2020高考英语易错语法点专题四 动词时态和语态（解析版）

2020高考英语易错语法点专题四 动词时态和语态（解析版）
1.【2019·天津卷·单项填空】Kate heard a man's voice in the background, but she couldn't ___________ what he was saying.
A. set aside B. take back
C. make out D. keep off
2.【2019·江苏卷·单项填空】A few months after he had arrived in China, Mr. Smith ___________ in love with the people and culture there.
A. would fall B. had fallen C. has fallen D. fell
3.【2019·江苏卷·单项填空】They are trying to make sure that 5G terminals_________ by 2022 for the Beijing Winer Olympics.
A. will install B. will have been installed C. are installed D. have been installed
4【2019·新课标II卷·语法填空】Picking up her“Lifetime Achievement”award，proud Irene ___64___(declare) she had no plans __to retire__ (retire) from her 36-year-old business.
5.【2019·新课标II卷·语法填空】I don't see any reason to give up work. I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I ___66___(make) over the years
6.【2019·新课标III卷·语法填空】On the last day of our week-long stay，we ___69___(invite)to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars
7.【2018·北京】—Hi, I’m Peter. Are you new here? I haven’t seen you around.
—Hello, Peter. I’m Bob. I just _________ on Monday.
A. start B. have started C. started D. had started
8.【2018·江苏】I?was?sent?to?the?village?last?month?to?see?how?the?development?plan?_______ in?the?past two years.
A. had?been?carried?out B. would be carried out
C. is?being?carried?out D. has been carried out
9.【2017·北京】People______ better access to health care than they used to, and they’re living longer as a result.
A. will have B. have C. had D. had had
10.【2017·天津卷】Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming, _______ as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.
A. regard B. is regarded C. are regarded D. regards
【语法精讲】
一、谓语动词
(一)动词的时态和语态
题型
典题试做
考点解读
语法填空
(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Diets have changed in China—and so too has its top crop. Since 2011, the country has grown (grow) more corn than rice.
(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government started (start) a soil-testing program that gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers—and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)True to a gorilla’s unaggressive nature, the huge animal meant (mean) me no real harm. He was just saying: “I’m king of this forest, and here is your reminder！”
(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Later, engineers managed (manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels(隧道), which became known as the Tube.
(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Sarah says，“My dad thinks I should take the offer now. But at the moment, school comes (come) first.”
(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Steam engines were used (use) to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.
(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Sarah has been told/was told (tell) that she could be Britain’s new supermodel, earning a million dollars in the next year.
时态的考查主要是一般现在时和一般过去时；
考查被动语态的用法；
主谓一致的考查
要点一　各种时态与语态的构成
现在
过去
将来
过去将来
主动
被动
主动
被动
主动
被动
主动
被动
一般
do/does
am/is/are done
did
was/were done
shall/ will do
shall/will be done
should/ would do
should/would be done
进行
am/is/ are doing
am/is/are being done
was/were doing
was/were being done
shall/will be doing
shall/will be being done
should/would be doing
should/would be being done
完成
has/ have done
has/have been done
had done
had been done
shall/will have done
shall/will have been done
should/would have done
should/would have been done
完成
进行
has/have been doing

had been doing

shall/will have been doing

should/would have been doing

要点二　各种时态的用法
考点一
一、一般现在时
1．表示经常发生的、习惯性的、反复出现的动作或状态。常与表示习惯的副词(词组)always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, never, sometimes, usually, every day/night等连用。
◆(陕西卷)On Monday mornings it usually takes me an hour to drive to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles.
周一早晨开车上班我一般要花费一个小时，虽然实际距离只有20英里。
2．按时间表、时刻表、日程表等安排将要发生的动作，用一般现在时。只限于go, arrive, leave, start, stay, return, begin, come, close等动词。
◆The shop closes at 11：00 p．m.every day.
这家商店每天晚上11点关门。
3．在时间、条件或让步状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。
◆(江苏卷)The president hopes that the people will be better off when he quits than when he started.
这位总统希望人民在他离任时比他刚上任时更富有。
动词第三人称单数的变化规则
一般情况直接加-s
work→works　get→gets
say→says　　 read→reads
结尾为-s, -x, -sh, -ch或-o，在词尾加-es
discuss→discusses
wash→washes　fix→fixes
teach→teaches　 go→goes
结尾为“辅音字母＋y”，变y为i再加-es
carry→carries　study→studies
try→tries　 fly→flies
cry→cries
　二、一般过去时
1．表示过去一段时间内经常性或习惯性的动作。常与often, usually, seldom 等表示频度的副词连用。还可以表示在过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，与现在没有关系，常与yesterday, the other day, last week, the day before yesterday等表示过去的时间状语连用。
◆(2018·北京卷)—Hi, I’m Peter. Are you new here? I haven’t seen you around.
——嗨，我是彼得。你是新来的吗？我没有在附近见过你。
—Hello, Peter. I’m Bob. I just started on Monday.
——你好，彼得。我是鲍勃。我周一才开始住在这儿。
2．有些句子，虽然没有明确的表示过去的时间状语，但实际上指的是过去发生的动作或状态，也要用一般过去时。常见的此类动词：know, think, expect, want等。
◆(全国卷)Edward, you play so well. But I didn’t know you played the piano.
爱德华，你弹得真好。但是我原来不知道你会弹钢琴。
动词过去式的变化规则
一般情况在动词后加-ed
work→worked　play→played
want→wanted
以-e结尾的动词后加-d
hope→hopedlike→liked
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的动词，变y为i再加-ed
study→studiedtry→tried
以重读闭音节或/r/音节结尾，词尾只有一个辅音字母时双写词尾的辅音字母再加-ed
stop→stoppedprefer→preferred
admit→admittedpermit→permitted
　三、一般将来时
1．“shall/will＋动词原形”表示现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow, next year, in＋一段时间等连用。其中shall通常用于第一人称，will通常用于各种人称。“will＋动词原形”还可以表示说话时临时做出的决定。
◆(2016·北京卷)The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts will be rewarded with success in the end.
学生们一直在刻苦学习功课，他们的努力(将来)一定会得到回报。
◆(北京卷)—What time is it?
——几点了？
—I have no idea. But just a minute, I will check it for you.
——我不知道。你稍等，我给你查查。
2．“be going to＋动词原形”表示按计划、打算要做某事或根据某种迹象预示着要发生某事。
◆(陕西卷)Dr. Smith, together with his wife and daughters, is going to visit Beijing this summer.
史密斯博士将在今年夏天和他的妻子与女儿们一起游览北京。
3．“be to＋动词原形”表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作；也可表示职责、义务、意图、禁止等。
◆You are to hand in your papers by 10 o’clock.
到10点你必须得交上试卷。
◆A meeting is to be held at 3 o’clock this afternoon.
会议将于今天下午3点举行。
4．“be about to＋动词原形”表示正要或即将要做某事，该结构不与表示具体的将来时间状语连用，可与并列连词when(＝and at this/that time)引导的分句连用。
◆Tom was about to close the windows when his attention was caught by a bird.
汤姆正要关上窗户，就在这时一只鸟引起了他的注意。
[对点演练1]——单句语法填空
1．(2019·陕西西安中学模拟)In a word, mass media will be (be) all the more important in the future and their fun_ction will enormously expand.
2．(2019·湖北重点中学高三联考)In Tsinghua, he met his wife Yang Jiang, who was to become a successful playwright and translator, and married (marry) her in 1935.
3．(2019·广东惠州高三调研)Bike-sharing is a greener method of transportation and provides (provide) a more friendly experience.
考点二
　　　　　 进行时态
一、现在进行时
1．表示说话时正在进行或表示现阶段正在进行的动作，虽然此时此刻该动作不一定正在进行。
◆(江苏卷)We are facing today a strange new world and we are all wondering what we are going to do with it.
我们今天正面对一个陌生的新世界，并且我们都在想我们要如何运用它。
2．表示位置转移的动词(词组)，如：go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, work, sleep, stay, have, wear, run out等，可用现在进行时表示即将发生或计划要做的事。
◆(重庆卷)Food supplies in the flood-stricken area are running out. We must act immediately before there’s none left.
洪灾区的食物供给快要用完了。我们必须在食物吃完前采取行动。
二、过去进行时
1．表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作，常同表示过去的时间状语从句以及at that time, at that moment, at this time yesterday, at ten o’clock yesterday等连用。
◆(2018·北京卷)Susan had quit her well－paid job and was working as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.
苏珊已经辞去了高薪的工作。去年我去探望她的时候，她正在一个社区里做志愿者。
2．表示一个过去的动作正在进行时，另一个过去的动作发生了，常与when, while引导的时间状语从句连用。
◆(2016·北京卷)Jack was working in the lab when the power cut occurred.
突然断电时，杰克正在实验室里工作。
三、将来进行时
表示将来某一时刻或某一时段正在发生或进行的动作，常与一些标志性的时间状语连用，如at this time tomorrow, by then, from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow等。
◆(天津卷)Jane can’t attend the meeting at 3 o’clock this afternoon because she will be teaching a class at that time.
简不能参加今天下午三点的会议，因为那个时间段她正在教课。
进行时的变化规则
一般情况在词尾直接加-ing
work→working
study→studying
以不发音的e结尾的动词，去e再加-ing
write→writing
take→taking
face→facing
“辅音＋元音＋辅音”结尾的重读闭音节词， 且末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写词尾辅音字母，再加-ing
cut→cutting
begin→beginning
swim→swimming
run→running
put→putting
plan→planning
stop→stopping
以-ie结尾的动词，变-ie为y再加-ing
lie→lying　die→dying
　[对点演练2]——单句语法填空
1．(2017·北京卷)People have better access to health care than they used to, and they are living (live) longer as a result.
2．(陕西卷)—Can I call you back at two o’clock this afternoon?
—I’m sorry, but by then I will be flying (fly) to Beijing. How about five?
3．(2019·云南昆明一中模拟)He was working (work) in a government aerospace laboratory when the computer was in a junior level and was a big machine that required huge amount of time to process.
考点三
完成时态
一、现在完成时
1．表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束，而对现在仍有影响。常用的时间状语：already, just, yet, never, before, lately, recently, in the last(past) few days/years, up to now, till now, so far等。
◆(2018·北京卷)China’s high－speed railways have grown from 9，000 to 25，000 kilometers in the past few years.
在过去的几年里，中国的高速铁路已经从9 000公里增长到25 000公里。
2．表示从过去某时开始而延续至今(可能还要延续下去)的动作或状态。常用的时间状语：since＋时间点；for＋时间段等。
◆(湖南卷)—I remember you were a talented pianist at college. Can you play the piano for me?
——我记得你在大学时是一位极有才华的钢琴家。你能为我弹钢琴吗？
—Sorry, I haven’t played the piano for years.
——抱歉，我好多年没有弹钢琴了。
3．在条件和时间状语从句中，用现在完成时表示将来某时间前已完成的动作。
◆Will you come to my office when you have finished your work?
你完成工作后到我办公室来一下，好吗？
二、过去完成时
1．表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态，即过去的过去。句中一般有明确的表示“过去的过去”的时间状语(从句)。但在语法填空题中很多时候需要通过上下文来判断。
◆(2016·天津卷)When walking down the street, I came across David, whom I hadn’t seen for years.
当沿着街道散步的时候，我遇见了多年未见的戴维。
◆(辽宁卷)By the time Jack returned home from England, his son had graduated from college.
当杰克从英格兰回到家中时，他的儿子已经大学毕业了。
2．表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作或状态，常用的时间状语：before, by then, by that time, by the end of, by the time＋从句等。
◆(北京卷)It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they had done for me.
很久以后我才能够完全领会到他们为我所做的一切。
3．表示“愿望，打算”的动词(hope, want, expect, think, mean, suppose, plan, intend等)用于过去完成时表示过去本打算实现而未实现的希望或计划。
◆I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.
昨天我本来打算去拜访你，但是来了一位不速之客。
常使用完成时的句型
(1)This/It/That is the first/...time＋that sb. has/have done sth.；
This/It/That was the first/...time＋that sb. had done sth.这是某人第几次做某事。
(2)It/This is/was the＋最高级＋名词＋(that)定语从句，从句中的谓语用完成时。
(3)It is/has been＋一段时间＋since sb. did；
It was/had been＋一段时间＋since sb. had done sth.自从……以来多久了。
(4)hardly/scarcely...when.../no sooner...than...(一……就……)主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。　
[对点演练3]——单句语法填空
1．(2016·北京卷)I have read (read) half of the English novel, and I’ll try to finish it at the weekend.
2．(北京卷)—Did you have difficulty finding Ann’s house?
—Not really. She had given (give) us clear directions and we were able to find it easily.
3．(2019·成都七中诊断)This is the first time I have come (come) to Chengdu and I am truly impressed by the lifestyle of people here.
考点四
　 完成进行时
考纲对完成进行时要求考生掌握的是现在完成进行时。
1．表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或产生的状态一直延续到现在，并有可能继续下去，常用的时间状语：all this morning, this month, these few days, since和for引导的状语从句等。
◆(全国卷Ⅱ)The manager has been telling the workers how to improve the program since 9 a．m.
从上午九点开始，经理就一直在告诉工人们如何改进这个项目。
2．所表示的动作有时并不是一直在不停地进行，而是在断断续续地重复。
◆(2016·北京卷)The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts will be rewarded with success in the end.
学生们一直在刻苦学习功课，他们的努力(将来)一定会得到回报的。
[对点演练4]——单句语法填空
1．(2016·江苏卷)Dashan, who has been learning (learn) crosstalk, the Chinese comedic tradition, for decades, wants to mix it up with the Western stand-up tradition.
2．(福建卷)—Where is Peter？I can’t find him anywhere.
—He went to the library after breakfast and has been writing (write) his essay there ever since.
3．(安徽卷)In order to find the missing child, villagers have been doing (do) all they can over the past five hours.
要点三　被动语态的用法
一、被动语态的构成
　　　被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成，be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。
二、被动语态基本用法
　　　被动语态的使用场合：1.不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者；2.需要突出或强调动作的承受者。
◆(2018·北京卷)A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who had been trapped in the mountains for two days.
一个救援人员冒着生命危险挽救了两个被困在山里两天的旅游者。
◆(2018·天津卷)My washing machine is being repaired this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand.
这周我的洗衣机正在维修，所以我不得不手洗衣服。
(1)有些及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有：have有；cost花费；lack缺少；own拥有；belong to属于；take part in参加。
(2)不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有：happen/take place/occur发生；remain剩下；break out爆发；last持续；come out出版；come up被提出；lose heart失去信心；date from/back to追溯到；run out用完。　
三、主动形式表示被动意义
1．当系动词feel, sound, taste, look, smell, appear, seem, turn, stay, become, get, grow, keep等＋形容词/名词构成系表结构时，常常以主动形式表示被动意义。
◆This kind of wool shirt feels soft.
这种羊毛衫摸起来很软。
2．当sell, read, cut, wash, write, open, wear, run, burn等不及物动词后带状语(well/easily等)修饰，用来表示主语内在的品质或性能时，用主动形式表示被动含义。
◆Have you bought the book that sells well these days? I think it is suitable for us teenagers.　你买最近销量很好的那本书了吗？我认为它非常适合我们青少年。
[对点演练]——单句语法填空
1．(2018·江苏卷)I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan had been carried (carry) in the past two years.
2．(2017·江苏卷)He hurried home, never once looking back to see if he was being followed (follow)．
解题指导
准确确定动词时态的“四个依据”
依据一　时间状语
动词的时态，顾名思义就是指动作或状态在不同时间条件下的动词形式，因此时间状语是确定动词时态的最直接的决定因素。
[例1]　Silk (become) one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 B．C.
[分析]　had become　句意：到大约公元前 100 年，丝绸已经成为丝绸之路上交易的主要商品之一。题干中有表示过去的时间状语“about 100 B．C.”，且当时间状语由介词by(不迟于，不晚于)引导时，表示动作发生在“过去的过去”，谓语动词应用过去完成时。
[例2]　In the last few years, China (make)great achievements in environmental protection.
[分析]　has made　题干中的时间状语是“In the last few years”，表示动作“从过去一直到现在”，故所填词应用现在完成时。
依据二　参照动词
当题干中没有时间状语，或时间状语不能完全决定所填动词的动作发生的具体时间时，动词的时态由其参照动词来决定。
[例3]　The real reason why prices (be), and still are, too high is complex, and no short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem.
[分析]　were　题干中没有时间状语，由参照动词“are”和“is”可以推断出所填动词陈述的是过去的事实，故应用一般过去时。
[例4]　Albert Einstein was born in 1879. As a child, few people guessed that he (be) a famous scientist whose theories would change the world.
[分析]　was going to be　题干中虽然有时间状语“in 1879”，但这并非所填动词的动作发生的时间。由“As a child”可知，所填词的参照时间是过去，而他成为一位著名的科学家不是在他“是个小孩子”时，而是以后的事，即将来，所以所填词应用过去将来时。
依据三　句意或语境
当题干中无时间状语及参照动词，或时间状语和参照动词都不能确定所填动词的时态时，所填动词的时态由题干的具体意思或动作所发生的语境来决定。
[例5]　—Is Peter coming?
—No, he (change) his mind after a phone call at the last minute.
[分析]　changed　题干虽有时间状语“at the last minute”和参照动词“is coming”，但它们都不能准确定位所填动词的动作发生的时间，因此所填词的时态由句意或语境来决定。句意：“彼得要来吗？”“不，当接到一个电话后，他在最后时刻改变了主意。”由此可知，所填词的动作发生在过去，陈述的是过去的事实，故应用一般过去时。
[例6]　(2016·天津卷)When walking down the street, I came across David, whom I (not see) for years.
[分析]　hadn’t seen　句意：走在街上的时候，我偶然遇到了戴维，我已经多年没见他了。分析句子结构可知，从句中缺少谓语动词；主语I与动词see之间是主动关系，故应使用主动语态，且“多年未见”这一动作发生在“偶然遇到”之前，即“过去的过去”，故使用过去完成时。
依据四　固定句式
英语有一些句式的时态常常很固定，如果题干中出现这类句式，考生应注意根据规则选用适当的时态。
1．It is the first/second/...time that sb. has/have done...
2．It was the first/second/...time that sb. had done...
3．Sb. was/were doing sth. when...did...
4．Hardly/Scarcely had sb. done sth. when...did...
5．Sb. be about to do sth. when...did...
6．It’s (high) time that sb. did sth./should do sth.
[例7]　It is the first time that I (be) to Beijing.
[分析]　have been　句意：这是我第一次去北京。提示词为be动词，考虑设空处在句中作谓语，并考虑时态和语态；再根据固定句式“It is the first time that sb. has/have done...”确定使用现在完成时。　
　单句语法填空
1．(2019·江西南昌一模)At a young age, he (move) to Spain and now plays professionally for the FC Barcelona.
2．(2019·广东深圳二模)It (rain) at that time and the streets were full of holes which were full of water.
3．(2019·浙江金丽衢十二校联考)I just graduated from West Coast University. I
(receive) job skill training just before that, but I had never worked.
4．(2019·安徽合肥重点中学联考)The full railway, which includes 72kilometer section through Beijing, (complete) in four and a half years.
5．(2019·浙江台州期末考试)We (reduce) emission of air pollutants in recent years, but cars are still major source of them.
6．(2019·合肥第一次检测)It’s fun for amateurs to try, but to become good at it, not only years of practice but also natural talent (need)．
7．(2019·湖南长沙长郡中学月考)The beauty of the views couldn’t (imagine) and they left me with many great memories.
8．(2019·吉林长春外国语学校)It was the fourth time she (shop) online for hours. I had already reminded her to think twice before buying anything, but my wife ignored what I had said.
9．(2019·聊城检测)Playing football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also (give) us a sense of fair play and team spirit.
10．(2019·山西太原期末)The reason for this is that Britain’s supermarkets (experience) huge changes in the past decades.
2020高考英语易错语法点专题四 动词时态和语态（解析版）
1.【2019·天津卷·单项填空】Kate heard a man's voice in the background, but she couldn't ___________ what he was saying.
A. set aside B. take back
C. make out D. keep off
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词词组辨析。句意： 凯特听到背景中有一个男人的声音，但她听不清他在说什么。set aside“存储，留出”； take back“收回，拿回”；make out“辨认出，理解，了解”； keep off“（使）避开”。故选C。
2.【2019·江苏卷·单项填空】A few months after he had arrived in China, Mr. Smith ___________ in love with the people and culture there.
A. would fall B. had fallen C. has fallen D. fell
【答案D
【解析】考查动词的时态。句意：他到中国几个月后，就喜欢上了那里的人和文化。发生在had arrived之后的动作或状态应用一般过去时。故选D。
3.【2019·江苏卷·单项填空】They are trying to make sure that 5G terminals_________ by 2022 for the Beijing Winer Olympics.
A. will install B. will have been installed C. are installed D. have been installed
【答案】B
【解析】考查时态和语态。句意：他们正努力确保在2022年北京冬奥会之前安装5G终端。表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作，用将来完成时。“5G终端”和“安装”之间是被动关系，用被动语态，故选B。
4【2019·新课标II卷·语法填空】Picking up her“Lifetime Achievement”award，proud Irene ___64___(declare) she had no plans __to retire__ (retire) from her 36-year-old business.
【答案】B
【解析】考查谓语动词的时态。根据上下文可知，该句主语为Irene，此处为谓语成分，根据后文had 以及said 可知用一般过去时态，故填declared。
5.【2019·新课标II卷·语法填空】I don't see any reason to give up work. I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I ___66___(make) over the years
【答案】are
【解析】考查动词的时态。根据该定语从句中的时间状语“over the years”可知，此处用现在完成时态，句意：我喜欢到这里来看看我的家人和我这些年来交到的朋友们。故填have made。
6.【2019·新课标III卷·语法填空】On the last day of our week-long stay，we ___69___(invite)to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars
【答案】were invited。
【解析】考查动词的时态和语态。由“on the last day of our week-long stay”可知，句子时态为一般过去时。根据句意：我们被邀请去参加一场私人音乐会，所以用被动语态。主语为we，故填were invited。
7.【2018·北京】—Hi, I’m Peter. Are you new here? I haven’t seen you around.
—Hello, Peter. I’m Bob. I just _________ on Monday.
A. start B. have started C. started D. had started
【答案】C
【解析】考查时态。句意：—嗨，我是彼得。你是新来的吗？我没有在附近见过你。—你好，彼得。我是鲍勃。我周一刚刚开始住在这儿。根据两人谈话内容可知，Bob现在在这儿，他开始(start)住在这儿是发生在周一的事情，周一是一个过去的时间，故该句应用一般过去时态，C选项正确。
8.【2018·江苏】I?was?sent?to?the?village?last?month?to?see?how?the?development?plan?_______ in?the?past two years.
A. had?been?carried?out B. would be carried out
C. is?being?carried?out D. has been carried out
【答案】A
【解析】考查时态语态。句意：上个月我被派到村里去看看在过去的两年里发展计划是如何执行的。根据句中时间状语last month和in the past two years可知用过去完成时。故选A。
9.【2017·北京】People______ better access to health care than they used to, and they’re living longer as a result.
A. will have B. have C. had D. had had
【答案】B
【解析】考查时态。句意：人们有着比过去更好的医疗保险，结果他们更长寿。与过去对比是现在，所以than前一句话是用现在的时间，而且后一句用的就是现在时态，所以前面也用现在时态，故选B。
10.【2017·天津卷】Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming, _______ as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.
A. regard B. is regarded C. are regarded D. regards
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词语态和主谓一致。句意：现在骑自行车，慢跑和游泳被认为是最全面的锻炼方式之一。根据动词短语regard…as…把…看作…和句意确定应该用被动语态，排除A和D，再根据主语部分是由介词短语along with 连接的三个动名词做主语，应该谓语动词应该就前一致，即用单数，排除C，故选B。
【语法精讲】
一、谓语动词
(一)动词的时态和语态
题型
典题试做
考点解读
语法填空
(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Diets have changed in China—and so too has its top crop. Since 2011, the country has grown (grow) more corn than rice.
(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government started (start) a soil-testing program that gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers—and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)True to a gorilla’s unaggressive nature, the huge animal meant (mean) me no real harm. He was just saying: “I’m king of this forest, and here is your reminder！”
(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Later, engineers managed (manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels(隧道), which became known as the Tube.
(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Sarah says，“My dad thinks I should take the offer now. But at the moment, school comes (come) first.”
(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Steam engines were used (use) to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.
(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Sarah has been told/was told (tell) that she could be Britain’s new supermodel, earning a million dollars in the next year.
时态的考查主要是一般现在时和一般过去时；
考查被动语态的用法；
主谓一致的考查
要点一　各种时态与语态的构成
现在
过去
将来
过去将来
主动
被动
主动
被动
主动
被动
主动
被动
一般
do/does
am/is/are done
did
was/were done
shall/ will do
shall/will be done
should/ would do
should/would be done
进行
am/is/ are doing
am/is/are being done
was/were doing
was/were being done
shall/will be doing
shall/will be being done
should/would be doing
should/would be being done
完成
has/ have done
has/have been done
had done
had been done
shall/will have done
shall/will have been done
should/would have done
should/would have been done
完成
进行
has/have been doing

had been doing

shall/will have been doing

should/would have been doing

要点二　各种时态的用法
考点一
一、一般现在时
1．表示经常发生的、习惯性的、反复出现的动作或状态。常与表示习惯的副词(词组)always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, never, sometimes, usually, every day/night等连用。
◆(陕西卷)On Monday mornings it usually takes me an hour to drive to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles.
周一早晨开车上班我一般要花费一个小时，虽然实际距离只有20英里。
2．按时间表、时刻表、日程表等安排将要发生的动作，用一般现在时。只限于go, arrive, leave, start, stay, return, begin, come, close等动词。
◆The shop closes at 11：00 p．m.every day.
这家商店每天晚上11点关门。
3．在时间、条件或让步状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。
◆(江苏卷)The president hopes that the people will be better off when he quits than when he started.
这位总统希望人民在他离任时比他刚上任时更富有。
动词第三人称单数的变化规则
一般情况直接加-s
work→works　get→gets
say→says　　 read→reads
结尾为-s, -x, -sh, -ch或-o，在词尾加-es
discuss→discusses
wash→washes　fix→fixes
teach→teaches　 go→goes
结尾为“辅音字母＋y”，变y为i再加-es
carry→carries　study→studies
try→tries　 fly→flies
cry→cries
　二、一般过去时
1．表示过去一段时间内经常性或习惯性的动作。常与often, usually, seldom 等表示频度的副词连用。还可以表示在过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，与现在没有关系，常与yesterday, the other day, last week, the day before yesterday等表示过去的时间状语连用。
◆(2018·北京卷)—Hi, I’m Peter. Are you new here? I haven’t seen you around.
——嗨，我是彼得。你是新来的吗？我没有在附近见过你。
—Hello, Peter. I’m Bob. I just started on Monday.
——你好，彼得。我是鲍勃。我周一才开始住在这儿。
2．有些句子，虽然没有明确的表示过去的时间状语，但实际上指的是过去发生的动作或状态，也要用一般过去时。常见的此类动词：know, think, expect, want等。
◆(全国卷)Edward, you play so well. But I didn’t know you played the piano.
爱德华，你弹得真好。但是我原来不知道你会弹钢琴。
动词过去式的变化规则
一般情况在动词后加-ed
work→worked　play→played
want→wanted
以-e结尾的动词后加-d
hope→hopedlike→liked
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的动词，变y为i再加-ed
study→studiedtry→tried
以重读闭音节或/r/音节结尾，词尾只有一个辅音字母时双写词尾的辅音字母再加-ed
stop→stoppedprefer→preferred
admit→admittedpermit→permitted
　三、一般将来时
1．“shall/will＋动词原形”表示现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow, next year, in＋一段时间等连用。其中shall通常用于第一人称，will通常用于各种人称。“will＋动词原形”还可以表示说话时临时做出的决定。
◆(2016·北京卷)The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts will be rewarded with success in the end.
学生们一直在刻苦学习功课，他们的努力(将来)一定会得到回报。
◆(北京卷)—What time is it?
——几点了？
—I have no idea. But just a minute, I will check it for you.
——我不知道。你稍等，我给你查查。
2．“be going to＋动词原形”表示按计划、打算要做某事或根据某种迹象预示着要发生某事。
◆(陕西卷)Dr. Smith, together with his wife and daughters, is going to visit Beijing this summer.
史密斯博士将在今年夏天和他的妻子与女儿们一起游览北京。
3．“be to＋动词原形”表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作；也可表示职责、义务、意图、禁止等。
◆You are to hand in your papers by 10 o’clock.
到10点你必须得交上试卷。
◆A meeting is to be held at 3 o’clock this afternoon.
会议将于今天下午3点举行。
4．“be about to＋动词原形”表示正要或即将要做某事，该结构不与表示具体的将来时间状语连用，可与并列连词when(＝and at this/that time)引导的分句连用。
◆Tom was about to close the windows when his attention was caught by a bird.
汤姆正要关上窗户，就在这时一只鸟引起了他的注意。
[对点演练1]——单句语法填空
1．(2019·陕西西安中学模拟)In a word, mass media will be (be) all the more important in the future and their fun_ction will enormously expand.
2．(2019·湖北重点中学高三联考)In Tsinghua, he met his wife Yang Jiang, who was to become a successful playwright and translator, and married (marry) her in 1935.
3．(2019·广东惠州高三调研)Bike-sharing is a greener method of transportation and provides (provide) a more friendly experience.
考点二
　　　　　 进行时态
一、现在进行时
1．表示说话时正在进行或表示现阶段正在进行的动作，虽然此时此刻该动作不一定正在进行。
◆(江苏卷)We are facing today a strange new world and we are all wondering what we are going to do with it.
我们今天正面对一个陌生的新世界，并且我们都在想我们要如何运用它。
2．表示位置转移的动词(词组)，如：go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, work, sleep, stay, have, wear, run out等，可用现在进行时表示即将发生或计划要做的事。
◆(重庆卷)Food supplies in the flood-stricken area are running out. We must act immediately before there’s none left.
洪灾区的食物供给快要用完了。我们必须在食物吃完前采取行动。
二、过去进行时
1．表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作，常同表示过去的时间状语从句以及at that time, at that moment, at this time yesterday, at ten o’clock yesterday等连用。
◆(2018·北京卷)Susan had quit her well－paid job and was working as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.
苏珊已经辞去了高薪的工作。去年我去探望她的时候，她正在一个社区里做志愿者。
2．表示一个过去的动作正在进行时，另一个过去的动作发生了，常与when, while引导的时间状语从句连用。
◆(2016·北京卷)Jack was working in the lab when the power cut occurred.
突然断电时，杰克正在实验室里工作。
三、将来进行时
表示将来某一时刻或某一时段正在发生或进行的动作，常与一些标志性的时间状语连用，如at this time tomorrow, by then, from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow等。
◆(天津卷)Jane can’t attend the meeting at 3 o’clock this afternoon because she will be teaching a class at that time.
简不能参加今天下午三点的会议，因为那个时间段她正在教课。
进行时的变化规则
一般情况在词尾直接加-ing
work→working
study→studying
以不发音的e结尾的动词，去e再加-ing
write→writing
take→taking
face→facing
“辅音＋元音＋辅音”结尾的重读闭音节词， 且末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写词尾辅音字母，再加-ing
cut→cutting
begin→beginning
swim→swimming
run→running
put→putting
plan→planning
stop→stopping
以-ie结尾的动词，变-ie为y再加-ing
lie→lying　die→dying
　[对点演练2]——单句语法填空
1．(2017·北京卷)People have better access to health care than they used to, and they are living (live) longer as a result.
2．(陕西卷)—Can I call you back at two o’clock this afternoon?
—I’m sorry, but by then I will be flying (fly) to Beijing. How about five?
3．(2019·云南昆明一中模拟)He was working (work) in a government aerospace laboratory when the computer was in a junior level and was a big machine that required huge amount of time to process.
考点三
完成时态
一、现在完成时
1．表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束，而对现在仍有影响。常用的时间状语：already, just, yet, never, before, lately, recently, in the last(past) few days/years, up to now, till now, so far等。
◆(2018·北京卷)China’s high－speed railways have grown from 9，000 to 25，000 kilometers in the past few years.
在过去的几年里，中国的高速铁路已经从9 000公里增长到25 000公里。
2．表示从过去某时开始而延续至今(可能还要延续下去)的动作或状态。常用的时间状语：since＋时间点；for＋时间段等。
◆(湖南卷)—I remember you were a talented pianist at college. Can you play the piano for me?
——我记得你在大学时是一位极有才华的钢琴家。你能为我弹钢琴吗？
—Sorry, I haven’t played the piano for years.
——抱歉，我好多年没有弹钢琴了。
3．在条件和时间状语从句中，用现在完成时表示将来某时间前已完成的动作。
◆Will you come to my office when you have finished your work?
你完成工作后到我办公室来一下，好吗？
二、过去完成时
1．表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态，即过去的过去。句中一般有明确的表示“过去的过去”的时间状语(从句)。但在语法填空题中很多时候需要通过上下文来判断。
◆(2016·天津卷)When walking down the street, I came across David, whom I hadn’t seen for years.
当沿着街道散步的时候，我遇见了多年未见的戴维。
◆(辽宁卷)By the time Jack returned home from England, his son had graduated from college.
当杰克从英格兰回到家中时，他的儿子已经大学毕业了。
2．表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作或状态，常用的时间状语：before, by then, by that time, by the end of, by the time＋从句等。
◆(北京卷)It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they had done for me.
很久以后我才能够完全领会到他们为我所做的一切。
3．表示“愿望，打算”的动词(hope, want, expect, think, mean, suppose, plan, intend等)用于过去完成时表示过去本打算实现而未实现的希望或计划。
◆I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.
昨天我本来打算去拜访你，但是来了一位不速之客。
常使用完成时的句型
(1)This/It/That is the first/...time＋that sb. has/have done sth.；
This/It/That was the first/...time＋that sb. had done sth.这是某人第几次做某事。
(2)It/This is/was the＋最高级＋名词＋(that)定语从句，从句中的谓语用完成时。
(3)It is/has been＋一段时间＋since sb. did；
It was/had been＋一段时间＋since sb. had done sth.自从……以来多久了。
(4)hardly/scarcely...when.../no sooner...than...(一……就……)主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。　
[对点演练3]——单句语法填空
1．(2016·北京卷)I have read (read) half of the English novel, and I’ll try to finish it at the weekend.
2．(北京卷)—Did you have difficulty finding Ann’s house?
—Not really. She had given (give) us clear directions and we were able to find it easily.
3．(2019·成都七中诊断)This is the first time I have come (come) to Chengdu and I am truly impressed by the lifestyle of people here.
考点四
　 完成进行时
考纲对完成进行时要求考生掌握的是现在完成进行时。
1．表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或产生的状态一直延续到现在，并有可能继续下去，常用的时间状语：all this morning, this month, these few days, since和for引导的状语从句等。
◆(全国卷Ⅱ)The manager has been telling the workers how to improve the program since 9 a．m.
从上午九点开始，经理就一直在告诉工人们如何改进这个项目。
2．所表示的动作有时并不是一直在不停地进行，而是在断断续续地重复。
◆(2016·北京卷)The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts will be rewarded with success in the end.
学生们一直在刻苦学习功课，他们的努力(将来)一定会得到回报的。
[对点演练4]——单句语法填空
1．(2016·江苏卷)Dashan, who has been learning (learn) crosstalk, the Chinese comedic tradition, for decades, wants to mix it up with the Western stand-up tradition.
2．(福建卷)—Where is Peter？I can’t find him anywhere.
—He went to the library after breakfast and has been writing (write) his essay there ever since.
3．(安徽卷)In order to find the missing child, villagers have been doing (do) all they can over the past five hours.
要点三　被动语态的用法
一、被动语态的构成
　　　被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成，be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。
二、被动语态基本用法
　　　被动语态的使用场合：1.不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者；2.需要突出或强调动作的承受者。
◆(2018·北京卷)A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who had been trapped in the mountains for two days.
一个救援人员冒着生命危险挽救了两个被困在山里两天的旅游者。
◆(2018·天津卷)My washing machine is being repaired this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand.
这周我的洗衣机正在维修，所以我不得不手洗衣服。
(1)有些及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有：have有；cost花费；lack缺少；own拥有；belong to属于；take part in参加。
(2)不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有：happen/take place/occur发生；remain剩下；break out爆发；last持续；come out出版；come up被提出；lose heart失去信心；date from/back to追溯到；run out用完。　
三、主动形式表示被动意义
1．当系动词feel, sound, taste, look, smell, appear, seem, turn, stay, become, get, grow, keep等＋形容词/名词构成系表结构时，常常以主动形式表示被动意义。
◆This kind of wool shirt feels soft.
这种羊毛衫摸起来很软。
2．当sell, read, cut, wash, write, open, wear, run, burn等不及物动词后带状语(well/easily等)修饰，用来表示主语内在的品质或性能时，用主动形式表示被动含义。
◆Have you bought the book that sells well these days? I think it is suitable for us teenagers.　你买最近销量很好的那本书了吗？我认为它非常适合我们青少年。
[对点演练]——单句语法填空
1．(2018·江苏卷)I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan had been carried (carry) in the past two years.
2．(2017·江苏卷)He hurried home, never once looking back to see if he was being followed (follow)．
解题指导
准确确定动词时态的“四个依据”
依据一　时间状语
动词的时态，顾名思义就是指动作或状态在不同时间条件下的动词形式，因此时间状语是确定动词时态的最直接的决定因素。
[例1]　Silk (become) one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 B．C.
[分析]　had become　句意：到大约公元前 100 年，丝绸已经成为丝绸之路上交易的主要商品之一。题干中有表示过去的时间状语“about 100 B．C.”，且当时间状语由介词by(不迟于，不晚于)引导时，表示动作发生在“过去的过去”，谓语动词应用过去完成时。
[例2]　In the last few years, China (make)great achievements in environmental protection.
[分析]　has made　题干中的时间状语是“In the last few years”，表示动作“从过去一直到现在”，故所填词应用现在完成时。
依据二　参照动词
当题干中没有时间状语，或时间状语不能完全决定所填动词的动作发生的具体时间时，动词的时态由其参照动词来决定。
[例3]　The real reason why prices (be), and still are, too high is complex, and no short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem.
[分析]　were　题干中没有时间状语，由参照动词“are”和“is”可以推断出所填动词陈述的是过去的事实，故应用一般过去时。
[例4]　Albert Einstein was born in 1879. As a child, few people guessed that he (be) a famous scientist whose theories would change the world.
[分析]　was going to be　题干中虽然有时间状语“in 1879”，但这并非所填动词的动作发生的时间。由“As a child”可知，所填词的参照时间是过去，而他成为一位著名的科学家不是在他“是个小孩子”时，而是以后的事，即将来，所以所填词应用过去将来时。
依据三　句意或语境
当题干中无时间状语及参照动词，或时间状语和参照动词都不能确定所填动词的时态时，所填动词的时态由题干的具体意思或动作所发生的语境来决定。
[例5]　—Is Peter coming?
—No, he (change) his mind after a phone call at the last minute.
[分析]　changed　题干虽有时间状语“at the last minute”和参照动词“is coming”，但它们都不能准确定位所填动词的动作发生的时间，因此所填词的时态由句意或语境来决定。句意：“彼得要来吗？”“不，当接到一个电话后，他在最后时刻改变了主意。”由此可知，所填词的动作发生在过去，陈述的是过去的事实，故应用一般过去时。
[例6]　(2016·天津卷)When walking down the street, I came across David, whom I (not see) for years.
[分析]　hadn’t seen　句意：走在街上的时候，我偶然遇到了戴维，我已经多年没见他了。分析句子结构可知，从句中缺少谓语动词；主语I与动词see之间是主动关系，故应使用主动语态，且“多年未见”这一动作发生在“偶然遇到”之前，即“过去的过去”，故使用过去完成时。
依据四　固定句式
英语有一些句式的时态常常很固定，如果题干中出现这类句式，考生应注意根据规则选用适当的时态。
1．It is the first/second/...time that sb. has/have done...
2．It was the first/second/...time that sb. had done...
3．Sb. was/were doing sth. when...did...
4．Hardly/Scarcely had sb. done sth. when...did...
5．Sb. be about to do sth. when...did...
6．It’s (high) time that sb. did sth./should do sth.
[例7]　It is the first time that I (be) to Beijing.
[分析]　have been　句意：这是我第一次去北京。提示词为be动词，考虑设空处在句中作谓语，并考虑时态和语态；再根据固定句式“It is the first time that sb. has/have done...”确定使用现在完成时。　　单句语法填空
1．(2019·江西南昌一模)At a young age, he (move) to Spain and now plays professionally for the FC Barcelona.
moved　解析：根据时间状语At a young age可知，此处表示过去发生的事情，故用一般过去时。
2．(2019·广东深圳二模)It (rain) at that time and the streets were full of holes which were full of water.
was raining　解析：根据时间状语at that time可知，当时正在下雨，即“下雨”这一动作在过去某段时间内正在进行。故用过去进行时。
3．(2019·浙江金丽衢十二校联考)I just graduated from West Coast University. I
(receive) job skill training just before that, but I had never worked.
had received　解析：此处根据just before that可知，我在之前受过职业技能的培训，根据上句中的一般过去时可知，此处应用过去完成时。
4．(2019·安徽合肥重点中学联考)The full railway, which includes 72kilometer section through Beijing, (complete) in four and a half years.
will be completed　解析：句意：这一整条铁路，其中有72千米经过北京，将在四年半内完工。设空处作主句的谓语，根据时间状语in four and a half years可知，应用一般将来时；且主语The full railway与complete之间为被动关系，应用被动语态。
5．(2019·浙江台州期末考试)We (reduce) emission of air pollutants in recent years, but cars are still major source of them.
have reduced/have been reducing　解析：由句中的时间状语in recent years可知，应用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。
6．(2019·合肥第一次检测)It’s fun for amateurs to try, but to become good at it, not only years of practice but also natural talent (need)．
is needed　解析：考查主谓一致和被动语态。“not only...but also...”作主语，谓语动词的单复数遵循就近原则，故此处谓语动词应用单数。natural talent与动词need之间是动宾关系，故用is needed。
7．(2019·湖南长沙长郡中学月考)The beauty of the views couldn’t (imagine) and they left me with many great memories.
be imagined　解析：句意：这些景色的美是无法想象的，它们给我留下了许多美好的回忆。imagine和The beauty of the views之间为动宾关系，且根据句意可知应用被动语态；含情态动词的被动语态的构成是：情态动词＋be done。
8．(2019·吉林长春外国语学校)It was the fourth time she (shop) online for hours. I had already reminded her to think twice before buying anything, but my wife ignored what I had said.
had shopped　解析：“It was＋第几次＋过去完成时”是固定句式。
9．(2019·聊城检测)Playing football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also (give) us a sense of fair play and team spirit.
gives　解析：考查时态。not only...but also...连接两个平行结构，因此所填动词应与makes时态一致，故填gives。
10．(2019·山西太原期末)The reason for this is that Britain’s supermarkets (experience) huge changes in the past decades.
have experienced　解析：根据题干中的时间状语in the past decades可知，此处应该用现在完成时。