Unit 2 Sailing the oceans
河流孕育着世界各地的文明，我们不能只是向她们索取，更重要的是要保护她们。在美国举行的River Spirit Exchange活动，正在帮助中国和美国的青年们更好地了解对方，了解河流，从而一起协作，更好地保护河流。
Sister rivers build cultural
bridge between US and China
The Mississippi is the major river system in the United States.The Yangtze is China’s longest river.
Although a world apart，the two water ways share conservation(保护) concerns that provide a cultural bridge between students from the United States and China，as well as from other parts of the world.
41 students from a dozen colleges explored a section of the Mississippi in Wisconsin and Iowa，to learn about the environment，and each other.
The students，from the US，China and other countries，took part in the River Spirit Exchange program.
The cross-cultural educational experience focuses on the Mississippi and China’s longest river，the Yangtze.
This three day get-together featured story-telling，camping and canoeing(划独木舟)．It’s part of a larger lesson about conservation projects that can be used on both the Yangtze and Mississippi.
After the group met at the Crane Foundation preserve，they headed south to an area of the Kickapoo River，where a 20-year conservation protected the natural setting of the waterway.
The effort was led by the director of the Lower Wisconsin State Riverway Board.
He told the group he was proud of its success.“I believe because of the Riverway Project we can make sure that our grandchildren’s grandchildren will be able to set a canoe in the waters of the Wisconsin River and be able to experience the same beauty that we can see today and what Native Americans saw many generations before.”
But accomplishing that was not easy.He told the students setting rules for loggers(樵夫)，farmers，landowners and developers caused anger and even a few threats of violence between the two sides.
Similar difficulties were met in China when people were trying to preserve the Yangtze River.
Chinese student Lu Xiaojun said the Mississippi and Yangtze River were uniting these students from opposite ends of the earth.
“We got to know each other during the exchange，” he said.He hoped that，by working together，they would find solutions to preserving these waterways.“I think it certainly helped people change their thinking and so they can look beyond now to the future.”
Section Ⅰ Warming Up & Reading—Preparing
mercy n． 仁慈；宽恕；怜悯
exploration n. 探险；探测
overhead adv. 在头顶上；在空中；在高处
adj. 在头上的
random adj. 任意的；随便的
awkward adj. 难使用的；笨拙的
reference n. 参考
minimum adj. 最小的；最低的
secure adj. 安全的；可靠的
9．precise adj. 精确的；准确的
10．simplify vt. 单一化；简单化
11．shortcoming n. 缺点；短处
12．reliable adj. 可靠的；可信赖的
13．update vt. 更新
14．tendency n. 趋向；倾向
at the mercy of 受……支配
work out 制定出
compare sth.with sth. 把……与……相比较
in relation to... 与……相关联
make mistakes 犯错误
1．How do_you_think seamen found their way before modern accurate methods of navigation were invented?
你们认为现在精确的航海方法被发明之前海员们是怎么找到方法进行航海的？
2．We may well wonder how seamen explored the oceans before latitude and longitude made it possible to_plot_a_ship’s_position_on_a_map．
我们很可能感到奇怪，在经纬度被用来在地图上标出船只位置之前，海员是如何进行探索的。
3．This seems to_have_been the first and most useful form of exploration which carried the minimum amount of risk.
这似乎已是最早的、最有用的探险方式，所冒风险也最小。
Scan the text and then choose the best answer according to the text.
1．A skilled seaman cannot use the________to plot a ship’s position.
A．flag B．sun
C．clouds D．North Star
2．The use of seaweed is to________．
A．judge whether the ship is close to land
B．know how long the seamen left their home
C．tell the distance of the land and the ship
D．make their journey meaningful
3．How many things did the seamen use before latitude and longitude were plotted?
A．Four. B．Five.
C．Seven. D．Eight.
4．We can learn from the text that there had been________method(s) to find longitude by the 17th century.
A．two B．three
C．one D．no
5．What’s the main idea of the passage?
A．Why early seaman wanted to sail the ocean.
B．There is useful information in an encyclopedia.
C．Early sailing men went exploring the seas using their skills and simple instruments.
D．Latitude and longitude are important to plot a ship’s position.
答案：1－5.AADAC
Fill in the blanks according to the text.
This reading explains 1.____________ seamen explored the oceans and what kind of 2.____________ (navigation) instruments 3.____________(use) to sailors before the seventeenth century 4.____________ they were navigating the open seas without 5.____________(see) land.The voyages of travellers before the 6.____________(seventeen) century show that they were not at 7.____________ mercy of the sea even though they did not have modern navigational aids.The seamen could use celestial bodies，wildlife，the weather or the sea to keep alongside the coastline.They could also use the compass to help find the direction that the ship needs 8.____________(go)．They could use the Bearing Circle to measure the sun’s position and tell if they were sailing on their correct rather 9.____________a random course.The astrolabe，quadrant and sextant could help give the seamen the local time and allowed them 10.____________(find) their latitude at sea.
答案：1.how 2.navigational 3.were used 4.when 5.seeing 6.seventeenth 7.the 8.to go 9．than 10.to find
PAGE
1
Section Ⅱ Warming Up & Reading—Language Points
The voyages of travellers before the 17th century show that they were not at the mercy of the sea even though they did not have modern navigational aids.
17世纪以前的航海记录显示，尽管没有现代航海技术的帮助，他们(旅行者们)也不是任凭海洋摆布的。
(1)voyage
①He made a voyage to Japan.
他航行至日本。
②I wish you a happy voyage.
祝你航行平安。
[自我探究]
voyage是名词，意为航行，(尤指)航海，航天。
单词 意义区别
trip 指定期的较短的往返旅行
journey 表示去某地所花的时间和旅行的距离，尤其指较长距离的定期旅行；多指陆地旅行
travel 泛指从一地到另一地的“旅行，游历”(用单数形式，不加定冠词)。指“国外的游历、游记”时常用复数形式，但前面不加many或数词修饰，它也可以用作动词
tour “周游，观光，旅游；考察”，指周游若干地方，有一定的旅行路线，最后又回到出发地
voyage 指海上航行或太空旅行。是可数名词
③We went on a trip to the mountains.
我们到山里去旅游了。
④We had a long journey ahead of us.
我们前面的旅程还很长。
⑤Foreign travel never really appealed to him until he retired.
他到退休后才真正对出国旅行产生了兴趣。
⑥We went on a 10-day tour of central Africa.
我们到中非游玩了10天。
⑦This is a voyage of exploration.
这是一次探索之旅。
(2)at the mercy of
①I don’t like to be at the mercy of such a man. 我不愿受这样一个人的摆布。
②Buildings are left to decay at the mercy of vandals and the weather. 建筑物因人为的任意破坏及日晒雨淋而日益破败。
[自我探究]
at the mercy of意为“任……摆布；在……面前毫无办法”。
mercy n． 怜悯，宽恕，幸运，侥幸
show mercy to sb. 对某人表示怜悯
have mercy on/upon sb. 对……表示怜悯
It’s a mercy＋(that从句) 幸运的是……
without mercy 残忍地
③They showed no mercy to their hostages.
他们对人质丝毫不讲仁慈。
④They are praying God to have mercy on them.
他们正在祈祷上帝的怜悯。
⑤It’s a mercy (that) she wasn’t seriously hurt.
幸运的是她伤势不重。
⑥The terrorists killed some children in the building without mercy.
恐怖分子残忍地杀害了大楼里的几个孩子。
[基础练习]——用voyage，travel，trip，journey，tour填空
(1)Do you like a day’s____________？
(2)We’ll make a sightseeing____________next week.
(3)They went on a long train____________across India.
(4)The novel is based on his____________along the Silk Road.
(5)The Titanic sank on its maiden____________．
答案：(1)trip (2)tour (3)journey (4)travels (5)voyage
[能力提升]——完成句子
(6)We were ____________________weather.
我们拿天气毫无办法。
(7)____________________she missed being killed.
幸运的是她没有被杀死。
(8)We show____________________the enemies of the people.
我们对人民的敌人绝不怜悯。
答案：(6)at the mercy of (7)It’s a mercy (that) (8)no mercy to
This seems to have been the first and most useful form of exploration which carried the minimum amount of risk. 这似乎已是最早的、最有用的探险方式，所冒风险也最小。
①He seemed an honest man.
他似乎是个诚实的人。
②It seemed good to me to do so.
这样做在我看来很好。
③He seemed lonely.
他似乎很孤独。
[自我探究]
seem意为似乎，在句中作系动词，后面可用形容词、名词或不定式等作表语。
(1)seem后面可用不定式或不定式的完成时作表语，但表达的意义不同。
(2)在it seems/seemed as if/though结构中，如果表示与事实相反的假设，从句要用虚拟语气。
④He seems to have lost confidence in himself.
他似乎已经丧失了自信心。
⑤He seemed(to be)very happy. 他似乎很高兴。
⑥He seems as if he were the host.
似乎他是主人(实际上他不是)。
单词 意义区别
seem 往往是接近事实情况的判断，具有较强的真实性
appear 指表面上看起来，但事实并非如此
look 强调视觉形象所造成的某种印象，指直观上看起来
⑦She looks well. 她气色不错。
⑧He appears weak. 他看起来挺虚弱。
Seabirds could be used to show the way to land when it was nowhere to be seen. 在看不见任何陆地时，可利用海鸟来找到通往陆地的路。
①He was nowhere to be found.
什么地方也找不到他。
②It goes to nowhere. (这条路)哪儿也不通。
[自我探究]
nowhere意思是任何地方都不；什么地方也没有。
go/get/lead nowhere 没有结果，毫无进展
nowhere to be seen/found 什么地方都看不见/找不到
nowhere in sight 不可能看见
the middle of nowhere 偏远的某地
③Such methods will get you nowhere.
这些方法将不会产生任何结果。
④There was nowhere for me to sit in the hall.
在大厅里我无处可坐。
⑤She lives on a small farm in the middle of nowhere.
她住在一个偏僻的小农场上。
[巧学活用]——完成句子
这场争论没有任何进展，因此我们还不知道答案。
Nowhere________________________，so we don’t know the answer yet.
答案：has this argument led
There was no secure method of measuring longitude until the 17th century when the British solved this theoretical problem.
直到17世纪英国人解决了这个理论问题后，人们才有了测量经度的可靠办法。
①Don’t climb that ladder—It’s not secure.
别爬那个梯子，梯子不牢靠。
②We must secure the doors and windows before we go out.
我们出门前要把门窗关好。
[自我探究]
secure可以是形容词，意为安全的，可靠的；也可以是动词，意为把……关紧，系牢。
(1)feel/be secure about sth. 对……感到无忧无虑
feel/be secure of 对……有把握，确信
feel/be secure against/from 没有遭受……的危险
(2)secure sth.(for sb./sth.) (为……)取得……
secure sth.against/from sth. 使某物免受……
secure sth.to sth. 把……拴在……上
③The manager secured a place for his company in the competition.
在竞争中经理为他的公司赢得了一席之地。
④He secured a place for himself at the law school.
＝He secured himself a place at the law school.
他在法学院取得了学籍。
⑤The horse was secured firmly to the tree.
马被牢牢地拴在树上。
⑥He always feels secure about his future.
他总是对自己的前途无忧无虑。
Then he could tell if he was sailing on his correct rather than a random course.
然后他就能辨别他是否是在沿着正确的航道航行，而不是随意乱走。
He was dressed in a random way.
他随意穿了一件衣服。
[自我探究]
random是形容词，意为任意的；漫无目的的；随便的。
at random 随便地，胡乱地，任意地
randomly adv. 随意地
randomness n. 随意
a random guess 随意的猜测
speak at random 顺口胡说
choose at random 随便挑选
[巧学活用]——完成句子
(1)信息是按随机顺序处理的。
The information is processed__________________________．
(2)恐怖分子向人群胡乱射击。
The terrorists fired at the crowd________________________．
答案：(1)in a random order (2)at random
However，it was awkward to use as one of the points of reference was the moving ship itself.
然而，因为其中的一个参照点就是移动的船本身，所以这种方法用起来很难。
①This is a good book of reference.
这是一本好的参考书。
②She brought excellent references.
她带来了有力的证明书。
[自我探究]
reference是名词，意为参考；证明书。
(1)reference n． 提及，谈到，查阅，查看
with reference to 关于
(2)refer vt. 谈到，提及
refer to 提到，查阅，涉及
refer to...as... 把……称为……
refer sb./sth.to sb./sth. 将……送交给(以求获得帮助等)
③There is no direct reference to her own childhood in the novel.
小说里没有直接提及她的童年。
④Keep their price list on file for future reference.
请将他们的价目表存档，以供日后查看。
⑤With reference to your recent advertisement，I’m writing to request further details.
关于贵方最近的广告，现特函查询详情。
⑥This incident in his childhood is never again referred to.
他小时候的这件事永远不要再提了。
⑦The patient was referred to a specialist for treatment.
这个病人被交给专家治疗了。
This was a more precise and simplified version of the astrolabe.
这是更精确、更简化的星盘。
(1)precise
a precise measurement 正确的尺寸
at that precise moment 恰好在那时刻
①Can you give a more precise definition of the word?
你能给这个词下个更确切的定义吗？
②The precise details of the sale have not been released yet.
这次销售的准确详情还没有发布。
[自我探究]
precise是形容词，意为精确的；准确的；恰好的；precisely是副词，意为精确地，确切地。
to be precise 确切地说，准确地说
more precisely 更确切地说，更严格地说
③My parents live abroad—in North Borneo to be precise.
我父母生活在国外，确切地说，在北婆罗洲。
④The problem is due to discipline，or more precisely，the lack of discipline in schools. 问题出在纪律上，或者更确切地说，是学校缺乏纪律。
单词 意义区别
accurate 表示数据，相当于correct and without mistake，准确的，无误的
precise 表示仪器、数据的精密性＝exact in form，detail，measurements，time等，精密的，精确的
exact 与accurate意义相近，精密的，准确的
(2)simplify
①This is an attempt to simplify the tax laws.
这是一种简化税法的尝试。
②Try to simplify your explanation for the children. 设法解释得简明一点，好让孩子们听懂。
[自我探究]
simplify是及物动词，意为使简化，使简易。
simplified adj. 简化的
simplification n. 简明，简化
simple adj. 简单的，简易的，朴素的，简朴的
[巧学活用]——完成句子
(1)架子长约1米，更确切地说是98厘米。
The shelf is about a meter long，well，98 cm，____________________.
(2)申请表现已简化了。
The application forms__________________．
答案：(1)more precisely
(2)have now been simplified
The sextant was the updated version of the astrolabe and quadrant which reduced the tendency to make mistakes. 六分仪是星盘和象限仪的升级版，它减少了犯错的倾向。
(1)update
①The catalogue is updated every year.
(产品的)目录每年都更新。
②The files need updating. 档案需要更新。
③Minister’s advisers updated her on the situation.
部长的顾问们给她提供了有关形势的最新信息。
[自我探究]
update是及物动词，意为更新，要……提供最新信息。
(2)tendency
①She has a tendency to talk too much.
她总是唠唠叨叨。
②The army has become increasingly restless over the mounting separatist tendencies of the northern republics. 军方对于北部几个共和国不断加剧的分裂倾向越来越感到不安。
③There has been a great tendency towards protection and recycling.
总的趋势一直是着眼于保护和再利用。
[自我探究]
tendency是名词，意为倾向；其动词是tend。
(1)tendency n． (发展、思想、行为等的)倾向
(常与介词to或towards连用)；
趋势，趋向
have a tendency to do sth. 有做某事的倾向
(2)tend v. 有……的趋势；倾向于，趋于
tend to do sth. 趋向于做某事
tend to/towards sth. 走向，趋向
tend (to) sb./sth. 照料/照管某人/物
④Some people may inherit a tendency to alcoholism. 有些人可能天生有酗酒的倾向。
⑤Women tend to live longer than men.
女人往往比男人长寿。
⑥His views tend towards the extreme.
他的观点趋于偏激。
[巧学活用]——完成句子
(1)是该更新我们软件的时候了。
It’s time that we________________．
(2)雇主雇用临时职员有增加的趋势。
________________among employers to hire casual staff.
答案：(1)updated our software
(2)There is a growing tendency
There was no secure method of measuring longitude until the 17th century when the British solved this theoretical problem.
直到17世纪英国人解决了这个理论问题后，人们才有了测量经度的可靠办法。
①I met him early in the morning when he was having his breakfast.
今天早晨我见到了他，那时他正在吃早餐。
[自我探究]
when在上面的句子中引导一个定语从句，修饰先行词morning，when在从句中作时间状语。
(1)when可以引导定语从句，也可以引导时间状语从句或名词性从句。
(2)whenever conj.无论何时
A：引导时间状语从句＝at the time when
B：引导让步状语从句＝no matter when
②When he came here，we welcomed him warmly.
当他到这里时，我们热烈欢迎了他。
③When he will come is still unknown.
他何时来，还不知道。
④I don’t know when he gives me an answer.
我还不知道他何时给我答案。
⑤Whenever she stayed home in the evening，she watched TV.
只要晚上她不出门，她就看电视。
⑥You can come here whenever you like.
你可以随时来。
What would you do if you came across the following problems during your voyage?
在航海时，如果遇到下列问题你会怎么办？
①If you wish，I’ll help you.
如果你要我帮助的话，我就帮助你。
②If you give him one，he’ll ask for another.
如果你给他一个，他会接着再要另一个。
[自我探究]
if是连词，引导条件状语从句。
(1)if引导的虚拟条件句，如果表示与过去相反的假设，从句的谓语动词用过去完成时，对应的主句应该用would have done。
(2)if引导的虚拟条件句，如果表示与将来事实相反的假设，从句的谓语动词用下列三种形式：过去时/should＋动词原形/were to do；主句的谓语动词用would/could/should/might＋动词原形。
(3)如果if引导的条件状语从句表示对现在或事实情况的相反假设，从句的谓语动词用过去时，主句的谓语动词用would/should/could/might＋动词原形。
③If I had known your telephone number yesterday，I would have telephoned you. 如果昨天我知道你的电话号码，我就会给你打电话了。
④If you were to go to Beijing，you would have a chance to visit the Palace Museum.
如果你要去北京的话，你就有机会去参观故宫。
⑤If I were you，I would not go now.
如果我是你，我现在就不走。
在if引导的虚拟条件句中，有时主句和从句的谓语动词并不相互呼应，这种条件状语从句就叫错综时间虚拟条件句或混合条件句。
⑥If you had come earlier，you would not be worried now.
如果你早一点来的话，你现在就不会这么着急了。
[巧学活用]——完成句子
如果不是免费的票，我们本不会如此频繁地看电影。
________________for the free tickets，we would not have gone to the films so often.
答案：If it had not been/Had it not been
课时作业4
单句语法填空
1．I’m not going to put myself ____________ the mercy of the bank.
答案：at
2．She was highly praised for her selflessness and devotion ____________(work)．
答案：to work
3．It’s high time that we ____________(update)the equipment of our office.
答案：updated
4．The aim of the scheme is ____________ (simplify) the complex social security system.
答案：to simplify
5．The sentences are numbered for ease of ____________ (refer)．
答案：reference
6．The children seemed ____________(eat) something in the room.
答案：to be eating
7．We received several answers, and we picked one ____________ random.
答案：at
8．These plants have a tendency ____________(grow) in the more rural areas.
答案：to grow
9．Do you still remember the days ____________ we stayed in America?
答案：when
10．If I ____________(have) a lot of money now, I would travel around the world.
答案：had
阅读理解
Goldfish have pretty boring lives，so maybe it’s a good thing that they can only concentrate for nine seconds! But according to a new research，humans are becoming like goldfish.Our attention span(时长) is getting shorter...and it’s all because of technology.
“We move quickly from one site to another on the web，”says Doctor Ted Selker，a computer scientist from Massachusetts，“and we are losing the ability to concentrate.” With millions of websites to choose from，the attention span of the average Internet user is just seconds.There are other digital distractions(分心) too: email，instant messaging and quickie movies on websites.
Some people are worried about the effect on young people.“You need time to understand and think about what you read，” says Julia Wood，from London.“Young people search the net all the time and their brains become full of useless information but there is no time to make sense of it.I am trying to persuade my pupils to read more books，so that they concentrate on one subject for longer.”
Other teachers are trying more unusual methods to improve students’ concentration.Anne Savan，from Wales，was so worried about her students that she started playing Mozart during her science lessons.She says that it had an amazing effect：“The music made them calmer，and their concentration was much better.”
But not everyone believes that there is a problem.Ray Cole，an educational psychologist says：“On the web，young people learn to make quick decisions about what is and isn’t worth reading.They might look at five unhelpful websites very quickly，before stopping and reading a sixth useful website more carefully.In a world with so much information available，this is an important skill.”
【解题导语】 本文是一篇议论文。随着科技的发展，人们将大量时间花在浏览网站上，快速不断地浏览网站使人们的注意力时长越来越短；但是有人认为，浏览网站可以提高年轻人的判断能力。
1．Why does the writer mention “goldfish”？
A．To analyze data.
B．To introduce a topic.
C．To settle problems.
D．To suggest a way out.
B 解析： 推理判断题。文章第一段第一句说金鱼只能集中九秒钟的注意力；结合第一段的第二句“But according to a new research，humans are becoming like goldfish.”可知，人们正变得像金鱼一样；接着文章提出中心论点：由于技术问题，我们的注意力时长变得越来越短。据此可以判断，作者用金鱼的例子是为了引出文章主题，故B项正确。
2．What may cause a shorter attention span according to Dr.Ted Selker?
A．Skipping on the Internet.
B．Time to digest information.
C．Traditional methods of reading.
D．Making decisions.
A 解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段的“We move quickly from one site to another on the web”和“and we are losing the ability to concentrate”可知，Ted Selker认为，由于人们快速浏览网站，人们正在丧失集中注意力的能力，故A项正确。
3．What will help students overcome a short attention span?
A．Receiving emails.
B．Texting messages.
C．Reading more books.
D．Watching quickie movies.
C 解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段的最后一句“I am trying to persuade my pupils to read more books，so that they concentrate on one subject for longer.”可知，阅读更多的书将有助于学生克服注意力时间短的问题，故C项正确。
4．What is Ray Cole’s attitude towards looking through websites quickly?
A．Cautious. B．Unfavorable.
C．Skeptical. D．Supportive.
D 解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段的“But not everyone believes that there is a problem.”和“On the web，young people learn to make quick decisions about what is and isn’t worth reading.”可知，Ray Cole认为年轻人快速浏览网站可以提高自己快速判断的能力；据此可判断，Ray Cole对快速浏览网站持支持态度，故D项正确。
完形填空
While high school does not generally encourage students to explore new aspects of life，college sets the stage for that exploration. I myself went through this __1__ process and found something that has changed my __2__ at college for the better：I discovered ASL—American Sign Language(美式手语)．
I never felt an urge to __3__ any sign language before.My entire family is hearing，and so are all my friends.The __4__ languages were enough in all my interactions(交往)．Little did I know that I would discover my __5__ for ASL.
The __6__ began during my first week at college. I watched as the ASL Club __7__ their translation of a song. Both the hand movements and the very __8__ of communicating without speaking __9__ me. What I saw was completely unlike anything I had experienced in the __10__. This newness just left me __11__ more.
After that, feeling the need to __12__ further, I decided to drop in on one of ASL Club’s meetings. I only learned how to __13__ the alphabet that day. Yet instead of being discouraged by my __14__ progress，I was excited.I then made it a point to __15__ those meetings and learn all I could.
The following term, I __16__ an ASL class. The professor was deaf and any talking was __17__. I soon realized that the silence was not unpleasant. __18__， if there had been any talking, it would have __19__ us to learn less. Now, I appreciate the silence and the __20__ way of communication it opens.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇记叙文。作者主要讲述了自己学习美式手语的经历及感受。
1．A.searching B．planning
C．natural D．formal
A 解析：根据上文中“While high school does not generally encourage students to explore new aspects of life”的关键词“explore”及下文的内容可知，此处指作者在大学通过学习美式手语经历了探索(searching)的过程。planning“计划制订”；natural“自然的”；formal“正式的”。
2．A.progress B．experience
C．major D．opinion
B 解析：根据下文的内容可知，作者发现了把自己的大学经历(experience)变得更美好的东西。progress“进步”；major“专业”；opinion“意见，想法，看法”。
3．A.choose B．read
C．learn D．create
C 解析：以前，作者从没感觉到(自己)有学习(learn)任何手语的强烈欲望。choose“选择”；create“创造”。
4．A.official B．foreign
C．body D．spoken
D 解析：根据上文中的“My entire family is hearing, and so are all my friends”及下文中的“languages were enough in all my interactions(交往)”可知，口语对作者所有的(社会)交往来说已经足够了。spoken language“口语”符合语境。official“正式的，官方的”。
5．A.love B．concern
C．goal D．request
A 解析：根据上下文语境可知，作者不知道自己会喜爱(love)美式手语。concern“关心，担心，忧虑”；goal“目标”；request“要求”。
6．A.meeting B．trip
C．story D．task
C 解析：这个故事(story)始于作者上大学的第一周。meeting“会议”；trip“旅行”；task“任务”。
7．A.recorded B．performed
C．recited D．discussed
B 解析：根据句中的关键词“watched”可知，此处指作者看到美式手语社团的成员表演(performed)。record“记录，录音”；recite“背诵”；discuss“讨论”。
8．A.idea B．amount
C．dream D．reason
A 解析：手部动作和无需用语言交流的想法(idea)吸引了作者。amount“数额，数量”；dream“梦想”；reason“原因，理由”。
9．A.disturbed B．supported
C．embarrassed D．attracted
D 解析：参见上题解析。attract“吸引，引起……的注意”，符合语境。disturb“打扰，打搅”；support“支持”；embarrass“使……尴尬，使……难堪”。
10．A.end B．past
C．course D．distance
B 解析：根据上下文语境可知，作者看到的完全不像自己过去(past)所经历过的任何事情。end“结尾”；course“过程，课程”；distance“距离”。
11．A.showing B．acting
C．saying D．wanting
D 解析：这种新事物使作者想要(接触)更多。show“展示”；act“表演，扮演”；want“想要”。
12．A.exercise B．explore
C．express D．explain
B 解析：根据上下文语境和第一段中的关键词“explore”可知，作者觉得自己有进一步探索(explore)美式手语的需要。exercise“锻炼，训练”；express“表达”；explain“解释”。
13．A.print B．write
C．sign D．count
C 解析：根据语境可知，作者那天只是学会了如何用手语来表示全部字母。print“打印，印刷”；write“写”；sign“打手语”；count“数数”。
14．A.slow B．steady
C．normal D．obvious
A 解析：根据上文的“I only learned how to ______ the alphabet that day.”可知，作者并没有对自己缓慢的(slow)进步感到沮丧。steady“稳步的”；normal“正常的”；obvious“明显的”。
15．A.chair B．sponsor
C．attend D．organize
C 解析：根据语境，尤其是上文的“made it a point to”和下文的“and learn all I could”可知，作者努力做到参加(attend)这些会议。chair“主持(会议、讨论等)”；sponsor“赞助，举办”；organize“组织”。
16．A.missed B．passed
C．gave up D．registered for
D 解析：根据下文的内容可知，作者注册参加了一个美式手语课程。miss“想念，错过”；pass“通过”；give up“放弃”；register for“注册，选课”。
17．A.prohibited B．welcomed
C．ignored D．repeated
A 解析：根据上文的“The professor was deaf and any talking”可知，作者所参加的课程的教授是个耳聋的人，故任何谈话都是被禁止(prohibited)的。welcome“欢迎，欣然接受”；ignore“忽视”；repeat“重复”。
18．A.Lastly B．Thus
C．Instead D．However
C 解析：根据上下文的语境可知，作者很快意识到无声并非不愉快的，反而(Instead)，如果有任何谈话的话，会导致(caused)作者他们学习得更少。Lastly“最后，终于”；Thus“因此”；However“然而”。
19．A.required B．caused
C．allowed D．expected
B 解析：参见上题解析。require“要求”；allow“允许”；expect“期望”。
20．A.easy B．popular
C．quick D．new
D 解析：根据语境可知，作者现在非常喜欢这种无声以及它打开的新的(new)沟通方式。easy“容易的”；popular“受欢迎的”；quick“快速的”。
短文改错
I love camping.It is my favoritest way to spend the summer vacation.Last year，my families and I went camping in the countryside.It was one of the excited experiences I have ever had.We slept in a tent and took a long walk every day.We cooked over a fire and the food always tasted wonderfully.For a whole week，I saw lovely mountain views or breathed fresh air.At night，I heard the gentle wind blowing in the trees，and I feel so peaceful.It doesn’t cost many to camp.What I believe it’s the best way to get close nature and enjoy its beauty.
答案：
I love camping.It is my way to spend the summer vacation.Last year，my and I went camping in the countryside.It was one of the experiences I ever had.We slept in a tent and took a long walk every day.We cooked over a fire and the food always tasted .For a whole week，I saw lovely mountain views breathed fresh air.At night，I heard the gentle wind blowing in the trees，and I so peaceful.It doesn’t cost to camp. I believe it’s the best way to get close nature and enjoy its beauty.
PAGE
1
Section Ⅲ Learning about Language & Using Language
departure n． 出发；离开
crew n. (轮船、飞机等上的)
工作人员；(工作)队
deposit_ vt. 放；(把钱)存入银行
dilemma n. 进退两难的局面
drawback n. 缺点；障碍
tear vt. 扯破；撕破
foresee vt. 预见；预知
routine n. 常规；日常事务
thirst n. 渴；口渴
tension n. 紧张；不安；张力
11．incident n. 事件；事变
12．compulsory adj. 必须做的；必修的
13．survival n. 生存；幸存
14．gradual adj. 逐渐的；逐步的
15．reform n. 改革；革新
set loose 出发；开始
due to 因为；由于
in addition 而且，另外
after all 毕竟；终究
take one’s minds off 转移某人的注意力
Read the passage and tell the following statements True (T) or False (F)．
The “Bounty” ship was taken over by some of the crew as soon as they departed.( )
“I” joined the captain in the small boat finally.( )
The captain was as weak as the rest of us so he decided to give up.( )
4．We became heroes who completed the greatest navigational feat of all time.( )
It was the captain that kept us alive.( )
答案：1－5.TTFTT
He carried out compulsory dietary reforms that were copied by many other ship captains.
他实施了一些被其他许多船长仿效的强制性的饮食改革。
①Our society needs reform.
我们的社会需要改革。
[自我探究]
reform是名词，意思是改革；革新。
reform v． 改革；(使)改正；悔改
reform the social system 改革社会体制
reform sb. 改造某人，使某人悔改
reform one’s ways/habits 改变某人的作风/习惯
②The law needs to be reformed.
法律需要进行改革。
③The reformed man was accepted by society again.
这个改过自新的人再次被社会所接受。
[巧学活用]——翻译句子
(1)政府进行了许多必要的改革。
________________________________________________________________________
(2)有迹象表明他在变好。
________________________________________________________________________
答案：(1)The government made many needed reforms.
(2)There are signs that he’s reforming.
On our departure from Tahiti，some of the crew took over the ship.
我们刚从塔希提岛启程，一些船员就占有了船只。
(1)departure from
①They had received no news of him since his departure from the island. 自从他离开这座岛屿后，他们再也没有得到过他的消息。
[自我探究]
departure from是名词短语，意为从……离开。
depart vt. 离开，离去；起程；出发
depart for... 动身去……
depart from sth. 背离/违反某物
②His sudden departure threw the office into chaos.
他的突然离开使这个部门陷入一片混乱。
③We departed for London at 10：00 a．m.
我们上午10点钟动身去伦敦。
④The 10：15 train to Leeds departs from Platform 4.
10点15分开往利兹的火车在第4站台离开。
(2)crew
①The “crews” were made up of bankers and doctors. 船员由银行家和医生组成。
[自我探究]
crew是名词，表示全体船员。
crew n． (轮船、飞机等上的)工作人员；(工作)队
②None of the passengers and crew were injured.
没有一个乘客和机组人员受伤。
crew是一个集体名词，在英语中类似的单词还有很多，如：family，class，team，public，group，company，enemy，party，club，audience，government，crowd，committee等。如果它们被看作整体，谓语动词用单数，如着重强调组成该集体的成员时，谓语动词用复数形式。
③His family is big.
他家人口多。(强调整体)
④His family are teachers.
他的家人都是老师。(强调个体)
[巧学活用]——完成句子
(1)她一直等到所有的顾客离开商店。
She waited until all the customers________________the store.
(2)尽管飞机失事，但机上所有的乘务人员都获救了。
All the crew in the plane________________though the plane crashed.
答案：(1)had departed from
(2)were saved
They deposited the captain into a small boat to let him find his own way home.
他们把船长放在一条小船里，让他自己想办法回家。
①He deposited the books on the table.
他把书放在桌子上。
②She deposited three thousand dollars in her savings.
她在存款账号上存入了3 000美元。
[自我探究]
deposit是及物动词，意为放置；存放；存储。
(1)deposit sth.in sth. 把某物放在某处；把某物放在某物里面
deposit sth.with sb./sth. 把某物寄放在某人/某物处
(2)deposit n. 订金，押金
pay a deposit on sth. 付某物的订金/押金
③Some insects deposited their eggs on the ground.有些昆虫把卵产在土里。
④You can deposit your pet dog with me while travelling abroad.
你在国外旅游期间可以把宠物狗寄放在我家。
⑤We have paid a 5% deposit on the house.
我们已支付了房款的5%作为订金。
⑥Deposits can be made at any branch.
在任何一家分行都可以存款。
[巧学活用]——完成句子
(1)在英国，当你买车时，它们通常要求你付100英镑作为订金。
They normally ask you to________________ in Britain when you buy a car.
(2)旅客可将贵重物品寄放在旅馆保险柜里。
Guests may________________in the hotel safe.
答案：(1)pay ￡100 (as a) deposit
(2)deposit their valuables
The captain used a system called “dead reckoning”．
船长使用了一个叫做“航位推算”的系统。
①The TV audience in China is reckoned at 800 million.
中国的电视观众估计有8亿人。
②He reckoned up the bill.
他把清单(上的各个项目)合计了一下。
[自我探究]
reckon是动词，意为计算，估计。
be reckoned to be＝be generally considered to be
被普遍认为；被看作是……
reckon to do sth. 预计做某事
reckon sth.at ... 估计某物为……
reckon on sth. 指望，依赖
reckon up sth. 统计，合计
reckon with sb./sth. 重视、认真处理某人/物
reckon without sb./sth. 没考虑到某人/物；不把某人/某物计算在内
③I reckon (that) I’m going to get that job.
我认为我会得到那份工作。
④Children are reckoned to be more confident nowadays.
人们认为今天的孩子们比过去更自信。
⑤They reckoned to finish the project by this weekend.
他们预计本周末完成这项工程。
⑥The age of the earth is reckoned at about 4，600 million years.
估计地球的年龄大约为46亿年。
⑦We’d reckoned on having good weather.
我们原指望会有好天气。
[巧学活用]——完成句子
(1)他们没有料到会遭到坚决反对。
They had____________________the determination of the opposition.
(2)他是一个不能忽视的人。
He is a person____________________．
(3)我没有考虑到塞车会这么严重。
I didn’t ____________________caught up in so much traffic.
答案：(1)reckoned without
(2)to be reckoned with
(3)reckon with getting
Our clothes were torn，we had fever and our faces showed the hardships we had suffered.
我们的衣服被撕破，我们发着高烧，我们的面容因历经磨难而显得异常憔悴。
①Tom has torn his trousers on a nail.
汤姆的裤子被钉子挂破了。
②He was badly beaten，and his clothes were torn.
他被打得很厉害，衣服也破了。
[自我探究]
torn是 tear的过去分词，意为撕破，弄破。
tear sth.apart 把某物撕毁
tear at sth. 把某物撕裂/扯开
tear oneself away from sth. 某人依依不舍地离开，忍痛离去
tear sth.away from sth. 把某物从某处拿走
tear sth.down 拆毁，拆除(建筑物，墙等)
tear into sb./sth. 攻击/痛斥/抨击某人/物
tear sth.up 撕毁，撕碎(文件等)
③The dogs tore the fox apart.
这几条狗把那只狐狸撕成了碎片。
④She was unable to tear her eyes away from him.她恋恋不舍地望着他。
⑤They tore the old buildings down.
他们拆除了旧楼。
⑥They tore into their food as if they were starving.
他们狼吞虎咽地吃起饭来，就像饿坏了似的。
⑦She tore up all the letters he gave her.
她把他寄给她的信都撕了。
[巧学活用]——完成句子
尽管那个女孩的妈妈叫她吃饭，但她还是依依不舍地无法离开电视。
The girl was unable to__________________from TV though her mother asked her to have dinner.
答案：tear herself away
On our departure from Tahiti，some of the crew took over the ship.
我们刚从塔希提岛启程，一些船员就占有了船只。
①On his arriving，we began our meeting.
他一到达，我们就开始开会。
[自我探究]
on/upon＋n./doing意思是一……就……；此介词短语在句中作时间状语，它表示的动作与主句的动作连续进行。
on/upon＋n./doing“一……就……”，意义同as soon as，但as soon as是连词，引导时间状语从句。
②On arrival at reception，guests should sign the visitors’ book.＝As soon as the guests arrive，they should sign the visitors’ book.
客人一到接待处，就要在来宾签名簿上签名。
③On the general’s command，all soldiers must salute.＝As soon as all soldiers hear the general’s command，they must salute.
听到将军的口令，全体士兵必须立即敬礼。
You could not imagine a more disturbing sight than what we looked like when arriving in Timor over forty days after being set loose in our small boat.
你简直无法想象我们被放逐在小船上漂泊了40天后在帝汶岛登陆时的凄惨样子。
①I have not seen a better place than this village.
我从来没有见过比这里更好的村庄。
[自我探究]
not...more...表面是比较级，但意义上是最高级，意为没有比这更……(即这是最……)。
not...more...是否定词和比较级连用表示最高级的用法，意思是：再怎么样都不过分；没有比这更……的了。
②No one could be better than him.
没有人比他更好了。
③I couldn’t agree with you more.
我完全同意你的意见。
④You can’t praise him more for saving the little girl.
因为救了这个小女孩，你再怎么表扬他都不过分。
[巧学活用]——完成句子
——这部电影怎么样？
——非常有趣。我从没看过比这个更好的。
—How do you like the film?
—Very interesting.________________________．
答案：I have never seen a better one
课时作业5
单句语法填空
1．Shortly after the movie was previewed，some critics ____________(foresee) its comments from the audiences.
答案：foresaw
2．David was quite ____________(thirst) for a bicycle race from parents as a Christmas gift.
答案：thirsty
3．Knowing their parents’ income，they will realize their ____________ (hard) in supporting the family.
答案：hardships
4．Many refugees are ____________ (starve) to death every day for lack of food in Africa.
答案：starved
5．The ship sank into the sea，only a few passengers ____________ (survival)．
答案：survived
6．China’s Ministry of Education has made English ____________ compulsory course in most elementary schools.
答案：a
7．The incident occurred ____________ Smith entered the school building with his girlfriend.
答案：when
8．He made an attempt to ____________(clarification)the misunderstanding about the origin of the language.
答案：clarify
9．Three days after his returning home，he left again.His ____________(depart) was unexpected.
答案：departure
10．A security officer at the factory，who declined ____________ (give) his name，said he had seen two men leave the building.
答案：to give
阅读理解
A
In 2013 alone at least 20，000 African elephants were killed for their teeth.In South Africa over the last two years more than 2，200 rhinos were killed for their horns.These numbers are alarming，because current rates of illegal hunting are faster than birth rates，which could lead to extinction of these ecologically important creatures in the environment.Indeed，some elephant and rhino populations are on track to be locally extinct within the next decade.
If you are reading this，you may already be aware of these facts.But you might not know that wildlife trafficking(非法交易) not only threatens the existence of elephants and rhinos but is also leading to extinction of other species，such as tigers，tortoises，sea turtles，and the world’s most trafficked mammal(哺乳动物)—pangolins.
Pangolins are the only mammals that are entirely covered in tough scales(鳞)，which makes them look very strong.But actually they are endangered mammals.There are eight different species of pangolins，four in Asia and four in Africa，and all are threatened with extinction.Although pangolins are protected throughout most of the countries where they live，high demand in East Asia，where the delicious pangolin meat is considered a delicacy and where their scales are used in traditional medicines，is driving an illegal trade in both live animals and pangolin parts.The number of pangolin trafficking is shocking.Experts believe that over the last 10 years more than 1 million pangolins were taken from the wild.It is estimated that between 40，000 and 81，250 pangolins were killed for the illegal trade in 2013 alone.
In February，the United States released a plan to deal with wildlife trafficking，which lays out the steps we will take to fight the illegal trade in wildlife，including pangolins.We are strengthening the carrying out of the plan；building international cooperation and contribution to protect wildlife；raising awareness to drive down the demand that is fuelling the illegal trade.
Get involved and remember World Wildlife Day (March 3) by spreading the plan.Use social media and tell everyone that now it is time to get serious about wildlife crime and end the demand that threatens species，big and small，from the huge elephant to the shy pangolin.
【解题导语】 由于人们的捕猎，一些物种濒临灭绝。本文号召人们行动起来，保护濒危物种。
1．How many endangered creatures are mentioned in the passage?
A．4. B．5.
C．6. D．7.
C 解析： 细节理解题。根据第一、二段可知，文章提到了大象、犀牛、老虎、陆龟、海龟、穿山甲六种濒临灭绝的动物。故选C项。
2．Which of the following is TRUE according to Paragraph 3?
A．Eight species of pangolins live on the same continent.
B．Pangolins are not protected in most of their natural habitats.
C．The scales of pangolins can be used as an ingredient for cooking.
D．High demand contributes to the illegal trade of pangolins in East Asia.
D 解析： 正误判断题。根据第三段中的“high demand in East Asia...is driving an illegal trade in both live animals and pangolin parts”可知，高需求导致了东亚穿山甲非法交易的发生，即D项正确。
3．What can we know about the plan released by the US?
A．Social media will be used to spread World Wildlife Day.
B．Whether the plan will be worked out remains to be seen.
C．The US will work together with other countries to protect wildlife.
D．More and more people are advised to increase their needs of pangolins.
C 解析： 推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段中的“We are strengthening the carrying out of the plan；building international cooperation and contribution to protect wildlife；raising awareness to drive down the demand that is fuelling the illegal trade.”可知，美国将联合其他国家保护野生动物，即C项正确。
4．What is the author’s intention of writing the passage?
A．To inform us something about World Wildlife Day.
B．To raise awareness of protecting endangered wildlife.
C．To explain why pangolins are illegally traded in East Asia.
D．To show how the United States is to fight the illegal trade in wildlife.
B 解析： 目的意图题。根据文章最后一段的内容可知，作者写这篇文章的目的是增强人们保护濒危物种的意识，即B项正确。
B
Beijing—With the safe return to Earth on Wednesday of three astronauts after a successful 15-day mission，China moved a step closer to realizing its space dream，which includes operating a space station by 2020.
Wang Zhaoyao，director of the China Manned Space Agency，released a more detailed outline for the manned space program.He said in Beijing the manned space program will launch the Tiangong?2 space laboratory around 2015，and an experimental core space station module around 2018.The aim is to build a 60-ton multimodule space station by 2020.Between 2015 and 2020，a string of cargo(货物) and manned spacecraft will be launched to deliver supplies and transport astronauts to the space lab and space station，he said.
Wang did not say how much will be spent on the forthcoming missions，but said the Shenzhou X mission that ended on Wednesday took spending on the manned space program to 39 billion yuan since it was started in 1992.He also said construction of a new launch site in Hainan province and development of two new types of launch vehicle—both crucial elements(组成部分) in the space program’s next stage—have made smooth progress.Yuan Jie，deputy general manager of the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corp，said the new site will see the launch of two types of China’s new-generation carrier rockets.
As the carrier rockets in service now cannot meet demand from the future manned space station，the large-thrust(推力) Long March?5 carrier rocket，with the capacity of carrying a 20-ton payload(有效负荷) in near-Earth orbit，will send space station modules into orbit，he said.Meanwhile，the medium-thrust Long March-7 launch vehicle，with a carrying capacity of 13 tons in near-Earth orbit，will be used to send cargo spacecraft to the future manned space station.
【解题导语】 本文介绍了中国的“航天梦”。
5．Which of the following may be the best title of the news report?
A．Space dream one step closer to reality
B．The space lab and space station
C．The organization of the China Manned Space Agency
D．Two types of China’s new?generation carrier rockets
A 解析：标题归纳题。根据全文尤其是开头：China moved a step closer to realizing its space dream，which includes operating a space station by 2020.可得答案。
6．What is the possible meaning of the underlined word “crucial” in Para.3?
A．Quite safe. B．Too easy.
C．Rather slow. D．Very important.
D 解析：词义猜测题。根据第四段提到的“大推力长征系列运载火箭”的作用和both所指代前面的内容，可推出是“关键的，非常重要的”意思。
7．The purpose of the manned space problem is to________.
A．launch the Tiangong-2 space laboratory
B．build a 60-ton multimodule space station
C．build an experimental core space station module
D．transport astronauts to the space lab
B 解析：推理判断题。根据第二段：The aim is to build a 60-ton multimodule space station by 2020.可得答案。
8．The Long March-5 carrier rocket will have the capacity of carrying________．
A．13 tons B．20 tons
C．39 tons D．60 tons
B 解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段中的the large-thrust(推力) Long March-5 carrier rocket，with the capacity of carrying a 20-ton payload(有效负荷) in near-Earth orbit可知答案。
七选五
Interruptions are one of the worst things to deal with while you’re trying to get work done. 1.________， there are several ways to handle things.Let’s take a look at them now.
2．________. Tell the person you’re sorry and explain that you have a million things to do and then ask if the two of you can talk at a different time.
When people try to interrupt you，have set hours planned and let them know to come back during that time or that you’ll find them then. 3.________. It can help to eliminate(消除) future interruptions.
When you need to talk to someone，don’t do it in your own office. 4.________， it’s much easier to excuse yourself to get back to your work than if you try to get someone out of your space even after explaining how busy you are.
If you have a door to your office, make good use of it. 5.________. If someone knocks and it’s not an important matter, excuse yourself and let the person know you’re busy so they can get the hint(暗示) that when the door is closed，you’re not to be disturbed.
A．If you’re busy, don’t feel bad about saying no
B．When you want to avoid interruptions at work
C．Set boundaries for yourself as far as your time goes
D．If you’re in the other person’s office or in a public area
E．It’s important that you let them know when you’ll be available
F．It might seem unkind to cut people short when they interrupt you
G．Leave it open when you’re available to talk and close it when you’re not
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文，介绍了避免工作时被打断的几种方法。
1．B 解析：根据上文的“Interruptions are one of the worst things to deal with”以及下文的“there are several ways to handle things”可知，工作时被打断是要处理的最糟糕的事情之一，有几个处理事情的方法。空处承上启下，应选B项。
2．A 解析：根据下文的“Tell the person you’re sorry...ask if the two of you can talk at a different time.”可知，本段讲述的是当你忙的时候，要拒绝别人打断你。故A项符合文意。
3．E 解析：根据上文的“let them know to come back during that time or that you’ll find them then”及下文的“It can help to...”可知，此处指让他们知道你什么时候有空是很重要的。故选E项。
4．D 解析：根据上文的“don’t do it in your own office”以及下文的“excuse yourself to get back to your work”可知，你如果不在自己的办公室里，就更容易给自己找到借口返回来工作。故选D项。
5．G 解析：根据本段的首句“If you have a door to your office, make good use of it.”以及下文的“when the door is closed”可知，G项符合文意。
PAGE
1
Section Ⅳ Grammar & Writing
谓 语
妈妈每天早上起来给我们准备早餐。
My mother ____________ early every day and prepares breakfast for us.
答案：gets up
骄兵必败。
Pride ____________ before a fall.
答案：goes
除非她邀请我，否则我不会去参加她的聚会。
I ____________ to her party unless invited.
答案：won’t go
我正在写信。
I’m ____________ a letter now.
答案：writing
你知道他住哪儿吗？
Do you __________ where he __________？
答案：know；lives
[自我探究]
谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态，常由动词担任，置于主语之后。但在疑问句和倒装句中，谓语的语序例外。
一、谓语的定义
谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征或状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。
二、谓语的构成
简单谓语
由一个动词或动词短语构成的谓语叫简单谓语。
He practises speaking English every morning.
他每天早上练习说英语。
Yesterday afternoon he reached Canada.
昨天下午他到达加拿大。
I have got rid of my bad habits.
我已经改掉了我的坏习惯。
Mary takes good care of her mother.
玛丽细心照料她的母亲。
复合谓语
复合谓语有两种：动词性复合谓语和名词性复合谓语。
(1)动词性复合谓语是由情态动词(如may，can，must，should，have to，ought to，would，had better等)和助动词(be，do，does，did，have等)加动词原形或动词短语构成的谓语。
You may keep the books and magazines for one week.
这些书和杂志你可以借用一周。
You’d better not go out at night.
你晚上最好不要出门。
The foreigner has caught a bad cold.He has to go to see a doctor.
这个老外患了重感冒。他必须去看医生。
She doesn’t seem to like skating.
她似乎不喜欢滑冰。
We are going to call on him tonight.
我们打算今晚去拜访他。
(2)名词性复合谓语是由系动词(如be，look，feel，sound，smell等)加表语构成的谓语。
①be(系动词)＋名词/形容词/副词/介词短语/数词等。
He is a teacher from Beijing.
他是一位来自北京的老师。
I’m very happy to hear what he said.
听到他说的话我很高兴。
He was out when I called him.
我给他打电话时，他在外面。
Our school is at the foot of a hill.
我们的学校在山脚下。
②look/sound/smell/taste/feel/become/turn/grow/get/go/seem/appear等半系动词＋形容词(表语)，这些词不用被动，也不用于进行时态。
This kind of food tastes good and sells well.
这种食物好吃，且销路好。
Milk goes bad easily. 牛奶很容易变质。
He looks a bit excited. 他看上去有些激动。
谓语的五种基本句型
(1)主语＋系动词＋表语
(2)主语＋谓语(vi.)＋状语
(3)主语＋谓语(vt.)＋宾语
(4)主语＋谓语(vt.)＋双宾语
(5)主语＋谓语(vt.)＋宾语＋宾语补足语
Leaves turn green in spring. 春天树叶变绿。
The project ended last month. 工程上个月结束了。
He answered my letters. 他给我写了回信。
Our teacher recommended some good books to us/us some good books.
老师给我们推荐了一些好书。
He made the baby cry just now.
刚才他把这个孩子弄哭了。
谓语的时态
谓语动词用不同的时态表示不同时间所发生的动作，动词通过不同形式的变化表示不同的时态。谓语动词的时态总共有十六种。现以动词work为例，列表如下：
时态 一般 进行 完成 完成进行
现在 work/ works working worked
过去 worked working had worked had been working
将来 work
过去将来 work
谓语的语态
谓语分主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示谓语的动作或状态是由主语发出的；被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者。被动语态由助动词be加过去分词构成，时态通过be表现出来。
(1)一般现在时的被动语态
All the employees except the manager are encouraged to work online at home.
除了经理之外的所有雇员都被鼓励在家在网上工作。
(2)一般过去时的被动语态
The old man was often laughed at.
那位老人经常受人嘲笑。
(3)一般将来时的被动语态
The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people are persuaded to eat more fruit and vegetables. 如果能够说服人们多吃水果和蔬菜，那么死于心脏病的人数就会大大减少。
(4)现在进行时和过去进行时的被动语态
The building is being built.
这座楼正在被建设之中。
The car was being repaired when I came in.
我进来时那辆车正在被修理。
(5)现在完成时和过去完成时的被动语态
Bad habits have been done away with.
坏习惯已经改掉了。
The book had been translated into three languages by 2015.
到2015年为止，这本书已经被译成了3种语言。
(6)用主动表示被动的几种情况：
①表示状态特征的系动词用主动表示被动，如：look，sound，feel，smell，taste，appear等。
The silk feels soft. 这种丝绸感觉非常柔软。
②表示“开始、结束、运动”的动词，如：begin，start，end，open，close，stop，run，move等。
The shop opens at 8 a．m.every day.
这家商店每天早上八点开门。
③表示主语的某种属性特征的动词，如：read，write，wash，sell，wear，lock，dry，shut，drink等。
This kind of cloth washes well. 这种布很容易洗。
④表示“发生、进行”的一些不及物动词，汉语常误认为是及物动词的词，如：happen，take place，break out，come out，last，come true，run out，turn out等。
How long will the interview last?
这次面试将持续多长时间？
⑤作need，want，require，bear等词的宾语，用动词?ing形式的主动表示被动，相当于不定式的被动形式。
The house needs repairing (to be repaired)．
这所房子需要修理。
⑥worth后面跟动词?ing形式的主动表示被动，但不能跟不定式。
This film is worth seeing a second time.(This film is worthy to be seen a second time.)
这部电影值得看第二次。
⑦不定式在某些形容词(nice，easy，difficult，hard，important，pleasant，interesting，fit，unfit，light，heavy等)后作状语，且和句子的主语(或宾语)构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，用主动形式表示被动。
This problem is difficult to work out.
这个问题很难解决。
⑧不定式作后置定语时，与被修饰的名词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且和该句的主语或宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式用主动形式表示被动。
I’ll give the children some books to read.
我将会给孩子们一些书读。
⑨rent，let，blame等词的不定式用主动形式表示被动。
Who is to blame for the accident?
谁将为这次事故负责？
单句语法填空
—Did you tell Julia about the result?
—Oh，no，I forgot，I ____________(call) her.
答案：will call
That your friend didn’t offer you a gift on your birthday ____________(not mean) that he will break away from you.
答案：doesn’t mean
The old man ____________(sleep) when I came in.
答案：was sleeping
I ____________(tell)that there would be somebody to meet me at the station but there wasn’t any.
答案：was told
Be quick，the door ____________(close)！You’ll just make it in time.
答案：is closing
The old woman spoke to the girl again，raising her voice a bit，but still ____________(receive) no answer.
答案：received
Don’t tell him about his mother’s illness until the examination ____________(finish)．
答案：has finished
After the injured ____________(rush) to the hospital，doctors and nurses immediately got down to ____________(save) their lives.
答案：were rushed；saving
John has gone to Shanghai，but I’m wondering why he ____________(leave) in such a hurry.
答案：left
By the year she comes back to life，scientists probably ____________(discover) a cure for this incurable disease.
答案：will have discovered
语法与写作
当时我在城外，所以不能确切地了解这是怎么发生的。
I was out of town at the time，so I don’t know exactly how it ________________．
答案：happened
他姐姐1998年离开家，从那再没听到过她的消息。
His sister left home in 1998，and ________________________since.
答案：has not been heard of
——你好，Torry，我能在今天下午用一会儿你的电脑吗？
——对不起，电脑正修着呢。
—Hi，Torry，can I use your computer for a while this afternoon?
—Sorry.________________．
答案：It’s being repaired
我父母住在香港。他们在那出生，从没在别处居住过。
My parents ____________ in Hong Kong.They ____________ born there and ____________ anywhere else.
答案：live；were；have never lived
他正要开门，发现钥匙不见了。
When he ____________ the door，he ____________ his keys were nowhere.
答案：was to open；found
语法填空
Humans like to live and work in groups.Language is the “cement”(胶合剂)1.____________holds these groups together.Language is part of culture.Culture，in this sense，2.____________(mean) all those customs，skills，and attitudes that are part of the behavior of a 3.____________(particularly)group.The way you live，what you think 4.____________what you want in life are all affected by the culture of the group in which you 5.____________(raise)．Groups of people live in different ways.They may have different skills，organizations，and art forms.Their family life may be completely different from yours.
Human beings are inventive animals.They can even decide to change their cultures in order to meet various 6.____________(situation)．Of all living things，human beings are the 7.____________(clever)．They can choose 8.____________(live) in many environments and in a wide variety of ways.Only human beings can choose where and how they want to live and then improve the physical environment to help 9.____________ realize these choices.Acquiring the wisdom to make wise choices 10.____________(be) the lasting challenge of being human.
1．that/which 解析：考查定语从句。 空后的从句中缺少主语，空前是表示物的名词，故填that/which。
2．means 解析：考查动词。根据语境应用一般现在时，主语是culture，应用谓语动词的单数第三人称形式。故填means。
3．particular 解析：考查形容词。空后是名词，空前是冠词，应用形容词。故填particular。
4．and 解析：考查连词用法。根据前后句的关系判断填and。
5．are raised 解析：考查时态和语态。根据语境应用一般现在时，you是raise的动作承受者。故填are raised。
6．situations 解析：考查名词。根据空前的various“各种各样的”，应用名词复数形式。故填situations。
7．cleverest 解析：考查形容词。根据空前的of短语，表示范围，应用形容词的最高级。故填cleverest。
8．to live 解析：考查非谓语动词。choose“选择”，后跟不定式，故填to live。
9．themselves 解析：考查代词。根据前文的主语they判断填反身代词themselves。
10．is 解析：考查主谓一致。该句的主语是acquiring短语作主语，谓语动词用单数第三人称，故填is。
如何写调查报告
写作要求
针对火车站对火车票实行“实名制”，某网站进行了一项民意调查，下面的图表显示了该调查的结果。
请你写一篇100词左右的英语短文，简要介绍这个调查的结果，并谈谈你对火车票“实名制”售票的看法。
83% 赞成 防范票贩，解决“一票难求”的问题，维护铁路秩序与乘客的利益
10% 反对 旅客进站时“票、证、人”须全部相符，给没有身份证的旅客造成不便
7% 尚需观望 有时更难买到火车票了
参考词汇：实名售票制the Real?Name train ticket selling system; 票贩子scalper
审题谋篇
1．本题是议论文写作，题材是关于火车票实行“实名制”的民意调查。
2．行文总体结构可以分为三段，第一段提出论点，第二段展开论述，第三段阐述自己的看法。
3．本题主体时态为一般现在时，中心人称为第三人称形式。
写作要点
人们对火车票实行“实名制”意见不一。
People____________________________about the Real?Name train ticket selling system.
答案：have different opinions
83%的人支持这一制度。
①Eighty?three percent of people ________________ the system.
②Eighty?three percent of people ________________ the system.
答案：①are for/approve of ②are in favour of
他们认为实名制购买车票可以防止票贩，解决“一票难求”的问题，维护铁路秩序与乘客的利益。
①They think that the system can benefit passengers ____________ the railway station，saying that tickets ____________ and that they don’t have to buy tickets from scalpers.
②They think that the system can make tickets available and ____________ the railway station ____________ passengers can benefit from it.
答案：①as well as；are available to them ②not only；but also
他们认为实名制购买有时更难买到火车票了。
They think it may be ____________ for passengers to buy train tickets.
答案：more difficult
就我而言，我认为新的政策为乘客提供了购买火车票的公平的机会。
①________________________，I hold the point that the new measure provides a fair chance for travelers to buy train tickets.
②____________，I think that the new policy ________ a fair opportunity to buy train tickets __________ passengers.
答案：①As far as I’m concerned ②In my opinion；offers；to
妙笔成篇
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
One possible version：
People have different opinions about the Real?Name train ticket selling system according to a survey.
The survey found that eighty?three percent of people approve of the system，which benefits passengers as well as the railway station，saying that tickets are available to them and that they don’t have to buy tickets from scalpers，who are blamed for worsening the ticket shortage problem.10% of them are against it in that only by showing both their identity cards and tickets will travelers be admitted，which brings about much inconvenience for those who have no cards yet.Considering that it may be more difficult for passengers to buy train tickets，7% of them think it still takes some time to tell.
As far as I’m concerned，I hold the point that the new measure provides a fair chance for travelers to buy train tickets.And it is a good way to stop scalpers making profits from selling tickets.
课时作业6
单句语法填空
1．This time next day they ____________(sit) in the cinema.
答案：will be sitting
2．All the wonderful birds can ____________(find) in our Bird Park.
答案：be found
3．I ____________(give) ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.
答案：was given
4．What you said ____________(sound) a bit reasonable.
答案：sounded
5．The question that the teacher raised was difficult for me ____________(answer)．
答案：to answer
6．When you finish the report, I ____________(wait) for about 3 hours.
答案：will have waited
7．Great as Newton was, many of his ideas ____________(challenge) today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.
答案：have been challenged
8．We ____________(work) on this project for over a month now.
答案：have been working
9．The old man ____________(sit) on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.
答案：would sit
10．The question is not worth ____________(discuss) again and again.
答案：discussing
阅读理解
A
Around the world，girls do better than boys at school.These are the findings of a recent study that looked at the test results of 1.5 million 15?year?olds in 74 regions across the globe.The level of gender equality in those regions made no difference to the results.Other factors, such as the income level of the region also had little impact on the findings.In only three regions—Colombia, Costa Rica and the Indian state Himachal Pradesh—was the trend reversed with boys doing better.
So what are the causes of girls’ stronger performance？In the UK，girls outperform boys in exams that are taken at the age of 15 or 16，called GCSEs.According to education expert Ian Toone，this is down to the way girls and boys are brought up.“Boys are encouraged to be more active from an early age，while the restless movements of baby girls are pacified...Therefore，girls develop the skill of sitting still for longer periods of time, which is useful for academic pursuits like studying for GCSEs.”
He goes on to say that boys often cluster together in larger groups than girls.Because of this they are more likely to be influenced by peer pressure and develop a gang mentality.He says that GCSEs require a lot of solo work and are not viewed as “cool” in a laddish culture.
This is backed up by research in the UK that says girls are outperforming boys at the age of five.So what is the answer？Should girls and boys be educated separately？Or do exams and school curricula need to be changed to better reflect boys’ skills？These are the questions facing educators in many countries.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。研究表明， 在学校里， 女孩的考试成绩要比男孩好， 本文针对这个现象进行了分析。
1．What can we learn from the first paragraph?
A．Girls outperform boys in exams in most cases.
B．Boys do better in school in poorer areas.
C．Girls do better if they are socially equal to boys.
D．Boys are not working hard enough in exams.
A 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段第一、二句“Around the world，girls do better than boys at school.These are the findings of a recent study that looked at the test results of...”可知， 在大多数情况下， 在学校里， 女孩的考试成绩比男孩好。故选A。
2．According to Ian Toone，what might account for the phenomenon?
A．Different characters and personalities.
B．Different attitudes to learning.
C．Different ways of raising children.
D．Different methods in exams.
C 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第三句“According to education expert Ian Toone，this is down to the way girls and boys are brought up.”可知， Ian Toone认为女孩考试成绩比男孩好是因为男孩和女孩被培养的方式不同。故选C。
3．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?
A．To provide answer to a difficult question.
B．To raise awareness in gender differences.
C．To advocate separating boys and girls.
D．To change school curricula to benefit boys.
B 解析：写作意图题。通读文章可知， 由于性别不同， 男孩和女孩被培养的方式不同， 所受环境的影响也不同， 所以女孩的考试成绩要比男孩高。作者在最后一段提出问题——是否应该将男孩和女孩分开来教育或者改革现在的考试及课程以便全面地提高教育质量。由此可知， 作者写这篇文章是为了让人们提高对性别差异的认识。故选B。
4．What might the author discuss in the following paragraphs?
A．Education reforms in some countries.
B．Examples of boys’ achievement.
C．New systems of examinations.
D．Advertisement of some schools.
A 解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“These are the questions facing educators in many countries.”可以推出， 接下来作者应谈到为了解决这些教育问题， 一些国家所进行的教育改革。故选A。
B
I’ve been really lucky this year. Not only did I have the opportunity to live in France, but I was able to see some other countries with my girlfriend. Now she is studying in Essen, a large city in Western Germany. I recently went to stay with her—it was my first visit to Germany! Essen is a very large city. It has all the conveniences of any large city so I felt immediately at home. I loved the variety of shops, restaurants, shopping malls, cocktail bars, nightclubs, parks and even a lake. There is also a city?wide network of trams, which makes getting around a piece of cake!
I found the people to be really friendly, and most Germans speak very good English which made life easy for me.I was surprised by the casual attitude to alcohol in Germany, where it seems normal for people to drink beer on the street, or on the tram. My girlfriend and I visited two famous local cities，Düsseldorf and Cologne, which are both on the Rhine River.Düsseldorf is an urban metropolis with a great variety of restaurants. We took a boat tour on the river and went up the Rhine Tower, a really tall building which offers great views across the city. Cologne, as you might know, is world?famous for its perfumes. The cathedral there is an unmissable landmark. We made the effort to climb to the top of one of the cathedral’s towers. The spiral(螺旋的) stairs seemed endless，but it was worthwhile for the impressive sights from the top.
We also went in a cable car over the river and tasted a German delicacy called “Spaghettieis” which is ice cream with strawberry sauce! I also got to try the famous German sausage. I must admit, I really enjoyed the food! The only disappointment was the grey and rainy weather, which proves that Britain does not have the worst weather in Europe!
【解题导语】 本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了作者第一次去德国旅游的经历以及对这个国家的印象。
5．Why did the writer feel lucky this year?
A．He will have a chance to live in Germany.
B．He met his girlfriend in France by chance.
C．He got an opportunity of learning in Germany.
D．He was able to live in France and visit other countries.
D 解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Not only did I have the opportunity to live in France，but I was able to see some other countries with my girlfriend.”可知，作者认为自己今年幸运是因为他不但有机会在法国生活，而且也能和女朋友一起参观几个其他的国家。故选D项。
6．What do Düsseldorf and Cologne have in common?
A．They are both famous for unique perfumes.
B．They both serve traditional German sausage.
C．They both have many towers with a long history.
D．They both offer wonderful views from the tower top.
D 解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Düsseldorf...went up the Rhine Tower, a really tall building which offers great views across the city.”以及“We made the effort to climb to the top of one of the cathedral’s towers...but it was worthwhile for the impressive sights from the top.”可知，两座城市都能让人从塔顶欣赏到美景。故选D项。
7．According to the writer, which country has the worst weather in Europe?
A．Britain. B．Germany.
C．France. D．Italy.
B 解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“The only disappointment was the grey and rainy weather, which proves that Britain does not have the worst weather in Europe！”可知，作者对德国阴沉、多雨的天气感到失望，并表示这证明了英国不是欧洲天气最糟的国家。由此可推知作者认为在欧洲天气最差的国家为德国。故选B项。
8．What can be the best title of the passage?
A．An Unforgettable Trip
B．A Guide to Germany
C．My First Visit to Germany
D．A Brief Introduction of Germany
C 解析： 标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了作者第一次去德国旅游的经历以及对这个国家的印象，故C项最能概括文章的大意。
语法填空
She looks like any other schoolgirl, fresh?faced and full of life. Sarah Thomas is looking forward to the challenge of her new A?level course. But unlike her school friends ，16?year?old Sarah is not spending half?term 1.____________(rest). Instead, she is earning ￡6，500 a day as 2.____________ model in New York.
Sarah 3.____________(tell) that she could be Britain’s new supermodel, earning a million dollars in the next year. Her father Peter, 44, wants her to give up school to model full?time. But Sarah, 4.____________ has taken part in shows along with top models, wants 5.____________(prove) that she has brains as well as beauty. She is determined to carry on with her 6.____________(educate)．
She has turned down several 7.____________(invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies. After school she plans to take a year off to model full?time before going to university to get a degree 8.____________engineering or architecture.
Sarah says, “My dad thinks I should take the offer now. But at the moment, school 9.____________(come) first. I don’t want to get too absorbed in modeling. It is 10.____________(certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal. I don’t want to have nothing else to fall back on when I can’t model any more.”
【解题导语】 本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了16岁的Sarah在上学的同时兼职做模特，并且取得了巨大的成功；虽然她父亲希望她当全职模特，但是Sarah仍然坚持要完成学业。
1．resting 解析：考查固定搭配。spend time doing sth.是固定搭配，故填resting。
2．a 解析：考查冠词。该空后面model是可数名词单数，此处表示“作为一名模特”，故填a。
3．has been told/was told 解析：考查动词时态和语态。此处动词tell与Sarah是被动关系，因为第二段在讲述父亲和Sarah的想法时都是用现在时，因此可以用现在完成时表达过去对现在的影响，故可以填has been told。此外，“被告知”这件事情发生在过去，故也可填was told。
4．who 解析：考查定语从句。此句Sarah是主语，wants是主句谓语，因此可以判断此处是非限制性定语从句，先行词为Sarah，从句中缺主语且指人，故填who。
5．to prove 解析：考查非谓语动词。want to do是固定搭配，故填to prove。
6．education 解析：考查词性转换。形容词性物主代词her后需用educate的名词形式，故填education。
7．invitations 解析：考查名词单复数。invitation是可数名词，前面有several修饰，要用复数形式，故填invitations。
8．in 解析：考查介词。degree与介词in搭配，表示在某方面的学位。故填in。
9．comes 解析：考查动词时态。全文均为现在时，且school是第三人称单数，故填comes。
10．certainly 解析：考查副词。此处fun是形容词，但空处修饰整个句子，作状语，故填certainly。
书面表达
假如你是李华。最近你班上同学正在参加一个外文报刊上的“大家谈”栏目的一个讨论。本次话题是“课堂上记笔记的方式应该是用手写，还是用手机拍照”。请你根据提示写一篇短文，并谈谈你的看法。
记笔记的方式 优点 缺点
用手写 便于思考 速度慢
用手机拍照 方便，随时翻看 影响他人听讲
注意：1.词数100左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
One possible version：
Recently our class had a discussion about which is the better way to take notes. The class was split into two groups.
Those who are for hand?written notes hold the view that when you write down what the teacher says or notes on the blackboard. you’re thinking it over, which is apparently the best process of learning, although it is a little slow.
The other students think it convenient for them to take notes by using mobile phones. Only in this way can they leave more time for thinking. Most importantly, wherever they are, they can have a look at it. While taking photos in class, if it does affect others, they can turn off the sound.
In my opinion, we should choose the most suitable way to study, whether it is hand?written or photo?taken, it is better than taking no notes at all in class.
PAGE
1
