上海牛津版高一下学期Unit1 A Trip to the Theatre 语法动名词讲解与练习

Unit 1 A trip to the theatre
语法：动名词讲解与练习
? 非谓语动词概述
非谓语动词有三种形式：不定式，动词的ing形式，分词，其中分词包括现在分词和过去分词两种。非谓语动词的学习重点要把握三个方面：1. 非谓语动词时态语态的变化和逻辑主语；2. 非谓语动词充当的句子成分；3. 三种非谓语动词的用法比较。所以非谓语动词的学习要始终紧紧抓住这三个方面。
那么什么是逻辑主语？
英语中，逻辑主语这个概念是专门针对非谓语动词来说的，因为非谓语动词都是动词的变化形式，还没有完全脱胎于动词，具有动词的某种特征。既然是动词，就应该有动作的执行者，即主语。之所以称为“逻辑主语”，是为了区别于句子结构上的语法主语，因为句子谓语的主语和非谓语动词的逻辑主语有时候是不一样的。如：①He was anxious to meet you. 他渴望认识你。②He was anxious for his sister to meet you.他渴望让他妹妹认识你。句①中，句子的主语和不定式to meet的逻辑主语都是he。而句②中，句子的主语是he，不定式to meet的逻辑主语是his sister。
什么是非谓语动词的时态和语态呢？
上面我们说了，非谓语动词都是动词的变化形式，还没有完全脱胎于动词，具有动词的某种特征。所以既然是动词就有时态和语态的变化形式。
我们先从非谓语的时态语态、逻辑主语、承担的句子成分三方面分别介绍不定式、动名词和分词。
动词的ing形式
-ing形式包含传统语法的“动名词”和“现在分词”两种不同的概念。为了学习起来更方便，我们把“动名词”和“现在分词”放在一起综合学习，我们可以把这两种形式合称为ing分词。ing分词是由“动词原形+ -ing后缀”而成的。和不定式一样也是一种非限定动词。-ing形式具有动词的特征，同时也有名词和形容词的特征。
(1)、 ing分词的时态和语态
前面我们谈到，非谓语动词都是动词的变化形式，还没有完全脱胎于动词，具有动词的某种特征，ing分词也一样，具有以下四种形式：
1. ing分词的4种形式（因为ing分词本身具有进行的内在含义，所以它没有进行式和完成进行式）
ing分词的四种时态 主动语态 被动语态
一般式 writing（ing分词的一般式） being written（ing分词一般式的被动形式）
完成式 having written（ing分词的完成式） having been written（ing分词完成式的被动形式）
否定式 not writing
2. ing分词4种形式表达的含义
不定式的形式 表达含义 举例
writing ①可用来泛指一个动作，没有特别的时间意义；②可用来表示与谓语动词同时发生的动作；③也可表示在谓语动词的动作之前或之后发生的动作。 Learning is important to modern life.They went out of the classroom, talking and laughing.I remembered sending him an e-mail last week.He suggested taking my daughter to the zoo the next Sunday.
being written 表示的动作是一个正在进行中的被动动作，而且这个被动动作也是和句中谓语所表示的动作同时发生的 The question being discussed is very important.
having written 表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词之前的主动的动作 Having answered the letter, she went on to read an English novel.
having been written 表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前的被动动作 Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the library.
(2)、 ing分词的逻辑主语
ing分词的逻辑主语和ing分词在句子中充当的句子成分有关。ing分词的逻辑主语总的有两种情况：
1. ing分词带有自己的逻辑主语
当ing分词前面有形容词性的物主代词、代词宾格或名词所有格时，这些代词就是ing分词的逻辑主语。
如：
I'll never forget Tom's ／Tom imitating the headmaster．我永远忘不了汤姆模仿校长的样子。
2. ing分词前面没有物主代词、代词宾格或名词所有格时，要按照ing分词所充当的句子成分分析。
(1) 作主语的-ing 形式
-ing 形式作主语时，其逻辑主语对于谈话双方是不言而喻的。
Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。（Reading aloud的逻辑主语是泛指任何人，因而无需表达出来）
(2) 作表语的-ing 形式
-ing 形式作表语时，其逻辑主语往往是句子中的主语。
What worries me most is Julia's staying too late every night. 我担心的是她天天晚上熬夜熬得太迟。（staying too late every night的逻辑主语是Julia）
(3) 作定语的-ing 形式
-ing 形式作定语时，其逻辑主语就是它修饰的名词。
an interesting book 一本有意思的书 = a book that interests its readers
a running stream 一条奔流的小溪= a stream that is running
如果-ing形式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者，就要用-ing形式的被动式。
The meeting being held in Beijing now is of great importance. 正在北京召开的会议非常重要。 （逻辑主语the meeting 和“举行”之间的关系是被动的，所以用being held
(4) 作宾语的-ing 形式
-ing 形式作宾语时，其逻辑主语常是句子的主语。
He insisted on doing it himself. 他坚持要自己做。（doing it的逻辑主语是句子的主语“他”）
He insisted on my doing it. 他坚持要我做。（doing it的逻辑主语是“我”）
Would you mind opening the window 请你把窗子打开好吗？（opening the window的逻辑主语是“你”，逻辑主语是句子的主语）
Would you mind my opening the window 你介意我把窗子打开吗？（opening the window的逻辑主语是“我”，因为分词前面带有my）
(5) 作宾语补足语的-ing 形式
动词-ing 形式作宾补时，它的逻辑主语就是它前面的宾语。
We often hear her singing this song. 我们经常听见她唱这首歌。
【解析】singing this song的逻辑主语是“她”。
We often hear this song (being) sung. 我们经常听见这首歌被人唱。
【解析】逻辑主语“this song”和宾语补足语“唱”的关系是被动，所以用-ing形式的被动式或-ed分词。
(6) 作状语的动词-ing 形式
①动词的-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。
Entering the classroom, I found nobody in it. 走进教室，我发现里面没人。
【解析】entering的逻辑主语是I，相当于when I entered the classroom, I found nobody in it.
如-ing形式表示的动作不是句中主语发出或承受的，那就是误用。
【误】Looking out through the window, the garden was beautiful.
【解析】looking out through the window的逻辑主语是the garden，显然不对，因为the garden不能发出look out这样的动作，这点一定要注意！！
【正】Looking out through the window, we saw a beautiful garden. 从窗户看出去，我们看见一个漂亮的花园。
【误】Reading the evening newspaper, a dog started barking.
【解析】逻辑主语是dog，它不会看晚报。
【正】I was reading the evening newspaper when a dog started barking. 我看着晚报的时候，一只狗开始叫起来。
②如不能和句子中的主语保持一致，该-ing形式必须有自己的逻辑主语，通常有名词或代词来担任。
The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 末班车已经开走了，我们不得不走回家。
【解析】having gone的逻辑主语是the last bus，而不是we。
Time permitting, the football match will be played on Friday. 天气允许的话，足球赛将在周五举行。
【解析】permitting的逻辑主语是time，而不是the football match。
(3)、 ing分词的作用——在句子中承担的句子成分
1. ing分词作主语
ing分词作主语有四种情况：
①ing形式（主语） + 谓语动词
如：
学习新单词是非常重要的。
Learning new words is very important.
出国旅游是很激动人心的。
Travelling abroad can be very exciting.
②It’s + 名词 + ing形式
如：
It's no use arguing about it.
It's been a lot of fun meeting you.
It's a waste of time your talking to him.
常用于此类句型的名词有：
no use, no good, fun, a waste of time
（注意：这里的good是名词"好处"。）
③It’s +形容词 + ing形式
It's useless worrying about it.
He knew it was useless to protest(抗议）.
这种句式里常用到的形容词还有worth。
注：fun, good，这两个词，作为形容词接不定式作主语，作为名词接ing形式作主语。
It's no good arguing with them.（good是名词）
It‘s good to see you again. （good是形容词）
It is fun to ski. （fun是形容词）
It‘s not much fun going to a party on your own.（fun是名词）
④there is no doing
这个句式中“there is no doing”表示“不可能”的意思。
如：There is no telling what he is going to do
说出他要干什么是不可能的。
There is no saying what may happen.
说出将要发生什么是不可能的。
2. ing分词作宾语
①ing分词作宾语的常见动词：
【巧记】 v-ing形式作宾语，承认依靠和推辞;喜欢面对便欣赏，错过原谅别介意； 避免借口遭否认，包括想像多坚持；要阻止，别延迟，想要脱逃冒险值； 一个忍受两完成，忙于报告提建议。 即：在admit, depend, put off, favor, enjoy, face, appreciate, miss, pardon, mind, avoid, excuse, deny, include, fancy, imagine, keep, practice, prevent, delay, escape, risk, be worth, stand, complete, finish, be busy, report, suggest后加v-ing作宾语。
②既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语的动词, 常见的有: begin, start, continue, like, love, prefer, by, mean, forget, regret, try, remember, hate等。有以下几种情况
在like, love, hate, prefer, propose等动词之后，用-ing或不定式意义上没有什么不同, 只是侧重点有些不同, 动名词表示泛指的动作, 不定式表示具体的一次性动作。
注意区别下列两组句子：
I like playing basketball. I hate swimming in the sun.
I like to play basketball this evening. I hate to swim today, because I’m not in a good mood.
在begin/start, continue之后, 用动名词和不定式, 意义无甚区别, 尤其是当主语是人的时候。
如：Let’s begin working/to work now.
在动词forget, remember, regret之后, 用动名词与不定式意义不同。动名词表示动作先于谓语发生,不定式表示后于谓语动作
如：
I remember posting the letter．我记得我已把信寄了。
I’ll remember to post the letter．我会记着去寄信的。
I regret missing the report．我真后悔错过了那次报告会。
I regret to say I can’t take your advice．我遗憾地告诉你我不能接受你的建议。
在try, mean等词后面, 意义各不相同, 如try to do (设法，努力做), try doing (试试), mean to do (打算, 有意要做，想要做), mean doing (意思是, 意味着)。
We must try to get everything done in time．我们必须设法及时把一切搞好。
Let’s try doing the working in some other way．我们用别的方法做这工作试试。
I didn’t mean to make you angry． 我并不想让你生气。
Your plan would mean spending hours．你的计划意味着要花费几个小时.
go on doing 继续做一直在做的事;
go on to do 接着做另一件事。
stop doing停止做，
stop to do停下正在干的事去干另一件事。
Please go on doing the same exercise． 请接着做这同一个练习。
Please go on to do the other exercise．请做另外一个练习。
We stopped talking．我们停止了交谈。
We stopped to talk． 我们停了下来去谈话。
其他情况
be used to doing 习惯于做某事 can’t help to do
be used to do 被用来做某事 can’t help doing
在want, need, deserve, require等动词后, 尽管表示的是被动含义, 我们却用动词-ing形式，也可以用不定式的被动形式来替换。
如：
①黑板需要擦干净。
The blackboard needs cleaning.
= The blackboard needs to be cleaned.
②那个破窗户需要修理。
The broken window wants repairing.
= The broken window wants to be repaired.?
在agree, decide 等动词之后，可直接带不定式，但若带-ing分词，则须在-ing分词之前添加介词。
如：
They agreed to share/ on sharing the remuneration.
In the end she decided to buy/ on buying a new car.
3. ing分词作宾语补足语
⑴ing分词作宾语常用在以下两类动词后面。
① 感官动词后面
结构为：“感官动词+宾语+ing分词”，ing分词做宾语补足语，表示动作正在进行。
如：
He saw her working in the garden.他看见她正在花园里干活。
【解析】“He”在句子中做主语，“saw”作谓语，“her”作宾语，划线部分在句子中作宾语补足语。请看下面的句子，working in the garden宾语补足语。
适用于“感官动词+宾语+现在分词”的结构，现在分词作宾语补足语常用的动词有：5看（look at，notice，observe，see，watch）2听（listen to，hear）1感觉（feel）1发现（find）1撞见（catch）等。
②使役动词后面
结构为：“使役动词+宾语+现在分词”，现在分词在句子中作宾语补足语。
His question has set me thinking.他的问题让我深思。
【解析】“His question”在句子中做主语，“has set”作谓语，“me”作宾语，划线部分在句子中作宾语补足语。请看下面的句子，thinking做宾语补足语。
The arrival of the police sent the robbers running away quickly.
警察的到来使强盗们四处逃窜。
The peasants had the tractor working day and night at the harvest time.
农忙时，农民们让拖拉机夜以继日地干活。
The captain got the soldiers moving towards the front after a short rest.
休息片刻之后，上尉让士兵们开始朝前线行进起来。
高中范围内，适用于“使役动词+宾语+现在分词”的结构，现在分词在句子中作宾语补足语常用的动词有：get，have，keep，leave，send，set等。
⑵ing分词作宾语补足语表示的含义
ing分词作宾语表示两层含义：
与宾语是主动关系


动作正在进行
如：
①We found the snake eating the eggs.
【解析】eat与宾语snake之间是主动关系，并且eat这个动作正在进行。
②I saw him being carried away on a stretcher.我看见他被人用担架抬走。
【解析】“I”在句子中做主语，“saw”作谓语，“him”作宾语，being carried away在句子中作宾语补足语。因为him和carry away之间是被动关系，所以用ing分词的被动形式表示正在发生的被动的动作。
⑶ing分词作宾补和不定式作宾补的区别
不定式作宾补也表示两层含义：
与宾语是主动关系

动作的全过程已经结束
feel，find，hear，notice，observe，see，watch等感官动词，既可以跟现在分词也可以跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。现在分词作句子中的宾语补足语，表示动作正在进行；不带to的不定式作句子中的宾语补足语，表示动作的完成。试比较下面句子：
He saw her working in the garden.(She was working in the garden.)他看见她在花园里干活。
He saw her enter the room.(She entered the room.)他看见她走进屋子。
【解析】看见的是她已经进了房间， 而不是正在往房间里走
使役动词get，have既可以跟现在分词也可以跟不定式作宾语补足语。
get sb to do/have sb do sth表示“使/让/叫某人去做某事”，侧重动作的结果；
have sb/sth doing表示“使/让某人/物持续地做某事”，侧重动作的持续；
get sb/sth doing表示“使某人/物开始行动起来”，侧重动作的开始。
试比较下面的句子：
Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt.母亲让我到商店买一些盐。
I can‘t get him to stop smoking.He won’t listen to me.我不能使他戒烟。他不听我的话。
The mother had the boy cleaning the room the whole afternoon.(母亲让这个男孩整个下午清理房间。)
I can’t get the car starting.(我不能把车发动起来。)
4. ing分词作表语
ing分词作表语通常表示以下含义：
⑴主动意义或主语的性质和特征，“令人……的”，主语多数是sth.
如：This book is interesting.
The news sounds encouraging.
这类词通常是表示人的情绪和感情类的词：moving, interesting, encouraging, exciting, boring, inspiring, surprising, puzzling, amusing, astonishing, disappointing。
⑵表示主语的内容，表语和主语的位置可以互换。
如：
My job is teaching English. = Teaching English is my job.
Our aim is to enter the universities. =To enter the universities is our aim.
ing分词作表语和进行时态虽然形式上是一样的，但表达的含义时不同的：
ing分词作表语表示主语的特征、性质或内容
而进行时态表示主语正在进行的动作
如：
The situation in our country is encouraging. （ing分词）
The situation in our country is encouraging the people. （进行式）
5. ing分词作定语
⑴单个的动词-ing形式可以作前置定语，一般具有两种含义。
① 说明被修饰名词的用途和性能。
如：
a reading room?= a room which is used for reading 阅览室
running shoes =shoes for running 跑鞋
a working method?=a method of working? 工作方法
② 表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。
如：
developing countries = countries that are developing 发展中国家
an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary 看起来很普通的房子
a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody 困扰人的问题
⑵作定语的动词-ing形式如是一个短语，则应放在被修饰词的后面。
如：
The bottle containing vinegar should be sent to the laboratory.装着醋的那个瓶子应送到实验室去
注：动词-ing形式的完成式一般只用来作状语，不作定语。
【误】The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.
　 【正】The temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.
　 被地震毁坏的庙宇很快就要重建了。
6. ing分词作状语
ing分词作可作以下状语：
Seeing his mother, the boy ran towards her. （时间状语）
Having lived in Shanghai, he knows the place very well. （原因状语）
Working hard, you will do well in the exam. （条件状语）
His parents died in the war, leaving him an orphan. （结果状语）
Not being a rich man himself, he helped the poor generously. （让步状语）
She died a glorious death, sacrificing herself for the property of the country. （方式状语）
The children went into the classroom, talking and laughing. （伴随状语）
ing分词做状语时，最重要的是：①要找到逻辑主语，并判断清楚ing分词和逻辑主语间的关系；②搞清楚ing分词发生的时间和谓语动词动作发生时间的先后关系。



I. 单项选择
1. I wouldn’t advise _____ there by bus, because it is too crowded.
A. and go B. to go C. to going D. going
2. I would appreciate _____ back this afternoon.
A. you to call B. you call C. your calling D. you’re calling
3. The doctor recommended _____ hard work for the first few weeks.
A. to avoid B. to avoiding C. being avoided D. avoiding
4. With modern traffic control facilities speeds can’t expect to escape _____ detected and fined.
A. to be B. being C. to have been D. having been
5. I really can’t risk the children _____ these awful programs.
A. to see B. having seen C. to seeing D. seeing
6. It’s strange that she didn’t mention ____ him at the meeting.
A. to meet B. to meeting C. meeting D. met
7. I feel like _____ a long walk. Would you like _____ with me?
A. taking; going B. taking; to go C. to take; to go D. to take; going
8. I forget _____ them _____ in the school garden.
A. allowing; playing B. about allowing; playing
C. allowing; to play D. to allow; playing
9. Who could have imagined such a sweet-tempered girl as Alice _____ such a thing!
A. doing B. to do C. will do D. does
10. The increasing use of foreign words could lead to _____ the good qualities of traditional Chinese.
A. people forgetting B. people forgot C. forgetting people D. people forget
11. I don’t mind _____ to the party.
A. being not invited B. to be not invited
C. not being invited D. not to be invited
12. There is no point _____ such a long way since you can buy it in the neighborhood.
A. to go B. by going C. having gone D. in going
13. It is considered no good _____ without understanding.
A. recite B. to be recited C. recited D. reciting
14. I was afraid of the tent _____ down during the night.
A. being fallen B. falling C. fallen D. fell
15. I object to _____.
A. make fun of B. making fun of
C. be made fun of D. being made fun of
【Keys】: 1-5 DCDBD 6-10 CBCAA 11-15 CDDCD

II. 语法单句填空
1. A friendly dog named Bonnie, who also happens to be deaf, is being praised by her owner for ____________(help) him catch a suspected intruder in their home.
2. When Strasser walked into the living room, he caught the intruder (try) to steal his computer.
3. I imagined (sign) by some famous model companies．
4. Several of the worst man-made disasters happened in the last few hours before dawn, when even the most experienced night-worker has difficulty (stay) awake.
5. My only concern is that you are not active enough in (put) forward your suggestions.”
6. Our monitor suggested (have)a discussion on the new holiday plan.
7. Why have they delayed (open) the new hospital?
8. All said that she wouldn't mind (leave))alone at home.
9.The wild rabbit was lucky that it just missed .(catch)
10. Can you imagine yourself on a lonely island for three years?(stay)
【Keys】: 1. helping; 2. trying; 3. Being signed; 4. staying; 5. putting; 6. having 7.opening 8.being left 9.being caught 10.staying

III. 翻译练习
1. 你是否后悔过前几年浪费这么多时间打游戏机？（regret）
2. 毫无疑问，政府将采取一切措施来防止这种疾病的蔓延。（take measures）
3. 后悔是没有用的，我们应当采取积极的措施。（use）
4. 在紧急情况下，能保持冷静有时就意味着生死之别。（mean）
5. 外出旅游时务必注意保护环境，为他人着想。(sure)

【Keys】：
1. Have you regretted wasting/ having wasted so much time playing video-games in the past few years?
2. There is no doubt that the government will take all the measures to prevent the disease from spreading.
3. It is no use regretting and we should take positive measures.
4. In an emergency, being able to remain calm sometimes means the difference between life and death.
5. Be sure to pay attention to protecting the environment and be considerate / think of others when / while traveling.



I. After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
(A)
Between the preparation and the work, the apprenticeship（学徒期） and the actual _____ (deal) with a task or an art, there comes, in the experience of many young men, a period of uncertainty and _____ (wander), often __________ (misunderstand) and counted as time ________(waste), when it is, in fact, a period rich in full and free development.
It is as natural for ardent（热情的） and courageous youth to wish to know what is in life, what it means, and what it holds for its children, as for a child to reach for and search the things ______ (surround)and attract it. Behind every real worker in the world is a real man, and a man has a right ____ (know) the conditions under which he must live, and the choices of knowledge, power, and activity ______ ( offer) him. In the education of many men and women, therefore, there comes the year of wandering; the experience of traveling from knowledge to knowledge and from occupation to occupation.
【Keys】: dealing; wandering; misunderstood; wasted; surround; to know; offered
(B)
HAVE you been wearing your mask today?
With smog (雾霾) 1._________(become) increasingly widespread, the anti-pollution mask has become an accessory (配件) in many people’s outfits.
Indeed, according to the Ministry of Environmental Protection, 70 of the 74 2._________(monitor) Chinese cities, including Beijing and Tianjin, suffered from significant air pollution during the third quarter of this year.
In late October, right after public heating 3.___________(provide), Northeastern China suffered from severe smog, with the reading of PM2.5 – small particles (颗粒) of pollution in the air with a diameter (直径) of 2.5 micrometers (微米) or less – even hitting 1,000, 40 times the “healthy” standard set by the World Health Organization (WHO), reported Xinhua.
In Harbin, there was a “burning smell” in the air, local residents told China Daily. Even 4.___________(bad), the smog almost stopped the city 5.___________(function): several highways were shut down and some bus routes were cancelled; all elementary and high schools were suspended (暂停) due to safety concerns.
But smog hasn’t simply disturbed people’s lives – it can be hazardous (有害的). The WHO’s cancer agency confirmed that air pollution is a 6.___________(lead) cause of cancer, just like tobacco smoke.
7.___________(combat) (应对) air pollution, the government has taken a number of steps. On Sept 12, the State Council announced 8._________ China Daily called China’s “toughest ever” anti-pollution program, the Airborne Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan (2013-17).
According to the plan, 338 cities will be required to cut down the density (浓度) of PM10 9.__________ at least 10 percent by 2017 from levels measured in 2012.
The central government is also offering 5 billion yuan to Beijing and its neighboring provinces, the worst-polluted areas in China, to fuel their fight against air pollution, Xinhua reported.
To get back more blue skies, many cities have taken action. Tianjin will reduce steel output by 1.4 million tons and cement (水泥) output by 2.29 million tons by the end of the year, according to Xinhua.
Shanghai will ban the 180,000 heavily polluting vehicles in the city by 2015. It will also build 5,000 more charging stations 10___________(encourage) people to drive electric vehicles.
Beijing will reduce the number of car registrations (登记) next year and close heavily polluting factories. On Oct 22, an emergency response program with a four-level warning took effect in Beijing. When a red alert (警告), the highest warning level, 11.___________(issue), schools will be suspended and drivers will only be allowed to use their cars every other day.
Many provinces and municipalities (直辖市) began to follow suit, building their own smog warning systems, including Hebei, Gansu, Hunan, Jiangsu and Tianjin, according to Xinhua.
How to protect yourself 12._________ smoggy days
Spend less time outdoors. If you have to go out, close all the windows in your house and wear a mask the whole time.
Wash your face, rinse (漱) your mouth, clean your nasal cavity (鼻腔) and shower once you get indoors.
Keep plants with broad leaves at home to absorb dust. Place a wet mat beneath your doors and use air purifiers with HEPA filters (高效过滤网). Wet mop your house and indoor areas.
Drink more water and milk, as this will help kill any toxins (毒素) 13.___________(absorb) through your skin and lungs while you’re outside. Eat more antioxidant-rich (富含抗氧化物质的) foods, like corn and tomatoes, to get rid of the free radicals (自由基) found in the smog.
Have a teaspoon of honey 14.____________ going to sleep to help break down the bacteria and free radicals in your throat. Honey 15.__________also help eliminate sore throats.
【Keys】: 1-8: becoming; monitored; was provided; worse; functioning; leading;To combat; what;
9-15: by; to encourage; is issued;from; absorbed; before; can;
III. Reading Comprehension
(A)
Being a victim of schoolyard violence can help pupils learn how to manage argument and develop their ability to get along with others, it was claimed.
Helene Guldberg, associate lecturer in child development at the Open University, said trying to stop the “supposedly terrible dangers of bullying(欺负)” can do more harm than good. She insisted teachers should not break up “everyday playground argument”, saying children should be left to deal with it themselves.
In an on-line article, Dr. Guldberg said that bullying was “an experience that children need to develop”. But the comments were strongly criticized by anti-bullying campaigners.
According to official figures, almost half of children claim they are bullied at school. One of the biggest studies of its kind by Ofsted showed 48 percent of young people had been orally or physically abused in the last year. It comes despite a number of government measures designed to crack down on the threats.
Writing on a website, Dr. Guldberg said: “Teachers are increasingly taking the task of looking after children’s health and well-being rather than being allowed to get on with the task of educating them. Children are encouraged to assume their relationships with other children are damaging, and encouraged to look upon their classmates with suspicion.” She added: “If we treat children as if they cannot possibly cope with hurtful experiences, then we will likely to weaken their confidence and make them less likely to cope with difficult events in the future. In effect, we will prevent them from growing up.”
The comments echo(附和) remarks made by teachers in recent years who claim the education system has been too focused on developing children’s social skills at the expense of academic learning. But Sue Steel, national manager of the Anti-Bullying Alliance, said: “Children who are being bullied often find it difficult to tell anyone. Teachers can help by giving appropriate attention.”
65. The underlined word “abused” in Para. 4 is similar in meaning to “_________”.
A. criticized B. attacked C. helped D. judged
66. Which of the following is TURE according to Helene Guldberg?
A. Teachers should take the task of dealing with children’s argument.
B. Children should be left to cope with their argument themselves.
C. Children will gain their confidence if teachers manage their argument for them.
D. Children can’t cope with difficult events after dealing with hurtful experiences themselves.
67. Anti-bullying campaigners think that __________.
A. teachers should help deal with children’s argument in a proper way
B. the government should take measures to stop children from being bullied
C. children will be prevented from growing up with too much school violence
D. teachers should develop children’s academic learning rather than social skills
68. The passage mainly tells us that schoolyard violence is __________.
A. difficult to get rid of B. common among young people
C. not necessarily bad for children D. harmful to children’s academic learning
【Keys】：BBAC
（B）
There are a couple of ways to forecast the destructive potential of a hurricane (飓风) so that people in the way can take adequate precautions (预防措施). Satellite images of cloud patterns can be analyzed to estimate peak wind speeds, but the estimates are often way off the mark. Specialized aircraft can fly into a storm to measure the winds directly, but the flights are costly.
Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology come up with a third way: listening to a storm underwater.
In a paper to be published in Geophysical Research Letters, Nicholas C. Makris and a former graduate student, Joshua D. Wilson, report a strong connection between the intensity (强度) of sound recorded by an undersea microphone in the mid-Atlantic and the wind power of a hurricane that passed over it. They say that such microphones, known as hydrophones, could be a safe and relatively inexpensive means of estimating hurricane force.
Dr. Makris and Dr. Wilson, who are now with Applied Physical Sciences Corporation, worked out the theory of underwater acoustic (声音的) monitoring of storms in a 2005 paper. “To be very frank with you, it’s a mystery what makes storms noisy underwater.” Dr. Makris said. The most popular idea currently is that it has something to do with oscillating air bubbles (气泡振动).
The researchers then went looking for experimental data to back their theory, and found it from a hydrophone placed at a depth of 2,500 feet by the National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration. It happened that Hurricane Gert passed over the area in September 1999, and a hurricane-hunter plane directly measured the wind speed at the same time. The hydrophone data showed sound intensity rising when the storm’s outside wind “wall” passed over, and again when the inside wall, the most destructive part of the storm near the eye, passed over. “We got a beautiful connection,” Dr. Makris said, “between the hydrophone data and the actual wind speeds as measured by the aircraft.”
Dr. Makris is conducting additional experiments, working with the Mexican Navy off the west coast of Mexico. The eventual goal, he said, would be permanent hydrophones in known hurricane zones or temporary ones that could be easily laid by plane or ship in the path of a coming storm.
72. Compared with the traditional methods, the new way of measuring is_____.
A. more expensive B. more direct
C. less dangerous D. less accurate
73. Which statement is WRONG according to the article?
A. The scientists gained support from different fields.
B. Dr. Makris and Dr. Wilson have figured out what makes storms noisy underwater.
C. The scientists have found the relationship between the changes of sound intensity and the force of the hurricane.
D. There are several ways for people to forecast the force of the coming hurricane.
74. Why is Dr. Makris now making other experiments with the help of the Mexican Navy off the west coast of Mexico?
A. To place permanent hydrophones in some zones.
B. To collect more images of cloud patterns.
C. To be secure in carrying out their experiments.
D. To get more information from the hurricane-hunter planes.
75. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A. Ways to Stop the Destructive Force of a Hurricane
B. Connection between the Intensity of Sound and the Wind Power of a Hurricane
C. Hydrophones, Safe but Expensive Means of Estimating Hurricane Force
D. Measuring a Hurricane by Sound Underwater
【Keys】：72-75: CBAD


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