第十四讲 主从复合句概述
(原卷版)
黑龙江哈尔滨 邱尚瑛
在高考英语复习中，复合句是历年高考试题中的重要考查内容之一，高考英语考试大纲对语言知识的考查中明确规定语法项目中的复合句是考生必须要掌握的重要内容之一。通过对近几年高考试卷的分析可知，语篇型填空和短文改错中体现了对复合句的考查；阅读和完形填空篇章中也多有复合句的出现。其中在语篇型填空中对其考查形式多为无提示词型填空。因此要求教师在学生备考阶段做出科学有效的指导，抓住考点、难点、易错点，有的放矢，针对性精讲精练，指导考生打好坚实的基础，为篇章理解、完形填空、语篇型填空、短文改错乃至书面表达奠定坚实的基础；在辅导学生进行相关复习的时候，要注重对其语言知识进行梳理，夯实基础知识，掌握核心内容，避免偏题、难题和怪题；要注意把相关的语法现象从横向与纵向进行融会贯通；逐条列出学生出容易出现错误的问题，通过典型例句的讲解和巩固训练提高学生的语言应用能力。
I. 主从复合句定义
主从复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句为句子的主体,从句只用作句子的一个次要成分，不能独立成为一个句子。从句通常由关联词引导,并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。从篇章的角度来看，主从复合句在篇章中出现较多。所以应该探究其规律，掌握主从复合句的特点。
While the grandparents love the children, they are strict with them.
It seemed as if the meeting would never end.
Hurry up, or (else) you'll be late.
However I cook eggs, the child still refuses to eat them.
II. 主从复合句分类
从句按其在复合句中的作用分为表语从句、宾语从句、主语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句等。
1.表语从句
在句子中做系动词的表语，位于主句中的系动词之后。如：
Another important difference is whether schools are state schools or private schools .
2.宾语从句
在句子中作及物动词或介词的宾语。
①基本形式：(主句主语＋主句谓语) 连词（+从句主语+从句谓语+...）
②关于宾语从句连词的选择：
若从句是陈述句，连词用that，在口语中that可以省略；
若从句是一般疑问句，连词则用if 或whether；
若从句是特殊疑问句，则连词就是疑问词what，who，where，when等。
We also realize that hiking can be hard work and believe that hikers need all our help.
从句是陈述句 hiking can be hard work and believe that hikers need all our help.
I asked her whether she had looked at a map yet.
从句是一般问句 Had she looked at a map yet?
I have been thinking about how we can make the newspaper more interesting.
从句是特殊问句 How can we make the newspaper more interesting?
3.主语从句
在句子中充当句子主语的从句叫主语从句，位于谓语动词之前。通常由that，whether以及疑问连词引导。一般情况下，常用it替代主语从句,而将主语从句移到句尾。
It is believed that the Maori people came from the Pacific islands of Polynesia.
4.同位语从句
对前面的名词作进一步解释，说明其内容的句子叫做同位语从句（Appositive Clause），同位语从句常由连接词that引导，也可由 whether引导，连接代词 what，which，who，whose等和连接副词when，where，why，how等引导。同位语从句常放在fact，idea，news，thought，hope，belief，truth，doubt，suggestion，warning，message，feeling，reason，report，question等名词后。
I have got a feeling that one day he' ll be famous.
5.定语从句
在复合句中作定语用修饰句子中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
① 定语从句的位置：放在名词或代词的后面。
The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle.
② 语法术语：被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词；引导定语从句的连接词称为关系词，其中that、which、who称为关系代词，where、when、how称为关系副词。③ 关系代词或关系副词：
关系代词who、whom 和whose指人，分别在从句中作主语、宾语和定语。which指物that多指物，有时也指人，它们在从句中可以作主语或宾语。定语从句中关系代词作从句宾语时可以省略。
Chen Zijiang is a paper-cutting expert (whom) I interviewed for my article on Chinese.
There are still two other sharks which are fierce.
关系副词when或where引导定语从句时，它们在从句中分别作时间状语和地点状语。
This is the room where they had a quarrel a week ago.
It was a time when philosophers could have positions in governments.
④ 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句在句中不能省略,否则主句意思就不完整。非限制性定语从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开，这种从句是一种附加说明，如果从句子中省去,也不致于影响主句的意思。
China and Japan have mid-autumn festivals ,when people admire the moon and give gifts of moon cakes.
6状语从句
在复合句中作状语位置可以在主句前或主句后。状语从句可以分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、比较、让步、条件等几种。
状语从句由从属连接词引导：
时间状语从句通常由when，as，while，after，before，since，as soon as，since，till (until)，while，whenever 等引导。时间状语从句一般放在句首或句尾，特别注意，时间状语从句不允许使用将来时，而应该用现在时替代。
As soon as I hear my alarm clock, I jump out of my bed.
Once she has made up her mind, nothing can change it.
地点状语从句通常由 where，wherever等引导。
Whenever he went he carried a notebook around with him, in which he wrote down his ideas.
原因状语从句通常由because, since, as等引导,一般放在句首或句尾。如：
We were late because she took so long finishing her lunch.
目的状语从句通常由so that..., so...hat..., in order that... 等引导,往往放在句尾,从句中通常含有can / could / may / might等情态动词。
I try to work hard so that I can make more money for them.
结果状语从句通常由 so that..., so...that... 等引导,放在句尾。结果状语从句一般表示已经发生的事情,故多为过去时态。
She has been so ill that she has had to stop work.
比较状语从句通常由as, than, as (so)...as等引导,一般省略从句的谓语部分,只剩下名词或代词(用主格或宾格均可)。
Some children have more difficulty learning than others (have).
让步状语从句通常由though (although), as, even if( even though), however, whatever等引导。
Today, athletes from around the world can take part, no matter what language they speak.
条件状语从句通常由if， unless，as long as等引导。条件状语从句一般放在句首或句尾。特别注意：时间状语从句用一般现在时代替将来时。
If they broke the laws,they were put into prison for up to two years.
7.间接引语（间接引语存在的句子也为复合句）
（1）直接引语和间接引语：在陈述句中，直接引用说话人原来的语句称为直接引语。在书写时，直接引语用引号。用自己的词语来转述表达原来说话人说的内容称为间接引语。
（2）直接引语改变为间接引语：直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时应注意以下几点：
①不用引号，而用连接词that，有时可省略。
②人称作相应变化；
③主句里的动词如果是过去时，间接引语中的时态一般应作相应改变：
一般现在时变一般过去时；
一般将来时变过去将来时；
现在进行时变过去进行时；
现在完成时变成过去完成时；
一般过去时变成过去完成时；
一般过去时如与一个具体的过去时间连用，时态不变。
He says, "I am not from the USA."
→He says that he is not from the USA.
Mr Smith said to his girl friend, "I haven' t seen you for a long time."
→Mr Smith said to his girl friend that he had not seen her for a long time.
（3）直接引语如果是一般疑问句：变为间接引语时需用从属连接词whether或if引导，序要改变。
Lin Tao said to Miss Green, "Is it made in China?"
→Lin Tao asked Miss Green if it was made in China.
（4）直接引语如果是特殊疑问句：变为间接引语时,，需用疑问词引导，词序是连词+主语+谓语。
Lucy said to me, "How can I help?"
→Lucy asked me how she could help.
（5）直接引语如是祈使句：变间接引语时,须将祈使句变为动词不定式,并在动词不定式前用tell, ask, order. 如：
He said to the little boy, "Come here, young man! "
→ He asked the little boy to go there.
（6）直接引语变为间接引语时：指示代词以及表示时间和地点的词或词组应作相应变化。
I. 宾语从句易错点
宾语从句的时态问题
如果主句是现在时，从句则用现在某一时态，甚至可以用过去时；如果主句是过去时，从句则相应地使用过去某一时态，遇到客观真理时仍然用现在时。
I think I will do better in English this term.
The teacher asked the boy if the earth is round.
2. 下列结构后面的从句一般也作为宾语从句看待：
be sorry / afraid / sure / glad +that从句
I’m sorry I’m late.
I’m afraid he isn’t in at the moment.
II. 状语从句易错点
because与so；(al)though与but；if与so不可以同在一个句子中成对出现。
时间、条件、原因、让步状语从句放在句首时需要用逗号与主句隔开。
3. 主将从现的情况
主将从现是指在时间状语从句和条件状语从句和让步状语从句中，如果主句是一般将来时，从句用一般现在时替代一般将来时。主将从现说的是在含有时间状语从句和条件状语从句的主从复合句中，如果主句的时态是一般将来时，那么从句要用一般现在时。
I will tell him about it when he comes.
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing.
如果主句的时态是过去将来时，那么从句要用一般过去时。
He said that he would have another try if he had the chance.
I knew he could help me if he was free the next day.
III. 定语从句易错点
关系代词只能用that的情况：
当先行词是指事物的不定代词(all, anything等)，或先行词部分含有最高级，或含有序数词时，不能用其他的关系代词，只能用that。
All that Lily told me seems untrue.
Can you give me anything that has no sugar inside?
This is the first two-story bus that runs in our city.
关系代词在从句中作主语时一般用who(指人)、that(指物)，而不用that指人或用which指物。
Do you know the woman who is weeping in the corner?
Do not tell me any words that have nothing to do with me.
关系代词作从句的宾语时，常用which或whom,较少使用that或who,而且,关系代词常常省略。
Tom’s father was the first parent whom our teacher talked to.
当关系代词紧跟在介词后面时，必须用which或whom，而当介词移到句尾时，则又可以使用that或who。
This is the room in which Miss Li once lived.
= This is the room Miss Li once lived in.
知识点一 对名词性从句的考查
例1．Without his support, we wouldn’t be _________ we are now.
A. how B. when C. where D. why
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：没有他的支持，我们是不会在现在这个位置的。how表方式，when表时间，where表地点，why表原因。“_________ we are now”是表语从句，结合句子的意思可知，该处指我们所处的位置，故该从句应用where引导。C选项正确。
【温馨提示】表语从句是指一个句子充当表语，通俗的说就是系动词be后面接一个句子。连接表语从句的连接词有that，what，who，when，where，which，why，whether，how等。
变式训练 1-1：
Every year, ______ makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.
A. whatever B. whoever C. whomever D. whichever
变式训练1-2：
The manager put forward a suggestion ____ we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do.
A. whether B. that C. which D. what
知识点二 对状语从句的考查
例2．Located _______ the Belt meets the Road, Jiangsu will contribute more to the Belt and Road construction.
A. why B. when C. which D. where
【答案】D
【解析】考查地点状语从句。句意：位于丝绸之路交汇处的江苏省将会对“一带一路”的建设做出更大的贡献。be located in +地点名词，位于/座落某地，where引导地点状语从句相当于in some place，故选D。
变式训练 2：
I really enjoy listening to music ________ it helps me relax and takes my mind away from other cares of the day.
A. because B. before C. unless D. until
知识点三 对定语从句的考查
例3．She and her family bicycle to work, _________ helps them keep fit.
A. which B. who C. as D. that
【答案】A
【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：她和家人骑自行车去上班，这有助于他们保持健康。“____ helps them keep fit”是非限制性定语从句，该从句修饰整个主句，引导词在从句中做主语，故该从句应用关系代词which引导。A选项正确。
【温馨提示】非限制性定语从句即可修饰主句的一部分，也可以修饰整个主句。其引导词的选择和限制性定语从句的判断规则一致，即：第一、找准先行词；第二、看先行词在定语从句中所作的成分。需要注意的是，that不能引导非限制性定语从句。
变式训练3：
Self-driving?is?an?area?___China?and?the?rest?of?the?world?are?on?the?same?starting line. A. that B. where C. which D. when
知识点四 对连词误用的考查
例4．(改错)
They also had a small pond, which they raised fish.
【答案】while前加in或改为where
【解析】考查定语从句的关系词。句意：他们还有一个小池塘，里面养着鱼。此处a small pond是先行词，其在后面的定语从句中做地点状语，故用in which或where。
变式训练 4-1：(改错)
Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.
变式训练4-2：(改错)
The reason why I plan to go is why she will be disappointed if I don’t.
1.【2018 天津卷 单项填空2】 Kate, _________sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.
A. whom B. that C. whose D. her
2. 【2018 天津卷 单项填空4】Let's not pick these peaches until this weekend ___________they get sweet enough to be eaten.
A. ever since B. as if C. even though D. so that
3.【2018 江苏卷 单项填空29】
_____ you can sleep well, you will lose the ability to focus, plan and stay motivated after one or two nights.
A. Once B. Unless C. If D. When
4.【2018 天津卷 单项填空9】 The gold medal will be awarded to ___________ wins the first place in the bicycle race.
A. whomever B. wherever C. whoever D. whatever
5.【2018 全国卷2】(改错)
The games my parents taught me where I was a child turned out to be very useful later in my life.
I. 高考模拟真题训练
1.【2018·北京】This is _________ my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best.
A. how B. which C. that D. what
2.【2018·江苏】By boat is the only way to get here, which is _______ we arrived.
A. where B. when C. why D. how
3.【2017·北京】 Jane moved aimlessly down the tree-lined street, not knowing ______she was heading.
A. why B. where C. how D. when
4.【2017·江苏】 We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20, half of _______ it used to charge.
A. that B. which C. what D. how
5.【2017·天津】She asked me _______ I had returned the books to the library, and I admitted that I hadn’t.
A. when B. where C. whether D. what
6. 【2018·北京】_________ we don’t stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone.
A. Although B. While C. If D. Until
7. 【2017·北京】If you don’t understand something, you may research, study, and talk to other people _______ you figure it out.
A. because B. though C. until D. since
8.【2017·北京】
—Peter, please send us postcards ______ we’ll know where you have visited.
—No problem.
A. but B. or C. for D. so
9. 【2016·北京】I am not afraid of tomorrow, ________ I have seen yesterday and I love today.
A. so B. and C. for D. but
10.【2017·北京卷】The little problems ______ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.
A. that B. as C. where D. when
【2017·江苏】 In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of _______ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.
A. which B. it’s C. whose D. whom
12.【2017·天津】 My eldest son, _______ work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.
A. that B. whose C. his D. who
II. 找出下面划线部分的句子类型
Long time ago，a boy named Bob met a new friend in QQ, 1.who is Larry. Larry works with Transport Drivers. Inc.One morning in 2009, Larry was traveling along 165 north after delivering to one of his customers 2.when he saw a car with its bright lights on. 3.As he got even closer, he found another vehicle upside down on the road. One more look 4.and he noticed fire shooting out repeatedly from under the disabled vehicle. Larry pulled over, set the brake and got hold of the fire extinguisher. Two good bursts from the extinguisher 5.and the fire was put out.
The man 6.who had his bright lights on came over and told Larry he had made a call. They then heard a woman's voice coming from the damaged vehicle. Approaching the vehicle，they saw 7.that a woman was trying to get out of the broken window. They told her to stay still, he thought the car was going to explode.Larry told her 8.that he had already put out the fire.
9.Once fire and emergency people arrived, Larry and the other man backed off and let them go to work. Then, Larry asked the police 10.if/whether he was needed or free to go. They let him and the other man go.
One thing is for certain－It was his efforts 11.that most likely saved the woman's life.
第十四讲 主从复合句概述
(解析卷)
黑龙江哈尔滨 邱尚瑛
在高考英语复习中，复合句是历年高考试题中的重要考查内容之一，高考英语考试大纲对语言知识的考查中明确规定语法项目中的复合句是考生必须要掌握的重要内容之一。通过对近几年高考试卷的分析可知，语篇型填空和短文改错中体现了对复合句的考查；阅读和完形填空篇章中也多有复合句的出现。其中在语篇型填空中对其考查形式多为无提示词型填空。因此要求教师在学生备考阶段做出科学有效的指导，抓住考点、难点、易错点，有的放矢，针对性精讲精练，指导考生打好坚实的基础，为篇章理解、完形填空、语篇型填空、短文改错乃至书面表达奠定坚实的基础；在辅导学生进行相关复习的时候，要注重对其语言知识进行梳理，夯实基础知识，掌握核心内容，避免偏题、难题和怪题；要注意把相关的语法现象从横向与纵向进行融会贯通；逐条列出学生出容易出现错误的问题，通过典型例句的讲解和巩固训练提高学生的语言应用能力。
I. 主从复合句定义
主从复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句为句子的主体,从句只用作句子的一个次要成分，不能独立成为一个句子。从句通常由关联词引导,并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。从篇章的角度来看，主从复合句在篇章中出现较多。所以应该探究其规律，掌握主从复合句的特点。
While the grandparents love the children, they are strict with them.
It seemed as if the meeting would never end.
Hurry up, or (else) you'll be late.
However I cook eggs, the child still refuses to eat them.
II. 主从复合句分类
从句按其在复合句中的作用分为表语从句、宾语从句、主语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句等。
1.表语从句
在句子中做系动词的表语，位于主句中的系动词之后。如：
Another important difference is whether schools are state schools or private schools .
2.宾语从句
在句子中作及物动词或介词的宾语。
①基本形式：(主句主语＋主句谓语) 连词（+从句主语+从句谓语+...）
②关于宾语从句连词的选择：
若从句是陈述句，连词用that，在口语中that可以省略；
若从句是一般疑问句，连词则用if 或whether；
若从句是特殊疑问句，则连词就是疑问词what，who，where，when等。
We also realize that hiking can be hard work and believe that hikers need all our help.
从句是陈述句 hiking can be hard work and believe that hikers need all our help.
I asked her whether she had looked at a map yet.
从句是一般问句 Had she looked at a map yet?
I have been thinking about how we can make the newspaper more interesting.
从句是特殊问句 How can we make the newspaper more interesting?
3.主语从句
在句子中充当句子主语的从句叫主语从句，位于谓语动词之前。通常由that，whether以及疑问连词引导。一般情况下，常用it替代主语从句,而将主语从句移到句尾。
It is believed that the Maori people came from the Pacific islands of Polynesia.
4.同位语从句
对前面的名词作进一步解释，说明其内容的句子叫做同位语从句（Appositive Clause），同位语从句常由连接词that引导，也可由 whether引导，连接代词 what，which，who，whose等和连接副词when，where，why，how等引导。同位语从句常放在fact，idea，news，thought，hope，belief，truth，doubt，suggestion，warning，message，feeling，reason，report，question等名词后。
I have got a feeling that one day he' ll be famous.
5.定语从句
在复合句中作定语用修饰句子中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
① 定语从句的位置：放在名词或代词的后面。
The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle.
② 语法术语：被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词；引导定语从句的连接词称为关系词，其中that、which、who称为关系代词，where、when、how称为关系副词。③ 关系代词或关系副词：
关系代词who、whom 和whose指人，分别在从句中作主语、宾语和定语。which指物that多指物，有时也指人，它们在从句中可以作主语或宾语。定语从句中关系代词作从句宾语时可以省略。
Chen Zijiang is a paper-cutting expert (whom) I interviewed for my article on Chinese.
There are still two other sharks which are fierce.
关系副词when或where引导定语从句时，它们在从句中分别作时间状语和地点状语。
This is the room where they had a quarrel a week ago.
It was a time when philosophers could have positions in governments.
④ 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句在句中不能省略,否则主句意思就不完整。非限制性定语从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开，这种从句是一种附加说明，如果从句子中省去,也不致于影响主句的意思。
China and Japan have mid-autumn festivals ,when people admire the moon and give gifts of moon cakes.
6状语从句
在复合句中作状语位置可以在主句前或主句后。状语从句可以分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、比较、让步、条件等几种。
状语从句由从属连接词引导：
时间状语从句通常由when，as，while，after，before，since，as soon as，since，till (until)，while，whenever 等引导。时间状语从句一般放在句首或句尾，特别注意，时间状语从句不允许使用将来时，而应该用现在时替代。
As soon as I hear my alarm clock, I jump out of my bed.
Once she has made up her mind, nothing can change it.
地点状语从句通常由 where，wherever等引导。
Whenever he went he carried a notebook around with him, in which he wrote down his ideas.
原因状语从句通常由because, since, as等引导,一般放在句首或句尾。如：
We were late because she took so long finishing her lunch.
目的状语从句通常由so that..., so...hat..., in order that... 等引导,往往放在句尾,从句中通常含有can / could / may / might等情态动词。
I try to work hard so that I can make more money for them.
结果状语从句通常由 so that..., so...that... 等引导,放在句尾。结果状语从句一般表示已经发生的事情,故多为过去时态。
She has been so ill that she has had to stop work.
比较状语从句通常由as, than, as (so)...as等引导,一般省略从句的谓语部分,只剩下名词或代词(用主格或宾格均可)。
Some children have more difficulty learning than others (have).
让步状语从句通常由though (although), as, even if( even though), however, whatever等引导。
Today, athletes from around the world can take part, no matter what language they speak.
条件状语从句通常由if， unless，as long as等引导。条件状语从句一般放在句首或句尾。特别注意：时间状语从句用一般现在时代替将来时。
If they broke the laws,they were put into prison for up to two years.
7.间接引语（间接引语存在的句子也为复合句）
（1）直接引语和间接引语：在陈述句中，直接引用说话人原来的语句称为直接引语。在书写时，直接引语用引号。用自己的词语来转述表达原来说话人说的内容称为间接引语。
（2）直接引语改变为间接引语：直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时应注意以下几点：
①不用引号，而用连接词that，有时可省略。
②人称作相应变化；
③主句里的动词如果是过去时，间接引语中的时态一般应作相应改变：
一般现在时变一般过去时；
一般将来时变过去将来时；
现在进行时变过去进行时；
现在完成时变成过去完成时；
一般过去时变成过去完成时；
一般过去时如与一个具体的过去时间连用，时态不变。
He says, "I am not from the USA."
→He says that he is not from the USA.
Mr Smith said to his girl friend, "I haven' t seen you for a long time."
→Mr Smith said to his girl friend that he had not seen her for a long time.
（3）直接引语如果是一般疑问句：变为间接引语时需用从属连接词whether或if引导，序要改变。
Lin Tao said to Miss Green, "Is it made in China?"
→Lin Tao asked Miss Green if it was made in China.
（4）直接引语如果是特殊疑问句：变为间接引语时,，需用疑问词引导，词序是连词+主语+谓语。
Lucy said to me, "How can I help?"
→Lucy asked me how she could help.
（5）直接引语如是祈使句：变间接引语时,须将祈使句变为动词不定式,并在动词不定式前用tell, ask, order. 如：
He said to the little boy, "Come here, young man! "
→ He asked the little boy to go there.
（6）直接引语变为间接引语时：指示代词以及表示时间和地点的词或词组应作相应变化。
I. 宾语从句易错点
宾语从句的时态问题
如果主句是现在时，从句则用现在某一时态，甚至可以用过去时；如果主句是过去时，从句则相应地使用过去某一时态，遇到客观真理时仍然用现在时。
I think I will do better in English this term.
The teacher asked the boy if the earth is round.
2. 下列结构后面的从句一般也作为宾语从句看待：
be sorry / afraid / sure / glad +that从句
I’m sorry I’m late.
I’m afraid he isn’t in at the moment.
II. 状语从句易错点
because与so；(al)though与but；if与so不可以同在一个句子中成对出现。
时间、条件、原因、让步状语从句放在句首时需要用逗号与主句隔开。
3. 主将从现的情况
主将从现是指在时间状语从句和条件状语从句和让步状语从句中，如果主句是一般将来时，从句用一般现在时替代一般将来时。主将从现说的是在含有时间状语从句和条件状语从句的主从复合句中，如果主句的时态是一般将来时，那么从句要用一般现在时。
I will tell him about it when he comes.
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing.
如果主句的时态是过去将来时，那么从句要用一般过去时。
He said that he would have another try if he had the chance.
I knew he could help me if he was free the next day.
III. 定语从句易错点
关系代词只能用that的情况：
当先行词是指事物的不定代词(all, anything等)，或先行词部分含有最高级，或含有序数词时，不能用其他的关系代词，只能用that。
All that Lily told me seems untrue.
Can you give me anything that has no sugar inside?
This is the first two-story bus that runs in our city.
关系代词在从句中作主语时一般用who(指人)、that(指物)，而不用that指人或用which指物。
Do you know the woman who is weeping in the corner?
Do not tell me any words that have nothing to do with me.
关系代词作从句的宾语时，常用which或whom,较少使用that或who,而且,关系代词常常省略。
Tom’s father was the first parent whom our teacher talked to.
当关系代词紧跟在介词后面时，必须用which或whom，而当介词移到句尾时，则又可以使用that或who。
This is the room in which Miss Li once lived.
= This is the room Miss Li once lived in.
知识点一 对名词性从句的考查
例1．Without his support, we wouldn’t be _________ we are now.
A. how B. when C. where D. why
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：没有他的支持，我们是不会在现在这个位置的。how表方式，when表时间，where表地点，why表原因。“_________ we are now”是表语从句，结合句子的意思可知，该处指我们所处的位置，故该从句应用where引导。C选项正确。
【温馨提示】表语从句是指一个句子充当表语，通俗的说就是系动词be后面接一个句子。连接表语从句的连接词有that，what，who，when，where，which，why，whether，how等。
变式训练 1-1：
Every year, ______ makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.
A. whatever B. whoever C. whomever D. whichever
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词性从句中主语从句连接词。句意：每年，任何一个做出最漂亮风筝的人将会在风筝节获奖。分析句子可知，空格所在部分是主语从句且缺少主语，故用whoever，表示“任何人，无论谁”。故选B。
变式训练1-2：
The manager put forward a suggestion ____ we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do.
A. whether B. that C. which D. what
【答案】B
【解析】句意：经理提出一个建议，我们应该有个助手。有太多的工作要做。用同位语说明suggestion的内容，而同位语从句成分和意思都是完整的，故用that引导。
知识点二 对状语从句的考查
例2．Located _______ the Belt meets the Road, Jiangsu will contribute more to the Belt and Road construction.
A. why B. when C. which D. where
【答案】D
【解析】考查地点状语从句。句意：位于丝绸之路交汇处的江苏省将会对“一带一路”的建设做出更大的贡献。be located in +地点名词，位于/座落某地，where引导地点状语从句相当于in some place，故选D。
变式训练 2：
I really enjoy listening to music ________ it helps me relax and takes my mind away from other cares of the day.
A. because B. before C. unless D. until
【答案】A
【解析】考查原因状语从句。句意：我非常喜欢听音乐，因为它能让我放松，使我不去想其他的事情。前后为因果关系，故选A。
知识点三 对定语从句的考查
例3．She and her family bicycle to work, _________ helps them keep fit.
A. which B. who C. as D. that
【答案】A
【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：她和家人骑自行车去上班，这有助于他们保持健康。“____ helps them keep fit”是非限制性定语从句，该从句修饰整个主句，引导词在从句中做主语，故该从句应用关系代词which引导。A选项正确。
【温馨提示】非限制性定语从句即可修饰主句的一部分，也可以修饰整个主句。其引导词的选择和限制性定语从句的判断规则一致，即：第一、找准先行词；第二、看先行词在定语从句中所作的成分。需要注意的是，that不能引导非限制性定语从句。
变式训练3：
Self-driving?is?an?area?___China?and?the?rest?of?the?world?are?on?the?same?starting line. A. that B. where C. which D. when
【答案】B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：自动驾驶是一个中国和世界其它国家都在同一起跑线的领域。句中先行词为area，在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where，相当于in which。故选B。
知识点四 对连词误用的考查
例4．(改错)
They also had a small pond, which they raised fish.
【答案】while前加in或改为where
【解析】考查定语从句的关系词。句意：他们还有一个小池塘，里面养着鱼。此处a small pond是先行词，其在后面的定语从句中做地点状语，故用in which或where。
变式训练 4-1：(改错)
Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.
【答案】they改为which或that
【解析】分析句子可知，前面的倒装句“Around me in the picture are the things…”是一个单句，而后面的“…they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.”也是一个单句，在这种情况下，要么在两个单句之间用并列连词连接，要么把后面这个单句变为从句。从句意上看，这里变为定语从句更为合理，故把they改为that/which。
变式训练4-2：(改错)
The reason why I plan to go is why she will be disappointed if I don’t.
【答案】why改为that
【解析】考查名词性的从句引导词。此句为固定句式：the reason why从句is that从句，含义为“…的原因是因为…”。
1.【2018 天津卷 单项填空2】 Kate, _________sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.
A. whom B. that C. whose D. her
【答案】C
【解析】考查定语从句关系词。句意：Kate已经去澳大利亚工作了。我们在大学的时候，我和她的姐姐共住一室。句中先行词为Kate，且Kate在非限制性定语从句中作名词sister的定语，故用whose。
2. 【2018 天津卷 单项填空4】Let's not pick these peaches until this weekend ___________they get sweet enough to be eaten.
A. ever since B. as if C. even though D. so that
【答案】D
【解析】考查状语从句的连词和句意理解。句意：让我们这个周末再摘这些桃子，这样的话它们吃起来就变得足够甜。A. ever since自那时起；B. as if 好像；C. even though尽管；D. so that以便。从句为目的状语从句，故用so that。
【温馨提示】 本题考查连词短语词义辨析。解题时要区分清选择项的含义与区别，再联系句意可以判断，这里考查so that引导的目的状语从句。
3.【2018 江苏卷 单项填空29】
_____ you can sleep well, you will lose the ability to focus, plan and stay motivated after one or two nights.
A. Once B. Unless C. If D. When
【答案】B
【解析】考查连词词义辨析及语境理解。句意：除非你睡得好，否则一两个晚上之后，你会失去专注、计划和保持动力的能力。A. Once一旦；B. Unless除非；C. If如果；D. When当……时候。故选B。
【温馨提示】本题考查连词辨析。解题时要区分清选择项的含义与区别，再联系句意进行判断，从而选出正确答案。
4.【2018 天津卷 单项填空9】 The gold medal will be awarded to ___________ wins the first place in the bicycle race.
A. whomever B. wherever C. whoever D. whatever
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词性从句连接词。句意：无论谁获得自行车比赛第一名，金牌将授予他。分析句子可知，宾语从句中缺少主语，故用whoever，表示“任何人，无论谁”。故选C。
【温馨提示】分析句子可知，空格处做be awarded to的宾语，同时在后面的从句中做主语，再根据句意可知，这里主语指人，故用whoever。
5.【2018 全国卷2】(改错)
The games my parents taught me where I was a child turned out to be very useful later in my life.
【答案】where改为when
【解析】考查宾语从句的连接词。句意：当我是个孩子的时候我父母教给我的纸牌游戏在我日后的生活中证明非常有用。宾语从句连接词并不是表示地点状语，而是时间状语。故把where改为when。
I. 高考模拟真题训练
1.【2018·北京】This is _________ my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best.
A. how B. which C. that D. what
【答案】D
【解析】句意：这是我父亲教我的---总要面对困难，抱最大希望。所填的空引导表语从句，空在从句中作动词的宾语，故用what。
【温馨提示】what是常见的名词性从句引导词之一，它除了引导从句作用之外，还在从句中做主语，宾语，表语或者定语。根据不同的语境，what可以表示不同的意思，例如“……的东西或事情”，“……的人或样子”等。
2.【2018·江苏】By boat is the only way to get here, which is _______ we arrived.
A. where B. when C. why D. how
【答案】D
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：乘船是到达这里唯一的途径，这就是我们如何到达的。分析which引导的非限定性定语从句可知，后面为表语从句。分析句意可知，这里用连接副词how引导表语从句，充当方式状语，表示“如何”。故选D。
【温馨提示】本题考查表语。首先需要弄清句意及分析句子结构，然后根据前句By boat is the only way to get here提示可知作方式状语，就不难选出正确答案。
3.【2017·北京】 Jane moved aimlessly down the tree-lined street, not knowing ______she was heading.
A. why B. where C. how D. when
【答案】B
【解析】考查宾语从句连词。 A. why 为什么 B. where 在哪 C. how 如何 D. when什么时候。句意：Jane漫无目的地走在两旁栽树的街道上，不知道她将去往何方。根据语境可知此处是表地点的，很容易就可选出答案B。
4.【2017·江苏】 We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20, half of _______ it used to charge.
A. that B. which C. what D. how
【答案】C
【解析】考查介词之后的宾语从句。half of _______ it used to charge是$20的同位语，即原来价格的一半是现在的$20；另_______ it used to charge做的是of的宾语从句，少charge之后的宾语，所以用what来引导宾语从句。
【温馨提示】这里容易误判为定语从句的“介词+关系代词”结构，需要注意的是，half of后面的价格是以前的价格。如果是定语从句，那么half of后面的价格则是$20的一半，即$10，再结合“down to”可知，原来的价格高于$20，因此不是定语从句。介词of后跟宾语，因此这里是宾语从句，通过分析句子成分可知，宾语从句缺少宾语，因此用what引导。
5.【2017·天津】She asked me _______ I had returned the books to the library, and I admitted that I hadn’t.
A. when B. where C. whether D. what
【答案】C
【解析】句意：他问我是否已经把书还给图书馆了，我承认，我还没有还。A.什么时候；B.在哪里；C是否；D.什么。根据句意，故选C。
6. 【2018·北京】_________ we don’t stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone.
A. Although B. While C. If D. Until
【答案】C
【解析】考查状语从句。句意：如果我们不阻止气候变化，那么世界上的许多动植物就会消失。根据句意知道前一句为条件状语从句，用if引导。
【温馨提示】条件状语从句通常由引导词if或unless引导。条件是指某一件事情实现之后（状语从句中的动作），其它事情（主句中的动作）才能发生，通常译作“假如”。
7. 【2017·北京】If you don’t understand something, you may research, study, and talk to other people _______ you figure it out.
A. because B. though C. until D. since
【答案】C
【解析】考查状语从句连词。句意：如果你无法理解某个东西，你可能会去研究，学习和他人探讨知道你解决为止。根据句意可知选用until，直到，选C。
8.【2017·北京】
—Peter, please send us postcards ______ we’ll know where you have visited.
—No problem.
A. but B. or C. for D. so
【答案】D
【解析】考查并列连词。A. but 但是 B. or 或者 C. for 因为 D. so因此 句意： Peter，请给我们寄明信片，因此我们就会知道你们去哪游览过。根据语境可知前后句之间是因果关系，故用so，选D。
9. 【2016·北京】I am not afraid of tomorrow, ________ I have seen yesterday and I love today.
A. so B. and C. for D. but
【答案】C
【解析】句意：我不害怕明天，因为我已经经历了昨天并且深爱着今天。So后跟结果；and是并列关系；for表示补充说明；but表示转折。故选C。
10.【2017·北京卷】The little problems ______ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.
A. that B. as C. where D. when
【答案】A
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我们在日常生活中遇到的小问题可能就是伟大发明的灵感。从句少宾语，先行词是problems，用that。
【2017·江苏】 In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of _______ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.
A. which B. it’s C. whose D. whom
【答案】C
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：1963年联合国建立了世界粮食计划署，其目的之一就是为了缓解世界范围内的饥饿问题。先行词是the World Food Programme世界粮食项目的目的之一是……，whose在定语从句中作定语，这里限定purposes，故选C。
12.【2017·天津】 My eldest son, _______ work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.
A. that B. whose C. his D. who
【答案】B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我的大儿子现在在纽约，他的工作使他走遍全世界。先行词是my eldest son，根据句意和空后名词，确定引导词作定语，故用whose。
II. 找出下面划线部分的句子类型
Long time ago，a boy named Bob met a new friend in QQ, 1.who is Larry. Larry works with Transport Drivers. Inc.One morning in 2009, Larry was traveling along 165 north after delivering to one of his customers 2.when he saw a car with its bright lights on. 3.As he got even closer, he found another vehicle upside down on the road. One more look 4.and he noticed fire shooting out repeatedly from under the disabled vehicle. Larry pulled over, set the brake and got hold of the fire extinguisher. Two good bursts from the extinguisher 5.and the fire was put out.
The man 6.who had his bright lights on came over and told Larry he had made a call. They then heard a woman's voice coming from the damaged vehicle. Approaching the vehicle，they saw 7.that a woman was trying to get out of the broken window. They told her to stay still, he thought the car was going to explode.Larry told her 8.that he had already put out the fire.
9.Once fire and emergency people arrived, Larry and the other man backed off and let them go to work. Then, Larry asked the police 10.if/whether he was needed or free to go. They let him and the other man go.
One thing is for certain－It was his efforts 11.that most likely saved the woman's life.
【答案】
1空和6空之后是定语从句
2空3空和9空之后是状语从句
4空和5空连接并列句
7空8空10空11空之后是名词性从句
课件34张PPT。第十四讲 主从复合句概述考纲解读1. 对主从复合句的语言知识进行梳理，注意在语篇型填空和短文改错中出现的主从复合句的语言知识。
2. 注意在语篇型填空中所考查的形式大多是无提示词型填空，要特别注意语义、时态、语态的一致。
3. 注意主从复合句中的不同特点以及各种从句中的语义关系。
4. 熟练掌握主从复合句的用法，列出学生出容易出现错误的问题；通过典型例句讲解和巩固训练提高学生的语言应用能力。典例精讲知识点一 对名词性从句的考查
典例1：Without his support, we wouldn’t be _________ we are now.
A. how B. when C. where D. why
【句意】没有他的支持，我们是不会在现在这个位置的。C where表示所处的位置；系动词be后面是
“_________ we are now”是表语从句表语从句是系动词be后所面接的从句；表语从句的连接词有that，what，who，when，where，which，why，whether，how等变式训练 考向 名词性从句中主语从句连接词
变式训练 1-1. Every year, ______ makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.
A. whatever B. whoever C. whomever D. whichever【句意】 ：每年，任何一个做出最漂亮风筝的人将会在风筝节获奖。B 空格所在部分是主语从句，从句在缺少主语，用whoever
引导从句，在从句中做主语表示“任何人，无论谁”变式训练 考向 同位语从句
变式训练 1- 2. The manager put forward a suggestion ____ we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do.
A. whether B. that C. which D. what 【句意】 ：经理提出一个建议，我们应该有个助手。有太多的工作要做。B 用同位语说明suggestion的内容，
从句的成分和意思都完整，故用that典例精讲知识点二 对状语从句的考查
典例2：Located _______ the Belt meets the Road, Jiangsu will contribute more to the Belt and Road construction.
A. why B. when C. which D. whereD 句意：位于丝绸之路交汇处的江苏省将会对“一带一路”的建设做出更大的贡献。be located in +地点名词，位于/座落某地，where引导地点状语从句相当于in some place
所以用where变式训练 考向 原因状语从句
变式训练 2. I really enjoy listening to music ________ it helps me relax and takes my mind away from other cares of the day.
A. because B. before C. unless D. until句意：我非常喜欢听音乐，因为它能让我放松，使我不去想其他的事情。A 两个句子前后为因果关系，故选A典例精讲知识点三 对定语从句的考查
典例3：She and her family bicycle to work, _________ helps them keep fit. A. which B. who C. as D. thatA 句意：她和家人骑自行车去上班，这有助于他们保持健康。“____ helps them keep fit”是非限制性
定语从句，该从句修饰整个主句，引导词在
从句中做主语。that不能引导非限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句即可修饰主句的一部分，也可以修饰整个主句。其引导词的选择和限制性定语从句的判断规则一致。变式训练3考向 定语从句
变式训练 3．Self - driving is an area ___ China and? the? rest? of? the? world are on?the?same?starting line.
A. that B. where C. which D. when句意：自动驾驶是一个中国和世界其它国家都在同一起跑线的领域。B句中先行词为area，在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词 where，相当于in which典例精讲知识点四 对定语从句的关系词的考查
典例4：(改错) They also had a small pond, which they raised fish.while前加in或改为where 句意：他们还有一个小池塘，里面养着鱼。a small pond是先行词，其在后面的定语从句中做地点状语 变式训练 考向 定语从句
变式训练 4-1. (改错) Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.句意：在这张照片中，我周围是当时我生活中非常重要的东西：汽车杂志和乐器。they改为which或that Around me in the picture are the things和they were very important...
是两个简单句，后一句是对前一句的说明，所以加定语从句的引导词变式训练 考向 名词性从句的引导词
变式训练 4-2．（改错）The reason why I plan to go is why she will be disappointed if I don’t．句意：尽你所能帮助别人，你将使世界成为一个美好的居住地。why改为that 此句为固定句式：the reason why从句和
is that从句，含义为“…的原因是因为…”2018 天津卷 单项填空 2
1. Kate, _________sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.
A. whom B. that C. whose D. her ?C 句意：Kate已经去澳大利亚工作了。我们在大学的时候，我和她的姐姐共住一室。挑战真题先行词为Kate，且Kate在非限制性定语从句中作名词sister的定语主从复合句2018 天津卷 单项填空 4
2. Let's not pick these peaches until this weekend ___________they get sweet enough to be eaten.
A. ever since B. as if C. even though D. so that D 句意：让我们这个周末再摘这些桃子，这样的话它们吃起来就变得足够甜。挑战真题本题考查连词短语词义辨析，要区分清选择项的含义与区别，联系句意可判断，这里考查so that引导的目的状语从句主从复合句自那时起好像尽管从句为目的状语从句，故用so that以便2018 江苏卷 单项填空 29
3. ?_____ you can sleep well, you will lose the ability to focus, plan and stay motivated after one or two nights.
A. Once B. Unless C. If D. WhenB 句意：：除非你睡得好，否则一两个晚上之后，你会失去专注、计划和保持动力的能力。挑战真题主从复合句一旦除非如果当……时候2019年 哈工大附中 改错
4. The gold medal will be awarded to ___________ wins the first place in the bicycle race.
A. whomever B. wherever C. whoever D. whatever C 句意：无论谁获得自行车比赛第一名，金牌都将授予他。 挑战真题宾语从句中缺少主语，故用whoever，表示“任何人，无论谁”主从复合句2018 全国卷 2 改错
5. The games my parents taught me where I was a child turned out to be very useful later in my life. where改为when句意：当我是个孩子的时候我父母教给我的纸牌游戏在我日后的生活中证明非常有用。挑战真题宾语从句连接词并不是表示地点状语，
而是时间状语，所以用when主从复合句1. This is _________ my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best.
A. how B. which C. that D. what句意：这是我父亲教我的---总要面对困难，抱最大希望。D 巩固训练所填的空引导表语从句，空在从句
中作动词的宾语，故用what2. By boat is the only way to get here, which is _______ we arrived.
A. where B. when C. why D. how句意：乘船是到达这里唯一的途径，这就是我们如何到达的。D 巩固训练用连接副词 how引导表语从句，
充当方式状语，表示“如何”3. Jane moved aimlessly down the tree-lined street, not knowing ______she was heading.
A. why B. where C. how D. when句意：Jane漫无目的地走在两旁栽树的街道上，不知道她将去往何方。B 巩固训练根据语境可知此处是表地点4. We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20, half of _______ it used to charge.
A. that B. which C. what D. how句意：我们选择这家旅馆是因为这里一晚的价格降到了20美元，是以前收费的一半。C 巩固训练_______ it used to charge 做的是of的宾语从句，少 charge之后
的宾语，所以用what来引导宾语从句5. She asked me _______ I had returned the books to the library, and I admitted that I hadn’t.
A. when B. where C. whether D. what句意：他问我是否已经把书还给图书馆了，我承认，我还没有还。C 巩固训练从句意可知，问的是是否还书了。所以用表示是否的连词6. _________ we don’t stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone.
A. Although B. While C. If D. Until句意：如果我们不阻止气候变化，那么世界上的许多动植物就会消失。C 巩固训练根据句意知道前一句为条件
状语从句，所以用 if 引导7. If you don’t understand something, you may research, study, and talk to other people _______ you figure it out.
A. because B. though C. until D. since句意：如果你无法理解某个东西，你可能会去研究，学习和他人探讨知道你解决为止。C 巩固训练根据句意可知 选用 until，直到。
A表示原因；B表示尽管；D表示自从；均不符合句意8. —Peter, please send us postcards ______ we’ll know where you have visited.
—No problem. A. but B. or C. for D. so句意： Peter，请给我们寄明信片，因此我们就会知道你们去哪游览过。D 巩固训练A. 但是；B. 或者；C.因为； D. 因此。
根据语境可知前后句之间是因果关系，故用so9. I am not afraid of tomorrow, ________ I have seen yesterday and I love today.
A. so B. an C. for D. but句意：我不害怕明天，因为我已经经历了昨天并且深爱着今天。C 巩固训练for表示补充说明。；意可知是因果关系。
So后跟结果；and是并列关系；but表示转折10. The little problems ______ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.
A. that B. as C. where D. when 句意：我们在日常生活中遇到的小问题可能就是伟大发明的灵感。A巩固训练从句中缺少宾语，先行词是 problems，
四个答案中that可做从句中宾语11. 11.In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of _______ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.
A. which B. it’s C. whose D. whom 句意：1963年联合国建立了世界粮食计划署，其目的之一就是为了缓解世界范围内的饥饿问题。C 巩固训练先行词是the World Food Programme
whose 在定语从句中作定语，限定purposes12. My eldest son, _______ work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.
A. that B. whose C. his D. who句意：我的大儿子现在在纽约，他的工作使他走遍全世界。B 巩固训练先行词是my eldest son；根据句意和
空格后名词确定引导词作定语，故用whose巩固训练 Long time ago，a boy named Bob met a new friend in QQ，1.who is Larry. Larry works with Transport Drivers. Inc. One morning in 2009，Larry was traveling along 165 north after delivering to one of his customers 2.when he saw a car with its bright lights on. 3.As he got even closer，he found another vehicle upside down on the road.One more look 4.and he noticed fire shooting out repeatedly from under the disabled vehicle.Larry pulled over，set the brake and got hold of the fire extinguisher．Two good bursts from the extinguisher 5.and the fire was put out. 找出下面划线部分的句子类型巩固训练 The man 6.who had his bright lights on came over and told Larry he had made a call. They then heard a woman's voice coming from the damaged vehicle. Approaching the vehicle，they saw 7.that a woman was trying to get out of the broken window. They told her to stay still，but she thought the car was going to explode.Larry told her 8.that he had already put out the fire. 找出下面划线部分的句子类型巩固训练 9.Once fire and emergency people arrived，Larry and the other man backed off and let them go to work.Then，Larry asked the police 10.if/whether he was needed or free to go. They let him and the other man go.
One thing is for certain－It was his efforts 11.that most likely saved the woman's life. 找出下面划线部分的句子类型巩固训练【答案】1. 定语从句 1. who is Larry.
2. 状语从句 2. when he saw a car with its bright lights on.
3. 状语从句 3. As he got even closer
4. 并列句 4. and he noticed fire shooting out ...
5. 并列句 5. and the fire was put out.
6. 定语从句 6. who had his bright lights
7. 名词性从句 7. that a woman was trying to ...
8. 名词性从句 8. that he had already put out the fire.
9. 状语从句 9. Once fire and emergency people arrived
10.名词性从句 10. if/whether he was needed ...
11.名词性从句 11. that most likely saved ... 找出下面划线部分的句子类型感谢欣赏
