area of sunlight roughly 600 square meters. When the light__12__, Rjukan residents gathered together.
“People have been__13__there and standing there and taking__14__of each other,” Ro says. “The town square was totally__15__. I think almost all the people in the town were there.” The 3,500 residents cannot all__16__the sunshine at the same time.__17__, the new light feels like more than enough for the town’s__18__residents.
“It’s not very__19__,” she says, “but it is enough when we are__20__.” [语篇解读] 本文是一篇记叙文。挪威山谷小镇Rjukan受地形影响,一年有近六个月无阳光照射。当地政府在山顶架设巨镜,利用反光原理将光线反射到小镇中心广场,让民众能够享受到自然阳光。
1.A.only  B.obviously  
C.nearly  D.precisely
解析 根据上文“late September to mid-March”可知,Rjukan小镇一年中有将近六个月的时间没有阳光,nearly符合语境。
答案 C
2.A.fear B.believe C.hear D.notice
解析 根据下文“We see the sky is...but down in the valley it’s darker...”可知,他们注意到了这一现象。
答案 D3.A.empty B.blue C.high D.wide
解析 根据下文“but down in the valley it’s darker”可知,即使是蓝天,阳光照耀,山谷下面却很暗,blue符合语境。
答案 B
4.A.cloudy B.normal C.different D.warm
解析 根据上文“but down in the valley it’s darker”可知,光线很暗,就像阴天一样,cloudy符合语境。
答案 A5.A.helped B.changed
C.happened D.mattered
解析 根据下文可知情况有所改变,changed符合语境。
答案 B
6.A.computers B.telescopes
C.mirrors D.cameras
解析 根据下文“to reflect sunlight from...”和“reflective boards...”及“The mirrors are controlled by a computer...”可知,引入了高科技的反射镜。
答案 C
7.A.remembered B.forecasted
C.received D.imagined
解析 根据下文“creating an area of...When the light...residents gathered together”可知,Rjukan居民迎来了他们冬日的第一束阳光,received符合语境。
答案 C
8.A.repair B.risk C.rest D.use
解析 根据全文可知利用镜面反射原理,用反射镜将山顶的阳光反射到山谷下面,put...to use意为“应用……”,符合语境。
答案 D
9.A.forbids B.directs C.predicts D.follows
解析 根据下文to turn along with the sun可知,反射镜由电脑控制,随着太阳光线转动而转动,B项directs符合语境。
答案 B10.A.day B.night C.month D.year
解析 因为只有9月底到3月中旬这段时间没有阳光,故排除C和D项,太阳在白天才有,因此A项day符合语境。
答案 A
11.A.library B.hall C.square D.street
解析 根据下文The town square was totally...可知,反射镜将阳光反射到小镇的中心广场上。
答案 C12.A.appeared B.returned
C.faded D.stopped
解析 根据下文Rjukan residents gathered together可知,应是阳光出现的时候,因此appeared符合语境。
答案 A
13.A.driving B.hiding C.camping D.sitting
解析 根据上文Rjukan residents gathered together和下文standing there可知,小镇居民都聚集在广场上,或坐着或站着,A项driving,B项hiding和C项camping都不符合语境,只有B项sitting符合语境。
答案 D
14.A.pictures   B.notes   
C.care    D.hold
解析 根据上文“Rjukan residents gathered together”和下文“I think almost all the people in the town were there.”可知,整个小镇居民都来广场享受他们第一束冬日阳光,这是第一次,一次大事件,大家都互相拍照留念,pictures符合语境。
答案 A
15.A.new B.full C.flat D.silent
解析 根据下文“I think almost all the people in the town were there.”可知,几乎小镇上的所有人都聚集在广场,full符合语境。
答案 B
16.A.block B.avoid C.enjoy D.store
解析 根据下文“the new light feels like more than enough”可知,约600平方米的阳光照不全小镇,因此所有居民不能同时享受阳光。
答案 C17.A.Instead B.However
C.Gradually D.Similarly
解析 根据上文cannot all和下文more than enough可知,此处表示转折,however符合语境。
答案 B
18.A.nature-loving B.energy-saving
C.weather-beaten D.sun-starved
解析 根据上文可知小镇一年中有大半年没有阳光,由此可知sun-starved(缺乏阳光的;急需阳光的)符合语境。
答案 D
19.A.big B.clear C.cold D.easy
解析 由上文“the new light feels like more than enough”和下文“but it is enough when...”可知,反射的阳光面积不够大,无法照射每一个人,big符合语境。
答案 A
20.A.trying B.waiting C.watching D.sharing
解析 阳光面积不是很大,但是足够大家共享,sharing符合语境。
答案 D[考题分布][命题分析]
研究近3年的全国卷完形填空试题可发现,文章体裁多为记叙文或夹叙夹议文。完形填空的设题方式大致可分为句内层次、句组层次及语篇层次三种题型。在难易程度上,句内层次题和句组层次题较容易,考生只需要结合语境理解空格所在句或相邻的几句就可以确定答案,且句内层次、句组层次题考查最多,能保障考生取得基本分数。但高考是选拔性的考试,每篇完形填空总会有2~3个比较难的语篇层次题成为考生取得高分的拦路虎。二轮复习在确保句内层次题和句组层次题全做对的前提下,要全力争取语篇层次题不失分。
技法一 利用逻辑关系解题
【高考示例】
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)However, I soon discover that much has changed since the days of disturbing reports of camps among tons of rubbish. I find a clean mountain, with toilets at camps and along the paths. The environmental challenges are__48__but the efforts made by the Tanzania National Park Authority seem to be paying off.
48.A.new  B.special  
C.significant  D. necessary
【解析】 根据句中的but可知其前后是转折关系,再根据上一句提到的“干净”的山,可知此句意为:环境保护的难度虽然巨大,但是坦桑尼亚国家公园管理局的努力似乎见效了。
【答案】 C?技法点拨
此方法是通过分析未知填空前后文与已知信息之间的逻辑关系来确定答案,主要应用于完形填空的两类题型:一是考查连接词和起连接词作用的短语,二是考查上下文的逻辑关系。
技法二 利用语境暗示分析法解题
【高考示例1】
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)It’s about 250 miles from the hills of west-central Iowa to Ehlers’ home in Minnesota. During the long trip home, following a weekend of hunting, Ehlers thought about the small dog he had seen__42__alongside the road. He had tried to coax (哄) the dog to him but, frightened, it had run off.
42.A.fighting  B.trembling  
C.eating  D.sleeping
【解析】 根据本段最后一句话中的frightened可知,小狗见到打猎的Ehlers时很害怕,由此可推知当时小狗见到猎人受到惊吓而发抖,所以选trembling。
【答案】 B
【高考示例2】
(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)“People have been sitting there and standing there and taking pictures of each other,” Ro says. “The town square was totally__55__. I think almost all the people in the town were there.” The 3,500 residents cannot all enjoy the sunshine at the same time.However, the new light feels like more than enough for the town’s sun-starved residents.
55.A.new  B.full  C.flat   D.silent
【解析】 根据下文“I think almost all the people in the town were there.”可知,几乎小镇上的所有人都聚集在广场,full符合语境。
【答案】 B
?技法点拨
上下文语境具体体现为:全文的中心主线和主题、作者的态度倾向和评价、上下文语篇衔接、句际和段际关系。在句内层次中,我们通常可以通过上下文语境,即根据已知信息,推导出正确答案。
技法三 利用习惯搭配及固定结构解题
【高考示例】
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Does Kilimanjaro__60__its reputation as a crowded mountain with lines of tourists ruining the atmosphere of peace? I found the opposite to be true.
60.A.enjoy B.deserve C.save  D.acquire
【解析】 纵观全文,文章开头讲到有报道称乞力马扎罗山受到污染,作者提出了质疑,并发现其环境污染问题已经有了很大改观;随后以大段文字描写了乞力马扎罗山奇妙的生态系统,因此作者最后得出结论,乞力马扎罗山是否挤满了破坏其宁静气氛的游客呢?这一说法是否名副其实?答案是否定的。deserve one’s reputation意为“名不虚传;实至名归”。
【答案】 B?技法点拨
完形填空中经常会考查一些习惯搭配、固定结构和固定句式,这时考生就需要运用习惯搭配及固定结构来解题。
技法四 利用生活常识和文化背景解题
【高考示例】
(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)When most of us get a text message on our cell phone from an unknown person, we usually say “sorry,__41__number!” and move on.
41.A.unlucky B.secret C.new  D.wrong
【解析】 利用生活常识和文化背景解题,根据生活常识,接到来自陌生人的短信,我们常说,“对不起,你打错电话了”。
【答案】 D?技法点拨
完形填空的语篇中往往渗透着诸如文化科学、历史地理、风俗民情等方面的知识。考生在做题时,若能积极地调动自己掌握的文化背景知识和生活常识,巧妙地加以运用,特别是注意中西文化的差异,将会大大简化复杂的分析与判断过程,节省宝贵的时间,从而轻松地做出正确判断。
技法五 利用对应成分分析法解题
【高考示例】
(2019·全国卷Ⅲ) When the light appeared, Rjukan residents gathered together.
“People have been__53__there and standing there and taking pictures of each other,” Ro says.
53.A.driving  B.hiding  
C.camping  D.sitting
【解析】 根据上文Rjukan residents gathered together和下文standing there可知,小镇居民都聚集在广场上,或坐着或站着。在“__53__there and standing there”中,and前后的动词形成对应关系。A项driving,B项hiding和C项camping都不符合语境,只有D项sitting和standing对应,符合语境。
【答案】 D?技法点拨
完形填空文章的上下文之间以及句子内部之间往往有着一定的逻辑关系,它使句子的各个成分之间形成一定的对应关系。考生可以根据这种逻辑关系找出与未知填空相对应的已知成分,将它作为线索,通过它推断出未知填空的答案。
(2019·山西八校第一次联考)At my daughter’s presentation ceremony, the principal reminded the kids of that now-familiar truth: they could have multiple careers in their lifetimes. As I lay in bed that evening, another truth __1__ me that it is not just different careers that __2__ each child.I __3__ my own life and how much it has __4__. Five years ago, I was in an unhappy marriage, living in a house that I felt wasn’t mine. I felt __5__ most of the time and not __6__ my own future. Now, I live in my own beautiful apartment. My family life is peaceful, filled with __7__. My life is barely __8__. I created a whole new reality.
I have always __9__ that great change is possible. I am the great-grandchild of the immigrants who left their countries with few __10__. From the shtetls(犹太人小村庄) of Russia and Poland, they created their own communities.
My parents moved to a __11__ city with two small children and started a life different from that in their hometown. And my late grandmother lived two completely different lives. __12__ she was a widow at 43 after my grandfather died suddenly,she __13__ her daughters alone, cared for her elderly mother and __14__ travelled out of her hometown. At 68, after being single for 26 years, she __15__ us all by falling in love and remarrying. She and her husband, Harry, socialized __16__, and travelled around the country.
Life is full of __17__. We assume that our lives are linear(直线的), leading us from birth to death into a straight __18__. But they can change and have sharp __19__. They can double back and leap forward and begin another __20__ altogether.
[语篇解读] 本文为一篇夹叙夹议文。作者在文中借助自己及自己亲人的生活经历表达了人生充满可能性的观点。1.A.hit   B.promised 
C.attacked  D.suggested
解析 根据上下文可知,作者突然意识到了另一条真理。hit“使突然意识到”符合语境。
答案 A
2.A.hold back B.appeal to
C.wait for D.call on
解析 根据上文中的“the principal reminded the kids of that now-familiar truth: they could have multiple careers in their lifetimes”可知,此处表示作者突然意识到并不仅仅是不同的事业在等待着每个孩子。
答案 C3.A.sought for B.tried out
C.took over D.reflected on
解析 根据下文的内容可知,作者认真思考了自己的生活。
答案 D
4.A.transformed B.improved
C.abused D.succeeded
解析 根据下文作者所说的自己的生活前后的巨大变化可知,作者思考的是自己的生活发生了多大的改变。
答案 A
5.A.terrified B.anxious C.curious D.ashamed
解析 根据上文中的“Five years ago, I was in an unhappy marriage, living in a house that I felt wasn’t mine.”可知,五年前,作者婚姻不幸福,觉得住在一个不属于自己的家中,故作者大多数时候感到焦虑,并觉得无法掌管自己的未来。
答案 B
6.A.in control of B.in defence of
C.in honor of D.in place of
解析 参见上题解析。in control of“掌管,控制”符合语境。
答案 A
7.A.noise B.devotion
C.admiration D.laughter
解析 根据上文中的“Now, I live in my own beautiful apartment. My family life is peaceful”可知,作者现在住在自己漂亮的公寓中,家庭生活平静安宁,充满了欢笑。laughter“笑,笑声”符合语境。
答案 D8.A.bearable B.recognizable
C.suitable D.acceptable
解析 根据上文提及的作者前后生活的对比以及下文的“I created a whole new reality.”可知,作者创造了一个全新的现实生活,故可推知作者现在的生活(和以前的相比变化巨大)很难被认出来。recognizable“容易认出的,易于识别的”符合语境。
答案 B
9.A.imagined B.doubted
C.believed D.remembered
解析 根据语境可知,作者一直都相信巨大的变化是可能发生的。
答案 C
10.A.contacts B.belongings
C.expectations D.devices
解析 根据上文中的“who left their countries with few”并结合选项可知,此处指携带很少的财物离开他们自己的国家。belongings“财物,财产”符合语境。
答案 B
11.A.poor B.remote C.strange D.wealthy
解析 根据下文中的“started a life different from that in their hometown”可知,作者的父母搬去了一个陌生的城市。strange“陌生的”符合语境。
答案 C
12.A.Since B.Until C.When D.Although
解析 根据下文中的“she was a widow at 43 after my grandfather died suddenly, she ______ her daughters alone”可知,由于作者已逝的外祖母是一个寡妇,所以她(生前)独自抚养自己的女儿们。Since“因为,由于”在此处引导原因状语从句。
答案 A
13.A.educated B.raised
C.accompanied D.comforted
解析 参见上题解析。raise“抚养”符合语境。
答案 B
14.A.nearly B.frequently
C.smoothly D.rarely
解析 根据上文中的“she ______ her daughters alone, cared for her elderly mother”可知,作者的外祖母(生前)要独自抚养自己的女儿们,照顾自己年老的母亲,所以她很少去她家乡之外的地方旅行。rarely“很少,不常”符合语境。
答案 D
15.A.amused B.annoyed
C.satisfied D.surprised
解析 根据上文的内容,尤其是“she was a widow at 43 after my grandfather died suddenly”,“At 68, after being single for 26 years”和下文中的“falling in love and remarrying”可知,作者的外祖母(生前)在成了寡妇26年后,于68岁时坠入爱河并再婚,这应该是让作者他们感到吃惊的。surprise“使惊奇,使感到意外”符合语境。
答案 D16.A.endlessly B.casually
C.punctually D.accidentally
解析 根据下文中的“and travelled around the country”可知,作者的外祖母(生前)和自己的丈夫Harry周游全国,不断地参加社交活动。endlessly“不断地,无休止地”符合语境。
答案 A17.A.challenges B.possibilities
C.hardships D.hopes
解析 根据上文作者所举的例子可知,生活是充满可能性的。possibility“可能,可能性”符合语境。
答案 B
18.A.pattern B.shape C.path D.queue
解析 根据上文中的“We assume that our lives are linear(直线的), leading us from birth to death into a straight”可知,我们认为自己的生活是条直线,就是自生至死的一条笔直的路。path“路”符合语境。
答案 C19.A.tendencies B.directions
C.increases D.twists
解析 根据上文中的“We assume that our lives are linear(直线的), leading us from birth to death into a straight ______. But they can change and have sharp ______.”和下文中的“They can double back and leap forward”可知,我们的生活并不是直线,而是会变化并出现急转弯的。twist“(河流或道路的)曲折处,急转弯处”符合语境。
答案 D20.A.marriage B.relationship 
C.story D.plan
解析 根据语境可知,生活会沿原路返回,向前跳跃并开始另一个故事。
答案 C
(2019·河北五个一名校联盟第二次考试)A woman professor was giving a lesson to her students on __1__ management. As she raised a glass of water, everyone in the class __2__ they would be asked the “half-empty or half-full” question. __3__, that was not the case. With a smile on her face, she asked the students, “How much do you think this glass of water weighs?”
Answers called out __4__ from eight to twenty ounces(盎司).She quieted the students down and then replied, “The absolute weight doesn’t __5__. But it counts how long you hold it. If I hold it for a minute, it is OK. If I hold it for an hour, I will have an ache in my __6__. If I hold it for a day, my arm will feel numb. In each case, the __7__ of the glass of water doesn’t change, but the __8__ I hold it, the heavier it becomes. Why?”
Lost in __9__, all the students kept silent and listened to the professor carefully. “Our stresses and __10__ in life are like that glass of water. If we __11__ our burdens all the time, sooner or later, we will feel exhausted, even unable to __12__.”
__13__ you have to do is put all your burdens down, as __14__ in the evening as possible. Don’t carry them through the evening into the night; by doing this, we can get __15__ next morning and are __16__ to move forward.More often than not, life gets terrible when we __17__ too much. And the moment you __18__ your burdens, you’ll find yourself feeling much more relaxed.
So rather than being upset and feeling __19__ for yourself, start doing something about it. After all, life is too short to __20__ yourself to anything that is not making you happy. [语篇解读] 本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章通过一杯水的重量的事例告诉读者:只有卸下压力和负担,才能活得更轻松。
1.A.class  B.emotion C.time   D.stress
解析 根据下文中的“Our stresses and ______ in life are like that glass of water.”可知,本文讲的是压力管理。stress management意为“压力管理”。
答案 D
2.A.wondered B.expected C.agreed D.argued
解析 当她举起一杯水时,每个人都预计他们会被问到“杯子是半空还是半满”的问题。wonder意为“想知道”;expect意为“预料,预计”;agree意为“同意”;argue意为“争论”。
答案 B
3.A.However B.Meanwhile
C.Anyhow D.Therefore
解析 根据语境可知,教授微笑着问:“这杯水有多重?”这与学生预计的不同,故选A。however意为“然而”;meanwhile意为“同时”;anyhow意为“无论如何”;therefore意为“因此”。
答案 A
4.A.range B.replied C.read D.exchanged
解析 根据下文中的“from eight to twenty ounces(盎司)”可知,喊出的答案从8到20盎司不等。range from...to...意为“范围从……到……”,符合语境。
答案 A
5.A.exist B.change C.matter D.increase
解析 根据下文中的“But it counts how long you hold it.”可知,此处表示绝对的重量不重要。matter与count同义,意为“要紧”。
答案 C
6.A.head B.arm C.leg D.stomach
解析 根据下文中的“If I hold it for a day, my arm will feel numb.”可知,此处指的是手臂。因此选B。
答案 B
7.A.shape B.position C.weight D.size
解析 根据下文中的“but the ______ I hold it, the heavier it becomes”可知,此处指的是水的重量。shape意为“形状”;position意为“位置”;weight意为“重量”;size意为“大小,尺寸”。故答案为C。
答案 C8.A.better B.deeper C.longer D.further
解析 每一种情况下,这杯水的重量都没有改变,但是举的时间越长,它就会变得越重。根据“If I hold it for a minute”,“If I hold it for an hour”及“If I hold it for a day”可知,此处说的是时间长短。
答案 C9.A.fantasies B.thought
C.dreams D.discussion
解析 根据下文中的“all the students kept silent and listened to the professor carefully”可知,此处表示“(学生们)陷入沉思”,(be) lost in thought为固定搭配。
答案 B
10.A.doubts B.joys C.surprises D.worries
解析 根据空前的“stresses”和下文中的“burdens”可知,这里表示“我们生活中的压力和烦恼就像那杯水”。
答案 D
11.A.cover B.carry C.hide D.show
解析 根据下文中的“you have to do is put all your burdens down”可知,此处表示如果我们一直背着(carry)沉重的负担,故选B。
答案 B
12.A.pick up B.work out
C.carry on D.catch on
解析 如果我们一直背着沉重的负担,迟早我们将感到筋疲力尽,甚至难以坚持下去。pick up意为“捡起,恢复健康、体力等”;work out意为“算出”;carry on意为“继续进行,坚持下去”;catch on意为“流行起来”。故选C。
答案 C
13.A.Something  B.All 
C.Nothing  D.Anything
解析 根据语境可知,此处表示你需要做的一切事情就是卸下负担,故选B。
答案 B
14.A.eagerly B.naturally C.quickly D.early
解析 根据“Don’t carry them through the evening into the night”可知,此处表示晚上尽早卸下负担。
答案 D15.A.refreshed B.entertained
C.depressed D.amazed
解析 通过这样做我们第二天可以重新振作精神,能够奋勇向前。refresh意为“使恢复精神”;entertain意为“使快乐”;depress意为“使沮丧”;amaze意为“使大为惊奇”。故选A。
答案 A
16.A.able B.anxious C.passive D.ambitious
解析 参见上题解析。able意为“有能力的”,符合语境。anxious意为“焦虑的”;passive意为“被动的”;ambitious意为“有志气的”。
答案 A
17.A.fear B.think C.rest D.get
解析 通常,当我们想得太多时生活就会变得糟糕。
答案 B18.A.catch up with B.look down on
C.let go of D.put up with
解析 根据上文中的“______ you have to do is put all your burdens down”可知,当你卸下负担的时候,你会发现你自己更加放松。catch up with意为“赶上”;look down on意为“轻视”;let go of意为“放手,松开”;put up with意为“忍受;忍耐”。因此选C。
答案 C19.A.happy  B.sorry  
C.disappointed  D.greedy
解析 与其感到不安,自我怜悯,不如做一些改变它的事。feel sorry for oneself意为“自我怜悯”,为固定搭配。因此选B。
答案 B
20.A.help B.treat C.drive D.abandon
解析 毕竟人生苦短,不要使自己沉浸在让自己不开心的事情中。abandon oneself to意为“沉湎于,陷入”,符合语境。help oneself to意为“自用,自取,依靠自己”;treat oneself to意为“犒劳自己”;drive oneself to意为“自己开车去”。
答案 D课件62张PPT。第一部分 高考专题突破专题二 七选五 A
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ) Is Fresh Air Really Good for You?
We all grew up hearing people tell us to “go out and get some fresh air.”__1__According to recent studies, the answer is a big YES, if the air quality in your camping area is good.
__2__If the air you’re breathing is clean—which it would be if you’re away from the smog of cities—then the air is filled with life-giving, energizing oxygen. If you exercise out of doors, your body will learn to breathe more deeply, allowing even more oxygen to get to your muscles(肌肉) and your brain.
Recently, people have begun studying the connection between the natural world and healing(治愈).__3__In these places patients can go to be near nature during their recovery. It turns out that just looking at green, growing things can reduce stress, lower blood pressure, and put people into a better mood(情绪). Greenery is good for us. Hospital patients who see tree branches out their window are likely to recover at a faster rate than patients who see buildings or sky instead.__4__It gives us a great feeling of peace.
__5__While the sun’s rays can age and harm our skin, they also give us beneficial Vitamin D. To make sure you get enough Vitamin D-but still protect your skin—put on sunscreen right as you head outside. It takes sunscreen about fifteen minutes to start working, and that’s plenty of time for your skin to absorb a day’s worth of Vitamin D.
A.Fresh air cleans our lungs.
B.So what are you waiting for?
C.Being in nature refreshes us.
D.Another side benefit of getting fresh air is sunlight.
E.But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?
F.Just as importantly, we tend to associate fresh air with health care.
G.All across the country, recovery centers have begun building Healing Gardens.
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了到户外呼吸新鲜空气对人体的各种好处。
1.E 根据本段第一句话“人们总是让我们出去呼吸新鲜空气”和空格后一句“回答是肯定的”可知此处应填入一个一般疑问句,即“新鲜空气果真如妈妈总说的那样好吗?”
2.A 文章开头讲述了新鲜空气对人有好处,那接下来应该介绍具体的好处。空白处应是本段的总起句。通过阅读本段后面部分可知,本段主要讲述了远离城市雾霾,到大自然中呼吸新鲜空气对人体带来的好处。而对人体呼吸和氧气供应产生影响的器官,就是肺。只有肺里清洁,呼吸才能畅通无阻,才能让人充满活力。由此推断,选项A更符合常识以及本段大意。
3.G 本段空格后提到in these places“在这些地方”可知,空格处应该是某个地点。此外,本段第一句提到研究人员在研究自然环境和疾病痊愈之间的关系,那么紧接着应该要建立这种接近自然的康复中心,因此选G。
4.C 从本段的in these places一直到此空前,作者描述了接近大自然的患者康复更快,再结合此空后“这给了我们平和宁静”可知,此处应为总结句,描述大自然的作用,因此选C。5.D 该空后一句提到,尽管太阳光线会使人的皮肤老化、受损,但也能提供有益人体的维生素D。由此可知,空格处应该与太阳光线有关。
B
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ) Imagine a child standing on a diving board four feet high and asking himself the question:“Should I jump?” This is what motivation or the lack of it can do. Motivation and goal setting are the two sides of the same coin.__1__Like the child on the diving board, you will stay undecided.
__2__More than that, how should you stay motivated to achieve the goal? First, you need to evaluate yourself, your values, your strengths, your weaknesses, your achievements, your desires, etc. Only then should you set your goals.
You also need to judge the quality and depth of your motivation. This is quite important, because it is directly related to your commitment. There are times when your heart is not in your work.__3__So, slow down and think what you really want to do at that moment. Clarity (清晰) of thoughts can help you move forward.
Another way of setting realistic goals is to analyze your short and long term objectives, keeping in mind your beliefs, values and strengths. Remember that goals are flexible.__4__They also need to be measurable. You must keep these points in mind while setting your goals.
Your personal circumstances are equally important. For example, you may want to be a pilot but can’t become one because your eyesight is not good enough.__5__You should reassess your goals, and motivate yourself to set a fresh goal. You will surely need to overcome some difficulties, some planned, but most unplanned. You cannot overcome them without ample motivation. Make sure that you plan for these difficulties at the time of setting your goals.
A.This can affect your work.
B.So how should you motivate yourself?
C.However, this should not discourage you.
D.So why should we try to set specific goals?
E.They can change according to circumstances.
F.Motivation is what you need most to do a good job.
G.Without motivation, you can neither set a goal nor reach it.[语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了动机和目标的关系以及如何激发动机并设定切实可行的目标。
1.G 空白处前一句Motivation and goal setting are the two sides of the same coin,讲的是动机和设定目标的关系,而后一句提到“像跳板上拿不定主意的孩子一样”,由此可知,G项符合语境,即没有动机也就无法设定目标。
2.B 上一段阐述了动机和设定目标的关系,强调了动机的重要性,本段进一步讲如何激励自己并保持动力来实现目标。B项So how should you motivate yourself?起到承上启下的作用。
3.A 空白处前一句There are times when your heart is not in your work,讲的是“有时候你的心思不在工作上”,这当然会影响你的工作,可知A项符合上下文语境。
4.E 空白处前一句Remember that goals are flexible,提到目标是灵活的,E项They can change according to circumstances与之相呼应,故答案为E项。
5.C 空白处之前讲的是个人情况对目标的影响,比如视力不好决定了你当不了飞行员。C项However, this should not discourage you符合语境,起到承上启下的作用。
[考题分布][命题分析]
1.考查特点:考查以说明文为主,体裁主要为介绍说明,内容更贴近生活、贴近时代;题型以段中句为主,段首句和段末句为辅。
2.选题特点:选题更具有浓厚的时代气息,更符合高中英语教学实际,并越来越与考生的学习经历和生活经历相关联,引导考生关爱自我、关爱社会。题型一 段首题
【高考示例1】
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)We all grew up hearing people tell us to “go out and get some fresh air”. But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said? According to recent studies, the answer is a big YES, if the air quality in your camping area is good.__37__If the air you’re breathing is clean-which it would be if you’re away from the smog of cities—then the air is filled with life-giving, energizing oxygen. If you exercise out of doors, your body will learn to breathe more deeply, allowing even more oxygen to get to your muscles (肌肉) and your brain.
A.Fresh air cleans our lungs.
B.So what are you waiting for?
C.Being in nature refreshes us.
D.Another side benefit of getting fresh air is sunlight.
E.But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?
F.Just as importantly,we tend to associate fresh air with health care.
G.All across the country,recovery centers have begun building Healing Gardens.
【解析】 空白处应是本段的总起句。通过阅读本段后面部分可知,本段主要讲述了远离城市雾霾,到大自然中呼吸新鲜空气对人体带来的好处。而对人体呼吸和氧气供应产生影响的器官,就是肺。只有肺里清洁,呼吸才能畅通无阻,才能让人充满活力。由此推断,选项A更符合常识以及本段大意。
【答案】 A
[技法点拨]
空格为主旨句
在某段第一句设空的内容通常是该段落主旨句,学生需要通过认真研读该段的内容,然后从选项中查找下文的同义词或其他相关词或句,从而确定答案;有时则需反复读设空处后面一两句或更多内容,确定关键信息词,然后在各个选项中查找关联词和信息句。一般正确答案选项与所设空后的第一句在意义上是紧密衔接的,因此正确选项和原文的内容是连贯且符合逻辑的。【高考示例2】
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ) Imagine a child standing on a diving board four feet high and asking himself the question: “Should I jump?” This is what motivation or the lack of it can do. Motivation and goal setting are the two sides of the same coin. Without motivation, you can neither set a goal nor reach it. Like the child on the diving board, you will stay undecided.
__37__More than that, how should you stay motivated to achieve the goal? First, you need to evaluate yourself, your values, your strengths, your weaknesses, your achievements, your desires, etc. Only then should you set your goals.
A.This can affect your work.
B.So how should you motivate yourself?
C.However,this should not discourage you.
D.So why should we try to set specific goals?
E.They can change according to cricumstances.
F.Motivation is what you need most to do a good job.
G.Without motivation,you can neither set a goal nor reach it.【解析】 上一段阐述了动机和设定目标的关系,强调了动机的重要性,本段进一步讲如何激励自己并保持动力来实现目标。B项So how should you motivate yourself?起到承上启下的作用。
【答案】 B
[技法点拨]
空格为承上启下句
在某段第一句设空的内容也有可能为承上启下的句子,这就需要学生做到瞻前顾后,既熟悉上一段结尾的内容,又结合下一段的内容,分析所选的答案是否能够将两段内容连贯起来。
题型二 段中题
【高考示例3】
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Your personal circumstances are equally important. For example, you may want to be a pilot but can’t become one because your eyesight is not good enough.__40__You should reassess your goals, and motivate yourself to set a fresh goal.
A.This can affect your work.
B.So how should you motivate yourself?
C.However, this should not discourage you.
D.So why should we try to set specific goals?
E.They can change according to circumstances.
F.Motivation is what you need most to do a good job.
G.Without motivation, you can neither set a goal nor reach it.【解析】 空白处之前讲的是个人情况对目标的影响,比如视力不好决定了你当不了飞行员。C项However, this should not discourage you符合语境,起到承上启下的作用。However在本句中起到关键作用。
【答案】 C
?[技法点拨]
根据句意的转承启合解题
并列或递进关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句是一种顺承逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间有first(第一); to begin with(首先,第一),to conclude(最后)等连接词或词组,则表明前后两句是逻辑上的并列关系,空格处很有可能是个并列的句子。
如果空格前后两句之间有also(也,而且), not only...but also(不但……而且)等连接词或词组,
则表明前后两句是逻辑上的递进关系,空格处很有可能是个递进的句子。转折或让步关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句构成逆转逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间有however(然而),nevertheless(然而,不过),still(还,仍然)等连接词,则表明前后两句话是逻辑上的逆转,空格处很有可能表示转折或让步关系。如果前后的句子之间出现as a result(结果),thus/therefore(因此),so/such...that(如此……以至于)等标志性词语,表明前后句有着因果关系。
【高考示例4】
(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)In an online class, developing healthy patterns of communication with professors is very important.__36__While I have only listed two of each, there are obviously many other situations that can arise. Students should be able to extend the logic(逻辑) of each to their particular circumstance.
Do’s
·Ask questions, but make sure they are good, thoughtful questions. Questions about subject content are generally welcomed. Before asking questions about the course design, read the syllabus(教学大纲) and learning management system information to be sure the answer isn’t hiding in plain sight.
·Participate in discussion forums(论坛), blogs and other open-ended forums for dialogue. That’s what they are for.Be sure to stay on topic and not offer irrelevant information. Make a point, and make it safe for others to do the same.Don’ts
·Don’t share personal information or stories. Professors are not trained nurses, financial aid experts or your best friends. If you are in need of a deadline extension, simply explain the situation to the professor. Turn to an online instructor for help.
A.That’s what they are for.
B.Turn to an online instructor for help.
C.If more information is needed, they will ask.
D.Remember that online professors get a lot of emails.
E.Below are some common do’s and don’ts for online learners.
F.Everyone has taken a not-so-great class at one time or another.
G.Ask questions, but make sure they are good, thoughtful questions.
【解析】 第一段第一句话“In an online class, developing healthy patterns of communication with professors is very important.”提到在在线课堂中,与教授形成良好的交流是至关重要的。第二至五段,则详细介绍了do’s 和 don’ts的内容,是对前面内容的示例。由此可见,选项E符合语境。
【答案】 E
[技法点拨]
根据高考示例关系解题
前后句的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。示例的形式具有多样性,思维过程基本是归纳(从例子到观点)和演绎(从观点到例子)。
题型三 段尾题
【高考示例5】
(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)
Don’ts
·Don’t share personal information or stories. Professors are not trained nurses, financial aid experts or your best friends. If you are in need of a deadline extension, simply explain the situation to the professor.__39__
A.That’s what they are for.
B.Turn to an online instructor for help.
C.If more information is needed, they will ask.
D.Remember that online professors get a lot of emails.
E.Below are some common do’s and don’ts for online learners.
F.Everyone has taken a not-so-great class at one time or another.
G.Ask questions, but make sure they are good, thoughtful questions.
【解析】 根据上一句“If you are in need of...the professor.”可知,如果你想延长截止日期,简明地向教授说明情况即可。通过以上推断,如果想了解更多信息,他们会问你,即选项C符合语境。此句承接了本句以前的内容。
【答案】 C
[技法点拨]
空格为总结、概括句或者承上启下句。解决方法同段首句。
(2019·山东师大附中高三第三次模拟考试)
We all have one,don’t we?A friend who’s always late.The one who turns up for coffee a full half hour after the appointed time.__1__Or just maybe,if you’re really honest,this tardy(拖延的)individual is actually you yourself.Either way,lateness can be extremely annoying to the receiving end.
How on earth can people be so inconsiderate?Recent research suggests that there might be more to this than simple rudeness. Psychologists from Washington University believe people view time differently.Their study gave participants a specific amount of time to complete a task.__2__Despite this,some people became so absorbed in the activity that they completely forgot to check the clock.
Our personality also plays a role.The less punctual among us often share characteristics such as “optimism,low levels of self-control,anxiety”.__3__Optimists tend to overestimate how much they can achieve and underestimate problems.It means they don’t account for the long traffic jam on the way for that coffee.
__4__The English phrase “to be fashionably late” is used to describe the proper time to arrive at an event.The problem is,what one person regards as fashionably late,another may view as impolite.__5__
A.Why optimism,you ask?
B.Maybe language is to blame.
C.It even provided them with a clock.
D.Different people vary from each other.
E.Next time you have coffee,do try to be on time.
F.The one who seems to be forever “stuck in traffic”.
G.The one that might always be later than the agreed time. [语篇解读] 本文主要讲述了一些人约会总是迟到的原因。
1.F 根据前一句“一个因买咖啡迟到了一个小时的朋友”可知,此处还是解释朋友会迟到的原因。F选项一个永远“被堵在路上的”朋友符合语境。故选F。
2.C 根据后一句可知,一些人太专注于活动而忘记核对时间。所以给他们提供了钟表。故选C。
3.A 根据后一句“乐观的人倾向于不在乎得失,轻视问题”可知,前一句应和乐观有关。A选项符合语境。故选A。
4.B 此句为该段主题句。根据下文可知,根据后一句“The English phrase ‘to be fashionably late’”可知,此处应和语言有关。B选项符合语境。故选B。
5.E 根据前面的解释,不同的人对于“to be fashionably late”的理解不同。所以,后面一句应为还是按时的好。构成顺承关系。E选项“下次喝咖啡还是尽量按时的好,”符合语境。故选E。(2019·安徽省江淮十校高三第二次联考)
“Jane Eyre” was published in 1847.It is not just a romance novel,but an educational story.Women can learn so much from this great Victorian heroine.This is not to suggest that Jane didn’t have shortcomings.__1__
You can overcome your past,however bad it is.Jane Eyre is made miserable as a child by her horrible relatives.__2__He constantly reminds her that she’s an orphan(孤儿).But she learns a lot about letting go when she is sent to a boarding school and makes friends with Helen.
__3__ Jane notes,“The world was a varied field of hopes and excitement waiting for those who had the courage to go forth.” If Jane hadn’t been brave,she might have returned to the cruel woman who raised her.Don’t be afraid to speak your mind.She is not scared to voice her opinions when necessary.It is much better to talk about things than to hide unspoken anger. __4__
Be positive.When Jane was younger,she had a tendency to feel sorry for herself. __5__ But as she gets older,she learns to be happy despite her past.
A.You can decide your life.
B.The possibilities for life are endless for those who take risks.
C.Talking also helps heal relationships as well.
D.Her cousin,John,is the worst.
E.It is weak and silly to say you can’t bear what it is your fate to be required to bear.
F.Still,there’s much to be learned from the way she chooses to live.
G.Her life was miserable. [语篇解读] 本文主要介绍了《简·爱》的女主角简爱身上有很多值得我们学习的地方。
1.F 根据本空前的“Women can learn so much from this great Victorian heroine. This is not to suggest that Jane didn’t have shortcomings.”可知,此处承接上文,说的是尽管如此,从Jane选择的生活方式中可以学到很多,F项中的learned与前面的learn相一致,she指代的就是Jane。
2.D 根据本空前的“Jane Eyre is made miserable as a child by her horrible relatives.”可知,此处将提到一个可怕的亲戚,同时又与本空后的He一致,D项中的Her cousin符合这一点。
3.B 根据本空后的“The world was a varied field of hopes and excitement waiting for those who had the courage to go forth.”可知,此处是说对于敢于冒险的人来说,生活充满了各种可能性。
4.C 根据本空前的“It is much better to talk about things than to hide unspoken anger.”可知,此处承接上文,讲的是交谈的好处。
5.G 根据本空前的“When Jane was younger,she had a tendency to feel sorry for herself.”可知,此处是说她的生活很悲惨。
课件50张PPT。第一部分 高考专题突破专题五 短文改错A
(2019·全国卷I) I became interesting in playing football thanks to a small accident. One afternoon where I was in primary school, I was walking by the school playground. Suddenly football fell just in front of me but almost hit me. I stopped the ball and kicked it hardly back to the playground. To everyone’s surprising, the ball went into the net. All the football player on the playground cheered loudly, say that I had a talent for football. From now on, I started to play my football with classmates after school. I am a good player now.
答案
I became interestinginterested in playing football thanks to a small accident.One afternoon wherewhen I was in primary school, I was walking by the school playground. Suddenly∧afootball fell just in front of me butand almost hit me. I stopped the ball and kicked it hardlyhard back to the playground.To everyone’s surprisingsurprise, the ball went into the net. All the football playerplayers on the playground cheered loudly, saysaying that I had a talent for football. From nowthen on, I started to play my football with classmates after school. I am a good player now.
第一句:interesting→interested 句意为“由于一次小意外,我对踢足球产生了兴趣。” interesting意为“令人感兴趣的”,interested意为“感兴趣的”,主语I与动词interest为被动关系,因此将interesting改为interested。
第二句:where→when 本句是含有定语从句的复合句,先行词是one afternoon,关系副词在定语从句中作时间状语,所以此处应用表示时间的when。
第三句:football前加a;but→and football是可数名词,前面用不定冠词a表示泛指;“足球落到我的面前”与“我几乎被砸中了”是并列关系,不表示转折,故将but改为and。
第四句:hardly→hard 句意为“我截住了球并用力地将它踢回操场”。hardly意为“几乎不”,hard意为“用力地”,故将hardly改为hard。
第五句:surprising→surprise to sb.’s surprise是固定结构,意为“使某人惊讶的是”,因此将surprising改为surprise。
第六句:player→players;say→saying all后面应用player的复数形式;主语All the football players与say为主动关系,故用动词-ing作伴随状语,因此将say改成saying。
第七句:now→then;去掉my 本文讲述的是过去的事情,所以应用from then on “从那时起”;play后跟球类运动名词时, 名词前不加任何成分。B
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ) Since I was a kid, I’ve considered different job I would like to do. First, I wanted to be a fireman, whose uniform looked so coolly. Then, when I was in the five grade, I wanted to be a teacher because I liked my English teacher too much. When I studied chemistry high school, I reconsidered mg goal or decided to be a doctor. They were two reasons for the decision. One was that I was amazing at the fact that a sick person could feel much more better after seeing a doctor. And the other is that I wanted to help people in need.
答案
Since I was a kid, I’ve considered different jobjobs I would like to do. First, I wanted to be a fireman, whose uniform looked socoollycool.Then, when I was in the fivefifth grade, I wanted to be a teacher because I liked my English teachertoovery/somuch. When I studied chemistry∧in/athigh school, I reconsidered my goal orand decided to be a doctor.TheyThere were two reasons for the decision.One was that I was amazingamazed at the fact that a sick person could feel much more better after seeing a doctor. And the other iswas that I wanted to help people in need.
第一句:job→jobs job是可数名词,其前有different修饰,“不同的工作”是复数概念,故此处用jobs。
第二句:coolly→cool looked“看起来”是系动词,后接形容词作表语。
第三句:five→fifth 表示“五年级”,应用序数词fifth修饰grade,不用基数词。too → very/so very much/so much表示程度“很,非常”,而 too much意为“太过分”,不符合语境。第四句:high前加in/at 此处high school前加介词in/at才能作状语。or → and 由“再次考虑目标”和“决定当医生”是顺承关系,故将表示选择关系的or改为and。
第五句:They→There 此处是there be句型表示“有”。
第六句:amazing→amazed -ed分词形容词描述人的感受或情绪,-ing分词形容词描述使人产生某种情绪的起因。此处描述的是人的感受或情绪“感到惊奇的”;主语I和amaze是被动关系。故将amazing改为amazed。去掉more much修饰well的比较级better,表示程度。
第七句:is→was 此处作者讲述的是上中学时的事情,提到两个原因,上文用的One was that...,那么此处And the other...应与之一致,也应用was。[考题分布][命题分析]
短文改错主要考查语法基础知识,语篇通常取材于考生自己的习作或类似于考生的随笔,话题常见,篇章结构的难易程度符合高中生的认知水平,即通俗易懂,基本上无生僻的语言和怪、偏、难的语法结构。短文词数通常与书面表达一样,也是100词左右。
析题型——2大原则表
表Ⅰ 短文改错解题意识原则表——答题就按此法办
短文改错10处错误中,设错方式是有规律的,一般情况下,多、缺词2~3个,错词7~8个,做完题后,可按此规律进行查验。见下表:表Ⅱ 规范解题原则表—— 做题牢记四原则命题点1 依据词法设题
高考示例
1.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ) I became interesting in playing football thanks to a small accident.
【解析】 interesting→interested。考查形容词用法。“interest(使感兴趣;使关注)”的形容词有interesting(使人感兴趣的)常修饰物;与interested(表现出兴趣的)常修饰人。本句的意思为:多亏一个偶然的事件,我对踢足球产生了兴趣。主语是I,故将interesting改为interested。
2.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ) Suddenly football fell just in front of me and almost hit me.
【解析】 football前面加上a。考查冠词。名词football为可数名词,前边需要有限定词。这里football第一次出现,故在football前加a。
3.(2019·全国卷Ⅱ) Since I was a kid, I’ve considered different job I would like to do.
【解析】 job→jobs。考查名词的数。“job(工作;职业)”为可数名词,用different(不同的)修饰时意思为不同种类的工作,应该用名词的复数形式。故将job改为jobs。
4.(2019·全国卷Ⅱ) When I studied chemistry high school, I reconsidered my goal and decided to be a doctor.
【解析】 chemistry后面加上in/at。考查介词。“在高中”需要用介词in或者at,故在high school前加in/at。
5.(2019·全国卷Ⅲ) If I succeed in manage one, I will open more.
【解析】 manage→managing。考查非谓语动词作宾语。succeed in doing something“成功地做了某事”。故把manage 改为managing。
技法点拨
词法的测试包括:名词的单复数和名词的所有格;定冠词和不定冠词的用法;动词的时态、语态、语气和非谓语动词;情态动词;人称代词、人称代词的格、物主代词、指示代词、连接代词、不定代词等的用法;介词的搭配;并列连词、从属连词的用法;形容词与副词的区别及其比较级和最高级的用法;固定搭配和习惯用法。词法错误类在短文改错题中占很大的比例,我们需要特别注意。对于这类题,我们要仔细分析句子成分,细心观察,并在平时学习过程中多积累语言知识。
命题点2 依据句法设题
高考示例
1.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ) One afternoon where I was in primary school, I was walking by the school playground.
【解析】 where→when。考查定语从句的关系词。先行词one afternoon表示时间,在定语从句中作状语,所以关系词使用when。故将where改为when。
2.(2019·全国卷Ⅱ) They were two reasons for the decision.
【解析】 They→There。考查there be句型。句意:有两个原因可以解释这个决定。句中的they在前边句中找不到指代关系,且后边句子中的one与the other是对这两个原因的解释。故将they改为there。
3.(2019·全国卷Ⅲ) I want my cafe have a special theme such as “Tang Dynasty”.
【解析】 cafe后面加上to。考查动词的固定搭配。want sb. to do sth.“想要某人做某事”。故在have前加to。
技法点拨
句法的测试包括:固定句型;主谓一致;名词性从句中的连接词的运用,定语从句中的关系代词和关系副词的运用和强调句等;句子结构的连贯性、完整性、对等性和逻辑性。这些错误通常与句子成分的分析紧密相关,所以难度较大。命题点3 依据语篇逻辑关系设题
高考示例
1.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ) Suddenly a football fell just in front of me but almost hit me.
【解析】 but→and。考查连词。句意:突然一个足球落在我前边并且差点打到我。“足球落下来”与“打到我”两个动作是顺承关系,不是转折关系。故将but改为and。
2.(2019·全国卷Ⅱ) When I studied chemistry at high school, I reconsidered my goal or decided to be a doctor.
【解析】 or→and。考查连词。句意:在高中学化学的时候,我重新考虑了自己的目标并决定变成一名医生。 “重新考虑”与“决定变成一名医生”之间是顺承关系,不是选择关系。故将or改为and。
3.(2019·全国卷Ⅲ) In the cafe, customers will enjoy yourselves in the historical environment which is created for them.
【解析】 yourselves→themselves。考查反身代词的用法。customers是句子的主语,故把 yourselves改为 themselves,以便前后逻辑一致。
技法点拨
语篇的测试包括:上下文中的代词指代是否一致;上下文中的逻辑关系是否一致。判断这类错误,要从上下文、惯用法、主从复合句的句意来找到错误。若为并列句,要从上下文来判断句与句之间的关系是并列、转折、选择、递进还是其他关系,从而选择恰当的连词。 若为复合句,应首先判断属于哪一种从句,然后根据主、从句之间的逻辑关系判断连接词的使用正确与否。
(2019·石家庄一模)March 5th is a day in honor of Lei Feng, who people are called on to help others. On the morning of that day this year, our class met the school gate and went to a Hope Primary School by the bus. Upon arriving there, they gave us a warmly welcome.We gave the students some books, food or clothes. And then, we played several game with them and told them stories. Before we leave, we took a photo with them. See their smiling faces, we both felt a sense of happiness. We went home and promised to go back whenever possible. How an unforgettable experience it was!
答案
March 5th is a day in honor of Lei Feng,whowhenpeople are called on to help others. On the morning of that day this year, our class met ∧at the school gate and went to a Hope Primary School by the bus. Upon arriving there, they gave us awarmlywarmwelcome. We gave the students some books,foodorandclothes. And then, we played severalgamegameswith them and told them stories. Before weleaveleft, we took a photo with them.SeeSeeingtheir smiling faces, webothall felt a sense of happiness. We went home and promised to go back whenever possible.HowWhatan unforgettable experience it was!
(2019·合肥第二次教研质量检测)Last Saturday our class went hiking in a countryside. We meet at our school gate and set off at 8:00 a.m.. On the way, we were singing and laughing happily while a girl suddenly fell into a deep hole. She felt so frightening and even burst into tears. One of my classmate found a long rope and we finally got him out. Fortunately, she didn’t suffer seriously injuries, but it seemed that her ankle slightly twisted. We managed to sending her to the nearest hospital. It is an experience we’ll never forget it, though we didn’t enjoy ourselves very much that day.答案
Last Saturday our class went hiking inathecountryside. Wemeetmet at our school gate and set off at 8:00 a.m.. On the way, we were singing and laughing happilywhilewhen a girl suddenly fell into a deep hole. She felt sofrighteningfrightened and even burst into tears. One ofmyclassmateclassmatesfound a long rope and we finally gothimherout. Fortunately, she didn’t sufferseriouslyserious injuries, but it seemed that her ankle ∧was slightly twisted. We managed tosendingsend her to the nearest hospital. It is an experience we’ll never forget it, though we didn’t enjoy ourselves very much that day.
(2019·郑州第一次质量预测)Last year my class went on the trip to the mountains for skiing. We have already been to the same place the year before and it had been a wonderfully experience.
When we arrived at there, it had snowed heavily the day before and there were terrible storm. At breakfast the next day, everyone there told us not to go skiing because of the bad weather, but we decide to go anyway. When we got to the mountain top, that started snowing again. The hotel had given us some sandwiches to take along, so we ate them since we were waiting for the weather to improve. But it didn’t and soon we really felt very frightening. Luckily, I had my cell phone in my bag. I called the emergency services, at last they sent a helicopter to save us.
答案
Last year my class went onthea trip to the mountains for skiing. Wehavehad already been to the same place the year before and it had been awonderfullywonderful experience.
When we arrived at there, it had snowed heavily the day before and there were terriblestormstorms. At breakfast the next day, everyone there told us not to go skiing because of the bad weather, but wedecidedecidedto go anyway. When wegot to the mountain top,thatit started snowing again. The hotel had given us some sandwiches to take along, so we ate themsincewhen/while/aswe were waiting for the weather to improve. But it didn’t and soon we really felt veryfrighteningfrightened. Luckily, I had my cell phone in my bag. I called the emergency services, ∧and at last they sent a helicopter to save us.
(2019·新疆第一次适应性考试)Dormitory life is part of college life. But sometime the harmony in the dormitory is disturbed in one way or another. What is known to all, a harmonious dormitory life is important to college students and benefit all the members. On one hand you can have a good rest and put your hearts into study. On the other hand, you will have a good mood and enjoy being together.There are several ways create and maintain a harmonious dormitory life. Firstly, you have to evaluate your lifestyle and try to get rid of your bad habits, if there are any. Secondly, when an annoyed situation arises, you’ll just have to learn to tolerate each other or coexist. Thirdly, you’ll have to share with each other and make the good friends.
On conclusion, you should try your best to build a harmonious dormitory life for our college life.答案
Dormitory life is part of college life. Butsometimesometimesthe harmony in the dormitory is disturbed in one way or another.WhatAs is known to all, a harmonious dormitory life is important to college students andbenefitbenefitsall the members. On one hand you can have a good rest and put yourheartsheart into study. On the other hand, you will have a good mood and enjoy being together. There are several ways ∧to create and maintain a harmonious dormitory life.Firstly, you have to evaluate your lifestyle and try to get rid of your bad habits, if there are any. Secondly, when anannoyedannoyingsituation arises, you’ll just have to learn to tolerate each otherorandcoexist. Thirdly, you’ll have to share with each other and make the good friends.
OnIn conclusion, you should try your best to build a harmonious dormitory life forouryourcollege life.课件144张PPT。第一部分 高考专题突破专题六 书面表达A
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)假定你是校排球队队长李华。请写封邮件告知你的队友Chris球队近期将参加比赛, 内容包括:
1.比赛信息;2.赛前准备;3.表达期待。
注意:1.词数100左右;
2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
[参考范文]
Dear Chris,
I’m writing to let you know that we will have a volleyball match next month. The match will take place in our school gym on the morning of July 8th. We will play against a team from Lingnan High School. For good performance in the match, we must get fully prepared and practice hard. So starting tomorrow, we all need to train for two hours after school every day.In addition, we should avoid getting hurt during the training and have a healthy diet to keep fit.
You’re an excellent player. With you on the team, we have every hope of beating Lingnan. Let’s try hard together!
Cheers,
Li Hua
B
(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)假定你是李华,你的新西兰朋友Terry将去中国朋友家做客,发邮件向你询问有关习俗。请你回复邮件,内容包括:
1.到达时间;2.合适的礼物;3.餐桌礼仪。
注意:1.词数100左右;
2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
[参考范文]
Dear Terry,
How are you doing these days? I hear you’ve been invited to dinner at your Chinese friend’s house. Here is some advice for you.
I strongly advise you to arrive 5 minutes earlier. You may take a gift with you, but it doesn’t have to be something of great value. It makes sense to take some fruit.
Now you’d better practice using chopsticks or tell your friend you need a knife and fork. As for where you should sit at the table,just listen to your friend. And don’t be surprised if you are repeatedly asked to eat more, as it is considered good table manners in China.
Best wishes!
Yours,
Li Hua
[考题分布][命题分析]
1.选题特点:近年来,书面表达的考查越来越贴近中学生的日常生活,更加重视语言的应用,回归了英语作为语言功能的本质。因此,在备考时,要集中看一些与日常生活和学习息息相关的话题,如学校生活、体育运动、语言学习、节假日及活动等,并密切关注社会时事,按照话题网络化复习,效果会更佳。
2.命题形式:较为稳定。提纲类写作成为主流,提示内容较为简洁。技法一 “四定”审题与“三段”谋篇
?高考示例
(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)假定你是李华,你校将举办音乐节。请写封邮件邀请你的英国朋友Allen参加,内容包括:1.时间;
2.活动安排;
3.欢迎他表演节目。
注意:1.词数100左右;
2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
技法指导
一、“四定”审题
1.定文体:本文是书信体,一种常见的邀请信;
2.定人称:给朋友写信,以第一和第二人称为主;
3.定时态:本文以将来时态和一般现在时态为主;
4.定要点:本文的要点主要有①写信的目的;②活动的时间和地点;③欢迎朋友表演节目;④适当增加细节。二、“三段”谋篇
1.第一段——点题:表明写信的原因:我们的学校将要举办一次音乐节,现邀请你参加。
①Our school will hold a music festival. As an organizer, I’m writing to invite you to join us.
2.第二段——主体段落展开
(1)活动的时间和地点
②Our school will hold a music festival next Saturday morning in the school hall to enrich students’ after-school life. The opening ceremony will start at 9:00 a.m..
(2)欢迎朋友表演节目等
③You are particularly welcome to show up on stage, which will definitely add color and fun to our festival.(3)适当增加细节
④The schoolmaster will deliver a speech. Following the speech is a one-hour lecture with the title of “A Brief History of Chinese Music” by Professor Guo, after which there will be various fantastic performances played by talented students.
3.第三段——结束语
⑤Looking forward to your early reply.三、整理成文
Dear Allen,
How is everything going? Our school will hold a music festival next Saturday morning in the school hall to enrich students’ after-school life. As an organizer, I’m writing to invite you to join us.
The opening ceremony will start at 9:00 a.m., and the schoolmaster will deliver a speech. Following the speech is a one-hour lecture with the title of “A Brief History of Chinese Music” by Professor Guo, after which there will be various fantastic performances played by talented students. You are particularly welcome to show up on stage, which will definitely add color and fun to our festival.
Looking forward to your early reply.
Best wishes,
Li Hua
技法二 “五大”技巧“三种”策略润色习作
[“五大”写作技巧]__________________
?技巧一 列举具体的实例进行补充说明
1.此外,你最好带一些小礼物。
Besides,you’d better bring some little gifts.
→Besides,you’d better bring some little gifts,such as a special food or drink from your country.
2.我想大体上介绍一下中国的传统文化。
I’d like to talk briefly about Chinese traditional culture.
→I’d like to talk briefly about Chinese traditional culture,especially Chinese painting.
3.我要花一些时间和父母在一起。
I’ll spend some time staying with my parents.
→I’ll spend some time staying with my parents,chatting with them and doing some housework.4.我想找一个像我一样喜欢旅行的笔友。
I’d like to seek a pen pal who is interested in traveling just like me.
?→I’d like to seek a pen pal who is interested in traveling just like me.If possible,we can travel together or share traveling experiences.
5.我是一个充满活力的健康男孩,我非常喜欢体育运动。
I am a healthy boy full of energy so I like sports very much.
→I am a healthy boy full of energy so I like sports very much,especially outdoor activities.Whenever I have time,I’ll go hiking or mountain climbing with my classmates.
6.现在,我想与你分享春节的一些传统风俗习惯。
Now,I’d like to share with you some traditional customs of the Spring Festival.
→Now,I’d like to share with you some traditional customs of the Spring Festival,the most important festival in China.
[题组过关1]——根据括号内提示完成句子
1.The Internet is playing a more and more important part in our daily life.
______________________________________________(我们不仅能阅读国内外的新闻),but also get information,send emails and attend on-line schools.
2.Laura is a standard American style.
__________________________________(她说一口完美的美式英语),and that’s why I am crazy about her.We can not only read news from home and abroadShe speaks perfect American English3.However,it seems people are unaware of the negative effects of mobile phones on communication.
___________
________________________________________________________________ (比如,很多人越来越不重视面对面的交流).
4.However,every coin has two sides,so does the Internet.____________________________________
_______________________________(比如,沉溺于网络也许会影响我们的学习和工作).
For example,Many people begin to pay less attention to face toface communicationFor example,being lost in the Internet_may affect our study and work技巧二 增添与所写信息相关的神态、动作、结果、心理描写以及背景渲染等内容
1.当我们爬山时所有人都捡垃圾。
All of us picked up the rubbish as we climbed up.
→All of us picked up the rubbish as we climbed up,helping to beautify the scenery.(结果描写)
2.我有时去村西的小河游泳。
I went swimming in the river of the west of the village now and then.
→I went swimming in the river of the west of the village now and then.The water in the river is very clear.(背景渲染)
→Weather permitting,I went swimming in the river of the west of the village now and then.(相关背景)3.旅行了一周后,他回到了家。
After a week’s trip,he returned home.
→After a week’s trip,he returned home,tired but very happy.(心理描写)
[题组过关2]——根据括号内提示完成句子
1._______________________________
________________(考虑到这项活动很有意义),we intend to design a uniform suited to our own class.
2.I’ll try my best to make your uncle happy here.
______________________________________________(我热切地期盼着他来我们城市参观).Considering the activity is of greatvalue/is meaningfulI am eagerly looking forward to his visit to our city3.At that moment,I became the focus of the whole class and ___________________________________(充满了自豪和自信).
4.Finally,I would like to ask a few questions about his personal life,________________________________ (这一定很有趣).
5.___________________________________
_________________________________________(从你的信中得知你已被剑桥大学录取),I’m more than glad to write to offer my warmest congratulations.
was full of great pride and confidencewhich must be very interestingKnowing you have been admitted tothe University of Cambridge from your letter技巧三 增加相关信息的时间、地点等内容
1.作为一个传统,中国学生总是向老师表达感激之情。
Chinese students always like to express gratitude to their teachers as a tradition.
→With Teacher’s Day approaching,Chinese students always like to express gratitude to their teachers as a tradition.(增加时间)
2.我要和父母一起去超市购物。
I’m going to do some shopping with my parents in the supermarket.
→I’m going to do some shopping with my parents in the supermarket and won’t be back until about 5:00 in the afternoon.(增加时间)
3.我已经带来了你让我归还的两本书。
I have taken with me the two books you asked me to return.
→I have taken with me the two books you asked me to return to the City Library.(增加地点)
[题组过关3]——根据括号内提示完成句子
1.______________________ (几分钟过去了) but the whole class was in complete silence.
2.The Chinese Silk Road,_____________________________________________________________________ (起源于今天的西安,最后到达……的东海岸) the Mediterranean,is well-known to the world.
Several minutes passedwhich starts from today’s Xi’an and finally finishes at the east coast of3.I was attracted by the beauty of the city
_______________________________________(一……就……) I arrived here at 6 o’clock in the morning by plane.
4.I’d like to invite you to attend our class meeting next week
_________________________(如果你有空).
the moment/immediately/as soon as/directlyif you are available技巧四 适当增加与所给信息相关的原因、条件、让步、手段、目的等内容
1.不久我将成为成年人。
It won’t be long before I become an adult.
→It won’t be long before I become an adult,so I feel very excited as well as a bit nervous.
2.我们城市将在下个月15~30号举办丝绸之路国际艺术节(Silk Road International Arts Festival)。
The Silk Road International Arts Festival will be held in our city from 15th to 30th next month.
→Aimed to promote international cultural exchange and cooperation among countries along the Silk Road,the Silk Road International Arts Festival will be held in our city from 15th to 30th next month.(分词作状语)
3.假设你是李华,你的英国笔友Henry最近来信询问你高考后的暑假安排。请根据下面要点写一封回信,说明你的计划,并简述理由。①休息;读书;②参加社会活动。
①I need a good rest.I’ll do some reading.
→I need a good rest because I do feel tired after the hard work of all these years.Of course,I’ll do some reading for fun,and for knowledge as well.(因果关系)
②I’ll take part in some social activities.
→If I have free time,I’ll take part in some social activities.(条件状语)
→If possible,I’ll take part in some social activities.(条件状语)
→If possible,I’ll take part in some social activities so that/in order that I can know more about the society.(目的状语)4.Tracy来电话说和你在咖啡屋(Bolton Coffee)的见面取消。
Tracy called,saying that she couldn’t meet you at Bolton Coffee.
→Tracy called,saying that she couldn’t meet you at Bolton Coffee as she has something important to do.(原因状语)
5.我也帮助邻里的孩子补习英语。
I also helped children in the neighborhood with their English lessons.
→I also helped children in the neighborhood with their English lessons.To my joy,they made rapid progress and their parents thought highly of me.(增添结果)
[题组过关4]——根据括号内提示完成句子
1.We were happy and returned home
___________________________________________(我们捡完所有的垃圾之后).
2.I often join in many activities
______________________________________________________________ (来和其他同学交流开拓我的视野).after we had finished collecting all the rubbishin order to communicate with other students andbroaden my eyes3.__________________________ (众所周知),Earth Hour is an activity which aims at saving energy.
4. ____________________________________________
________(为了帮助人们了解更多的中国传统文化),our school is intended to hold a series of activities.
As is known to all of usTo help people learn more about Chinese traditionalculture技巧五 结尾适当发挥,写出个人感受、评价、希望、倡议等
1.Although I was very tired this summer holiday,I felt very happy for what I did.(个人感受)
2.I think such activities are necessary and meaningful.(评价)
3.We hold the firm belief that the visitors will know more about Chinese traditional culture and at the same time enjoy the beauty of it.(希望)
4.As a student,it’s our duty to protect our school environment and make it clean.(倡议)
[题组过关5]——根据括号内提示完成句子
1._______________________________ (作为一个专业的篮球运动员),he is one of China’s best-known athletes.
2.I think Beijing _________________________(非常值得再次参观).
3.In my view,__________________________
___________________(不管互联网多么吸引人),it shouldn’t separate us from our loved ones.As a professional basketball playeris well worth a second visitno matter how attractivethe Internet is4.___________________________________________ (通过这个实验我们得出一个结论):the temperature doesn’t change when ice is melting into water.
5.Let’s develop good habits of saving energy in our daily life and_______________________________
_____________ (尽力为我们的环境做出更多贡献).We drew a conclusion through the experimenttry to make more contributions toour environmentⅠ.按要求对下列句子进行扩充
1.我上课认真听讲。(增加目的状语从句)
____________________________________________
______________________________________________2.一年一度的“校园书市”(the campus book fair)目的是提供一个平台。(增加定语从句)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I listen to the teachers carefully in the class so that I can understand what the teachers say.The annual campus book fair aims to provide aplatform where students can have a chance to exchangeand make use of their books.3.我经常参加体育锻炼。(增加目的状语;举例说明)
________________________________________
_____________________________________________
____________________________________________
___________________________________________________
4.我经常去图书馆阅读。(增加原因状语和时间状语从句)
__________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
In order to streng then my body,I often take part in different kinds of exerciseswith my classmates,such as playing football,going swimming and playing badminton.Interested in reading books,I often go to thelibrary to do some reading when I am free.Ⅱ.请为下面的短文适当增加细节
Dear Sam,
The college entrance examination lasts for two days.The examinees are tested on Chinese,math,the science and arts.We are stressed during the examination and the questions are difficult and complex.[参考范文]
Dear_Sam,
Thank you for your concern.Now I’ll tell you something about the once-a-year college entrance examination.
There is no doubt that the examination is very important.It lasts for two days from June 7th to 8th.The examinees are tested on Chinese and math on the first day.The science,arts and English are tested on the second day.We are physically and mentally stressed during the examination and the questions are difficult and complex.But we are full of confidence because we are well prepared.We all believe that the fruits of our efforts will be sweet.
[“三种”润色策略]__________________
?策略1 精准选词,妙笔生花
一、选用高级词汇“四原则”
1.具体性原则
在具备一定词汇量的条件下,具体的表达比泛泛而谈的内容更能引起阅卷人的共鸣。例如:当描述一个具体事物或人时,类似a nice/good man的表达让人感觉很空洞,我们可以用有个性的、具体的词描绘一个人,如kind-hearted(好心的);generous(慷慨的;大方的);easy-going(随和的)等。再如:It was with sincerity and faithfulness that we created a good atmosphere.
→It was with sincerity and faithfulness that we created a harmonious atmosphere.
2.新颖性原则
写作时恰当得体地使用高中学过的、别人可能想不到的词汇,会给阅卷人耳目一新的感觉。
In the coming three years,our school life will be difficult.
→In the coming three years,our school life will be challenging.
3.短语优先原则
多使用词组、习语来代替一些单词,以增加文采。
I want to tell you something about my plan for the summer vacation and I’d like you to help me.
→I want to tell you something about my plan for the summer vacation and I’d like you to do me a favor.
4.避免重复原则
尽量避免过多地使用某一个单词,必要时选择使用其他恰当的同义词或词组来代替。
Any student who is interested is welcome to participate ... If you want to participate,you can send your photos to intlphotoshow@gmschool.com.
→Any student who is interested is welcome to participate ... If you want to join,you can send your photos to intlphotoshow@gmschool.com.二、高级词汇积累45例
1.另外 besides→in addition/what’s more
2.总之 in a word→to sum up/in conclusion/in summary
3.但是 but→however
4.机会 chance→opportunity
5.选择 choice→alternative
6.考虑 consider→take into account/consideration
7.最终 finally→eventually8.勤奋的 hardworking→diligent
9.分发 hand out→distribute
10.后果 result→consequence
11.应该 should→be supposed to
12.决定 decide→make up one’s mind
13.理解 understand→make sense of/figure out
14.可用的 usable→available
15.使用 use→employ/make use of
16.艰难的 difficult→painstaking
17.改正,修改 correct→polish
18.不同的 different→various
19.想要 want→intend
20.做,从事 do→take up
21.获得 get→gain
22.记住 remember→keep in mind
23.种类繁多 all kinds of→a wide range of
24.和 and→as well as
25.反对 be against→object to
26.厌烦 be bored with→be fed up with
27.忙于 be busy in/with→be occupied in/with
28.发生 happen→occur/come about
29.提高 improve→promote
30.重要 important→vital
31.立即 immediately→in a flash
32.参加 join→participate33.巨大 large→enormous
34.有意义 meaningful→rewarding
35.许多 many→a large quantity of
36.明显 obvious→apparent
37.合适 proper→appropriate
38.丰富 rich→abundant
39.与……不同 be different from→differ/vary from
40.渴望做…… be eager to do→be dying to do/long to do41.因为 because of→on account of
42.闻名 be famous for→have a reputation for
43.越来越多 more and more→an increasing number of
44.感到舒心 feel comfortable→feel at ease
45.成功做某事 succeed in doing sth.→make it
[题组过关1]——升级文中加黑词汇
Dear editor,
With the development of economy,more and more
(1._________________________)Chinese people are making a trip at home and abroad,which makes us not only enjoy more beautiful scenery but also learn more about the culture and the customs of the places we visit.Unfortunately,some of us shout loudly,litter or spit in public,which has harmed(2.____________) the good reputation of us Chinese.an increasing number ofdone harm toIn my opinion,when going on trips,we should behave ourselves and obey the culture and customs there.Besides (3.___________),the environment should (4.______________) be protected.In this way,we will win respect for ourselves and (5._____________) our country.Finally (6.____________),we should always remember (7.________________) that it is everyone’s responsibility to uphold the image of our motherland.
Yours sincerely,
Li HuaIn additionis supposed toas well asEventuallykeep in mind?策略2 句式丰富,表述地道
写作文时应多运用一些高级句式和复合句,并注意句式的灵活多变,让文章读起来抑扬顿挫,让考生深厚的语言功底得以体现,让作文跨上五档线!
一、利用复合句式,提升文章档次
复合句包括定语从句、状语从句和名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)。
1.增加亮点的定语从句
定语从句的应用可以非常有效地提升表达档次,在写作中如果我们可以把两个简单句合并为一个含有定语从句的复合句,或者把并列句改为含有定语从句的复合句,这些都能为文章增加亮点。
①The film is mainly related to the development of our school.It will greatly help us students know the school’s history better and appeal to us to make contributions to our school’s development.→The film is mainly related to the development of our school,which will greatly help us students know the school’s history better and appeal to us to make contributions to our school’s development.
②We will go to the Spring Mountain and there we can have a climb.
→We will go to the Spring Mountain,where we can have a climb.(2017·浙江卷6月应用文写作)2.吸引眼球的状语从句
在英语写作中,状语从句是经常用到的句型,它的灵活运用能使作文更具吸引力。
①If you have any opinion about the film,please send emails to studentunion@126.com.
②We can set out early so that we will have more time to read and select books.
③When it comes to the season I like best,spring will always occur to me in no time.
3.提升档次的名词性从句
名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句,是写作中常见的高级表达方式。
①I do believe that I am very qualified for this voluntary work,because I have a good command of spoken English.(宾语从句)
②It is known that we can benefit a lot from playing Ping-Pong.(主语从句)
③That’s why I think the trip along the Yangtze River is a better choice.(表语从句)二、利用句式变化,增加得分亮点
(一)常用7大句式,考场驾轻就熟
写作中,如果考生能够使用如强调句型、倒装句型等特殊句式,不仅能彰显考生的英语水平,还能提升写作档次。
1.强调句型
It is through this voluntary work that it will enable me to learn English better and meanwhile to broaden my horizons.2.倒装句
①At no time should you let phone games absorb you again and disappoint your parents.
②Not only is it a practical technique for writing Chinese characters,but it’s a unique art form to purify our souls as well.
3.省略句
①As (it is) scheduled,we participated in several instructive activities.
②While taking this line,we can enjoy the beautiful scenery as well as the new looks of the villages and towns along the way.
4.虚拟语气
①I wish that you could grasp this opportunity to learn traditional Chinese culture further.
②Also,it’s time that I took it into consideration what I will take up in the future.
5.with复合结构
①With prices going up so fast,we can’t afford luxuries.
②In the picture,we can see a boy in worn clothes,sitting at a shabby wooden table with a pile of books on it.
6.并列句型
①To be honest,voters sometimes feel annoyed,not because they hate voting,but because they are divided between emotion and fairness.
②Visiting this exhibition,we will not only enjoy the folk art works,but also learn a lot.
7.it句型
①I think it great fun to learn the poems written in the Tang Dynasty with you.(it作形式宾语)
②Everyone in our society should help those in need,but it is more important to be sincere and earnest.(it作形式主语)
(二)言简意明的非谓语动词
恰当地运用非谓语动词,不仅句型多样、句子活泼,而且读起来结构紧凑、言简意明。
1.Located behind the library,the newly-built stadium looks really beautiful.
2.Hearing that you are recruiting some volunteers to welcome the coming foreign students,I am gladly writing to apply for this job.
3.To get admitted,I have made good preparations beforehand,trying to know as much as I could about my city.
4.Secondly,I have a good command of English,enabling me to communicate with others freely.
[题组过关2]
Ⅰ.句型转换
1.For another reason,different cultures and traditions from the past lead to many foreigners’ living and working there with gladness.(变强调句型)
→For_another_reason,
it_is_different_cultures_and_traditions_from_the_past_that_lead_to_many_foreigners’_living_and_working_there_with_gladness.2.You can expect to receive only when you learn to give.(变为倒装句)
→Only_when_you_learn_to_give_can_you_expect_to_receive.
3.When we are faced with difficulties,we need friends to give us comfort and help.(变为含有非谓语动词的简单句)
→Faced_with_difficulties,we_need_friends_
to_give_us_comfort_and_help.
4.It’s time for us to take measures to protect endangered animals.(用虚拟语气改写句子)
→It’s_time_we_should_take_measures_to_protect_endangered_animals.
Ⅱ.合并句子
1.Our school is located in a northern city of China.In our school,you can taste many kinds of delicious food.It is well famous for its snacks.(用定语从句和原因状语从句合并句子)
→Our_school_is_located_in_a_northern_city_of_China,
where_you_can_taste_many_kinds_of_delicious_food,because_it_is_well_famous_for_its_snacks.
2.He said a lot at the meeting.His words were very attractive.(用名词性从句合并句子)
→What he said at the meeting was very attractive.
3.We should speak more English.We think it is very important.(用it作形式宾语改写句子)
→We_think_it_very_important_to_speak_more_English.
?策略3 衔接过渡,巧妙运用
衔接与过渡词语的运用是语言连贯性得以实现的重要途径。在句与句之间,段与段之间恰当地使用一些承上启下的连接性语言是非常必要的。考生应掌握的连接性词语如下:
起——创造良好开端
表示“起”的词汇常用在段落或文章的开头,用于开篇引出扩展句。常见的词汇有:first, firstly, first of all, at first, in the first place, above all, to begin/start with, today, now, nowadays, at present, recently, generally speaking, according to 等。
First, I think everyone needs friends and is eager to get friendship.First of all, I’d like to know when the class will start and how many students there will be in a class.
Nowadays/Recently, people in many big cities are complaining about the heavy traffic.
To begin/start with, smoking should be banned in public areas.
Generally speaking, the more you practise, the more skillfully you can write in English.
承——顺势承上启下
表示“承”的词汇常用于承接主题句或第一个扩展句。常见的词汇有:second/secondly, also, besides, in addition, soon afterwards, after that, what’s more, furthermore, moreover, what’s worse, still less, to make matters worse, worse still, for example, in other words, especially, particularly, obviously, meanwhile, at the same time 等。
Besides,it is big enough to hold all the teachers and students in our school.
What’s more,the stadium opens from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Monday to Friday.
In addition,there are famous artists who will perform how to cut paper on the spot.
As far as I’m concerned,every summer I stay at my uncle’s house in the country for three weeks and enjoy a wonderful life there.
Meanwhile/At the same time,I will regard it as my duty to keep our environment clean and healthy.
转——巧妙转折过渡
表示“转”的词汇常用来表示不同或相反的意见或情况。常见的词汇有:but, yet, however, while, otherwise, or (else), on the contrary, on the other hand, contrary to, in any case, though, although, as, even if/though, despite, in spite of, regardless of 等。
On the other hand, online shopping also has many disadvantages.
On the contrary, the volunteers always claim that they are tired of the life on earth.
However, a plan can bear no fruit without being actually carried out.
But now, because my left foot was injured, I cannot go with you as planned.
合——完美结束全文
表示“合”的词汇常用于小结段落中上文的内容,引导最后一个扩展句或引导结尾句表示段落的结束。常见的词汇有:finally, last but not least, in short, in brief, in conclusion, in a/one word, to sum up, all in all, on the whole, in general 等。
All in all, traveling is the best choice to recharge our-selves and get ready for the new challenges.
On the whole, I find a bike more enjoyable than a motorcycle.
In a word, success is important, and so is failure, because it’s the mother of success.
To sum up, environmental protection is of great importance, which can make us live more comfortably and healthily.[题组过关3]——选择适当的过渡词或短语填空
in my opinion,worst of all,on the one hand,on the other hand,however
Recently many schools have taken tough measures to forbid students to bring their mobile phones to school.1._________ ,some students break this rule and some even play with their mobile phones in class.
HoweverThe disadvantages of students bringing mobile phones to school are obvious.2.__________________ ,mobile phones can distract students’ attention.3.___________________ ,some students may get access to some unhealthy websites,which are bad for their development.4.____________ ,some students are likely to compare the brands of their mobile phones with their classmates’.
5.________________,I strongly support banning mobile phones in schools.Only in this way can we devote more energies to our study and achieve our goals.
On the one handOn the other handWorst of allIn my opinionⅠ.请用高级词汇替换下列句子中加黑部分
1.As high school students,we should be neatly dressed when at school.________________
2.The teacher directed the gifted students towards the more difficult courses.__________
3.We’ll try our best to improve the traditional friendship between us.__________
are supposed topainstakingpromote4.He has decided to be a teacher when he grows up._______________________
5.When you are bored with the people sometimes,you’d better find a quiet place,listening to some classical music.________________
made up his mindfed up withⅡ.句式升级
1.I’ve always longed for the days.I will be able to be independent then.(用定语从句合并句子)
→I’ve_always_longed_for_the_days_when_I_will_be_able_to_be_independent.
2.This is my decision.All of us are to start at 6 o’clock tomorrow morning.(用表语从句合并句子)
→My_decision_is_that_all_of_us_are_to_start_at_6_o’clock_tomorrow_morning.
3.We all know that our friends will lend us a helping hand when we need help.
(用as引导的非限制性定语从句改写句子)
→As_we_all_know,
our_friends_will_lend_us_a_helping_hand_when_we_need_help.
(用主语从句改写句子)
→What_we_all_know_is_that_our_friends_will_lend_us_a_helping_hand_when_we_need_help.Ⅲ.升级加黑的衔接词并添加衔接词
Dear Jack,
I’m sorry to hear that you are too addicted to making friends online.Now (1.___________________),many teenagers like making friends online.
(2.___________________________)(结果),they often neglect the friendship in real life.This has aroused social concern and I think it’s unreasonable.Nowadays/At presentAs a result/As a consequenceAs we all know/As is known to all,net friends aren’t always worth trusting.Firstly (3._______________________________________),they often talk with us in the name of a good person,but the truth is quite the contrary.Secondly (4.________________________),making friends online will cost us much time and money,causing us not to focus our attention on study.Lastly (5._____________________),we get along with our real friends more often than net friends.They can study and play together with us.
To begin with/To start with/For a startIn addition/What’s moreLast but not least(6.__________________________)(最重要的是),they always give us a hand when we are in trouble.
(7.___________________________________________)(总之),making friends online isn’t a good idea.So please come back to reality.
Yours,
Li Hua
The most important of allIn a word/In conclusion/In summary/To sum up题型一 申请信
【结构】
【实例】
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ) 假定你是李华,暑期在伦敦学习,得知当地美术馆要举办中国画展览。请写一封信申请做志愿者,内容包括:
1.写信目的;
2.个人优势;
3.能做的事情。
注意:1.词数100左右;
2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯;
3.结束语已为你写好。 [借鉴]
Dear Sir or Madam,
I am writing to apply to be a volunteer for the Chinese Painting Exhibition which will be held in your art gallery. I think I am qualified for this job, because I have learned Chinese painting since childhood. Equally important, I am fluent in both Chinese and English, so I have no difficulty in communicating with others. If I am lucky enough to be chosen as a volunteer,I can show visitors around the gallery and answer their questions about the painting after some proper training.
I would be very grateful if you could offer me the opportunity.I’m looking forward to your reply.
Yours,
Li Hua【练习】
(2019·河北衡水中学模拟)假如你是李华,现在是一名高中学生,你在当地一份报纸上看到ABC公司招聘暑期兼职人员的广告。对此你很有兴趣。请按下列提纲写一封申请信:
1.对工作的渴求;
2.自身条件:2001年出生,明年高中毕业;
3.技能和经历:懂电脑技术,英语口语水平较高,善于交际;
4.联系方式:电话136****9700,邮箱136****9700@163.com。
注意:1.词数100左右;
2.开头和结尾部分已写好,不计入总词数;
3.可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯;
4.不能使用真实姓名和学校名称。
Dear Sir/Madam,
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
Yours truly,
Li Hua
One possible version:
Dear_Sir/Madam,
I am writing to you to show my keen interest in the part-time job during the summer vacation in your company which you recently advertised in the local newspaper. I strongly believe I meet the qualification listed in your advertisement.
I was born in June, 2001 and I am going to graduate from high school next year. I’m good at communicating with others and have the ability to use the computer. Besides, I can speak English fluently and I won the oral English contest last year. I believe I am quite qualified for the position.
I’m available for an interview anytime at your convenience. You can contact me at 136****9700 or email at 136****9700@163.com for further information. Thanks for your favorable consideration.
Looking forward to hearing from you.
Yours_truly,
Li_Hua
题型二 邀请信
【结构】
【实例】
(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)假定你是李华。你所在的校乒乓球队正在招收新队员。请给你的留学生朋友Eric写封邮件邀请他加入,内容包括:
1.球队活动;
2.报名方式及截止日期。
注意:1.词数100左右;
2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
[借鉴]
Dear Eric,
How’s everything going?The table-tennis team of our school is admitting new players.
I’m sure it will appeal to you,for you have been enthusiastic about sports. Therefore,I’d like to invite you to join the team.Here’s the information in detail.
The team will hold a range of activities,including some training and matches.And some world-famous players will be invited to give lessons.If you are interested in it,you may either send an email to 123456@sina.com or sign up in person.The deadline is June 25th,2019.I sincerely hope you could join us.Don’t hesitate to ask me if you have any question.
I’m looking forward to your early reply.
Yours,
Li Hua【练习】
(2019·济南5月调研)假设你是李华,你的外教Mr. Smith对中国文化很感兴趣。最近有一个京剧演出,请你给他写一封电子邮件邀他同去。内容包括:
1.简单介绍京剧;
2.告知演出时间和地点;
3.发出邀请。
注意:1.词数100左右;
2.可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯;
参考词汇:国粹the quintessence of Chinese culture
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
[参考范文]
Dear Mr. Smith,
I’m Li Hua, Chairman of the Student Union of Xin Hua Middle School. I’m writing to invite you to watch a Beijing opera performance, which will be held at 6 p.m. in Room 102 on the first floor of No.3 building on May 7th this Saturday.
Beijing opera is the quintessence of Chinese culture with a long history. The opera is centered in Beijing, with various types of faces referring to different characters. As far as I know, there will be some popular selections performed during this weekend’s performance, and some famous actors will present a visual feast for the audience. So I sincerely invite you to come with me to watch this program and it can give you some interesting things to appreciate and I’m sure it will be a wonderful experience for you.?
I have the confidence that you will have a good time here. Looking forward to hearing from you.
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
题型三 介绍信
【结构】
【实例】
(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)假定你是李华,你的英国朋友Peter来信询问你校学生体育运动情况。请给他回信,内容包括:
1.学校的体育场馆;
2.主要的运动项目;
3.你喜欢的项目。
注意:1.词数100左右;
2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。 [借鉴]
Dear Peter,
How are you doing?You asked me about how our school performs our PE classes in your last letter,so I’m writing to share some details with you.
Equipped with two playgrounds as well as a splendid stadium,our school offers us an opportunity to do a variety of sports. Not only do we take volleyball and basketball courses,but our school also holds all kinds of sports competitions. Among all sports,I’m crazy about volleyball. As far as I’m concerned,there is nothing better than playing volleyball,which contributes to us cooperating with others.
Looking forward to hearing from you again!
Yours,
Li Hua【练习】
(2019·山西省高三名校联考)假如你是李华,你的加拿大笔友Dave想了解中国的传统节日“春节”,请你回复他的电子邮件,介绍“春节”及这个节日里的主要活动。
1.它是中国的传统节日之一;
2.家人团聚;
3.吃饺子、放焰火、走亲访友等其他活动。
注意:1.词数100左右;
2.可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯;
3.开头和结尾已为你写好,但不计入总词数。
参考词汇:春节the Spring Festival
放焰火set off fireworks
Dear Dave,
In your last letter,you asked me about the Spring Festival.
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
[参考范文]
Dear_Dave,
In_your_last_letter,you_asked_me_about
_the_Spring_Festival. As is known to all,it has been enjoying great popularity in our country.
Usually,no matter how far away or how busy we are,we will try to come home for the celebration.On the eve of the Spring Festival,all the family members get together making dumplings and having a feast.Children have great fun in setting off fireworks.Parents take their kids to pay a visit to relatives or friends.In addition to these traditional activities,people have a new tendency to celebrate it such as travelling and sending best wishes through WeChat.
Hopefully,you will come to China to experience it.Looking forward to your early reply.
Yours_sincerely,
Li_Hua题型四 道歉信
【结构】
【实例】
(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)假定你是李华,与留学生朋友Bob约好一起去书店,因故不能赴约。请给他写封邮件,内容包括:
1.表示歉意;2.说明原因;3.另约时间。
注意:1.词数100左右;
2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
[借鉴]
Dear Bob,
How is everything going?Much to my regret,I wouldn’t be able to go to the bookstore with you.I’m very sorry I have to pick up my best friend at the airport and it is quite out of expectation,so I will be fully occupied then.Since this is the first time for him to visit our city,he does have great trouble in finding his hotel.By the way,I will appreciate it if you could rearrange the schedule.How about 9 o’clock this Saturday?If so,I will put everything else aside to make it up to you.
Once again,I apologize for any inconvenience which was caused by me.
Yours,
Li Hua
【练习】
(2019·浙江杭州二中月考)假如你是李明,你从朋友Chris处借的电子词典不幸遗失。现在,请用英文给他写封信,内容包括:
1.告知电子词典遗失并致歉;
2.描述遗失经过;
3.说明暂时无法赔偿及原因;
4.承诺一定赔偿并再次请求原谅。
注意:词数100左右。
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
[参考范文]
Dear Chris,
I’m sorry to tell you that I’ve lost your new electronic dictionary.Now I’m expressing my deepest apology for my carelessness.
Actually,I put the dictionary in my schoolbag after we met in McDonald’s yesterday.But to my sorrow,it was stolen on my way home.I tried to get it back but failed.How angry and guilty I felt!This morning,I went to buy the same dictionary in some bookstores but it’s very expensive.However,I promise that I’ll tighten my belt these days to get you a completely new one by the end of this month.Please forgive me again and accept my sincere apology.
Best wishes!
Yours,
Li Ming题型五 建议信
【结构】
【实例】
(2017·北京卷第一节)你的英国朋友Jim所在的学校要组织学生来中国旅行,有两条线路可以选择:“长江之行”或者“泰山之旅”。Jim来信希望你能给些建议。请你给他回信,内容包括:
1.你建议的线路;
2.你的理由;
3.你的祝愿。
注意:1.词数不少于50;
2.开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数。
Dear Jim,
_________________________________________________________________
[借鉴]
Dear_Jim,
I’m happy to receive your letter and know you’re coming to China.
Of the two trips to the Yangtze River and Mount Tai,both are highly recommended.Personally,I prefer the tour along the Yangtze,the longest river and one of the mother rivers of Chinese civilization.You can learn a lot about the history of China and Chinese people.Moreover,the scenery along the river is amazing,with many well-known sightseeing spots.So I think the trip along the Yangtze will be a better choice.
Hope you’ll have a good time in China.
Yours,
Li Hua
【练习】
(2019·平顶山模拟)假如你是李华,经常和你的英国笔友Frank用英文通信。最近他来信说打算买一部手机(mobile phone)以促进学习,想征求你的意见。请根据下列提示回信:
1.建议他放弃这个想法。
2.你的理由是:
(1)容易染上坏习惯;
(2)学习好坏的关键在于自身努力;
(3)……
注意:1.文章要包括以上提示要点;写出至少三条理由。
2.词数100左右;
3.文章的开头和结尾已经写好,不计入总词数。
Dear Frank,
Thank you for your letter.
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
[参考范文]
Dear_Frank,
Thank_you_for_your_letter. I’m more than happy to hear from you.You have asked for my advice on buying a mobile phone to help you with your study.To tell you the truth,I’ve thought a lot about the matter and it would seem to me that you’d better not.
In my opinion,having a mobile phone doesn’t necessarily improve your study.For one reason,it’s very easy for you to form some bad habits once you have it,such as playing computer games,seeing movies and so on,which will be a waste of time.For another reason,buying a mobile phone doesn’t mean you can study well.If you want to make progress,you need to put your heart into your study and work hard.Whether you have a mobile phone or not is not the most important.In addition,it will take a lot of money to buy a mobile phone.
I hope you will think the matter over,and I would be ready to discuss this matter with you further.
Yours_sincerely,
Li_Hua课件245张PPT。第一部分 高考专题突破专题四 语法填空 A
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and some big land masses as far south as Newfoundland. While they are rare north of 88°,there is evidence 1.______ they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada. It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been 2.______ (poor) studied; however, biologists calculate that there are about 20,000~25,000 polar bears worldwide.
Modern methods 3.______ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive 4.______ (perform) consistently over a large area. In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut 5.______ (report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a 6.______ (believe) that populations are increasing. Scientists have responded by 7.______ (note) that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion(错觉) that populations are 8.______ (high) than they actually are. Of 9.______ nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six 10.______ (be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.
答案与解析
1.that 考查同位语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知,所填词引导同位语从句,解释说明evidence的具体内容,从句中不缺少成分且意义完整,故用that引导。
2.poorly 考查词性转换(形容词变副词)。修饰动词studied应用形容词poor的副词形式poorly。
3.of/for 考查介词。a method of/for doing sth.“做某事的方法”。
4.to perform 考查非谓语动词。此处是“主语+be+adj.+不定式”结构,不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。
5.have reported 考查时态。根据句中的时间状语in recent years可判断用现在完成时。
6.belief 考查词性转换(动词变名词)。根据空格前的不定冠词a可知,此处应填believe的名词形式belief(看法,信念)。
7.noting 考查非谓语动词。介词后接动词时,应用其动名词形式。respond by doing sth.“通过做某事回应”。
8.higher 考查形容词比较级。根据空格后的than可知,此处应用high的比较级形式higher。
9.the 考查冠词。此处特指确认的19个亚种群,故用定冠词the。
10.are 考查时态和主谓一致。此处陈述客观事实,应用一般现在时;six指代six polar bear subpopulations,谓语动词应用复数。B
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ) A 90-year-old has been awarded“Woman Of The Year” for 1.______ (be)Britain’s oldest full-time employee-still working 40 hours a week. Now Irene Astbury works from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, 2.______ she opened with her late husband Les. Her years of hard work have 3.______(final)been acknowledged after a customer nominated(提名)her to be Cheshire’s Woman Of The Year.Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award,proud Irene 4.______(declare) she had no plans 5.______ (retire) from her 36-year-old business. Irene said,“I don’t see any reason to give up work. I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I 6.______(make) over the years. I work not because I have to, 7.______ because I want to.”
Granddaughter Gayle Parks,31—who works alongside her in the family business—said it remained unknown as to who nominated Irene for the award. She said,“We don’t have any idea who put grandma forward. When we got a call 8.________ (say)she was short-listed,we thought it was 9.______ joke. But then we got an official letter and we were blown away. We are so proud of her. It’s 10.______ (wonder).”答案与解析
1.being 介词后应用动词的-ing形式作宾语。
2.which which引导非限制性定语从句,解释说明先行词the pet shop,which在从句中作opened的宾语。
3.finally 此处应用副词作状语,修饰谓语动词。
4.declared Irene的领奖发言是过去发生的事,另根据此空白处后面的过去式had和下文Irene said可知,此处用declare的过去式。
5.to retire 名词plan后接不定式作后置定语。
6.have made over the years常与完成时连用,在此意为“(从过去某时到现在的)多年来”。根据主句谓语动词love的时态可知,定语从句的谓语动词make应用现在完成式。
7.but 与前面的not一起构成not...but句型,该句型意为“不是……而是……”。
8.saying saying she was short-listed为动词-ing短语,在此作call的后置定语,相当于定语从句which says...;名词call与动词say为主动关系,故用动词-ing形式。
9.a joke是单数可数名词,故其前应用不定冠词a,在此表示泛指。
10.wonderful 本句是主系表结构,故用wonder的形容词形式作表语。
C
(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years 1.______ (long) than non-runners. You don’t have to run fast or for long 2.______ (see) the benefit. You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of 3.______ (die) early by running.While running regularly can’t make you live forever,the review says it 4.______ (be) more effective at lengthening life 5.______ walking, cycling or swimming. Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 6.______ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all 7.______ (cause).The best exercise is one that you enjoy and will do. But otherwise ... it’s probably running. To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to 8.______ (strength) your leg muscles(肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes. Running is cheap, easy and it’s always 9.______ (energy). If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give 10.______ a try.答案与解析
1.longer 根据空白处之后的than可知,此处用long的比较级。
2.to see 根据句意“要见到效果,你不必快跑或长时间地跑”, to see作目的状语。
3.dying 介词后应用die的动名词形式dying。
4.is 本文讲述跑步的好处,用的是现在时态,再根据空白处前面的can’t make和says可知,此处讲述的是客观事实,因此用is。5.than 这里是将跑步和其他运动方式作对比,再由上文的more effective可知,此处用than。
6.that/which 此处用that/which引导定语从句修饰先行词study。
7.causes 根据句意“每天仅仅跑5~10分钟就能降低所有因素导致的心脏病和早逝的风险”以及all可知,cause用复数形式。
8.strengthen 此处表明做运动的目的,再根据后面的宾语your leg muscles判断此处应用及物动词strengthen。
9.energetic 本句为主系表结构,故此处应该用形容词作表语。
10.it/running give it/sth. a try是固定短语,意为“尝试某事物”。
[考题分布][命题分析]
语法填空命题规律主要体现在:
(1)从句子结构及语法形式入手考查句子常识和基础语法,语篇中的句子结构和常见的语法形式是命题重点;
(2)从词汇的本义、转义和前后缀的变化入手考查词性转化,词性转化以实词中的名词、动词、形容词、副词为主。
题型一 有提示词类
第一类 提示词为动词
[解题思路] “一定三思”解“动词”
命题点1 考查谓语动词
高考示例
1.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ) In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut __65__ (report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a belief that populations are increasing.
【解析】 考查时态和语态。我们先判断句中缺不缺谓语:本句中的increase有可能是动词作句子的谓语,但是主语people是复数形式,如果increase作谓语,不可能用单数第三人称形式,由此我们可以判断本句中的increase是名词;leading to a belief是非谓语形式,所以括弧中的动词report应该作句子的谓语。现在我们再判断report的时态和语态以及主谓一致:根据上下文语境和时间状语in recent years可知,主句用现在完成时态;increases in bear sightings around human settlements是report的宾语,some Inuit people和report之间为主动关系,所以填have reported。
【答案】 have reported2.(2019·全国卷Ⅱ) I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I __66__ (make) over the years.
【解析】 考查动词时态。“I __66__ (make) over the years”是“all the friends”的定语从句,所以本句中唯一的动词make应该作谓语;根据时间状语“over the years”可知此处用现在完成时态;I和make之间为主动关系,故填have made。
【答案】 have made3.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ) Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six __70__ (be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.
【解析】 考查时态和主谓一致。根据__70__空前后的句子可知此处的数词six作主语,代指前文中的“polar bear subpopulations”,故be应该是复数谓语;根据前后的时态可知此处用一般现在时,故填are。
【答案】 are?技法点拨
若句中没有别的谓语动词,或者虽然已有谓语动词,但需填的动词与之是并列关系时,所给动词就是谓语动词,就要考虑时态和语态,还要注意主谓一致和虚拟语气。
考点激活
考点一 动词的时态和语态
八种常考时态和语态
一般现在时第三人称动词变化表动词的过去式和过去分词变化表
(不规则变化见附表)
现在分词变化表对点练习一
1.(2019·临沂二模)Ice bucket challenge is a great success,until now, a big donation __________________
(receive).
2.(2019·聊城模拟)By next Thursday, they _________________(complete) the construction of the new school.
3.Man changes his living habits in order to adjust to climate, but climate _______(change) as well, though more slowly.has been receivedwill have completedchanges4.(2019·青岛自主诊断)No physical cause could _________(find). Finally the doctor said to the man, “Unless you tell me what’s on your conscience, I can’t help you.”
5.(2019·江西上饶三模)If it ______(turn) cold again, they’ll dive back down. But they come out again if it is warm.
6.He ___________(look) for a house when he saw an advertisement in a newspaper one day.be foundturnswas looking7.To the customers’ satisfaction, teas of the same high quality __________(serve) in each shop every day.
8.After everything __________(do) and just after he left the barber’s, he saw a man in the street with long dirty hair.
are servedwas done9.(2019·山师大附中模拟)May I have your attention, please? Now I’d like to make a speech here. As we know, waste __________(become) a common scene on campus recently.
10.When the time came for me to say goodbye to my friends in the village, I wanted to reward the old woman for the trouble I ______________(cause) her. But she refused.
has becomehad caused考点二 主谓一致对点练习二
1.(2019·大连一模)They took some _______(photo) when they visited China.
2.Mr. Smith, together with his wife and daughters, ___(be) going to visit Beijing next year.
3.A needle and thread ___________(give) to her, but she could not sew the button on.
4.(2019·聊城二模)Between the two rows of trees ________(stand) the teaching building.photosiswas givenstands5.This is because two thirds of the earth’s surface ___(be) made up of vast oceans.
6.(2019·青岛自主诊断)The total number of the population in China ___(be) about 1,320 million.
7.Barbara is easy to recognize as she’s the only one of the women who _______(wear) evening dress.
isiswears8.In the rush hour, there were so many cars and _______(bus) on the road, so I was stuck.
9.(2019·江西新余二模)More than 300 ____________
(coach) have been invited to the meeting.
10.Unfortunately, a great many ______(deer) have been killed in the past decade.
busescoachesdeer考点三 虚拟语气对点练习三
1.My father suggests that I _____________(take) enough sleep before the final examination.
2.(2019·江西九江三模)We lost our way in that small village, otherwise we ____________________(visit) more places of interest yesterday.
3.(2019·洛阳高三二模)Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy _____________________(save).(should) takewould have visitedwould have been saved4.(2019·临沂二模)We _________________(face) the difficulty together, but why didn’t you tell me?
5.(2019·济南模拟)Jack is a great talker. It’s high time that he _______________(do) something instead of just talking.
6.Sorry, I am too busy now.If I _____(have) time, I would certainly go for an outing with you.
7.(2019·南昌一模)His expression suggested that he ______________(pass) the test.could have faceddid/should dohadhad passed8.The order came that the medical supplies _______________(send) to the earthquake stricken area soon.
9.Frankly, I’d rather you ______________(not do) anything about it for the time being.The boss is very angry.
10.If you had told me in advance, I ________________(meet) him at the airport.(should) be sentdidn’t dowould have met命题点2 考查非谓语动词
高考示例
1.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ) Modern methods of tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive __64__ (perform) consistently over a large area.
【解析】 考查非谓语动词。and 后面的系动词are是谓语,所以perform应该是非谓语形式;主系表结构之后,常用不定式作原因或目的状语,故此处用to perform。
【答案】 to perform2.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ) Scientists have responded by __67__ (note) that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion(错觉) that populations are higher than they actually are.
【解析】 考查非谓语动词。根据其前介词by可知,此处用动名词;note有宾语从句作宾语,所以此处应该是主动形式,故填noting。
【答案】 noting3.(2019·全国卷Ⅱ) When we got a call __68__ (say)she was short-listed,we thought it was a joke.
【解析】 考查非谓语动词。got是本句的谓语, say应该作非谓语;根据其后所接的宾语从句可知,此处用现在分词形式saying作后置定语,解释名词call的内容;名词call与say之间是主动关系,故填saying。
【答案】 saying技法点拨
若句中已有谓语动词,又不是并列谓语时,所给动词通常是非谓语动词,就要确定是v.-ing形式,v.-ed形式,还是不定式。一般来说,v.-ing形式表示主动,进行;v.-ed形式表示被动,完成;不定式表示尚未发生的动作。
考点激活
非谓语动词
(一)非谓语动词的形式及意义
(二)非谓语动词所担当的句子成分
表一 分词
表二 不定式
表三 动名词对点练习四
1.(2019·烟台模拟)He hurried to the train station, only ___________(find) the train had left.
2.(2019·济南模拟)A major accident in southern Sweden happened today. It’s reported that this afternoon a ship crashed into a bridge. Unluckily, seven cars and six trucks are said _____________(fall) into the water.
to findto have fallen3.When he left, he said to me, “I’m sorry ____________________(trouble) you so much.”
4.The airport _______________(complete) next year will help promote tourism in this area.
5.At the party, the pretty girl wore a very attractive skirt to make herself ________(notice).
to have troubledto be completednoticed6.If you hand in your homework late, attach a note _________(explain) the reason for the delay.
7.(2019·上饶三模)They never quit _______(look) for a way to get where they are supposed to go! Second, ants think about winter and summer.
8._________ (save) energy, we turn off the lights for Earth Hour on the last Saturday in March.
explaininglookingTo save9.(2019·枣庄模拟)Mr. Wood’s anger disappeared then and there. He said, “I’d better go and get __________(change).” Minutes later, he returned, properly dressed, only to find that the party was nearly over.
10.The clubs in Argentina couldn’t help him, but the famous Barcelona club in Spain offered __________
(accept) Messi on the junior team and pay for the bills.changedto accept命题点3 考查词形、词性变化
高考示例
(2019·全国卷Ⅲ) When they were free from work,they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting __66__ (compete)to watch,together with the story behind it.
【解析】 考查词形和词性变换。由空格前的不定冠词an与空格后的不定式to watch可以确定空格处应该填单数形式的名词。故填competition。
【答案】 competition
技法点拨
有时所给提示词虽然是动词,但是空格处既不是考查谓语动词也不是考查非谓语动词,而是要求进行词性转换。
考点激活
动词与其他词类的相互转化
考点一 动词转化为名词
考点二 动词转化为形容词对点练习五
1.(2019·赣州联考)She took me from a poor, unhappy college student and brought me into her world:a world of smiles,love and __________(warm).
2.(2019·成都第二次诊断)When you do go for hot pot, you will often be asked to make a ______(choose) of broth in which you cook your raw ingredients(食材).warmthchoice3.(2019·福建六校联考)Staying ______(health) while traveling can help to ensure your trip is a happy and enjoyable one.
4.(2019·河南信阳高中第二次大考)At first, many people disliked this style of painting and became very _______(anger) about it.
5.(2019·湖北七市联考)Flowering in May, peonies’ large petals and strong colors are linked to prosperity and _________(rich) in traditional Chinese culture.
6.(2019·武汉武昌区调研)In fact, it must have a hard struggle to get its ________(free) from the cocoon.
healthyangryrichnessfreedom7.(2019·合肥第一次教学质量检测)Senior experts from UNESCO were amazed at its unique natural scenery, near perfect biological system, and creative ___________(combine) of nature and humanism.
8.(2019·江西五校第一次联考)The United Nations agency reported this week the 12 superbugs are a threat to human _________(healthy).
combinationhealth9.(2019·河南豫北名校质量评估)Lanzhou beef noodle has a history of 102 years and is known for its _______(taste) beef, soup and noodles.
10.(2019·郑州第二次质量预测)On New Year’s Day, we visited every neighbor in the village and were greeted _________(warm) at each house.
tastywarmly第二类 提示词为名词和代词
[解题思路] “一同二变”看“名、代”命题点1 考查名词的数与格、代词的相互转换
高考示例
1.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find ______(they) alive.
【解析】 考查代词之人称代词。分析句子结构可知,此处要用代词作find的宾语,故要用人称代词的宾格。they的宾格为them。
【答案】 them
2.(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She has turned down several ______(invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.
【解析】 invitation“邀请”是可数名词,其前有several修饰,应用复数形式。
【答案】 invitations
3.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)On my recent visit, I held a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by ______(it) mother.
【解析】 句意:最近的一次参观中,“我”抱着一对活泼的、三个月大的双胞胎中的一个,它被它的妈妈遗弃了。根据句意可知此处作定语,应该使用形容词性物主代词its作定语。
【答案】 its
技法点拨
所给提示词是名词时,一般考查单复数的变化,偶尔考查所有格;所给词是代词时,一般考查人称代词变为物主代词、反身代词或形容词性物主代词。
考点激活
考点一 名词考点二 代词
表一 代词的基本分类表二 不定代词的用法(Ⅰ)
表三 不定代词的用法(Ⅱ)
表四 不定代词的用法(Ⅲ)
表五 it的用法
对点练习六
1.(2019·重庆第一次调研)There are mainly 3 stone areas. One big area seems to be deep and dark red._______ two areas seem almost yellow and green. It looks as if someone spilled(泼洒) many colors of paint over the huge areas.
2.(2019·河南省考前质量检测二)The less skin a person has relative to his weight, the easier __is for him to keep warm.Anotherit3.(2019·聊城三模)When I was on the airplane, I kept telling ________that I had to be strong when facing any troubles or problems.
4.(2019·福州四校联考)I have noticed how the music can change one’s view, and I am thankful for the way musicians work to the best of their _________(able) to provide this music for their audience.
5.(2019·沈阳质量监测一)China has once again showed its ability to change the world with its “four great new ________________(invent)”—highspeed rail, electronic payment, shared bicycle, and online shopping.myselfabilitiesinventions6.(2019·陕西质量检测一)Like many other __________(university) at that time, the Harvard at the early stage often ran into financial crisis. The school board often had to go to Europe to raise ___________(donate), but as you can predict, they often came back with their hands empty.
7.(2019·河北衡水中学调考)In general, third-culture kids benefit from ______(they) intercultural experiences and they often reach excellent academic results.universitiesdonation(s)their8.(2019·河南天一大联考)Gabi Rizea only discovered his talent for woodcarving three years ago, and has put ____to good use since then, saving dozens of old tree stumps(树桩) from being removed by turning them into impressive works of art.
it9.(2019·广东五校协作体第一次联考)________ (we) products are especially popular with the middle-aged and seniors.
10.(2019·河南中原名校联考)After teaching ______(she) to surf with one arm, in 2004, she entered a major competition and won the ESPY Award.
Ourherself命题点2 考查名词的词类转换
?高考示例
1.(2019·全国卷Ⅱ) They also shared with us many ______(tradition)stories about Hawaii that were hugely popular with tourists.
【解析】 考查名词转化为形容词。空格修饰名词stories,应用形容词形式,tradition的形容词为traditional。
【答案】 traditional
2.(2019·全国卷Ⅱ) We are so proud of her. It’s ______ (wonder).
【解析】 考查词形和词性变换。根据句子结构可知,在系动词is之后用形容词形式作表语,故填wonderful。
【答案】 wonderful
3.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)The Central London Railway was one of the most ______(success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900.
【解析】 考查词性转换。此处是“one of+the+形容词的最高级”结构,表示“最……的之一”,故用successful。
【答案】 successful
?技法点拨
所给提示词是名词时,有时考查词类转换,主要是名词变为形容词或动词之词形变化。
考点激活
考点一 名词变为形容词考点二 名词变为动词对点练习七
1.It snowed ________(heavy) last night and now the streets are covered with snow.
2.One person was killed, several were ____________
(serious) hurt and taken to hospital, and a number of other people received smaller hurt.
3.It is _______(legal) to drive after drinking alcohol.heavilyseriouslyillegal4.Everyone on the bus began talking about what the boy had done, and the crowd of strangers ____________
(sudden) became friendly to one another.
5.(2019·新余一中模拟)You may find to your ___________(amaze) that there is more kindness in your community than you ever believe possible.
6.(2019·江西师大附中月考)That night, I fell asleep with a new ___________(appreciate) for my mother and her caring hands.suddenlyamazementappreciation7.I usually _________(memory) twenty new words a day and put them to use whenever possible.
8.They are trying to _______(wide) the discussion to include environmental issues.
9.There are so many different labels on food nowadays. They are not only __________(confuse) but also misleading.
10.If we carry our burdens all the time, sooner or later, as the burden becomes ______________(increase) heavy, we won’t be able to carry on.memorizewidenconfusingincreasingly第三类 提示词为形容词或副词
[解题思路] “二步思维”破“形、副”命题点1 考查形容词或副词的比较级和最高级
高考示例
1.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Scientists have responded by noting that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion(错觉) that populations are ______ (high) than they actually are.
【解析】 考查形容词比较级。根据其后than they actually are可知,此处为形容词的比较级,故填higher。
【答案】 higher
2.(2018·浙江卷6月)There could be an even ______(high) cost on your health.
【解析】 考查形容词的比较级。根据even并结合语境可知,此处表示“更高的代价”,故需要用high的比较级higher。
【答案】 higher
3.(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work, you should take a step back and identify(识别) those of ______(great) and less importance.
【解析】 考查形容词的比较级。句意:如果你因工作上的责任感到压抑,你应该后退一步,并且识别一下这些工作中哪些更重要,哪些不那么重要。根据句意以及little的比较级less的提示可知空格处应用形容词great的比较级greater。
【答案】 greater技法点拨
所给提示词是形容词或副词时,需考虑是否变为比较级或最高级。
考点激活
形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的变化规则对点练习八
1.(2019·聊城三模)One of the ___________(bad) gift choices I ever made was for my high school English teacher, Ms.Chen.
2.(2019·潍坊一模)When you go out, far away from your _________(day) life, you will have a lot of exciting memories.
3.(2019·日照二模)I started to follow it again with a _________(light) spirit than I had before.worstdailylighter 4.(2019·沈阳一模)I advise you to take a small step out of your comfort zone and try to make someone’s day a little __________(bright).
5.(2019·沈阳质检)The other day my friends and I were eating in the cafeteria and I saw her walking around. When she came _______(close) to us I could see that she was crying.
6.(2019·河南省高考适应性模拟)I found it hard to hear her commentary (评论) as she seemed to be talking to only the three or four people ________(close) to her.brighterclosercloser7.(2019·郑州高三诊断)But he said they also had more sugar and salt, so they tasted much _____(good).
8.(2019·河北保定二模)As we know, the greater difficulty we meet on our way to success, the __________
(likely) we will be able to achieve our goals.
9.(2019·唐山一中仿真模拟一)However, there are still some other people who have made lots of money at even __________(young) ages.
10.(2019·聊城二模)The more I thought about it, the _______(bad) my mood became.
bettermore likelyyoungerworse命题点2 考查词类转换
高考示例
1.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ) It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been ______ (poor) studied; however, biologists calculate that there are about 20,000-25,000 polar bears worldwide.
【解析】 考查词形和词性变换。根据句意和结构分析可知,此处用副词poorly修饰谓语动词has been studied,意为“研究很少”。故填poorly。
【答案】 poorly
2.(2019·全国卷Ⅱ) Her years of hard work have ______ (final)been acknowledged after a customer nominated(提名)her to be Cheshire’s Woman Of The Year.
【解析】 考查词形和词性变换。根据空格所处位置可知,此处应用副词形式作状语,修饰谓语动词have been acknowledged,意为“最终得以认可”,故填finally。
【答案】 finally3.(2019·全国卷Ⅲ) They also shared with us many traditional stories about Hawaii that were ______ (huge) popular with tourists.
【解析】 考查词形和词性变换。空格处单词修饰形容词popular,应用副词形式,huge的副词为hugely,故填hugely。
【答案】 hugely
技法点拨
所给提示词是形容词时,还需要考虑形容词转化为副词。考点激活
形容词转化为副词的规则对点练习九
1.The ________________(careful) you are,the less trouble you might have while traveling.
2.(2019·福建单科质检)But that didn’t prevent the boy from becoming one of the _______________(great) composers of all time.
3. ____________(lucky),he also had a cow which produced milk every day.more carefulgreatestLuckily4.(2019·广州模拟)When the __________(injure) animals came to see Doctor Bear, he told them, “Your clothes are killing you.You don’t need them.”
5.Hiking is becoming much ____________(popular) than before.
6.—Are you satisfied with the result of the exam?
—Not at all. I can’t have a _______(bad) one.injuredmore popularworse7.The shopping centre where he worked was the second ________(big) one in Scotland.
8.I think watching TV every evening is a waste of time—there are _________________(meaningful) things to do.
biggestmore meaningful题型二 无提示词类第一类 词法类
命题点1 考查代词
高考示例
1.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using ______ every day.
【解析】 空处作using的宾语,这里用it指代前句的railway,故填it。
【答案】 it
2.(2016·浙江卷6月)In many ways, the education system in the US is not very different from ______ in the UK.
【解析】 这里指代前面的不可数名词education system。在前后对比的句子中,指代前文提到的同类但不是同一个事物时,单数可数名词或不可数名词用that代替,复数用those代替。
【答案】 that
3.(广东卷)Now it occurred to ______ that his farm had much potential and that the death of the cow was a bit of luck.
【解析】 it occurs to sb. that...意为“某人突然想到……”,根据语境,且介词to后跟宾格,作宾语,故填him。
【答案】 him
技法点拨
无提示词的考查中,当句中缺少主语或宾语时,一般要填代词,主要包括人称代词和it的用法。
?考点激活
参考语法填空部分的“代词”部分。
命题点2 考查介词
高考示例
1.(2019·全国卷I) Modern methods ______ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive to perform consistently over a large area.
【解析】 考查介词用法。此处tracking polar bear populations作Modern methods的定语,用of 连接,“methods of doing sth.”,意为“……的方法”,构成固定结构。或者意为“对于跟踪北极熊的方法”用for。故填of/for。
【答案】 of/for
2.(2019·全国卷Ⅲ) We were first greeted with the barking by a pack ______ dogs,seven to be exact.
【解析】 考查介词。“a pack of”意为“一群”。故填of。
【答案】 of
3.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I was searching ______ these three western lowland gorillas I’d been observing. No one had seen them for hours, and my colleagues and I were worried.
【解析】 考查介词之固定搭配。search for寻找,为固定搭配。
【答案】 for
技法点拨
如果名词或代词在句中不作主语、表语或动词的宾语时,其前面一般是填介词。通常考查介词与动词、名词、形容词的搭配。考点激活
部分重点介词的用法对点练习一
1.Do you want to keep up ______the latest research and discoveries in science?
2.(2019·江西五校第一次联考)Marie Paule Kieny is the U.N. Agency’s Assistant Director General. She said,“Antibiotic resistance is growing and we are fast running out ______treatment options.” She urged governments to give drug companies reasons to develop new treatments.withof3.(2019·成都第二次诊断)Bear _____mind that some broths like the tomato, mushroom or northern style will not be on offer at every restaurant.
4.(2019·沈阳质量监测一)Besides, the four innovative ways of life are most appealing _____youths from 20 countries participating in the Belt and Road Initiative, and they wish their countries would emulate China in terms of technological achievements.into5.Third culture kids may not be able to adapt themselves completely ___their new surroundings.
6.(2019·河南天一大联考)Following his recent rise to fame, Rizea has been asked by many cities, including the capital of Romania to transform their old trees ____
works of art.
7.Most caves are formed ______nature under the ground, but some have entrances people can find.tointoby8.With the Internet, parents cannot check a published guide to determine what is suitable ____their children to see.
9.(2019·广东五校协作体第一次联考)The brand was born in Wuzhen in 1848 and has been popular _____the distinctive taste of its duck products.
10.As Christmas is the most important festival in the West, some believe that it is similar _____the Spring Festival in China.forforto命题点3 考查冠词
高考示例
1.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ) Of ______ nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six are stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.
【解析】 考查定冠词。此处为特指,意为“在已知的19个北极熊亚种群中”,故填the。
【答案】 the
2.(2019·全国卷Ⅱ) When we got a call saying she was short-listed,we thought it was ______ joke.
【解析】 考查不定冠词用法。根据句意“我们还以为这是一个玩笑” 可知,此处joke为泛指且强调“一”,故填a。
【答案】 a
3.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)This included digging up the road, laying the track and then building a strong roof over ______ top.
【解析】 考查定冠词,此处特指“地铁的顶部”,故用定冠词the。
【答案】 the
考点激活
考点一 不定冠词的用法考点二 定冠词的用法考点三 零冠词的用法对点练习二
1.Lanzhou is also qualified as ______hometown of Chinese beef noodle.
2.(2019·济宁二模)Bras explained that he is sick of ______pressure of trying to keep his stars.
3.(2019·重庆第一次调研)Thousands of visitors each year enjoy Haleakala National Park, one of ______most unusual national parks in the United States, on the island of Maui.thethethe4.As you know, science plays __very important role in our education.
5.(2019·石家庄检测一)I have known from Gu Yu that from tiny street stands to large chains, ____huge number of people accept mobile payment, mostly through popular apps Alipay and WeChat.
6.(2019·太原二模)Then he opened one of his bags and gave me ___handful of freshly picked cherries,explaining that he had just taken them from his orchard.aaa7.(2019·日照联考)Many people may think the Forbidden City, or the Palace Museum, is ___
outstanding and old-fashioned museum.
8.(2019·湖南长郡中学检测)The wedding ceremony is usually hosted warmly and the wedding ceremony very often ends with ___unique banquet.ana9.The Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area made up of the Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, the Tianzishan mountain ranges, Baofenghu and the Suoxi Valley is ____very popular filming and tourist destination.
10.(2019·惠州第二次调研)Being _____world’s most popular online battle game, it already has over 200 million players in China.athe命题点4 考查情态动词和其他
高考示例
1.(2018·天津卷)I can’t find my purse. I ______ have left it in the supermarket yesterday, but I’m not sure.
【解析】 考查情态动词。由“but I’m not sure.”可知说话人对事情不是很肯定,所以填might或者could表示不确定的判断。
【答案】 might/could
2.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The film will ______(show) this Sunday afternoon, lasting 2 hours, from 4:00 to 6:00.
【解析】 考查情态动词的被动语态。情态动词后的被动语态要用be加动词原形。
【答案】 be shown
技法点拨
无提示词的空格有时也需要根据固定搭配、逻辑关系以及句式结构填写情态动词或者其他适当的词。
考点激活对点练习三
1.(2016·江苏卷)Therefore,rules should worked out and strictly observed._____________
2.(2019·成都五校联考)People neglect the fact that our parents are the dearest persons in the world, so we should nice to our parents._____________
3.(2019·河北五个一名校联盟联考)There will a lecture in our library, at 4:00 on Wednesday afternoon.____________should后加beshould后加bewill后加be4.(2019·邯郸联考)However, just several days later, I began to feel tired and can’t concentrate in class._____________________
5.(2019·南昌十校二模)As a result,I suggest we are given less homework and more time for out of classroom activities.___________
6.(2019·郑州第二次预测)He became very angry, but I dared not to tell him about the game._________can’t→couldn’tare→be删除to7.(2019·杭州七校模拟)When you phoned me, I was having a meeting; how I wish I ____________(answer) your call.
8.(2019·天津七校联考)I was ill that day, or I ______________________(take) part in the sports meet.
had answeredwould have taken第二类 句法类
命题点1 考查并列连词
高考示例
1.(2019·全国卷Ⅱ) I work not because I have to, ______ because I want to.
【解析】 考查并列连词。根据句意逻辑可知,此处为转折关系,句意:我工作不是因为我不得不做,而是因为我想做。此处用but与前文not 呼应,构成“不是……而是……”之意,故填but。
【答案】 but
2.(2016·四川卷)It was time for her to have a new baby,______it was also time for the young panda to be independent.
【解析】 前后句为顺承关系,故用and连接。
【答案】 and
3.(全国卷Ⅰ)But the river wasn’t changed in a few days ______ even a few months.
【解析】 此处表示选择。句意:但是河流不是在几天或者甚至是几个月的时间被改变。
【答案】 or
技法点拨
空格处是否填并列连词主要是通过观察句子结构确定。这种情况一般是空格前后是两个并列成分,如两个主谓结构完整的句子、词、短语等,而且相并列的成分相互之间存在并列、转折、选择、因果关系。
考点激活对点练习四
1.(2019·福州四校联考)I am ___grateful for the gifts shared by the musicians with the audience that I’ll carry this special feeling along with me.
2.(2019·河南中原名校联考)Around 7:30 a.m., she was lying on her surfboard with her left arm in the water _______a 14-foot-long tiger shark attacked her,severing her left arm just below the shoulder.sowhen3.(2019·湖北黄冈元月调研)What all of you really wanted was coffee, not the cup, _______you went for the best cups and then began looking at each other’s cups.
4.(2019·河北衡水中学调研)She didn’t know anything about current TV shows ____fashion trends.but/yetor5.(2019·福建泉州1月质检)In China, the question is not “What shall I have?” ____“What shall we have?”.Food is ordered to share with others, not just for oneself.
6.(2019·江西宜春中学第一次诊断)As to acute stomachache, there is no need to have an operation; all you need to do is drinking a cup of Chinese herbs, _____
the western way takes more time and money.butwhile命题点2 考查从句的关系词
高考示例
1.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ) While they are rare north of 88°,there is evidence ______ they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada.
【解析】 考查同位语从句的关系词。根据句子结构分析可知,主句为there be句型,且结构完整,空格后为同位语从句,解释说明中心词evidence内容,故填that。
【答案】 that
2.(2019·全国卷Ⅱ) Now Irene Astbury works from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, ______ she opened with her late husband Les.
【解析】 考查非限制性定语从句的关系词。分析句子结构可知,先行词为the pet shop,在非限制性定语从句中作opened一词的宾语,故用which。
【答案】 which3.(2019·全国卷Ⅲ) They were well trained by their masters ______ had great experience with caring for these animals.
【解析】 考查定语从句的关系词。句意:它们被他们的主人训练地很好,它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。先行词为masters(主人),且从句缺主语。故关系词填who。
【答案】 who技法点拨
判断空格处填哪一类引导词,首先要看它所引导的是哪一种从句,然后根据引导词的种类和功能来确定填哪一个引导词。
考点激活
考点一 定语从句的关系词考点二 名词性从句的关系词考点三 状语从句的连接词对点练习五
1.(2019·福建厦门期末)Then Needham began his lifelong research,______ended up creating the greatest work—Science and Civilization in China.
2.(2019·山东烟台期末)His interest started a few years ago,_____he was in college and studying wildlife science.
3.(2019·河北百校联盟1月联考)There are perhaps 40 million competitive table tennis players and many ordinary people ___________play less seriously.whichwhenwho/that4.(2019·河南郑州一中测试)They wanted to understand who painted the pictures and ______they might mean.
5.(2019·湖北襄阳1月调研)The WHO has stated that of the 56.5 million deaths per year around the world, over 50 percent are caused by diseases closely associated with unhealthy diet and lack of exercise and _____many of these deaths could be prevented.whatthat6.(2019·江西名校学术联盟质检Ⅱ)_______was most difficult was that in order to realize this dream, I needed to find an existent cafe that wasn’t doing well.
7.(2019·安徽六安一中月考)Talking about fires can be scary __________no one likes to think about people getting hurt or their things getting burned.
8.(2019·福州四校联考)I am ___grateful for the gifts shared by the musicians with the audience that I’ll carry this special feeling along with me.Whatbecauseso9.(2019·福建龙岩3月质检)But for now, they all have to postpone their plans ________the winter storms pass.
10.(2019·石家庄检测一)A new teacher ______will teach your German will come here tomorrow.
11.(2019·重庆第一次调研)The park offers visitors a sight of nature at ______majorities of people never have the chance to take a look.until/tillwhowhich12.(2019·江西五校第一次联考)The WHO says superbugs can also pass along genetic material _____________helps other bacteria become resistant to drug treatment.
13.(2019·河北五个一名校联盟第二次模拟)There are many good websites ________you can check out the latest in the science world.that/whichwhere14.(2019·河北衡水中学调考)After living in Australia for many years, Louise finally returned to the country ________she was born.
15.(2019·湖北宜昌葛洲坝中学月考)Another saying which has come from the fable is “God helps those ___________help themselves”.wherewho/that(2019·成都诊断)Western companies are trying to get creative with their Chinese names.McDonald’s has had a headache since it changed its name to Jingongmen,or “Golden Arches”.On Weibo,a microblogging site,some thought it 1.____________(sound) old-fashioned and awkward because it had meanings of furniture in Chinese.The fastfood chain was quick to reassure customers its 2.____________(restaurant) would continue to go by Maidanglao,a rough transliteration(音译) that has become 3.____________recognizable brand name.
But now for most companies 4.____________(enter) Chinese markets,transliterations are a thing of the past.Companies are choosing Chinese names 5.____________positive meanings to attract people’s attention,which often go beyond a direct translation.New companies are taking inspiration from BMW,which 6.____________(call) Baoma,or “treasured horse”.The naming process is forcing companies to think harder about the most impressive image(形象) they want to create for Chinese markets.Labbrand tests the suggestions with focus groups,7.____________makes sure that the name has no negative(负面的) associations in any of the 8.____________(common) used Chinese dialects.Perhaps thanks to those troubles,foreign firms are getting 9.____________(wise) about the importance of naming in China than ever.Meanwhile,Chinese companies are also seeking 10.____________(advise) on better foreign names in order to enter Western markets.
[语篇解读] 西方公司进军中国市场,起一个合适的中文名字十分重要。1.sounded 考查时态。根据主句中的“some thought”可知,宾语从句应用一般过去时,故用sounded。
2.restaurants 考查名词复数。根据常识可知,该品牌在中国的快餐饭店不止一个,应用名词复数形式。
3.a 考查冠词。此处表示泛指,且brand name“品牌名称”为可数名词,其前应用不定冠词;且recognizable是以辅音音素开头的单词,故用a。4.entering/to enter 考查非谓语动词。句意:但是,现在对于多数进入中国市场/想要进入中国市场的公司来说,音译名已经成了过去式。此处可以用现在分词作定语,也可用不定式作定语。
5.with 考查介词。此处表示“具有积极含义的中文名字”。with“具有”。
6.is called 考查时态、语态和主谓一致。此处是定语从句的谓语动词,which指代BMW。本句是客观事实,应为一般现在时;BMW与call之间为被动关系,应用被动语态;主语表示第三人称单数概念,故应填is called。
7.which 考查定语从句。本处指代前面整个主句,引导非限制性定语从句,且在从句中作主语,故应用关系词which。
8.commonly 考查副词。空处修饰动词,应用副词形式。
9.wiser 考查比较级。根据后面的“than ever”可知,空处应用比较级wiser。
10.advice 考查名词。此处表示“寻求建议”,应用名词作宾语。注意advice为不可数名词。(2019·重庆第二次调研)Walk into any bookstore,1.____________ you can hardly avoid “bumping into” Charles Dickens.Many of Dickens’ novels still sell well today.And they 2.____________(lay) on outstanding shelves.
One day nearly 10 years ago,however,when I was giving my students a lecture 3.____________Dickens’ writing,a hand was raised.“But why should we still read this stuff?” 4.____________student asked.The question annoyed me for years and for years I told myself answers,but never with complete 5.____________(satisfy).We read Dickens’ because we can learn from experiences of his characters almost as 6.____________(easy) as we can learn from our own experiences.We read Dickens’ because...
The above reasons for 7.____________(read) Dickens’ may be fair.But they are not exactly the reasons why I read Dickens’.My search for an answer continued until one day a text message came from a student of 8.____________(I),“We still read Dickens’ novels,” she wrote, “because they tell us what we are.” Simple as it was,that’s the explanation I 9.____________(seek) for years.Dickens shines a light on who we are during the best of times and worst of times.So go to pick up one of his many novels,read it and enjoy 10.____________ it has told you about yourself.
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。狄更斯的作品至今深受读者欢迎,这是为什么呢?
1.and 考查连词。句意:走进任何一家书店,你会不可避免地“遇到”查尔斯·狄更斯。分析句意可知,空处前后为顺承关系,故用and。
2.are laid 考查时态、语态和主谓一致。该句主语为they,指代狄更斯的著作,故谓语动词用复数形式;该句陈述的是当前的情况,故用一般现在时;该句主语和动词lay之间是被动关系,故用被动语态。
3.about/on 考查介词。句意:做关于狄更斯著作的演讲。about/on意为“关于”,符合语境。4.the 考查冠词。根据上文中的“a hand”可知,此处特指举手的那个学生,故用定冠词the。
5.satisfaction 考查名词。句意:我告诉自己答案,但是没有一个答案能让我完全满意。根据空前的形容词complete可知,空处应用名词形式。
6.easily 考查副词。空处修饰动词learn,故用副词形式。
7.reading 考查非谓语动词。空处作介词for的宾语,故用动名词形式reading。8.mine 考查名词性物主代词。句意:我继续寻找那个问题的答案,直到某一天收到我的一位学生的短信。空处用名词性物主代词mine,与of构成双重所有格形式。
9.had sought 考查动词的时态。句意:尽管解释简单,但是我寻找这一解释多年。根据句中的“it was”可知,“寻找多年”的动作发生在过去的过去,故用过去完成时。
10.what 考查连词。分析该句结构可知,空处引导宾语从句,并在从句中作tell的宾语,故用what引导该宾语从句。
(2019·广州综合测试二)Throughout history,people have thought of the ocean as a diverse and limitless source of food.Yet today there is clear evidence that the ocean has a limit.Most of the big fish in our ocean are now 1.____________(go).One major cause is overfishing.People are taking so many fish from the sea that many species cannot replace 2.____________(they).For centuries,local fishermen caught only enough fish for their own and their community’s needs.However,from the early 20th century,people around the world became interested 3.____________ consuming protein-rich foods.People began 4.____________(catch) large quantities of fish for profit and selling them to worldwide markets.In a very short period of time,commercial fishing 5.____________(great) reduced the number of large predatory fish,such as cod and tuna.Today,there are still plenty of fish in the sea,6.____________they’re mostly just the little ones.Small fish,7.____________include sardines and anchovies,have more than doubled in number—largely because there are not enough big fish 8.____________(eat) them.
Such large fish 9.____________(be) necessary,because they hunt and kill the sick and weak smaller fish.Without this weeding out,or survival of the fittest,ecosystems become less stable.As a result,fish are less able to survive 10.____________(difficult) such as pollution,environmental change,or changes in the food supply.
[语篇解读] 本文主要介绍了海洋中大鱼数量减少的原因以及由此而造成的后果。1.gone 考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知,空处作表语,故填形容词gone,意为“不在了,不见了”。注意:此处非被动的含义。
2.themselves 考查代词。根据该从句的主语为many species可知,此处应用其反身代词,表示“自我替换”。
3.in 考查介词。be/become interested in意为“对……感兴趣”,为固定用法,故用介词in。4.catching 考查非谓语动词。begin doing/to do sth.意为“开始做某事”,是固定用法,又由句中的“and selling”可知,此处与selling是并列关系,形式应相同,故填catching。
5.greatly 考查副词。修饰动词一般用副词,故用副词greatly修饰动词reduced,在句中作状语。
6.but 考查连词。根据语境可知,此处表示转折,故用连词but。7.which 考查定语从句。分析句子结构并根据语境可知,此处引导非限制性定语从句,在从句中作主语,修饰先行词Small fish,故用which。
8.to eat 考查非谓语动词。enough...to do sth.意为“足够的……去做……”,为固定用法,故用不定式。9.are 考查主谓一致。根据本句中的they可知,Such large fish表示复数概念,故谓语动词用复数。
10.difficulties 考查词性转换。根据语境中所列举的各种困难可知,此处用名词的复数形式,故用difficulties。(2019·山东高三下学期高考预测)The famous Peking opera artist Yuan Huiqin hosted two culture talks 1.____________ were called “Charm(魅力) of Peking Opera” in Stockholm and St.Petersburg last year.
The two sessions,as programs of Chinese Culture Talk,2.____________(organize) by the Bureau for External Cultural Relations of the Ministry of Culture of China,Chinese embassies and local cultural organizations.3.____________(member) of Chinese embassies,famous sinologists(汉学家) and those 4.____________(show) an interest in Peking opera,attended the two culture talks.The host,Yuan Huiqin,is a national class A artist of China National Peking Opera Company and a winner of the Plum Blossom Prize.During the talks,she 5.____________(patient) shared the charm of Peking opera in more than one way.
With the help of the local sinologists,6.____________(she) talks were translated into Swedish and Russian.These words explored the concepts and artistic characteristics of 7.____________(tradition) Chinese operas,which got audience 8.____________(experience) the distinct charm of Peking opera.9.____________addition,young artists from the China National Peking Opera Company performed classic opera selections.During the interaction of the talks,some opera lovers performed with young artists and on 10.____________spot the audience tried costumes(戏装) of Peking opera with great curiosity.
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文。京剧名家袁慧琴在瑞典的斯德哥尔摩和俄罗斯的圣彼得堡主持了两场京剧文化交流活动。1.which/that 考查定语从句。空处引导定语从句,先行词是talks,空处在从句中作主语,故用which或that。
2.were organized 考查时态和语态。此处讲述的是过去的动作,应用一般过去时;主语是The two sessions,与organize是被动关系,故应用被动语态。
3.Members 考查名词的单复数。根据本句中的of Chinese embassies可知,应用member的复数形式。4.showing 考查非谓语动词。空处是非谓语动词作后置定语,show与those是逻辑上的主谓关系,故用现在分词。
5.patiently 考查副词。此处修饰谓语动词,故用副词。
6.her 考查代词。句意:她的演讲被翻译成瑞典语和俄语。故使用she的形容词性物主代词。
7.traditional 考查形容词。这里使用形容词修饰后面的Chinese operas,表示“传统的中国戏剧”。8.to experience 考查非谓语动词。get sb.to do sth.表示“使某人做某事”,experience在此作动词用,表示“经历,体验”。
9.In 考查介词。in addition意为“此外,除此之外”,相当于besides。
10.the 考查冠词。on the spot“当场”,是固定搭配,故填the。