Unit 3 Under the sea
绿海龟是世界上最大的硬壳海龟，体重最重可达204公斤。目前全世界80多个国家的海岸线上都有它们的踪迹。现在就让我们一起去探知绿海龟的生活习性吧！
Green Sea Turtles
Green sea turtles are the world’s largest species of hard?shelled sea turtle. While most of them weigh about 136 to 181 kilograms, some can be as heavy as 204 kilograms.
These turtles are found nesting along the coastline of more than 80 countries, with the largest nesting populations found in Costa Rica and Australia.
Green sea turtles spend most of their lives underwater, where they can rest for up to five hours at a time before coming up for air. Green sea turtles are also known to sunbathe(晒日光浴) on land.
Unlike most other sea turtles, adult green sea turtles eat a primarily plant?based diet consisting of seaweed and sea grass. Scientists believe these green foods give the sea turtle’s fat its green color. The shell of the green sea turtle is usually a shade of brown or olive.
Similar to other sea turtles, green sea turtles migrate long distances between their feeding grounds and their nesting sites, with recorded distances of longer than 2，600 kilometers.
Female green sea turtles leave the water in order to lay eggs on the beach and will choose the same nesting spot as where they were born. A female will dig out a nest and lay about 115 eggs. Then she’ll cover the eggs with sand and return to the sea. After about two months, the babies will hatch(孵化) from their eggs.
The first few years of a green sea turtle’s life are spent floating at sea, where they feed on plankton(浮游生物). As they grow older, the turtles move to waters along the coast where they find sea grass to eat.
Adult green sea turtles face many threats, primarily from humans, including injuries from boats, being caught in fishing nets and pollution. Newly hatched sea turtles are also at risk of being hunted by animals such as birds, crabs, and raccoons as they move from their nests out to the sea.
Section Ⅰ Warming Up & Reading—Comprehending
重点单词
写作词汇
1.witness vt. 当场见到；目击
n. 目击者；证人；证据
2.opposite prep. 在……对面
adj. 相对的；相反的
3.pause vi.& n. 暂停；中止
4.teamwork n． 协作；配合
5.relationship n． 关系；血缘关系；交往
6.urge vt. 催促；极力主张；驱策
7.meantime adv. 其间；同时
拓展词汇
8.annual adj.每年的；按年度计算的 n．年刊；年鉴→annually adv.每年；一年一度地
9.accommodation n．住所；住宿→accommodate vt.提供住宿
10.flee vi.逃避；逃跑 vt.逃离→fled(过去式)→fled(过去分词)
11.drag vt.拖；拉；扯→dragged(过去分词)→dragging(现在分词)
12.depth n．深(度)；深处→deep adj.深的→deepen v．加深
13.abandon vt.放弃；遗弃；抛弃→abandoned adj.被遗弃的；放纵的
14.conservation n．保存；保护→conserve v．保存
阅读词汇
15.anecdote n． 轶事；奇闻
16.shore n. 岸；海滨
17.yell vi. 大叫；呼喊
n. 叫声；喊声
18.dive vi.& n． 跳水(的动作)；潜水
(的动作)；俯冲
19.harpoon n. (捕鲸用的)鱼叉
20.shark n. 鲨鱼
重点短语
1.at the beginning of 在……开始时
2.hear of/about 听说
3.sort out 整理
4.ahead of 在……前面
5.race after 追赶
6.in the meantime 在此期间；与此同时
7.hold up 举起
8.help (...) out 帮助(某人)摆脱困境或危难
重点句型
1.It was a time when...那是一个……时期：It was a time when(那是一个……时期) the killer whales, or “killers” as they were then called, helped the whalers catch the baleen whales that were on their annual migration.
2.be about to do sth.正要做某事：This was the call that announced there was about to be a whale hunt(猎鲸行动马上就要开始).
3.see sb.being done看到某人正在被……：It took over half an hour to get the boat back to James, and when we approached him, I saw James being firmly held up in the water by Old Tom(看到老汤姆正在水中稳稳地托着詹姆斯).
Fast?reading
Skim the text and answer the following question.
The text is mainly about ________．
A．the killer whales are easily trained
B．the killer whales can help the whalers catch the huge whales
C．the killer whales kill the whales for their food
D．the killer whales drag the whales under the water
答案：B
Careful?reading
Read the text carefully and choose the best answer.
1．What happened to James after he was washed off the boat?
A．He got hurt by a shark.
B．He was abandoned by the other whalers and felt terrified.
C．He dropped his hope and was nearly dying.
D．He was held up in the water by Old Tom and rescued.
2．Why did George beat the water with his oar?
A．To frighten the whales away.
B．To call back Old Tom to lead the way.
C．To attract the attention of huge whales.
D．To send signals to other whales.
3．We can infer from the text that ________．
A．the killer whales may be trained by the whalers
B．the killer whales want to help man catch the whales themselves
C．the killer whales need no training for helping the whalers
D．the killer whales want to eat the whales after killing them
4．What does the word “it” in the sentence “He let it go and the harpoon hit the spot.” refer to?
A．The whale. B．The boat.
C．The harpoon. D．The killer.
答案：1－4.DBAC
Study?reading
Analyze the following difficult sentences in the text.
1．On the afternoon I arrived at the station, as I was sorting out my accommodation, I heard a loud noise coming from the bay.
①本句是一个主从复合句。
②I heard a loud noise coming from the bay是主句；I arrived at the station是省略了关系副词when引导的定语从句，修饰先行词afternoon；as引导时间状语从句。
[翻译] 有天下午我来到捕鲸站，正在整理住处的时候，听到从海湾那边传来一声巨响。
2．I had already heard that George didn’t like being kept waiting, so even though I didn’t have the right clothes on, I raced after him.
①本句是一个由so连接的并列复合句。
②前一个分句中，I had already heard是主句，that引导宾语从句。
③后一个分句中，I raced after him是主句，even though引导让步状语从句。
[翻译] 我以前就听说过，乔治不喜欢等人，所以尽管我还没有穿上合适的衣服，就跟在他后面跑起来。
3．It took over half an hour to get the boat back to James，and when we approached him，I saw James being firmly held up in the water by Old Tom.
①该句中and连接两个并列分句。
②第一个分句为“It takes/took＋一段时间＋to do sth.”句型。
③第二个分句中when引导时间状语从句，该从句对应的主句中含有“see＋宾语＋宾补”结构，动词－ing的被动式作宾补。
[翻译] 我们花了半个多小时才把船头调向詹姆斯，当我们靠近他的时候，我看到老汤姆正在水中稳稳地托着詹姆斯。
①hear of听说(＝hear about)
hear from收到……的来信、信息等
②witness['wItnIs]vt.当场见到；目击n.目击者；证人；证据
③sort out 整理
④accommodation[??k?m?'deI?n]n.住所；住宿
⑤shore[???]n.岸；海滨
⑥in time及时；迟早
in time to do sth.及时地做某事
⑦opposite['?p?zIt]prep.
在……对面 adj.相对的；相反的
be opposite to与……
相反/迥然不同
in the opposite direction 朝相反的方向
⑧throw oneself out of跃出
⑨crash v．猛撞，猛击
⑩call out高声喊叫
?yell[jel]vi.大叫；呼喊
n．叫声；喊声
yell out(尤因恐惧、愤怒或激动而)叫喊，大嚷大叫
?be about to do sth.即将做某事
be about to do sth.when...即将做某事，这时……
?come on此处表示“快点儿”，还可表示“加油”“得了吧”。
?ahead of在……前面
ahead of time提前
?have...on穿着
?pause[p??z]vi.& n．暂停；中止
?head vi.朝(某方向)前进
head for...向……前进
?look down朝下看
look down upon/on 瞧不起，看低，轻视
?beat v．击打；连续敲打
?oar[??]n.桨；橹
telescope['telIsk??p]n.
望远镜
a pack of一队；一群
teamwork['ti?mw??k]n.
协作；配合
blow?hole n．(鲸鱼的)
鼻孔；(隧道的)通风口
dive[daIv]vi.& n．跳水(的动作)；潜水(的动作)；俯冲
flee[fli?](fled，fled) vi.
逃避；逃跑(＋to/from)
vt.逃离
escape逃跑，逃脱(强调结果)
harpoon[hɑ?'pu?n]n.
(捕鲸用的)鱼叉
aim...at 使……瞄准……，使……对准……
let...go放开；松开
drag[dr?ɡ]vt.拖；拉；扯
swiftly adv.迅速地；快速地
depth[depθ]n.深(度)；深处
bring in带来；收获
in the meantime在此期间；与此同时(＝in the meanwhile)
meantime['mi?ntaIm]adv.其间；同时(＝meanwhile)
have a good feed饱餐一顿
lip[lIp]n.一片嘴唇；
(容器或洞的)边，口
fierce adj.凶猛的；凶狠的
wash off冲走；洗掉
overboard['??v?b??d]adv.越过船舷进入水中
turn...around 把……
转过来
urge[??d?]vt.催促；极力主张；驱策
urge sb.to do sth.敦促某人做某事
rough adj.狂暴的，汹涌的；粗糙的；粗暴的
be terrified of 害怕
abandon[?'b?nd?n]vt.
放弃；遗弃；抛弃
abandon oneself to沉溺于
shark[?ɑ?k]n.鲨鱼
approach vt.& vi.接近，靠近n.方法；手段；尝试
hold up举起；阻止
well done (口语)干得好，干得不错
pull...back把……拉回来
OLD TOM THE KILLER WHALE
I was 16 when I began work in June 1902 at the whaling station. I had heard of① the killers that every year helped whalers catch huge whales. I thought, at the time, that this was just a story but then I witnessed② it with my own eyes many times.
◆that every year helped whalers catch huge whales是关系代词that引导的定语从句，修饰the killers。that在定语从句中作主语。
◆that this was just a story是that引导的宾语从句。句中带有插入语时，宾语从句的引导词that不可省略。
On the afternoon I arrived at the station, as I was sorting out③ my accommodation④， I heard a loud noise coming from the bay. We ran down to the shore⑤ in time⑥ to see an enormous animal opposite⑦ us throwing itself out of⑧ the water and then crashing⑨ down again. It was black and white and fish?shaped. But I knew it wasn’t a fish.
◆as引导时间状语从句，主句中含有“hear＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构。
“That’s Old Tom, the killer，” one of the whalers, George, called out⑩ to me. “He’s telling us there’s a whale out there for us.”
◆the killer是Old Tom的同位语。
Another whaler yelled? out，“Rush?oo...rush?oo.” This was the call that announced there was about to be? a whale hunt.
◆此处that引导定语从句，修饰先行词the call, that在从句中作主语；there was...hunt为宾语从句，作announce的宾语。
“Come on?， Clancy. To the boat，” George said as he ran ahead of? me. I had already heard that George didn’t like being kept waiting, so even though I didn’t have the right clothes on?， I raced after him.
◆as he ran ahead of me是as引导的时间状语从句，as意为“一边……，一边……；当……的时候”。
◆being kept waiting是动名词短语的被动形式，作like的宾语。(主动形式：keep sb.doing sth.让某人一直做某事)
◆even though引导让步状语从句。
Without pausing? we jumped into the boat with the other whalers and headed? out into the bay. I looked down? into the water and could see Old Tom swimming by the boat, showing us the way. A few minutes later, there was no Tom, so George started beating? the water with his oar? and there was Tom, circling back to the boat, leading us to the hunt again．
◆see sb.doing sth.意为“看到某人正在做某事”。
◆现在分词短语showing us the way在句中作伴随状语。
◆现在分词短语circling back...leading us...在句中作Tom的定语。
Using a telescope we could see that something was happening. As we drew closer, I could see a whale being attacked by a pack of about six other killers.
◆现在分词短语Using a telescope作方式状语。
“What’re they doing？” I asked George.
“Well, it’s teamwork—the killers over there are throwing themselves on top of the whale’s blow?hole to stop it breathing. And those others are stopping it diving or fleeingout to sea，” George told me, pointing towards the hunt. And just at that moment, the most extraordinary thing happened. The killers started racing between our boat and the whale just like a pack of excited dogs.
◆stop sb./sth.(from) doing sth.意为“阻止某人/某物做某事”。
◆现在分词短语pointing towards the hunt在句中作伴随状语。
Then the harpoon was ready and the man in the bow of the boat aimed it at the whale. He let it go and the harpoon hit the spot. Being badly wounded, the whale soon died. Within a moment or two, its body was dragged swiftly by the killers down into the depths of the sea. The men started turning the boat around to go home.
◆现在分词短语Being badly wounded在句中作原因状语。
“What’s happened？” I asked. “Have we lost the whale？”
“Oh no，” Jack replied.“We’ll return tomorrow to bring in the body. It won’t float up to the surface for around 24 hours.”“In the meantime, Old Tom, and the others are having a good feed on its lips and tongue，” added Red, laughing．
◆现在分词laughing在句中作伴随状语。
Although Old Tom and the other killers were fierce hunters, they never harmed or attacked people. In fact, they protected them. There was one day when we were out in the bay during a hunt and James was washed off the boat．
◆when we were out...the boat是when引导的定语从句，修饰one day。
“Man overboard！Turn the boat around！” urgedGeorge, shouting loudly．
◆shouting loudly是现在分词短语作伴随状语。
The sea was rough that day and it was difficult to handle the boat. The waves were carrying James further and further away from us. From James’s face, I could see he was terrified of being abandoned by us. Then suddenly I saw a shark.
◆it was difficult to handle the boat中it是形式主语，后面的不定式短语是真正的主语。
“Look, there’s a shark out there，” I screamed.
“Don’t worry, Old Tom won’t let it near，” Red replied.
It took over half an hour to get the boat back to James, and when we approached him, I saw James being firmly held upin the water by Old Tom. I couldn’t believe my eyes.
◆It takes (sb.) some time to do sth.是固定句型，意为“(某人)花一些时间做某事”。
◆see sb.being done意为“看到某人正在被……”。
There were shouts of “Well done, Old Tom” and “Thank God” as we pulled James back into the boat. And then Old Tom was off and back to the hunt where the other killers were still attacking the whale．
◆where引导定语从句，修饰地点名词the hunt(捕猎的地方)。
虎鲸老汤姆
1902年6月，我开始在捕鲸站里工作，那时我16岁。在此之前我曾经听说过虎鲸每年都帮助捕鲸人捕捉大鲸。当时我以为这只是个故事罢了，但是后来我亲眼见过多次。
有天下午我来到捕鲸站，正在整理住处的时候，听到从海湾那边传来一声巨响。我们及时赶到岸边，看到对面有一个庞大的动物猛力跃出水面，然后又坠落到水里。它黑白相间，样子像鱼，但我知道它并不是鱼。
“那是老汤姆，是虎鲸。”一个叫乔治的捕鲸人高声对我说，“它是在告诉我们那边有一头鲸，叫我们去捕猎。”
另外一个捕鲸人大声喊叫道：“快走啊……走啊。”这是宣告捕鲸行动马上就要开始的呼喊声。
“克兰西，快来，上船去。”乔治在我前面边跑边说。我以前就听说过，乔治不喜欢等人，所以尽管我还没有穿上合适的衣服，就跟在他后面跑起来。
我们一刻不停地和其他捕鲸人都跳进渔船，朝海湾方向驶去。我朝水里望去，可以看到老汤姆就在渔船旁边游着，为我们指路。几分钟之后，汤姆不见了，于是乔治开始用桨拍打水面。汤姆出现了，转回到船边，又领着我们前往捕猎处。
通过望远镜，我们可以看到远处有情况正在发生。靠近一看，原来是一头鲸受到一群约六头其他虎鲸的攻击。
我问乔治：“它们在干什么呢？”
“嗯，它们在协同作战——那边的虎鲸正在往那头鲸的出气孔上扑去，不让它呼吸，而其他那些虎鲸则阻止它潜水或逃到海里去。”乔治一边指着捕猎的情景，一边告诉我。就在那时，最精彩的场面出现了。那些虎鲸在我们的渔船和那头鲸之间开始追逐了，就像一群发狂的猎狗一样。
然后，猎鲸叉准备好了。站在船头的那个人把叉瞄准了那头鲸，扔了出去，恰好击中了要害，鲸受了重伤，没过多久就死了。过了片刻，鲸的尸体就被虎鲸们迅速拖向海的深处去了。捕鲸人于是调转船头往回走。
“怎么啦？”我问道，“我们失去鲸了吗？”
杰克回答说：“不，我们明天再回来运鲸的尸体。它在24小时左右是不会浮出水面的。”雷德笑着补充说：“在这段时间里，老汤姆和其他虎鲸会饱餐一顿的，鲸唇和鲸舌就是它们的美食。”
虽然老汤姆和其他虎鲸都是凶猛的猎手，但是它们从来不伤害人，也不袭击人。事实上，它们还保护人。有一天，我们出海捕鲸的时候，詹姆斯被冲下水去了。
乔治催促着，大声喊道：“有人落水了！把船头调回去！”
那天海上波涛汹涌，很难调转船头。海浪把詹姆斯冲得离我们越来越远。从詹姆斯的脸上，我能看出他非常恐慌，生怕被我们遗弃。接着我突然看到了一条鲨鱼。
我尖叫起来：“瞧，那边有一条鲨鱼。”
雷德回答说：“别担心，老汤姆不会让它靠近的。”
我们花了半个多小时才把船头调向詹姆斯，当我们靠近他的时候，我看到老汤姆正在水中稳稳地托着詹姆斯。我几乎不相信自己的眼睛。
当我们把詹姆斯拉上渔船的时候，大家都欢呼着“老汤姆，好样的”“感谢上帝”。之后老汤姆离开了，回到捕猎的地方，跟其他虎鲸一起捕鲸去了。
阅读理解
A
People become defensive at the thought of someone telling them or implying(暗示) that they must change. “I am who I am; take it or leave it” is often the response. While many view these comments as signs of self?confidence, in truth this attitude is typically a cover?up for being afraid.
“If I change then I am admitting there is something wrong with me. If I change, then others are controlling who I am and dictating who I become.” Neither option is appealing. Like your clothing or hairstyle, what needs to change from time to time is your attitudes and actions—the way you think and behave. Keep in mind that negative attitudes and actions lead to difficulties in life.
The willingness to change means one is accepting enough of themselves to realize they need improvement in certain aspects of their life; that they are not fully comfortable of the way they are living; that they have a task in progress and are continually seeking to grow and improve. Like a worker who takes continuing education classes to always be up on the latest changes in their field so that they can be the best employee on the job, so is this same approach necessary to success in life.
Resistance to change causes the same rigidity(死板) that can make a firm tree break in a strong wind. Those that are willing to bend to accommodate the wind remain unchanged. Humans who adopt an attitude that they will not change for anyone are fearful of giving up the satisfaction from others. Resistance to change in general can be an indication of one who lives in denial about their unhealthy attitudes, actions, lifestyles, relationships and so on. Low self?esteem(自尊) prevents them from recognizing their imperfections and lack of courage or self?love prevents them from making the necessary improvements. Even though we deny it, we all expect others to change for us in some way. A bad attitude is like a flat tire：if you don’t change it you won’t get very far in life.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇议论文，主要讲述了人要做出改变的原因。
1．What does the author regard resistance to change as?
A．Signs of fear.
B．Signs of defense.
C．Signs of inflexibility.
D．Signs of self?confidence.
A 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的in truth this attitude is typically a cover?up for being afraid可知，作者认为反对改变事实上是为了掩饰恐惧。
2．According to the passage, a person needs to change himself in order to________．
A．make people around them feel more comfortable
B．improve his certain imperfections
C．adapt to new environment
D．do more complex work
B 解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的they need improvement in certain aspects of their life可知，人们要改变自我是因为要完善自己某些方面的不足。
3．What’s the passage mainly about?
A．Why people need to change.
B．How to get far in the life journey.
C．How to respond to people’s advice.
D．Why people should build their self?esteem.
A 解析：主旨大意题。本文主要讲述了人要做出改变的原因。
B
Female seals don’t change their spots, according to a new study by University of Alberta biologists. In fact, individual differences in boldness remain consistent(一致的) over time. The study is among the first to examine boldness in wild marine mammals in the field of animal personality. Animal personality influences many ecological processes, like how individuals interact with other species or respond to changing environmental conditions.
Researchers studied female seals on Sable Island，home to the world’s largest grey seal colony. Over a period from 2008 to 2016, biologist Christi Bubac and a field team led by Fisheries and Oceans Canada measured boldness responses in the female seals when defending their young.
“During the breeding season, we saw that females tend to behave consistently, not only between years, but also within the lactation period(哺乳期) of a given year，” explained Bubac, lead author and PhD student in the Department of Biological Sciences studying with wildlife geneticist David Coltman. “This provides an example of animal personality, with consistent individual differences observed over time.”
Bubac also examined how reproductive success is related to a seal’s boldness or shyness.Grey seals nurse for 16 to 18 days, so mother seals have a very short window to get baby seals as fat as they can. During this time, baby seals triple(增至三倍) in body mass. Body mass is a good predictor of reproductive success because it indicates the puppies’ chances of survival. “On average, we found that bolder females stop feeding those that are two kilograms heavier, compared with the shyest females, improving their chances of surviving the first year of life，” said Bubac.
These results present some very interesting biological questions, explained Coltman, professor of biology. “This research shows that young grey seal moms that are bold tend to stop feeding larger puppies compared with shy moms. However, older grey seals also tend to be bolder. If bolder animals have bigger pups and live longer, why does variation in boldness remain? Why be shy？”
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。海豹也是有个性的，而海豹个性的个体差异会影响后代繁衍。
4．What is the purpose of the study of seals?
A．To test their effects on ecological processes.
B．To study how seals interact with each other.
C．To check how the environment affects mammals.
D．To examine marine mammals’ personality difference.
D 解析：推理判断题。根据第一段中的The study is among the first to examine boldness in wild marine mammals in the field of animal personality.可知，研究的目的是了解海洋野生哺乳动物的个性差异。
5．What can be inferred from Paragraph 3?
A．Animals have remained their personality since they were born.
B．Female seals behave more boldly in the lactation period.
C．Seals’ boldness responses remain the same over time.
D．The study on seals’ personality has been very mature.
C 解析：细节理解题。根据第三段第一句中的During the breeding season...within the lactation period(哺乳期) of a given year及This provides an example of animal personality，with consistent individual differences observed over time.可知，海豹的勇敢性保持不变。
6．Which of the following may Christi Bubac agree with?
A．Bolder female seals adjust the nursing time to their babies’ weight.
B．Mother seals tend to get babies as slim as possible.
C．It usually takes mother seals 20 days to nurse.
D．Bolder female seals feed less than shy ones.
A 解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中的Body mass is a good predictor of reproductive success because it indicates the puppies’ chances of survival.可知，更勇敢的海豹妈妈喂养宝宝的时间长短以宝宝的体重为依据。
C
Much of what we know about memory comes from Henry Gustav Molaison(otherwise known as H．M.). From the time he was a small child, H．M. had epilepsy(癫痫症) so severe that doctors suggested removing a portion of his brain in an attempt to cure the disease. So in 1953, when H．M. was 27, his doctor Dr.William Beecher Scoville removed two sections of H．M.’s brain, including both of his hippocampi(海马体)．
Doctors quickly realized that H．M.’s lack of certain cognitive(认知的) functions had nothing to do with intelligence. H．M. performed well on any IQ tests he was given. H．M. could also remember clearly anything that had happened before his operation. It thus became clear that, since the surgery had affected his ability to create memories beyond a few minutes, the hippocampus must be the area of the brain responsible for long?term memory.
Dr.Brenda Milner, one of the many doctors to study H．M., conducted an additional experiment with H．M. where she asked him to describe a star he saw in a mirror. His first few efforts produced very shaky results since the task required moving in the opposite direction from what the mirror showed.
However, after repeated attempts, H．M. finally finished the task despite having no memory of the event of having practiced it before. Thus, while the making of our long?term memories of people, places, or events may take place in the hippocampus, our motor skill memories must be housed elsewhere.
H．M.’s brain continues to be studied even after his death in 2008. In 2009, his brain was cut into about 2，000 pieces and digitally imaged down to the scale of individual neurons(神经元)．Humans’ knowledge of brain disease and how the normal mind works would be greatly reduced if it were not for the generosity of these people and their families.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。专家对H.M.的大脑进行了研究，发现在他的两个海马体被切除之后，他的智力并没有受到什么影响，只是不能记住新的东西而已。
7．The doctors removed parts of H．M.’s brain including the hippocampus in order to ________．
A．prevent him from getting dementia
B．research into his memories
C．cure him of his epilepsy
D．study his intelligence
C 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的From the time he was a small child...in an attempt to cure the disease.可知，医生之所以把H.M.大脑的部分切除掉，是为了医治他的癫痫症。
8．After H．M.received his operation, he________．
A．got poor scores in IQ tests
B．still remembered what he had done
C．could remember new things longer
D．needed more time to memorize things
B 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的H.M.could also remember clearly anything that had happened before his operation.可知，在手术之后，H.M.还记得以前的事情。
9．What does the underlined word “shaky” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A．Uncertain. B．Remarkable.
C．Uncommon. D．Expected.
A 解析：词义猜测题。根据第三段中的since the task required moving in the opposite direction from what the mirror showed及第四段中的However，after repeated attempts...having practiced it before.可知，H.M.刚开始的尝试产生的结果是不确定的。
10．What did the additional experiment prove?
A．People without the hippocampus have poor motor skills.
B．Motor skill memories aren’t housed in the hippocampus.
C．It is more difficult to remember things happening at the moment.
D．People without the hippocampus wouldn’t perform well in short?term memories.
B 解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中的Thus, while the making of our long－term memories...our motor skill memories must be housed elsewhere.可知，实验表明，海马体并不是贮存运动技能的器官。
七选五
Young Taylor Swift
For a certain 11?year?old, a spring break trip to Nashville, Tennessee, was life?changing. Nashville was the center of the country music industry.
While her mom waited in the car, the girl walked into all the big record companies in town. 1.________ None of the people there took her seriously then—but they should have.
Because that girl was Taylor Swift.
2．________ She listened to country music albums(专辑) until she knew all the lyrics(歌词). She performed at county fairs near her hometown of Wyomissing，Pennsylvania. At age 12, she taught herself to play guitar and wrote her first song.
Making music came easily to Taylor, but making friends did not. 3.________ “They all thought I was strange，”Taylor remembers. “I spent a lot of time alone.” So she focused on her music.
4.________ So they moved their family to Nashville. By age 14, Taylor was working part?time as a songwriter and performing new songs. That’s how she got her big chance. She was offered a record contract(合同) before she was old enough to drive a car!
You probably know how this turned out. Since her first album came out in 2006, Taylor has won 10 Grammy Awards. Her album, 1989, has sold more than 9 million copies.
5．________ Her fans say her songs are honest. They feel as though she understands them—and could even be their friend. Taylor’s fans like how her music makes them feel.
A．So what makes Taylor so popular?
B．What kind of music does Taylor sing?
C．Taylor’s parents knew she was talented.
D．Taylor has been interested in singing since she was little.
E．She introduced herself and dropped off recordings of her singing.
F．Taylor’s parents have made her into a successful singer?songwriter.
G．Kids would move to a different table when she tried to sit with them at lunch.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了美国乡村流行乐女歌手泰勒·斯威夫特。
1．E 解析：根据上文中的While her mom waited in the car, the girl walked into all the big record companies in town.及下文中的None of the people there took her seriously then—but they should have.可知，泰勒走入各大唱片公司推销自己并留下自己的录音带，但是当时并没有人在意她。E项符合此处语境。
2．D 解析：根据下文中的She listened to country music albums(专辑) until she knew all the lyrics(歌词)．..At age 12, she taught herself to play guitar and wrote her first song.可知，泰勒从小就热衷于唱歌。D项是对下文的概括。
3．G 解析：根据上文中的Making music came easily to Taylor, but making friends did not.及下文中的“They all thought I was strange，” Taylor remembers.可知，对于泰勒来说，交朋友是一件非常困难的事情，很多孩子都不愿意与她在一起，他们觉得她很奇怪。G项符合此处语境。
4．C 解析：根据第一段中的Nashville was the center of the country music industry.及该空后的So they moved their family to Nashville.可知，泰勒的父母知道她有音乐方面的天赋，所以他们决定搬到乡村音乐之都——纳什维尔，希望她在那里能有更好的发展。C项与下文构成因果关系。
5．A 解析：根据下文中的Her fans say her songs are honest.可知，泰勒的粉丝认为她成功的原因是因为她的歌很真诚，能引起他们的共鸣。下文是对A项的解释说明。
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Section Ⅱ Warming Up & Reading—Language Points
witness n．目击者；证人；证据 vt.当场见到；目击
(教材P20)I thought, at the time, that this was just a story but then I witnessed it with my own eyes many times.
当时我以为这只是个故事罢了，但是后来我亲眼见过多次。
(1)witness sth. 目击某事
witness to sth./doing sth. 作证，证明某事/做某事
(2)a witness to sth. 某事的证人
give witness to sth. 为某事作证；证明
①His good health is a witness to the success of the treatment.
他的健康身体证明这种疗法是成功的。
②Our city witnesses four different seasons, plenty of sunshine and good rainfall, but in winter you may feel a little cold.
我们的城市四季分明、阳光充足、雨量充沛，但在冬天，你可能会觉得有点儿冷。
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①The past ten years has witnessed(witness) the rapid development of China’s economy.
②Having witnessed(witness) the accident, I felt it my duty to make a statement to the police.
③He witnessed to having seen(see) the man enter the room.
[能力提升]——词汇/句式升级
④(普通表达)When he walked out of the park, the old man happened to see the road accident.(时间状语从句)
(高级表达)Walking out of the park, the old man happened to witness the road accident.(分词作状语)
accommodation n．住所；住宿
(教材P20)On the afternoon I arrived at the station，as I was sorting out my accommodation，I heard a loud noise coming from the bay.
有天下午我来到捕鲸站，正在整理住处的时候，听到从海湾那边传来一声巨响。
(1)provide accommodations for 为……提供膳宿
(2)accommodate v． 为……提供住宿/空间；适应；
(房间、建筑物等)容纳
accommodate/adapt (oneself) to
适应；使……适应……
①He accompanied us to the place of interest and provided accommodations for us.
他陪我们去了那个旅游景点，还给我们安排了膳宿。
②We must accommodate ourselves to new surrounding as soon as possible.
我们必须尽快适应新的环境。
[能力提升]——微写作
我主动粉刷房子以换取一个星期的住宿。
I have offered to paint the house in exchange for a week’s accommodation．
opposite prep.在……对面 adj.相对的；相反的
n．对立；对立的人或物
(教材P20)We ran down to the shore in time to see an enormous animal opposite us throwing itself out of the water and then crashing down again.
我们及时赶到岸边，看到对面有一个庞大的动物猛力跃出水面，然后又坠落到水里。
be opposite to 在……对面；和……相反
in the opposite direction 朝相反的方向
do the opposite 做相反的事
①It’s easy to find—there’s a church just opposite my house.
我家很容易找，就在教堂对面。
②When he saw the police coming, he ran away in the opposite direction.
他一看见警察来了，就朝相反的方向跑。
[能力提升]——微写作
①然而，在这个问题上一些学生持相反的观点， 这使我很伤心。
However, some students have opposite views on the question, which made me very upset.
②好的习惯经常使得效率提高，而不好的习惯效果恰恰相反。
Good habits always lead to high efficiency, while bad oneslead to the opposite．
depth n．[C，U]深(度)；深处
(教材P20)Within a moment or two, its body was dragged swiftly by the killers down into the depths of the sea.
过了片刻，鲸的尸体就被虎鲸们迅速拖向海的深处去了。
adj. deep high wide long strong broad
n. depth height width length strength
v. deepen heighten widen lengthen strengthen broaden
①We have expressed the depth of our gratitude to them.
我们向他们表达了深深的谢意。
②They sat and talked deep into the night.
他们坐着谈到深夜。
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①We are swimming in a lake with an average depth(deep) of 2 metres.
②As far as I know, her lies hurt my father deeply(deep)．
③College students can gain social experience and broaden(broad) their horizons because of doing part－time jobs.
meantime n．其时，其间 adv.其间，同时
(教材P20)“In the meantime, Old Tom, and the others are having a good feed on its lips and tongue，”added Red, laughing.
雷德笑着补充说：“在这段时间里，老汤姆和其他虎鲸会饱餐一顿的，鲸唇和鲸舌就是它们的美食。”
(1)meantime(adv.)＝meanwhile(adv.)
(2)in the meantime＝in the meanwhile在此期间，与此同时
①He accompanied their daughter to the supermarket；meantime/meanwhile，his wife was preparing supper at home.
他陪女儿去超市，在此期间，他妻子在家准备晚餐。
②I ring the police up. In the meantime, you lead the staff to flee from the burning building.
我给警察打电话。与此同时，你带领员工逃离着火的大楼。
[能力提升]——微写作
(2019·北京卷)与此同时，在她父母的帮助下，摩尔通常能够过正常的青少年的生活。
Meanwhile/In the meantime，with her parents’ help，Moore is generally able to live a normal teenage life．
urge vt.催促；极力主张；驱策 n．欲望；冲动
(教材P20)“Man overboard！Turn the boat around！” urged George, shouting loudly.
乔治催促着，大声喊道：“有人落水了！把船头调回去！”
(1)urge sb. 催促某人做某事
urge that...(should) do sth. 极力主张， 强调……
(2)have an urge to do sth. 迫切要做某事
(3)urgent adj. 紧急的；迫切的
urgency n. 紧急；催促
①I have a strong urge to travel all over the world.
我极想环游世界。
②In order to improve learning efficiency, I urge you to form the habit of thinking independently and going over lessons in time.
为了提高学习效率，我主张你们养成独立思考、及时复习功课的习惯。
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①I never felt an urge to learn(learn) any sign language before.
②It is strongly urged by students that the library (should) be kept(keep) open during the weekend.
③(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)As a result, adequate preparation is urgently(urge) needed, including practice, nutrition and a perfect plan.
[能力提升]——一句多译
随着期末考试的来临，老师敦促我们努力学习。
④Our teacher urges us to study(study) hard with the final exam drawing near.
⑤Our teacher urges us into studying(study) hard with the final exam drawing near.
⑥Our teacher urges that we (should) study(study) hard with the final exam drawing near.
abandon vt.放弃；遗弃；抛弃 n．放纵；放任
(教材P21)From James’s face, I could see he was terrified of being abandoned by us.
从詹姆斯的脸上，我能看出他非常恐慌，生怕被我们遗弃。
(1)abandon doing sth. 放弃做某事
abandon oneself to...＝be abandoned to...
沉湎于……，纵情于……
(2)with abandon 放肆地，恣意地
①We should abandon those bad habits that are harmful to our health, such as smoking and drinking. 我们应该摒弃那些对我们健康有害的坏习惯，如吸烟、喝酒等。
②Those who abandon themselves to despair can’t succeed.
那些自暴自弃的人无法成功。
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①My dad abandoned smoking(smoke) because of his poor health.
②Mary is abandoned to playing(play) all kinds of games in her spare time.
[能力提升]——一句多译
感到沮丧，我发现自己沉湎于玩电脑游戏。
③Feeling frustrated, I found myself abandoning myself to playing computer games.(分词作状语；分词作宾补)
④Feeling frustrated, I found I was abandoned to playing computer games.(分词作状语；宾语从句)
help (...) out 帮助(某人)摆脱困境或危难
(经典例句)As he is my best friend, when I am in trouble he will certainly help me out.
因为他是我最好的朋友，当我遇到麻烦时他肯定会帮我。
(1)help (sb.) (to) do sth. 帮(某人)做某事
help sb. with sth. 帮助某人某事
(2)can’t help doing sth. 禁不住做某事
(3)can’t help but do sth. 不得不做某事
①When he found the abandoned boy, he made a decision to help him out.
当他发现那个被遗弃的男孩时，他决定帮助他。
②Every time he met with someone who was in trouble, he couldn’t help doing them a favour.
每次他遇到处境困难的人，他都忍不住帮他们一把。
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①I couldn’t help but admire(admire) his courage, strength and competence.
②Faced with so much trouble, I can’t help but turn(turn) to my parents for help.
③She can’t help (to) clean(clean) the house because she’s busy making a cake.
④I have been busy with my study and seldom help my parents with the housework.
It/That was a time when ...那段时期……；
那是一段……时期
(教材P19)It was a time when the killer whales, or “killers” as they were then called，helped the whalers catch the baleen whales that were on their annual migration.
那个时期，虎鲸(当时被称为“杀手”)帮助捕鲸人在每年须鲸迁徙时捕捉须鲸。
(1)“It/That was a time when...”结构意为“那是一段……时期”，其中when引导的是一个定语从句，修饰先行词a time；
(2)It’s (high/about) time ＋ (that) sb. did/should do sth. 是该某人做某事的时候了(属于虚拟语气的句型)；
(3)It is the first time ＋ that sb. has/have done sth.
某人第一次做某事；
(4)It was the first time ＋ that sb. had done sth.
某人第一次做某事；
(5)There was a time when... 曾经有一段时期…… Ｋ
①There was a time when this kind of music was very popular.
曾经有段时期，这种音乐很流行。
②It was a time when many young people went to the countryside to get some training.
那是一个很多年轻人到农村去锻炼的时代。
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①The teacher criticized him，because it was the second time he had made(make) the same mistake.
②It’s high time that we students should work/worked(work) harder at our lessons as the College Entrance Examination is approaching.
③But this is the first time that I have written(write) an application and the personal resume, so I don’t know if there is something to pay attention to.
④There was once a time when women were not allowed to go to university in Poland.
be about to do sth.正要做某事
(教材P20)This was the call that announced there was about to be a whale hunt.
这是宣告捕鲸行动马上就要开始的呼声。
be about to do sth.when... 正要做某事就在这时……
be doing sth. when... 正在做某事，这时……
had just/hardly/scarcely done sth. when...
刚做完某事，这时……
①Don’t go out now；we are about to have lunch.
现在不要出去了，马上我们就要吃午饭了。
②I was about to give up when my father came and encouraged me to keep going.
在我正要放弃的时候，我父亲来了并且鼓励我要坚持。
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①They were doing(do) a chemistry experiment when suddenly their clothes caught fire.
②He had just finished his homework when his mother asked him to play the piano.
品句填词
1．As an important witness(目击者), the man said that he saw the driver drive to the north.
2．Police caught up with one of the four suspects, but the other three fled(逃跑)．
3．She stressed the importance of good teamwork(团队合作)．
4．He makes every effort to provide accommodations(住所) for the abandoned animals.
5．We have a good working relationship(关系) with the company.
6．Sometimes I have an urge(冲动) to set aside all the work and start travelling.
7．(2019·江西南昌三中高二下期中)He paused(暂停) for a little while and then went on with his work.
8．Her son dragged(拉) me to his study and showed me his piles of books proudly.
9．His yearly income is about 20，000 yuan. In other words, his annual(每年的) income is not high.
10．He dived(一头扎进) into his research and had no time to accompany his wife to Hong Kong.
单句改错
1．I urged that we took immediate action to prevent such a thing happening again.
took→take
2．Mary is abandoned to drink all day long.
drink→drinking
3．Knowing that the little girl didn’t come to school，I can’t help wonder what happened to her.
wonder→wondering
4．I was about to do an important piece of work that my daughter came to interrupt me.
that→when
5．I often miss my childhood. It was a time that I spent almost each day without worries.
that→when
6．It takes patience and hard work master English writing.
在master前加to
完成句子
1．这本书写于1946年，它见证了自此以后教育制度的巨大变化。
This book was written in 1946, since when the education system has__witnessed__great__changes．
2．由于受伤了，他别无选择只能大声求救。
Being__injured,__he had no choice but to scream for help.
3．苏珊没有被邀请也参加了这次聚会，这让主人很惊讶。
Susan attended the party without__being__invited，which made the host surprised.
4．乔丹是个有决心的人，没有什么能阻止他实现自己的梦想。
Jordan is a determined person, and nothing can stop__him__from__achieving his dream.
5．今天晚上我们有充足的时间好好享受妈妈做的菜。
Tonight, we have plenty of time to have__a__good__feed__on the dishes made by our mother.
课文语法填空
Clancy began work at the whaling station when he was only 16. He witnessed the stories that killers helped catch huge 1.whales(whale) and protected whalers.
One afternoon, Clancy was sorting out his 2.accommodation(accommodate) when he heard a loud noise coming 3.from the bay. He and other whalers ran down to the shore and saw an enormous black and white animal throwing itself in the air and then crashing down again. It was a killer called Old Tom, 4.which was telling the whalers that there was a whale out there.
Clancy and George got on the boat. Old Tom led them to the hunt. As they drew near, they saw a whale 5.being__attacked(attack) by six excited killers. The body of the whale 6.was__dragged(drag) swiftly by the killers down into the 7.depths(deep) of the sea, and they would eat its lips and tongue, leaving the rest of the body.
Although Old Tom and the other killers were fierce hunters, they never harmed people. As 8.a matter of fact, they protected them. One day, James was washed off the boat. The sea was so tough that the boat was difficult 9.to__handle(handle). It took the whalers over half an hour to get the boat back to James. When they approached, they saw James being 10.firmly(firm) held up in the water by Old Tom.
单句语法填空
1．The manager urged us to__finish(finish) the task before Friday.
2．Mr. Brown paused(pause) for minutes, and then went on with his talk.
3．Mrs. Smith is very kind?hearted and she has adopted a lot of abandoned(abandon) animals.
4．The last ten years has__witnessed(witness) great advances in space exploration in our country.
5．There will be a talk about animal conservation(conserve) in the school hall on Saturday afternoon.
6．A passer?by dived(dive) into the river and rescued the drowning boy from the water.
7．Bruce opened the door, and he had Jackson drag/dragging(drag) the man out of the room at once.
8．We have arranged accommodations(accommodate) for those who will attend the meeting to be held next weekend.
9．William Beebe is one of the first men in the world to explore the depths(deep) of the sea to observe undersea life that has never been seen before.
10．I was about to__go(go) to bed when I heard someone knock at the door.
阅读理解
A 600?year?old Buddha statue(佛像) has been discovered in an artificial lake in east China’s Jiangxi Province after water levels fell. A local villager first spotted the head of the Buddha when the water level fell by more than 10 meters during his work at a hydropower gate, Xinhua News Agency reported. The Buddha’s head sits against a cliff and stares at the body of water. It has attracted many tourists as well as locals, who see it as a favorable sign.
“A basic study of the statue suggests it was probably built during early Ming Dynasty, maybe even earlier than Yuan Dynasty，” Xu Changqing, director of the Research Institute of Archaeology(考古学) of Jiangxi Province, stated in an interview.
The statue is potentially just the tip of an undiscovered archeological treasure. A base of a temple hall was also found under the water. Local records suggest the lake was located on the ruins of an ancient town called Xiaoshi.
Xu said an underwater archeology team is investigating both the ancient town and the statue and working on a preservation plan. Xu added that being kept in water could have preserved the statue, which features surprisingly detailed carving.If the statue wasn’t preserved in the water, it could have suffered weathering, oxidation or other risks. Many cultural relics were destroyed during the country’s Cultural Revolution in the 1960s when people were told to get rid of everything old and superstitious(迷信的).
The statue is around 12.5 feet (3.8 meters) tall and carved into a cliff. China is home to a number of noticeable Buddhist cliff and cave carvings.One of the most famous is Leshan Giant Buddha, the world’s tallest Buddha statue. Guan Zhiyong, a local official, told Xinhua that the Buddha statue was built by ancient people as a spiritual protector to calm the rapid?flowing current where two rivers meet.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。位于江西省境内的一个人工湖因水位下降，使隐藏在水下的一尊佛像露出了水面。据专家考证，此佛像大约开凿于明朝年间。
1．Why did the author quote Mr. Xu’s words in the second paragraph?
A．To tell us where the news comes from.
B．To show the long history of the statue.
C．To tell us who is involved in the study.
D．To show the value of the statue directly.
B 解析：推理判断题。文章第二段引用了考古学家的话，告诉我们这座佛像可以追溯到明朝甚至更早，是为了说明佛像历史悠久。
2．Paragraph 3 indicates that________．
A．some local people used to explore the lake
B．there is a splendid temple lying under the water
C．ancient people in Xiaoshi had a strong religious belief
D．more archeological discoveries can be made in the lake
D 解析：推理判断题。根据第三段的话可知，这座雕像只是未被发现的考古宝藏的冰山一角，这个人工湖建立在一座古城之上。由此推测，水下将会有更多的考古发现。
3．Which word can be used to describe the Buddha statue according to Xu?
A．Magic. B．Priceless.
C．Lucky. D．Fine.
C 解析：推理判断题。根据第四段的内容尤其是If the statue wasn’t...or other risks.可知，这尊佛像由于在水下而没有受到任何影响，因为在“文化大革命”期间，受到破除封建迷信的影响，许多文物遭到毁灭。由此推测，它是“幸运的”。
完形填空
Little Lady lost her favorite ball.There were few things that brought this 17?month?old more __1__ than playing with her favorite ball. So we went to the store to replace the __2__ ball. Little Lady __3__ the outing, since there were so many exciting things to get off the shelves. And when we reached the ball passage, she nearly jumped for joy.
As we left the passage, Little Lady was __4__ and smiling, holding her __5__ ball in her hands. While waiting to pay, Little Lady __6__ a red balloon that had obviously been used for some activities but was now wandering __7__ around the floor like a lost puppy(小狗)．
If you think a ball can bring __8__， wait till you see the sparkle(闪光) in the eye of a young child who has just __9__ her very own red balloon. She caught the balloon immediately and held it __10__ all the way back to the car. Did she want to hold the ball? No way. She had a balloon.
I couldn’t help but wonder at how she valued the __11__ balloon more than the ball for which I had just paid good money. Is there a(n) __12__ we can learn from such an experience? Here are the possible lessons that occurred to me：Why bother(费心) to buy something expensive, if your daughter __13__ something free? Money can’t buy the most __14__ things in life. Your child can see __15__ where you can’t, so listen to what he or she says.
How often do we value the __16__ things that cost the most? How hard do we work to earn extra money to buy things we do not __17__？
What would life be like __18__ we chose to have less of the things money can buy, but chose to have more __19__ instead? More time to spend loving our family? More time to spend knowing ourselves? What if we are __20__ the red balloon of happiness to chase(追逐) after a costly ball?
【解题导语】 本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要讲述了作者带女儿到商店买玩具，但女儿却喜欢一只免费的气球，这引发了作者的思考。
1．A.benefits B．relief
C．awards D．pleasure
D 解析：根据本段中的Little Lady lost her favorite ball.及And when we reached the ball passage, she nearly jumped for joy.可知，能带给作者17个月大的女儿“快乐(pleasure)”的莫过于她最喜欢的玩具球。
2．A.expensive B．missing
C．broken D．dirty
B 解析：根据本段中的Little Lady lost her favorite ball.可知，作者的女儿最喜欢的玩具球丢了，所以作者带她到商店里买一只新的代替这只“丢失的(missing)”玩具球。
3．A.planned B．remembered
C．canceled D．enjoyed
D 解析：根据空后since there were so many exciting things to get off the shelves可知，作者的女儿很“喜欢(enjoyed)”这次出行。
4．A.proud B．energetic
C．delighted D．relaxed
C 解析：根据第一段中的And when we reached the ball passage, she nearly jumped for joy.及本段中的As we left the passage.可知，作者的女儿一边“开心(delighted)”笑着，一边抱着她“新的(new)”玩具球。
5．A.new B．wet
C．heavy D．familiar
A
6．A.received B．recognized
C．noticed D．showed
C 解析：根据本段中的a red ballon that had obviously been used for some activities but...like a lost puppy(小狗)可知，就在作者等待结账的时候，作者的女儿“注意到(noticed)”一只红色的气球，这只气球很明显是举办某些活动时使用过的，但它现在却像一只走失的小狗一样“漫无目的地(aimlessly)”在店里晃悠。
7．A.aimlessly B．immediately
C．restlessly D．secretly
A
8．A.calmness B．happiness
C．fortune D．love
B 解析：根据本段中的If you think a ball can bring...her very own red balloon.可知，如果你认为一只玩具球就能带来“快乐(happiness)”的话，那么等你看到一个刚“找到(found)”她想要的红气球的小孩眼中的光芒时，你就会明白什么是真正的快乐。
9．A.designed B．bought
C．made D．found
D
10．A.silently B．properly
C．tightly D．patiently
C 解析：根据本段中的Did she want to hold the ball? No way. She had a ballon.可知，作者的女儿马上抓住了那只气球并一路“紧紧地(tightly)”抱着它回到车上。
11．A.free B．strange
C．big D．light
A 解析：根据空后的more than the ball for which I had just paid good money可知，作者不禁为女儿会如此珍爱这只“免费的(free)”气球而感到吃惊。
12．A.lesson B．opinion
C．skill D．trick
A 解析：根据空后的Here are the possible lessons that occurred to me可知，我们是否可以从这件事中学到一些“经验教训(lesson)”呢？
13．A.observes B．prefers
C．forgets D．regrets
B 解析：根据上文中的she valued the...balloon more than the ball for which I had just paid good money可知，如果你的女儿“更喜欢(prefers)”免费的东西，那么何必要费心去买一些贵的东西呢？
14．A.creative B．practical
C．powerful D．important
D 解析：根据上文中作者的女儿喜欢免费气球的描述及本段中的Money can’t buy...in life可知，金钱买不到人生中最“重要的(important)”东西。孩子们能看到成年人看不到的“价值(value)”，所以要倾听他们的声音。
15．A.value B．success
C．hope D．peace
A
16. A．old B．similar
C．wrong D．different
C 解析：根据上文中作者的女儿喜欢免费气球的描述及本段中的things that cost the most及How hard do we work to earn extra money to buy...可知，我们常常珍视那些花费高昂却“错误的(wrong)”东西。我们又付出了多少努力去挣取外快购买那些其实并不“需要(need)”的东西呢？
17. A．know B．need
C．like D．change
B
18. A．before B．though
C．because D．if
D 解析：根据本段中的What would life be like和we chose to have...instead及More time to spend loving our family？More time to spend knowing ourselves？可知，“如果(if)”我们选择少买一些东西，但多花一些“时间(time)”来爱家人或了解自己，我们的生活会是怎样的呢？
19. A．chance B．time
C．right D．confidence
B
20．A.blowing up B．picking out
C．giving up D．holding on
C 解析：根据空后的chase(追逐) after a costly ball可知，如果我们“放弃了(giving up)”能够带来快乐的红气球而一味追逐昂贵的玩具球，我们的生活又会是怎样的呢？
短文改错
Dear Li Hua，
I’ve recent been trying out some extreme sports！It sound a bit unlike me.Before I tried them myself，I thought that you had to crazy to do things like rock climbing or white?water rafting(激流漂流)．However，I’ve changed my mind thanks for my older brother.As part of my birthday present，I was taking by him to the adventure centre where I had a chance to try some of the most thrilled activities you can imagine！I was a bit of scared of white?water rafting at first，but as soon as I got into the raft，I forget my fear.Now I’m looking forward to meet you，so we can enjoy these kind of interesting sports together.
Yours，
Li Lei
答案：
Dear Li Hua，
I’ve been trying out some extreme sports！It a bit unlike me.Before I tried them myself，I thought that you had to crazy to do things like rock climbing or white?water rafting. However，I’ve changed my mind thanks my older brother.As part of my birthday present，I was by him to the adventure centre where I had a chance to try some of the most activities you can imagine！I was a bit scared of white?water rafting at first，but as soon as I got into the raft，I my fear.Now I’m looking forward to you，so we can enjoy these of interesting sports together.
Yours，
Li Lei
PAGE
1
Section Ⅲ Learning about Language & Using Language
重点单词
写作词汇
1.jog vi. 慢跑
vt. 轻推；轻撞
2.target n. 目标；靶；受批评的对象
3.pure adj. 纯的；纯粹的；纯洁的
4.neat adj. 〈口〉好的；整齐的；匀称的
5.grey adj.& n. 灰色(的)
6.shallow adj. 浅的；肤浅的；浅显的
7.steep adj. 陡峭的
拓展词汇
8.reflect vi.思考vt.映射；反射；思考→reflection n．反映
9.aware adj.意识到的；知道的→awareness n．意识
10.vivid adj.生动的；鲜明的；鲜艳的→vividly adv.清晰地
11.narrow adj.狭窄的；有限的；狭隘的→narrowly adv.勉强地；狭窄地；严密地
12.sharp adj.锐利的；锋利的；敏捷的→sharpen vt.& vi.削尖；磨快；尖锐；变锋利
13.tasty adj.好吃的；可口的→taste n．味道vi.尝起来vt.品尝
14.scare vt.恐吓 vi.受惊吓→scared adj.害怕的
15.pension n．养老金；退休金→pensioner n．领取养老金者
阅读词汇
16.net n． 网；网状物；网络
17.tide n． 潮(汐)；潮水；潮流
18.cell n. 细胞；(蜂房的)巢室
19.seaweed n. 海草；海藻
20.flashlight n． 闪光信号灯；手电筒；闪光灯
21.suck vt.& vi. 吮吸
22.turtle n. 海龟；龟；甲鱼
23.boundary n． 界限；分界线
24.awesome adj. 使人敬畏的；令人畏惧的
25.seal n． 海豹；封条；印章
重点短语
1.be in danger of 处于……的危险中
2.be trapped/caught in 被困于
3.wake up 醒来
4.be/become aware of 对……知道、明白；意识到……
5.upside down 上下翻转
6.get close to 靠近
7.stop sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事
8.(be) scared to death 吓死了
重点句型
1.with复合结构：I’ m sitting in the warm night air with a cold drink in my hand(手里拿着一瓶冷饮) and reflecting on the day—a day of pure magic！
2.where引导地点状语从句：The water was quite shallow but where the reef ended(珊瑚礁的尽头), there was a steep drop to the sandy ocean floor.
Read the text carefully and choose the best answer.
1．In the diary，the author mainly wants to tell us ________．
A．what he saw in the sea
B．how the fish eat in the sea
C．the vivid colours in the sea
D．all the plants in the sea are poisonous
2．What was hanging upside down in the sea according to the text?
A．The orange and white fish.
B．The yellow－spotted red sea－slug.
C．The yellow and green parrotfish.
D．The orange and blue－striped angelfish.
3．How many kinds of creatures didn’t the author want to get too close to according to the fourth paragraph?
A．Two. B．Three.
C．Four. D．Five.
4．From the whole text we know that the author felt that ________．
A．he was a tiny spot compared with the sea world
B．the ocean was a tiny spot compared with the whole world
C．there was no danger in the sea except sharks
D．all kinds of fish were waiting for something for food
答案：1－4.ACBA
①dimension[dI'men?n]n.维(数)；方面；侧面
②reflect[rI'flekt]vi.思考vt.映射；反射；思考
reflect on仔细思考；考虑
③pure[pj??]adj.纯的；
纯粹的；纯洁的
④snorkel['sn??kl]vi.戴潜水通气管潜泳n.(潜水艇或潜水者的)通气管
go snorkelling戴着呼吸器潜泳
⑤offshore[??f'???]adv.& adj.近海(的)；离岸(的)
⑥fantastic adj.奇妙的，
令人惊奇的
⑦cell[sel]n.细胞；(蜂房的)巢室
⑧wake up醒来；唤醒
⑨be/become aware of对……知道、明白；意识到……
aware[?'we?]adj.意识到的；知道的
⑩vivid['vIvId]adj.生动的；
鲜明的；鲜艳的
?surround vt.环绕，围绕
?horn n．(牛、羊、鹿等的)角；号角；喇叭；警报器
?neat[ni?t]adj.〈口〉
好的；整齐的；匀称的
?mind (sb./one’s) doing sth.介意(某人)做某事(mind后接动名词或动名词的复合结构)
?seaweed['si?wi?d]n.海草；海藻
?narrow['n?r??]adj.
狭窄的；有限的；狭隘的
?passage n．通道；走廊；短文
?flashlight['fl??laIt]n.
闪光信号灯；手电筒；
闪光灯
?upside down上下翻转
?suck[s?k]vt.& vi.吮吸
yellow?spotted adj.带着黄斑点的
sea?slug['si?sl?ɡ]n.海蛞蝓
wise?looking adj.长相聪慧的
turtle['t??tl]n.海龟；龟；甲鱼
eel[i?l]n.鳗；鳝
sharp[?ɑ?p]adj.锐利的；锋利的；敏捷的
tasty['teIstI]adj.好吃的；可口的
giant['d?aI?nt]adj.巨人的；巨大的n.巨人；伟人
clam[kl?m]n.蛤
in between在……之间
grey[ɡreI]adj.& n.
灰色(的)
(be) scared to death吓死了
scare[ske?]vt.恐吓
vi.受惊吓
shallow['??l??]adj.
浅的；肤浅的；浅显的
steep[sti?p]adj.陡峭的
boundary['ba?nd?rI]n.
界限；分界线
wildly adv.急剧地；失控地；紊乱地
(be) exposed in暴露在……中
be exposed to接触，
暴露给……
limitless adj.无限的
A NEW DIMENSION① OF LIFE
19th January
I’m sitting in the warm night air with a cold drink in my hand and reflecting② on the day—a day of pure③ magic! I went snorkelling④ on the reef offshore⑤ this morning and it was the most fantastic⑥ thing I have ever done．Seeing such extraordinary beauty, I think every cell⑦ in my body woke up⑧. It was like discovering a whole new dimension of life.
◆with a cold drink in my hand是“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构。此处的宾语补足语是介词短语in my hand。
◆I have ever done是定语从句，修饰先行词the most fantastic thing。先行词被形容词最高级修饰时，定语从句的引导词宜用that。此处that在从句中作宾语，已被省略。
◆现在分词短语Seeing such extraordinary beauty作状语。
The first thing I became aware of⑨ was all the vivid⑩ colours surrounding? me—purples, reds, oranges, yellows, blues and greens. The corals were fantastic—they were shaped like fans, plates, brains, lace, mushrooms, the branches of trees and the horns? of deer. And all kinds of small, neat? and elegant fish were swimming in and around the corals.
◆I became aware of是省略了引导词that(不宜用which)的定语从句，修饰The first thing。
◆现在分词短语surrounding me作定语，修饰colours。
The fish didn’t seem to mind me swimming? among them. I especially loved the little orange and white fish that hid in the waving long thin seaweed?. And I also loved the small fish that clean the bodies of larger fish—I even saw them get inside their mouths and clean their teeth! It seemed there was a surprise waiting for me around every corner as I explored small caves, shelves and narrow? passages? with my underwater flashlight?：the yellow and green parrotfish was hanging upside down?， and sucking? tiny plants off the coral with its hard bird?like mouth; a yellow?spotted red sea?slug was sliding by a blue sea?star; a large wise?looking turtle was passing so close to me that I could have touched it.
◆that hid in the waving...和that clean the bodies...均是that引导的定语从句。
◆waiting for me为现在分词短语作定语，修饰a surprise; as I explored...为as引导的时间状语从句。
◆so...that引导结果状语从句。
There were other creatures that I didn’t want to get too close to—an eel with its strong sharp teeth，with only its head showing from a hole, watching for a tasty fish(or my tasty toe！); and the giant clam half buried in some coral waiting for something to swim in between its thick green lips. Then there were two grey reef sharks, each about one and a half metres long, which suddenly appeared from behind some coral. I told myself they weren’t dangerous but that didn’t stop me from feeling scared to death for a moment!
◆that I didn’t want to...是that引导的定语从句，修饰other creatures。
◆with only its head showing from a hole是with复合结构，在句中作伴随状语；现在分词短语watching for...作showing from a hole的状语，对其加以补充和说明。
◆which引导非限制性定语从句，which指代two grey reef sharks。
The water was quite shallow but where the reef ended, there was a steep drop to the sandy ocean floor. It marked a boundary and I thought I was very brave when I swam over the edge of the reef and hung there looking down into the depths of the ocean. My heart was beating wildly —I felt very exposed in such deep clear water.
◆where the reef ended是where引导的地点状语从句。where意为“在某个地方”。
◆现在分词短语looking down into the depths of the ocean作伴随状语。
What a wonderful, limitless world it was down there! And what a tiny spot I was in this enormous world!
◆两个what引起的感叹句加强感彩。
崭新的生活空间
1月19日
我坐在温暖的夜空下，手里拿着一瓶冷饮，回忆着当天的事情——这纯粹是神奇的一天！这天上午，我戴着呼吸器在近海的珊瑚礁上潜泳，这是我从来没有过的绝妙经历。看到这样奇特的美景，我体内的每个细胞都苏醒了，就像发现了一个全新的生活空间似的。
我首先注意到的是我周围那些鲜艳的色彩——紫色、红色、橘黄、明黄、蓝色和绿色。那些珊瑚都是稀奇古怪的——有的形状像扇子、盘子、脑袋和彩带，有的像蘑菇、树枝和鹿角。还有种类繁多、小巧整齐、姿态优雅的鱼穿行在珊瑚丛中，或环游于珊瑚的四周。
我在这些鱼群中游泳，它们似乎并不在乎。我特别喜欢那些橘黄和白色相间的小鱼，它们藏在波动着的细长的海藻里。我也喜欢那些为大鱼清洁身体的小鱼——我甚至还看到这些小鱼游进大鱼的嘴里去帮它们清洁牙齿！当我用水下探照灯探索小石洞、暗礁和狭窄通道的时候，似乎每个角落都有使我感到惊奇的东西等着我：黄绿相间的鹦嘴鱼倒挂着，用它那像鸟嘴一样的硬嘴从珊瑚上吮吸微小植物；一条带着黄斑点的红色海蛞蝓从一个蓝色的海星旁边滑行过去；一只长相聪慧的大海龟紧贴我的身旁而过，我伸手便可触及。
还有一些其他的动物，我不想太靠近它们——一条带有利齿的海鳗，只是把头从洞里伸出来，望着可作美餐的鱼过来(或者在等着我的美味脚趾伸过去！)；那个巨大的蛤蜊半掩在珊瑚礁中等着有什么东西游过来，游到它那宽厚的绿嘴唇中去。然后，有两条灰色的礁鲨，每条大约有1.5米长，突然从珊瑚后边游了出来。我告诉自己它们并不危险，但是这样一点也不能抑制我那怕得要死的心情！
水很浅，但是到了珊瑚礁的尽头，就有一个陡坡，一直下降到满是沙子的海底。这是边界的标志。我游过珊瑚礁的边沿，浮在上面往下看海底的时候，我认为我还是非常勇敢的。我的心急剧地跳动着——在这样深邃而清澈的海水中，我感觉我彻底曝光了。
这个水底下的世界是多么美妙，多么漫无边际！ 而我在这个海洋的世界中又是多么渺小！
reflect vi.思考 vt.映射；反射；思考
(教材P24)I’m sitting in the warm night air with a cold drink in my hand and reflecting on the day—a day of pure magic!
我坐在温暖的夜空下，手里拿着一瓶冷饮，回忆着当天的事情——这纯粹是神奇的一天！
(1)reflect on/upon sth. 思考某事
(2)reflection n． 反射；反照；反映；映像；认真思考
be lost in reflection 陷入深思中
①It reflects a trend that nowadays teenagers care more about their phones instead of friends.
这反映了当今青少年更关心手机而不是朋友的趋势。
②When the sun’s rays hit the earth，a lot of heat is reflected back into space.
太阳光照射到地球时，大量的热被反射回空中。
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①(2019·江苏卷)A city is the product of the human hand and mind，reflecting(reflect) man’s intelligence and creativity.
②Usually a child’s behaviour is a reflection(reflect) of his family environment.
③You should set aside some time to reflect on your successes and failures.
[能力提升]——微写作
④(2019·江苏卷)此外，中国传统的衣服不能反映我们学校的独特文化。
What’s more，the traditional Chinese dress can’t reflect the unique culture of our school．
be/become aware of 对……知道、明白；意识到……
(教材P24)The first thing I became aware of was all the vivid colours surrounding me—purples, reds, oranges, yellows, blues and greens.
我首先注意到的是我周围那些鲜艳的色彩——紫色、红色、橘黄、明黄、蓝色和绿色。
(1)be aware that 知道；体会到……
make sb.aware of/that... 使某人注意到……
as far as I’m aware 据我所知
(2)raise/arouse one’s awareness of
提高某人的意识
①When visiting another country, you should be aware of those differences and respect them.
当你拜访另一个国家时，你应该意识到这些差异并尊重它们。
②What he had said made me aware of my own shortcomings.
他所说的话使我意识到了我自己的缺点。
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①(2019·北京卷)Earth Day, marked on 22 April, is an annual event aiming to raise public awareness(aware) about environmental protection.
[能力提升]——词汇升级
②(普通表达)Through the activity, we realize the importance of carrying out a low carbon economy in our country.
(高级表达)Through the activity, we are aware of the importance of carrying out a low carbon economy in our country.
narrow adj.狭窄的；有限的；狭隘的 v．缩小
(经典例句)Parents and children should communicate more to narrow the gap between them so that they can understand each other better.
父母和孩子应该多沟通交流，缩小彼此之间的代沟，以便能够更好地理解彼此。
(1)a narrow victory 险胜
a narrow escape 死里逃生
(2)narrow－minded adj. 心胸狭窄的
narrowly adv. 仔细地；勉强地
①As far as I know, the girl has a very narrow view of the world.
就我所知，这个女孩对世界的认识是非常狭隘的。
②He won a narrow victory in the election.
他在竞选中险胜。
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①It is said that he narrowly(narrow) escaped being killed in the traffic accident the other day.
②He congratulated himself on having made a narrow(narrowly) escape from death.
[能力提升]——微写作
③当地政府为缩小贫富差距做出了很大的努力，并已达到预期的目标。
The local government has made great efforts to narrow the gap between the rich and the poor, and has already achieved the intended target.
sharp adj.锐利的；锋利的；敏捷的；(数量的上升或下降)急剧的
(经典例句)I felt sharp pain in my back, which made my parents very worried.
我感觉后背剧烈地疼痛， 这使我的父母很担心。
(1)have a sharp mind/brain 有敏锐的头脑
have a sharp eye/ear/nose for 对……有灵敏的视力/听力/嗅觉
(2)sharpen vt. 磨快；使锐利
sharply adv. 急剧地；严厉地；苛刻地
①The knife, which is very sharp, belongs to Tom.
这把锋利的刀子是属于汤姆的。
②Mary has a clear and sharp mind.Besides，she has a talent for drawing and singing.
玛丽思维清晰敏捷。此外，她还有画画和唱歌的天赋。
[即学即练]——单句语法填空/猜测加黑词的含义
①The program will give young athletes the chance to sharpen(sharp) their skills.
②From 2005 to 2014, the total number of private cars in China rose sharply(sharp) from 32 million to 154 million.
③Ever since last year, there has been a sharp increase in house prices.(数量的上升或下降)急剧的
scare vt.恐吓 vi.受惊吓 n．惊吓，恐慌，恐惧
(经典例句)It scared me to think I was alone in the building.
想到楼里只有我一个人，挺害怕的。
(1)scare...away/off 把……吓跑/吓退
(2)scaring adj. 令人害怕的；吓人的
(3)scared adj. 受惊吓的；感到害怕的
be scared to do... 不敢做……
be scared to death 吓死了
①(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)The gun shots had scared the dog off. 枪声把狗吓跑了。
②When the girl saw the long snake, she was scared to death.
当这个女孩看到这条长长的蛇时，她吓得要死。
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①I felt scared(scare) to death after hearing the shocking news from him.
②Making changes can be a scaring(scare) experience.
③She was scared(scare) when she found a very fierce dog.
(教材P24)I’m sitting in the warm night air with a cold drink in my hand and reflecting on the day—a day of pure magic!
我坐在温暖的夜空下，手里拿着一瓶冷饮，回忆着当天的事情——这纯粹是神奇的一天！
with复合结构在句中常作状语，表示原因、方式、时间、伴随等，其构成是：
with＋n.＋
①With so many lessons to go over, you’d better stay at home during this holiday.
有那么多的功课要复习，这个假期你最好待在家里。
②With nothing left to burn, the fire became weak and finally died out.
没有东西可烧，火变弱了，终于熄灭了。
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①With the beautiful dress she liked bought(buy), Lucy went home happily.
②The boby usually sleeps with the light on．
③(2019·江苏卷)China’s image is improving steadily, with more countries recognizing(recognize) its role in international affairs.
[能力提升]——句式升级
④(普通表达)I have an important meeting to attend, so I can’t go to the cinema with you.
(高级表达)With an important meeting to attend, I can’t go to the cinema with you.(with复合结构)
where引导地点状语从句
(教材P24)The water was quite shallow but where the reef ended, there was a steep drop to the sandy ocean floor. 水很浅，但是到了珊瑚礁的尽头，就有一个陡坡，一直下降到满是沙子的海底。
(1)从属连词where引导地点状语从句；
(2)wherever“在何处；无论何处”也可以引导地点状语从句。
①As the old saying goes，where there is a will，there is a way.
常言道：“有志者，事竟成。”
②As far as I’m concerned, you are free to go where you like.
就我个人而言，你愿意去哪里就去哪里。
[能力提升]——一句多译
很多高楼在一年前还是废墟的地方拔地而起。
①A number of high buildings have arisen where there was nothing a year ago but ruins.(状语从句)
②A number of high buildings have arisen in the place where there was nothing a year ago but ruins.(定语从句)
品句填词
1．Whoever goes against the tide(潮流) of history will come to no good end.
2．The students have picked up all the rubbish that they could find on the seaside(海边)．
3．Tom as well as his father caught a lot of fish with an old fishing net(网) yesterday afternoon.
4．The company will pay a big bonus to workers who reach the production target(目标) at the end of the year.
5．Every morning，Mr.Lin goes jogging(慢跑) in the park with some people who share the same interest with him.
6．The car turned over at the sharp(急剧的) bend in the road.Luckily, we had a narrow escape.
7.We all need clean air to breathe and pure(纯净的) water to drink.
8．In fact, it is of great help to stop once in a while and reflect(反思) on what you’ve done in the past few years.
9．He always has a vivid(生动的) imagination and I’m sure he is bound to be a promising novelist.
10．The road was too narrow(窄) for cars to pass. So we went there on foot.
选词填空
be aware of; (be) scared to death; upside down; sort out; get close to; help...out; in the meantime; be terrified of
1．In his spare time, Johnson helped his parents out on the farm.
2．My sister is__terrified__of dogs, so she won’t allow us to keep dogs at home.
3．If you help me sort__out the things upstairs, I’ll buy you a new bike.
4．Mrs.White is cooking in the kitchen. In__the__meantime，her son is doing his homework in the room.
5．The moment Alice caught sight of the strange creature，she was__scared__to__death for a while.
6．Mei Lun often jumps onto the roof and hangs upside__down from a rail, while Mei Huan is calm, preferring to sit quietly.
7．In a word, people around the world should be__aware__of the importance of receiving education.
8．I got__close__to that injured rabbit, picked it up and took it home.
完成句子
1．这是一次多么美妙的经历呀！(what引导的感叹句)
What__a__wonderful__experience__it__was!
2．我在你打篮球的地方发现了你的手机。(where引导的地点状语从句)
I found your phone where__you__played__basketball．
3．罗丝很友好，她的同学对她评价很高。
Ross is__so__friendly__that her classmates think highly of her.
4．操场上有很多学生正在踢足球。(there be sb./sth. doing...)
There__are__a__lot__of__students__playing__football in the playground.
5．有这么多学生围着他，林教授没法儿往前走。(with复合结构)
With__so__many__students__surrounding__him,__Professor Lin couldn’t move on.
课文语法填空
I went snorkelling on the reef offshore this morning，1.which was the most fantastic thing I have ever done.
What I became aware of first was all the vivid colours 2.surrounding(surround) me. The corals of different 3.shapes(shape) were fantastic. And all kinds of small, neat and elegant fish were swimming in and around them. 4.It seemed that there was a surprise waiting for me around every corner as I explored small caves, shelves and narrow passages. I saw many wonderful things. Small fish 5.went(go) inside the mouths of larger fish and cleaned their teeth! The yellow and green parrotfish was hanging upside down, and sucking tiny plants off the coral...
However, I didn’t want 6.to__get(get) close to some creatures, such as an eel with 7.its(it) strong sharp teeth, a giant clam, and two grey reef sharks. While they weren’t 8.dangerous(danger), I felt scared to death for 9.a moment.
The water was quite shallow but where the reef ended, there was a steep drop to the sandy ocean floor. I was brave enough to look down into the 10.depths(deep) of the ocean over the edge of the reef.
What a wonderful, limitless world it was down there!
单句语法填空
1．Just as the name suggests, the soup dumplings are filled with tasty(taste) soup.
2．Jane’s car knocked into a big stone, and she narrowly(narrow) escaped being injured.
3．Mr.Yang left the company purely(pure) because he was tired of doing the same work.
4．The divorce turned his whole world upside down,__which was beyond his expectation.
5．(2019·重庆一中高二下期中)As is vividly(vivid) shown in the picture, the music fan is trying to download songs he enjoys.
6．John sat on the balcony, reflecting(reflect) on the whole process of the event.
7．The teacher felt very happy with so many children sitting(sit) around him.
8．At the graduation ceremony, our headmaster required us to raise our competitive awareness(aware) in modern society.
9．After the war, a new school building was put up where there had once been a theatre.
10．Being__educated(educate) in a famous university is what most students wish for.
阅读理解
A
What if there were a way to take carbon dioxide(CO2) right out of the air and turn it into useful products? It might seem fantastic but scientists have actually proved it’s possible. One of the challenges, however, is making products that are valuable enough to cover the high costs of extracting(提取) the carbon dioxide.
There is already a significant market for CO2 and products made from it, most obviously fertilizer and fuels. This process of treating the gas as an original material rather than a waste product is known as carbon dioxide use (CDU) and usually starts by extracting CO2 from industrial gases. Extracting CO2 directly from the air can be a complex process. As CO2 represents just 0.04% of the atmosphere, you have to treat very large amounts of air just to produce even modest quantities of the gas. However, several companies have managed to design chemical processes to produce enough industrial CO2 which is economically practicable.
The new research from George Washington University finds a way to directly extract CO2 from the air and turn it into carbon nanofibres(纳米纤维). The researchers claim their new producing method is much cheaper than existing techniques. Could it become so widely used that it significantly reduces atmospheric CO2 levels? Current production of carbon nanofibres is around 500 tonnes a year and predicted to augment largely. But this is still far from the hundreds of millions of tonnes that would be needed to deal with greenhouse gases.
Sadly it’s most unlikely that the interesting breakthrough will be scaled up to limit climate change in the way that has been claimed. We believe that due to the size of the potential market, carbon nanofibres alone will not be able to make a significant impact on CO2 emission(排放). However, many new technologies and materials start with a small area before moving into more mainstream uses. And perhaps this could be the case for direct air extracting nanofibres. After all, change has to start somewhere.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。科学家一直在尝试将二氧化碳转化为有用的产品，本文介绍了此方面的一些进展和成果。
1．What can we know from Paragraph 2?
A．CO2 is used as a waste product in CDU.
B．People can capture enough CO2 from a little air.
C．Chemical processes to produce CO2 are more efficient.
D．Some companies have succeeded in extracting enough CO2 directly from air.
C 解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的However, several companies have managed to design chemical processes to produce enough industrial CO2 which is economically practicable.可推断，处理CO2的化学过程更有效率。
2．What does the underlined word “augment” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A．Stop. B．Fall.
C．Increase. D．Recover.
C 解析：词义猜测题。根据上下文可推知，碳纳米纤维的产量是一年约500吨，以后还会大量增加。
3．What can be the best title for the passage?
A．A Creative Way to Extract CO2
B．Turning CO2 into Useful Products
C．How to Deal with Global Warming
D．Making Nanofibres in a Simple Way
B 解析：标题归纳题。科学家一直在尝试将二氧化碳转化为有用的产品，本文介绍了此方面的一些进展和成果。
B
Jellyfish are a species of sea animal that are named because of their bodies. Despite the name, they are not fish. A jellyfish has no head, brain, heart, eyes, or ears.
Fossil evidence of these creatures dates back to over 650 million years ago, perhaps earlier than dinosaurs. With so many kinds of jellyfish floating about, there must be variety in the appearance of their body parts. However, the typical body is made up of the bell, the oral arms and the tentacles(触手)．
The bell of the jellyfish is the smooth umbrella?shaped body that is designed to pump. Inside the bell are the mouth and stomach. The digestive system(消化系统) is very simple. The stomach, which can be considered the jellyfish’s “inside”， is lined with cells. We can easily see their “inside” because water takes up the major part of their bodies, the percentage of which is over 95%.
The jellyfish has no brain, but it does have a simple nervous system called a nerve net, which spreads throughout the outside layer of the animal’s skin. When the jellyfish comes in contact with potential danger, the cells of the nerve net respond by shooting out many tentacles.
Although the jellyfish does not have sensory organs, it does possess tiny simple sensory structures. Their special structures in the body can react to light. Thus the jellyfish, though lacking a brain and eyes, can respond to sunlight shining through the water. It should be noted that, although it can perceive light, without eyes it cannot see images.
Jellyfish, because of their stinging(蜇人的) tentacles, can be dangerous to humans. Of the more than 2，000 species, roughly 70 are thought to be potentially dangerous to humans. The stings of some of these can even be deadly to humans, and may leave permanent scars on any victim who is lucky enough to survive.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。水母是生活在海洋里的一种无脊椎生物，最早可追溯到6亿5千万年前，甚至比恐龙还早。
4．What can be found in each jellyfish’s body?
A．Head. B．Heart.
C．A digestive system. D．Sensory organs.
C 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的A jellyfish has no head, brain, heart, eyes, or ears.，第三段中的The digestive system(消化系统) is very simple.以及倒数第二段第一句可知答案。
5．The “inside” of jellyfish can be easily seen because ________．
A．their bodies are umbrella?shaped
B．they have fewer cells
C．their bodies mainly consist of water
D．they have very thin skin
C 解析：细节理解题。根据第三段的最后一句We can easily see their “inside” because water takes up the major part of their bodies, the percentage of which is over 95%.可知，我们能够很容易看到水母的内脏，是因为水母身体的主要成分是水。
6．The underlined word “perceive” in Paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to “________”．
A．absorb B．sense
C．recognize D．judge
B 解析：词义猜测题。根据本段前文中的．..can respond to sunlight shining through the water.可知，尽管水母没有大脑和眼睛，但是它们仍然能够感觉到水里的光线。
7．What can be inferred from the passage?
A．Jellyfish’s digestive system is complex.
B．Jellyfish share the same body appearance.
C．Jellyfish protect themselves with their tentacles.
D．Jellyfish’s attack makes people die immediately.
C 解析：推理判断题。从第四段最后一句When the jellyfish comes in contact with potential danger, the cells of the nerve net respond by shooting out many tentacles.可知，当遇到危险时，水母就会伸出触手来保护自己。
七选五
An online interview is a job interview carried out over the Internet.An employer may choose to conduct an online interview in place of an in?person interview. 1.________ It is also more convenient for job applicants(求职者), because it reduces transportation time and costs.
2.________ If the employer is in a different time zone, the applicant must clearly understand the time of the interview. In addition, clarification(说明) is needed on whether the interview will be carried out via a Web meeting, an Internet phone or a live chat.
Testing the computer equipment ahead of time is an important part of preparing for an online interview. If using a Web camera, the applicant can test it to make sure he or she is sitting in a position that allows the full head and face to be visible. 3.________
A remote interview is much like an in?person interview. 4.________ The interviewee must take great care to dress professionally and remove any unnecessary noise from his location. Any item in the background that may give an unprofessional impression, such as food wrappers or a messy room, should be avoided.
Interviews can cause anxiety for some people. 5.________ This is because the individual is in the comfort of his or her own home or office. The interviewee should take great care, however, to avoid being too casual in tone or conversation.
A．So a large degree of professionalism is required.
B．This is often done to save the company money and time.
C．Wait for the interviewer to stop speaking before you answer.
D．If a live chat will be used, download the application ahead of time.
E．But an individual might feel more relaxed during an online interview.
F．Unlike other interview situations，you can have some notes in front of you.
G．Preparing for an online interview requires gathering some important information.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了在线面试的相关信息。
1．B 解析：此空设于段中，是一个过渡句，与上下文相呼应。前一句提到雇主选择在线面试，后一句提到在线面试对求职者的便利，由此可知在线面试对雇主也有优点，此处This指代前一句中的an online interview。
2．G 解析：此空设于段首，是本段的主题句。本段主要介绍了开始在线面试前要明确的主要信息。
3．D 解析：此空设于段尾，与前一句内容存在并列关系。上文介绍了准备在线面试需要测试电脑设备，以摄像头为例进行说明，因此如果使用在线聊天方式，应提前下载好有关程序。
4．A 解析：此空设于段中，承接上文并引出下文。前一句提到在线面试与直接面试相似，下文指出在线面试需要注意衣着举止和背景等细节，由此可知，在线面试同样要求面试者体现专业性。
5．E 解析：此空设于段中，是一个过渡句。前一句提到面试通常会让人焦虑，下文提到面试者在自己的家里和办公室感到舒适，说明在线面试反而会让面试者感到很放松。
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Section Ⅳ Grammar
v．－ing形式的被动式的用法
1．(教材P20)I had already heard that George didn’t like being kept(keep) waiting, so even though I didn’t have the right clothes on, I raced after him.
2．(教材P20)As we drew closer, I could see a whale being attacked(attack) by a pack of about six other killers.
3．(教材P20)Being badly wounded(wound), the whale soon died.
4．(教材P21)From James’s face, I could see he was terrified of being abandoned(abandon) by us.
5．(教材P21)．..when we approached him, I saw James being firmly held(hold) up in the water by Old Tom.
v．－ing形式的被动式的形式
形式 构成 意义
一般式 being＋及物动词的过去分词 与谓语动词表示的动作同时或在谓语动词表示的动作之后发生的动作
完成式 having been＋及物动词的过去分词 先于谓语动词表示的动作发生的动作
◆The problem being discussed at present is of great importance to us.
目前正在讨论的这个问题对我们来说很重要。
◆I appreciated having been given the chance to study abroad two years ago.
我非常感激两年前获得了去国外学习的机会。
(1)系动词、不及物动词不能用于被动语态，其主动形式有时可以表达被动意义。
◆The flowers smelling sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to enjoy the beauty of nature. 植物园里的鲜花散发着馨香，吸引着游客去欣赏大自然的美。
(2)need, want, require, be worth等后跟v.－ing形式表达被动意义。
◆As far as I’m concerned, the book is well worth reading.
就我个人而言，这本书很值得读。
v．－ing形式的被动式的用法
v．－ing形式的被动式在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、补足语、状语。其中，作主语、宾语、表语的v.－ing形式的被动式为动名词的被动式，作定语、补足语和状语的v.－ing形式的被动式为现在分词的被动式。
◆She insisted on being given the hardest work.(作宾语)
她坚持被派给最艰苦的工作。
◆I heard an English song being sung by a little girl when I passed by her room yesterday.(作宾语补足语)
昨天经过她房间时，我听见一个小女孩正在唱英文歌。
◆Not being allowed to go out makes him very angry.(作主语)
不让他出去使他非常生气。
◆Having been told many times, the naughty boy disobeyed the school rules again.(作状语)
被告知多次了， 这个淘气的男孩还是又一次违背了学校规章制度。
◆The museum being repaired will be re－opened to visitors next year.(作定语)
正在维修的博物馆将从明年重新对游客开放。
v．－ing形式的被动式的复合结构
当v.－ing形式的被动式的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，要在v.－ing形式之前加上物主代词或名词所有格(整个复合结构不作主语时，可用人称代词宾格代替物主代词，名词普通格代替名词所有格)。
◆I am very pleased at you/your having been honored with a medal. 很高兴你能获得一枚奖牌。
◆The decision having been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan. 决定已经做出，下一个问题就是如何制订一个好的计划了。
过去分词与现在分词被动式的区别
过去分词和现在分词都可表示被动：过去分词在表示被动的同时通常还表示完成，而现在分词的被动式分为完成式和进行式。需要根据具体情况来判断。
◆I saw him taken away by the police.
我看见他被警察带走了。
◆When I got off the bus, I saw him being taken away by the police.
当我下车的时候，我看到他正被警察带走。
◆The stone bridge built about 200 years ago will be pulled down.
那座约200年前建造的石桥将要被拆除。
◆The problem being discussed is how to make children take part in some activities independently.
正在讨论的问题是如何使孩子们独立地参与一些活动。
单句语法填空
1．I appreciated being given(give) the opportunity to work in your company two years ago.
2．I often can’t help being attracted(attract) by some news while looking through the website.
3．The foreign friends you mentioned are looking forward to being shown(show) around our newly built language lab.
4．Every student should have homework examined(examine) once a day, which is the rule that every student shall obey in our class.
5．Having been explained(explain) many times, he still couldn’t understand the theory.
6．To avoid being affected(affect), the girl insists that she should be separated from her deskmate, who is very naughty.
7．Tasting(taste) good and sweet, this kind of apple was soon sold out in the market.
8．Written(write) in a hurry, this article was not so good.
9．Our neighbor came close to being killed(kill) in a traffic accident the other day.
10．Susan, together with her parents, was invited(invite) to the palace party last night.
11．Injured(injure), he was sent to hospital at once by his classmates.
12．Shirley was tired of the party and slipped away without being noticed(notice)．
13．Little Alice didn’t tell the truth to her mother, because she was afraid of being blamed(blame)．
14．I, as well as you, couldn’t stand being kept(keep) waiting for so long, because I was also very busy at that time.
15．I heard of his being chosen(choose) to be the sales manager of the company.
单句改错
1．When I passed by the classroom, I heard a Chinese song sung.
在song后加being
2．This problem is very important and needs studied with great care.
studied→studying
3．The boy was frightened of left alone at home, so he firmly caught his mother’s hand.
在of后加being
4．Having asked to work overtime that evening, I missed the exciting basketball match.
在asked前加been
5．To my knowledge, exposed to the wind and rain for a long time must do harm to the machine.
在exposed前加being
语法与写作
1．这些天学校正在开展很多艺术活动，大部分同学都积极参与其中。
There are many art activities being carried out at school these days, and most students are actively involved in them.
2．在那个公园散步的时候，我们看见工人们正在河上建一座桥。
While we were walking in the park, we saw a bridge being bulit by workers over the river.
3．每个人都有受教育的权利，所以作为一名家长，你应该让你儿子继续他的学业。
Everyone has the right of being educated, so as a parent you should let your son continue his studies.
4．没有得到老师的表扬，我感到很不高兴。
Not having been praised by the teacher, I felt very unhappy.
5．被校体操队录取后，贝蒂非常兴奋。
After being admitted into the school gymnastic team, Betty felt very excited.
6．工人们无法忍受被这样对待，于是他们计划为改善工作条件而举行罢工。
The workers couldn’t stand being treated like that. As a consequence, they planned to go on strike for better working conditions.
单句语法填空
1．In order to avoid being__seen(see) by the English teacher, William walked into the classroom by the back door.
2．My brother is good at playing football and he dreams of being__admitted(admit) to the national football team one day.
3．Being__made(make) fun of by his classmates for his disabilities when he was a kid made Henry unwilling to speak to others.
4．Only in this way can we enjoy the pleasure and convenience of online shopping without the concern of being__cheated(cheat)．
5．In recent years the government has taken many measures to stop the environment being__polluted(pollute) and therefore, the air quality improves a lot.
6．Having__been__told(tell) many times about the harm of smoking, my husband decided to quit it.
7．Having__been__praised(praise) for his performance in the English class, Zhang Hua felt more confident.
8．In the past, all members were__allowed(allow) to bring three guests per month at no charge.
9．My daughter tidied her desk tonight without being__asked(ask) to do it again and again.
10．The high?speed railway being__constructed(construct) at present will be completed at the end of 2021.
11．Robert was frightened of being__fired(fire) by his boss, because he made a big mistake.
12．Seeing my deskmate being__awarded(award) a prize on the stage, I couldn’t help applauding him.
阅读理解
Scientific experiments have shown again and again that octopuses(章鱼) are pretty smart.They learn quickly，can solve puzzles and remember solutions.
But the big question is why？There are several reasons why octopus intelligence is a mystery to many biologists.Firstly，biologists believe that intelligent animals such as chimpanzees(黑猩猩) and dolphins develop large complex brains because they live in complex social groups and need to understand each other.Octopuses live alone.Secondly，other intelligent animals have long childhoods when they can learn from their parents.Such animals also generally live for quite a long time，so having a big brain is a good investment.Baby octopuses lose touch with their parents almost immediately after birth and then they only live for six months to a year.Why does this animal need such a large brain？Finally，octopuses are cousins to snails，oysters and mussels—quite primitive(原始的) animals，which appeared on Earth millions of years before mammals did.Generally，biologists believe that intelligence increases as you go higher up the tree of evolution(进化)．With their big brains，octopuses don’t seem to fit this theory at all.They almost seem to be aliens，a strange mystery of the animal world.It’s easy to understand why in Hawaiian folklore，people thought that the octopus was actually the last survivor of a lost universe.
One theory suggests that octopuses and humans perhaps have a lot in common.Like early humans，octopuses are physically much weaker than their predators．They have soft，naked(裸露的) bodies and they can’t swim as fast as many fish and sharks which hunt them.This is why octopuses spend much of their time hiding between rocks or in holes，just as humans learned to make their homes in caves.Octopuses have also learned some very effective techniques for hunting for food and this means that an octopus spends very little of its time(on average just seven percent) looking for food.But what do they think about as they hide away in their holes？Perhaps the cruel turns of evolution，which have left them with large，playful brains but living alone in the dark at the bottom of the ocean...
【解题导语】 本文是一篇议论文。文章对章鱼为何如此聪明进行了探讨。
1．Which of the following about octopuses has been confirmed?
A．They have a poor memory.
B．They prefer living in groups.
C．They usually have a short life.
D．They learn a lot from their parents.
C 解析：细节理解题。由第二段中的Baby octopuses lose touch with their parents almost immediately after birth and then they only live for six months to a year.可知，章鱼的寿命不长，只能活半年到一年的时间。
2．Why are octopuses like aliens?
A．They come from a different universe.
B．They have a very strange appearance.
C．They are the most intelligent creatures under the sea.
D．They don’t clearly belong in the pattern of evolution.
D 解析：推理判断题。由第二段中的octopuses are...primitive(原始的) animals，which appeared on Earth millions of years before mammals did...intelligence increases as you go higher up the tree of evolution(进化)可知，章鱼作为一种比哺乳动物出现早几百万年的原始生物，拥有大的脑容量并如此聪明，这很明显不符合生命演化的过程，因此被看作是外来生物。
3．What does the underlined word “predators” in the last paragraph probably refer to?
A．Cousins. B．Enemies.
C．Partners. D．Parents.
B 解析：词义猜测题。由最后一段中的They have soft，naked(裸露的) bodies and they can’t swim as fast as many fish and sharks which hunt them.可知，章鱼是一种软体动物，体力弱，没有捕杀它们的天敌游得快。
完形填空
My daughter was in Grade 10 at high school. She had been __1__ dyslexia(诵读困难). Despite our great efforts to __2__ her of her many other __3__， she thought she must be dumb. Any suggestions that she attend special education classes were __4__ because, in her estimation, that would __5__ that she was dumb.
She battled her work at high school. When it came to examinations, she would __6__ with the questions, thus causing problems in writing answers. Her math teacher, seemingly the only teacher who understood her dyslexia, __7__ offered to read the questions for her. Then what was the result? She got a __8__ unheard?of B for math. The __9__ of one thoughtful teacher had helped her enjoy life to the full, and she could now start to __10__ herself and her abilities, finally __11__ thinking she was dumb.
Without __12__ and thanking the math teacher, I would not allow this wonderful event to __13__. I phoned the school asking to speak to him, but received a very guarded “why？” from the receptionist. The __14__ in her voice was obvious when I replied, “I just want to express my __15__ to him.” “Oh...of course...just a moment，” she responded and got the call through to the teachers’ common room. The teacher came on the line with the same sense of __16__. I told him, “I just want to thank you for reading the questions to my daughter for her math exam. Not only did she get a B, but you have no idea of the __17__ impact your behavior has had on my daughter’s self?belief and hopes for her future. My wife, my daughter and I all sincerely thank you.”
My daughter’s __18__ with dyslexia continues to this day. __19__， she is now an experienced and fully?qualified Family and Youth Care worker. With self?confidence, she has helped and continues to help many people in her __20__ life and is happily married and now has four children.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇记叙文。作者的女儿自小患有诵读困难症，后来因一位老师的帮助，重新找回了自信，并且长大后又继续帮助他人。
1．A.knocking into B．living on
C．suffering from D．throwing off
C 解析：根据语境可知，作者上10年级的女儿一直患有诵读困难症。
2．A.warn B．approve
C．convince D．inform
C 解析：作者努力说服女儿相信她还有很多其他才能。
3．A.chances B．talents
C．hopes D．efforts
B 解析：尽管作者努力说服女儿相信她还有很多其他才能，但女儿始终认为自己愚笨。
4．A.adopted B．refused
C．noted D．considered
B 解析：任何上特殊学校教育课程的建议都遭到女儿的拒绝。
5．A.confirm B．expect
C．suspect D．notice
A 解析：女儿认为上特殊学校教育课程会证实自己是愚笨的。
6．A.communicate B．struggle
C．complain D．play
B 解析：患有诵读困难的女儿在考试时会有读题的麻烦。
7．A.impolitely B．impatiently
C．unwillingly D．unexpectedly
D 解析：在考试中，女儿的数学老师似乎是唯一一个理解女儿有诵读困难症的老师，很意外地帮女儿读了题。
8．A.previously B．particularly
C．normally D．clearly
A 解析：作者女儿在这次考试中得了B，这是前所未有的。
9．A.company B．comfort
C．action D．advice
C 解析：老师的行为对女儿帮助很大，女儿开始享受生活。
10．A.believe in B．seek for
C．long for D．hold in
A 解析：女儿变得自信起来，开始相信自己的能力。
11．A.enjoying B．continuing
C．beginning D．stopping
D 解析：女儿变得自信后不再认为自己是愚笨的。
12．A.contacting B．knowing
C．seeing D．praising
A 解析：老师对女儿的帮助影响很大，作者想要联系老师，表示感谢。
13．A.let out B．go by
C．go through D．let down
B 解析：作者不想让这件事就这么过去，一定要向老师道谢。
14．A.surprise B．excitement
C．disappointment D．sadness
A 解析：根据上文a very guarded “why？”可推知，传达员对作者的电话感到惊讶。
15．A.doubt B．fear
C．appreciation D．idea
C 解析：作者解释自己打电话的意图，是要向老师致谢。
16．A.caution B．stress
C．humor D．satisfaction
A 解析：老师跟传达员一样在接到陌生电话时也是谨慎小心的。
17．A.attractive B．objective
C．serious D．positive
D 解析：作者告诉老师，他的行为对女儿的自信及对未来的希望都有很积极的影响。
18．A.study B．puzzle
C．fight D．pain
C 解析：女儿仍然在与诵读困难症顽强抗争。
19．A.Otherwise B．However
C．Moreover D．Therefore
B 解析：虽然患有诵读困难症，女儿却最终成为关爱中心一位合格的有经验的员工。
20．A.potential B．professional
C．peaceful D．practical
B 解析：女儿现在不仅自己变得自信乐观，而且在她的职业生涯中还帮助了很多人。
语法填空
A male mako shark(灰鲭鲨)，1.____________(name) Hell’s Bay，traveled a distance of half the globe，or 13，000 miles，in less than two years.According to researchers，it is the longest track recorded in the Atlantic Ocean by a tagged mako shark.
The scientists began monitoring the shark in 2015.In the first year，he traveled north along the east coast of the US before 2.____________(return) to the tagging site off the coast of Ocean City，Maryland.In 2016，the shark made several round?trip journeys throughout the Atlantic，travelling east past Nova Scotia and as far south 3.____________ Bermuda.
The researchers say Hell’s Bay’s journeys have allowed them 4.____________(recognize) clear seasonal patterns.The mako shark spends the winter and early spring far offshore and 5.____________ rest of the year on or near the continental shelf.
While Hell’s Bay 6.____________(certain) deserves an award for the impressive mileage，the researchers say one of the 7.____________(reason) why he can swim so far is that he is still alive.
Mako sharks，one of the 8.____________(fast) sharks in the ocean，can swim at speeds of 45 miles per hour.Their rapid pace enables them to attack humans without warning，9.____________is why the sharks are so dangerous.
The scientists say that between 70－100 million sharks 10.____________(kill) by humans each year.Many species are already on the endangered list.
1．named 解析：考查过去分词作定语的用法。设空处作定语修饰mako shark，因为name和mako shark之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，且name表示的动作已完成，故填named。
2．returning 解析：考查动词?ing形式作宾语的用法。设空处作介词before的宾语，且he(指代the shark)与return之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，故填returning。
3．as 解析：考查介词。as far south as Bermuda意为“向南远至百慕大群岛”。
4．to recognize 解析：考查不定式作补语的用法。allow sb.to do sth.意为“允许某人做某事”。
5．the 解析：考查定冠词。rest在此表示“剩余”，其前用定冠词the。
6．certainly 解析：考查副词。设空处修饰谓语动词deserves，故填副词certainly。
7．reasons 解析：考查名词复数。由one of可知，设空处应用名词的复数形式，故填reasons。
8．fastest 解析：考查形容词最高级。“one of the＋形容词的最高级＋可数名词复数”表示“最……的……之一”。
9．which 解析：考查关系代词。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整个主句且在从句中作主语，故填which。
10．are killed 解析：考查一般现在时的被动语态。sharks与kill之间是被动关系，且由each year可知，此处应用一般现在时，故填are killed。
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Section Ⅴ Writing
投诉信
文体感知
投诉信是对产品或服务表示不满的信件。责备、抱怨和要求赔偿类的写作形式都为投诉信。此类的写作内容要明确、具体，事实要条理清楚，但是要避免使用过激或使对方难堪的措辞。写作要开门见山地列出对什么不满、为什么不满，最后提出解决的办法。
增分佳句
1．I am writing to you to complain about the washing machine bought from your store.
我写信给你抱怨从你店里买的洗衣机。
2．I would appreciate it if you can deal with this matter in time.
如果你能及时处理这个事情，我将会很感激。
3．If you can’t improve the present situation, I will take legal action.
如果你不能改善现在的情况，我将采取法律行动。
4．It was not until yesterday that I received them.
直到昨天我才收到它们。
写作模板
I am writing to you to complain about ________. I would appreciate it if you can deal with this matter in time.
The focus of the complaint is that ________. Firstly, it was not ________ until ________. Secondly, ________ was so ________ that ________. Thirdly, ________. (表达清楚投诉的内容)
I’d like to be informed of ________. If you can’t improve the present situation, I will take legal action. Thank you for your time and kind consideration.
Sincerely yours，
写信人姓名
写作要求
假定你是李华，两周前你从网上订购了一套英语书虫系列读物(Bookworm Series), 昨天才到货，且包装破损，数量不足。请就此给网店客服写一封电子邮件投诉。要点如下：
1．介绍购物情况；
2．反映存在的问题；
3．提出解决方案。
注意：1．词数100左右；
2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
审题谋篇
词汇推敲
1．订购 order
2．一套 a set of
3．令人失望的是 to one’s disappointment
4．打包 pack up
5．使事情更糟糕的是 to make matters worse
6．有权利做某事 have the right to do...
7．处理 deal with
8．或者……或者…… either...or...
9．被告知 be informed of
遣词造句
1．完成句子
①两周前我在你的网店订购了一套书虫系列。
I ordered a set of Bookworm Series on your website two weeks ago.
②直到昨天我才收到这套书。
I didn’t receive them until yesterday．
③令我失望的是，书被包装得很糟糕，所以一本书的书皮被扯坏了。
To my disappointment, the books were poorly packed up, and the cover of one book was torn.
④我发现一本书不见了，所以这套书不完整了。
It is not a complete set, as I found one book missing．
⑤你们要么给我归还钱要么再给我寄送一套新书。
You either return my money or deliver a new set of books to me.
⑥我有权利要求你们处理这个问题。
I have the right to ask you to deal with this problem.
⑦我想要被告知我的投诉信的处理过程。
I would like to be informed of the process of dealing with my complaint.
2．句式升级
⑧用but连接句①和句②。
I ordered a set of Bookworm Series on your website two weeks ago, but I didn’t receive them until yesterday.
⑨用so...that...结构改写句③。
To my disappointment, the books were so poorly packed up that the cover of one book was torn.
⑩用I hope that引导句⑤。
I hope that you either return my money or deliver a new set of books to me.
妙笔成篇
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One possible version：
To whom it may concern，
I’m one of your customers. I ordered a set of Bookworm Series on your website two weeks ago, but I didn’t receive them until yesterday. And much to my disappointment, the books were so poorly packed up that the cover of one book was torn. To make matters worse, it is not a complete set, as I found one book missing.
I’m angry to have received such poor service, and I believe I have the right to ask you to deal with this problem. I hope that you either return my money or deliver a new set of books to me. Besides, I’d like to be informed of the process of dealing with my complaint.
Looking forward to your reply!
Yours，
Li Hua
假定你是李华。最近你和父母去国外旅游，提前预订好了酒店。入住后你发现酒店的房间又脏又乱，配套设施也与网上的陈述不符。除此之外，经理不解决问题，服务态度还很差。请你根据以上要点提示向当地消费者协会写信投诉。
注意：1．.词数100左右；
2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
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One possible version：
Dear Sir/Madam，
I’m quite sorry to trouble you but I’m afraid that I have to make a complaint.
Recently my parents and I traveled to your country and booked a room ahead of time. However, much to our disappointment, we found the room in a mess when we arrived at the hotel. Besides, the facilities of the hotel didn’t work like what they are described on the Internet. What’s worse, instead of helping solve the problems, the manager of the hotel refused to get this situation improved and treated us in a rude manner.
I was really upset to find that such a bad thing should have happened in such a beautiful country. Your immediate attention and early reply will be appreciated.
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
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Unit 3 Under the sea
重点单词
重点词汇夯实练
1.witness vt.当场见到；目击 n．目击者；证人；证据
①With economy developing at great speed, our city has witnessed(witness) quite a few changes in recent years.
②One witness to the accident said that the driver appeared to be drunk.
2.accommodation n．住所；住宿
If you can’t find any accommodations elsewhere, here is a room which can accommodate up to five people.(accommodation)
3.teamwork n．协作；配合
Years of school life has taught me a lot of things, of which teamwork is the most important for me(协作对我来说最重要).
4.depth n．深(度)；深处
The lake is over 20 meters in depth. So we were all moved deeply by the man who dived deep into the lake to save the boy.(depth)
5.urge vt.催促；极力主张；驱策
①To protect the environment, it is urged(urge) that we should abandon bad lifestyle and adopt low－carbon lifestyle.
重点词汇夯实练
②The people in the earthquake－stricken area are in urgent(urge) need of food, medicine and shelters.
③The man anxiously urged the taxi driver to drive(drive) faster so that he could catch the last flight.
6.abandon vt.放弃；遗弃；抛弃
①A number of tourists have come here and thrown away a large amount of rubbish, such as abandoned(abandon) plastics.
②By no means shall we abandon searching(search) for the missing people.
7.reflect vi.思考 vt.映射；反射；思考
①In class, you will mainly learn Tang poetry, which reflects traditional Chinese culture(反映中国的传统文化) and is deeply loved by Chinese.
②You should reflect on the plan for a moment, and then make a decision.
8.aware adj.意识到的；知道的
①It is well worth making an effort to promote the public awareness(aware) of environmental protection.
②In conclusion, people around the world should be aware of the real situation of water shortage.
9.vivid adj.生动的；鲜明的；鲜艳的
He described vividly what he saw in London, giving us a vivid picture about people’s life there.(vivid)
10.narrow adj.狭窄的；有限的；狭隘的
The final score of the basketball match was 93∶94. We were narrowly(narrow) beaten.
阅读词汇排查练
1.anecdote n． 轶事；奇闻
2.shore n． 岸；海滨
3.yell vi. 大叫；呼喊
n. 叫声；喊声
4.dive vi.& n． 跳水(的动作)；潜水(的动作)；俯冲
5.harpoon n. (捕鲸用的)鱼叉
6.shark n． 鲨鱼
7.net n． 网；网状物；网络
8.tide n． 潮(汐)；潮水；潮流
9.cell n. 细胞；(蜂房的)巢室
10.seaweed n. 海草；海藻
11.flashlight n． 闪光信号灯；
手电筒；闪光灯
12.suck vt.& vi. 吮吸
13.turtle n. 海龟；甲鱼
14.boundary n． 界限；分界线
15.awesome adj. 使人敬畏的；令人畏惧的
16.seal n． 海豹；封条；印章
重点短语
会书写
1.in the meantime 在此期间；与此同时
2.be/become aware of 对……知道/明白；意识到……
3.(be) scared to death 吓死了
4.draw near 靠近
5.hold up 阻挡
6.help (...) out 帮助(某人)摆脱困境或危难
7.upside down 上下翻转
8.sort out 整理；分类；收拾
9.get close to 靠近
10.be about to do sth. 正要做某事
会应用
1.The conference will begin in an hour. In the meantime，let’s have a chat.
2.Looking for his lost magazine，the man turned the whole room upside down.
3.We should be aware of the danger of exposing children to violence on TV.
4.Though it took me three days to sort out these materials, I thought it was worthwhile to do this job.
5.As we all know，getting close to nature is beneficial to our health.
重点句型
句式 仿写
1.It was a time when ... 那是一个……时期 It was a time when the killer whales, or “killers” as they were then called, helped the whalers catch the baleen whales that were on their annual migration. 那段时期我十分迷恋玩网络游戏以至于没完成学业。 It was a time when I was so addicted to playing computer games that I didn’t finish school.
2.be about to do sth.正要做某事This was the call that announced there was about to be a whale hunt. 他正要放弃，这时脑海里产生了一个好主意。He was about to give up when a good idea began to form in his mind.
续 表
句式 仿写
3.with复合结构I’m sitting in the warm night air with a cold drink in my hand and reflecting on the day—a day of pure magic！ 春节期间没人陪她，老妇人感到很孤独。With nobody accompanying her during the festival，the old lady felt lonely.
4.where引导地点状语从句The water was quite shallow but where the reef ended, there was a steep drop to the sandy ocean floor. 雨水和阳光充足的地方植物生长得好。The plants grow well where there is plenty of rain and sun.
单元语法
1．Every student should have schoolwork or homework examined(examine) once a day，which is the rule that every student must obey in our class.
2．Misunderstood(misunderstand) by others，Jack felt depressed and asked his teacher for some advice.
3．Being injured(injure)，he was sent to hospital at once and is being operated on now.
4．I, as well as you，couldn’t stand being kept(keep) waiting so long，for I was also very busy at that time.
5．I must go to school now，because I can’t risk being punished(punish) by my teacher for being late for school.
话题写作
根据要求运用本单元所学知识完成下面小作文，并背诵成文。
1．在生活中我们经常目睹一些感人的画面。(witness)
2．当有人处于困境的时候， 很多人伸出援助之手。(help...out)
3．很多人遇到一些可怕的事情时吓得要死。(be scared to death)
4．去帮助那些需要帮助的人是需要勇气的。(it takes sth. to do sth.)
5．我们认识到这个世界需要每个人的热心。(be aware of...)
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One possible version：
We often witness some moving scenes in life.When someone is in trouble, many people help him out.Help is needed because when many people meet with some frightening things, they are almost scared to death.Of course, it takes courage to help those who are in need of help.In all, we are aware of the fact that the world needs everyone’s kindness.
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