第十九讲 动词-ing形式和-ed形式
(原卷版)
黑龙江哈尔滨 邱尚瑛
在近年英语高考试卷中，非谓语动词是必考内容，是历年高考试题中的重要考查内容之一。非谓语动词中有动词不定式、动名词与现在分词（既：V-ing形式）、过去分词（既：V-ed形式）。在前一章的内容中我们已经复习了动词不定式相关语法知识，本章复习讨论非谓语动词的V-ing形式和V-ed形式。高考试卷中主要以语法填空和短文改错形式对非谓语动词进行考查，放在篇章当中结合语境和上下文语境的理解，有时与其它语法点结合进行考查。经常会考查动词V-ing形式和V-ed形式的作用。在作用方面主要考查作宾语时用不定式还是动名词；作定语、状语、补语时用不定式还是分词；还会考查它们作某一成分时的特殊结构。在形式方面，主要考查用是完成式、主动式还是被动式等。这一部分是学生的易错点和薄弱点，汉语中没有非谓语动词形式，因此教师在一轮复习时要注意加强引导，精讲精练，有的放失，直击高考重点。教师在辅导学生进行相关复习的时候，要注重对其语言知识进行梳理，夯实基础知识，避免偏题、难题和怪题；要注意把相关的语法现象从横向与纵向进行融会贯通；逐条列出学生出容易出现错误的问题，通过典型例句的讲解和巩固训练提高学生的语言应用能力。
动词的V-ing和V-ed形式可以充当各种句子成分，在句中有不同的功能和作用；并且有不同的形式。
I. 动词V-ing形式
动词V-ing形式可以分为动名词形式和现在分词形式
1. 现在分词的构成与特征
现在分词（The?Present?Participle）由“动词原形“+ing”构成，现在分词亦有双重性，它具有动词的特征，可以有自己的宾语和状语，同时具有形容词和副词的特征，可以充当表语、补足语、定语、状语，表示主动或正在进行的动作。如:
My?mother?is?in?the?kitchen?making?coffee。
我母亲在厨房里煮咖啡。(现在分词起副词的作用，在句中作状语,有宾语)
2. 动名词的构成与特征
动名词由“动词原形+-ing”构成，与现在分词的构成完全相同。动名词既具有动词的特征，又具有名词的特征。所谓的动词特征是说动名词可以有自己的宾语和状语，名词特征是指动名词可以像名词一样充当主语、表语、宾语和定语。
Drinking enough water will improve your skin and give you healthy hair.
饮用足量的水可改善你的肌肤，保持头发健康。
(动名词起名词的作用，在句中作主语,有宾语)
II. 动词V-ing形式的功能与用法
1.作主语
Travelling in space by ordinary citizens will be common.
普通市民去太空旅行将会很普遍。
felt funny watching myself on TV.
【答案】it
【解析】动名词短语watching myself on TV作主语后置，it 为形式主语。
2. 作表语
现在分词作表语表示主语所具有的特征。
Body language is fascinating for anyone to study.
身势语对于任何学习者来说都具有吸引力。
It is believed that if a book is (interest), it will surely (interest) the reader.
【答案】interesting;?interest
【解析】第一个空是表，说明主语 (book) 的特征，与主语为主动关系，用现在分词；第二个空是谓语动词。
3. 作宾语
(1) 作动词的宾语
常用的只能用动名词作宾语的动词有： admit, allow, avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, fancy, finish, imagine, include, keep, mention, mind, miss, practise, resist, risk, stop, suggest等；
短语动词有： give up, insist on, feel like, get down to, look forward to等。
He will keep trying out now ideas so he can help farmers around China.他(袁隆平)将不断试验新想法，以帮助全中国的农民。
Every time you feel like smoking a cigarette, remind yourself that you are a non-smoker.
每当你想要吸烟的时候,就提醒自己,你不再是吸烟的人了。
Bill suggested (hold)a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation.
【答案】holding
【解析】suggest后只能接动名词作宾语,不能接不定式。
Now I really enjoy study because I'm growing old and know what I want.
【答案】study → studying
【解析】动词enjoy后只能接动名词作宾语，故应将study改为studying
(2) 作介词的宾语
They developed new methods of growing food, hunting and moving around.
他们掌握了种植、狩猎和迁徙的新方法。
After eating breakfast at the cafeteria I go by minibus to the university lecture halls or the library.
在食堂吃过早饭后，我坐小公共汽车去大学的报告厅或图书馆。
4. 作补足语
现在分词可以在see, watch, notice, hear, keep, find, feel, have, get等动词后作补足语。
She could feel her heart beating with fear.
她能感觉到她的心因害怕而跳动。
I looked down into the water and could see Old Tom swimming by the boat, showing us the way.
我低头看了看水面，可看见老汤姆在船旁边游着，正在给我们指路呢。
I looked up and noticed a snake (wind) its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.
【答案】winding
【解析】snake与wind之间为主动关系，且wind这个动作正在进行，故用wind的现在分词形式。
They use computers to keep the traffic (run) smoothly.
【答案】running
【解析】分词作宾语补足语。 the traffic与run之间是主动关系,故用现在分词。
5. 作定语
单个分词作定语一般放在所修饰的名词的前面,分词短语作定语放在所修饰名词的后面。
I travel to unusual places and meet interesting people from all over the world.
我到不寻常的地方旅游，见到世界各地有趣的人。
If you see soldiers wearing sky-blue helmets, they are United Nations Peacekeepers.
如果你看见戴着天蓝色头盔的士兵，他们就是联合国维和人员。
Today there are more airplanes (carry) more peop le than ever before in the sky.
【答案】carrying
【解析】句意：如今天空中有更多的飞机,其所运载的乘客比以往任何时候都要多。carry与其逻辑主语 airplanes为主动关系，故用现在分词作定语。
The room is empty except for a bookshelf (stand) in one corner.
【答案】standing
【解析】 a bookshelf和sand之间是主动关系,且谓语表示的状态与stand同时存在，故用现在分词作定语。
6. 作状语
现在分词作状语多表示时间、原因、结果、伴随等。
Having realized that I could use a kite to attract lightning, I decided to do an experiment.
我意识到可以用风筝来吸引闪电,于是决定做个试验。(时间或原因)
Wang Peng sat in his empty restaurant feel very frustrated.
王鹏坐在他那空荡荡的餐馆里，感觉沮丧极了。(伴随)
Like ancient sailors, birds can find their way (use) the sun and the stars.
【答案】using
【解析】birds是逻辑主语，与use之间是主动关系，故用现在分词作状语。
The sunlight is white and blinding, (throw) hard-edged shadows on the ground.
【答案】throwing
【解析】逻辑主语the sunlight与throw为主动关系，故同现在分词作从伴随状语。
Pressed from his parents, and _______ (realize) that he has wasted too much time, the boy is determined to stop playing video games.
【答案】realizing
【解析】逻辑主语the boy与 realize为主动关系，故用现在分词短语做原因状语。
A small plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city, ______(kill) all for people on board.
【答案】killing
【解析】分词作结果状语。逻辑主语与kill之间是主动关系,故用现在分词：表示一种顺其自然的结果。
(see) that she was going off to sleep, I asked if she'd like that little doll on her bed.
【答案】Seeing
【解析】分词作时间状语。逻样主语I与see是主动关系，故用现在分词。
【温馨提示】不定式和现在分词可做原因状语和结果状语。不定式常在作表语的形容词后面作原因状语，在句首作原固状语只能用现在分词；不定式作结果状语表示意想不到的结果，现在分词则表示自然的结果
III. 动词V-ing的否定式
动词-ing的否定式由“not + doing”构成。
The king takes the woman to his palace and marries her, not knowing that she is a wicked witch.
国王不知道这个女人是个巫婆，他把她带到宫殿，娶他为妻。
I am sorry for not handing in my homework on time.
很抱歉我没有按时完成作业。
（not, complete) the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.
【答案】Not having completed
【解析】非谓语动词的否完式是在其前加not，逻辑主语与complete之间是主动关系，且谓语动词的动作发生在句子谓语动词的动作之前，故用现在分词的完成式。
Victor apologized for his (not, be) able to inform me of the change in the plan.
【答案】not being
【解析】for是介词，后跟动名词，his not being是动名词的复合结构。
IV. 现在分词的时态与语态
主动语态
被动语态
一般式
doing
being dong
完成式
having done
having been done
1. 现在分词的时态
现在分词的一般式表示其动作正在进行或与谓语的动作同时发生，现在分词的完成式表示其动作发生在语动词的动作之前。
Having worked hard all day, I went to bed.
(现在分词having worked 表示work这一动作发生在谓语went之前)
The sun began to rise in the sky, (bathe) the mountain in golden light.
【答案】bathing
【解析】主语the sun与动词bathe之间为主动关系，且rise和bathe两个动作同时发生，故用现在分词的一般式。
I got to the office earlier that day, (catch) the 7:30 train from Paddington.
【答案】having caught
【解析】?逻辑主语I与catch为主动关系，且“赶上火车”这一动作发生在“到办公室”之前，因此用现在分词的完成式。
2. 现在分词的语态
现在分词的主动式表示其逻辑主语是现在分词动作的执行者；现在分词的被动式表示其逻辑主语是在分词动作的承受者。
Being taught by the gentlemen, Eliza made great progress.
由两位绅士辅导，伊丽莎进步很快。
(现在分词的逻辑主语是Eliza，与teach是被动关系)
(show) around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Bird's Nest for the 2008 Olympics Games.
【答案】having?been shown
【解析】分词做时间状语。逻辑主语we与show是被动关系，且分词的动作发生在句子谓语动词动作之前，故用现在分词的完成被动式。
V. 现在分词与动名词的区别
现在分词与动名词在形式上没有任何区别，但在功能和意义上有较大差异，现在不能作主语和宾语，动名词不能作状语和补足语。
1. 作定语的比较
现在分词与所修饰的名词有逻辑上的主谓关系，而动名词则没有这种主谓关系，动名词其所修饰的名词的性质、用途等。比较：
现在分词
动名词
a?sleeping?beauty 睡美人
a?living language 活的语言the?waiting?audience 等候的观众
running?water 自来水
a walking?dictionary 活词典
a sleeping car 卧铺车
living conditions 生活条件
the waiting room 候车室
running track 跑道
a walking stick 拐杖
A virus is a very small living thing that causes disease.
病毒是一种引起疾病的微生物。（现在分词） ）
2. 作表语的比较
做表语时，现在分词说明主语的特证,动名词则说明主语的内容,试比较：
His job is interesting.他的工作很有趣。(现在分词)
His job is teaching他的工作是教书。(动名词)
VI. 动词V-ed
1. 动词V-ed形式的定义
动词-ed形式也叫做过去分词，过去分词（The Past Participle）的形式有规则和不规则之分。规则动词的过去分词由“动词原型+ed”构成，不规则动词的过去分词形式要逐一记忆(参见后面的不规则动词表)。过去分词有双重性，既具有动词的特征，可以有自己的宾语和状语，又具有形容词和副词的特征，可以充当表语、补足语、定语和状语。过去分词表示已完成的动作或被动的含义。
Built in 1910, the museum is almost 100 years old.
(过去分词起副词作用，在句中作状语，有自己的状语，表示被动)
2. 动词-ed形式在句中的作用
1) 作表语
过去分词作表语多表示主语所处的状态。
Father, don't be upset. Everything's all right now.
爸爸，别难过。现在一切都好啦!
While waiting for the opportunity to get (promote), Henry did his best to perform his duty.
【答案】promoted
【解析】句意：在等待晋升机会的同，亨利尽自己最大努力去履行其职责。promote与其逻辑主语Henry为被动关系，故用过去分词。
2) 作补足语
过去分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, keep, find, feel, have, make, get等动词后作补足语。
To their surprise, the three countries found themselves tired peacefully instead of by war.?
这三个国家惊奇地发现他们和平统一了，而不是通过战争。
have sth. done常表示“叫某人做某事”，在口语中可以用 get sth. done代替have sth. done. 有时have sth. done表示“意外或不幸遭遇”。
When are you going to get the roof repaired? 你什么时候叫人把屋顶修好?
We had the car delivered to the airport. 我们让人把车开到了机场。
George had his nose broken in a fight. 乔治在打斗中弄伤了鼻子。
Have you ever had your passport stolen? 你曾经把护照弄去了吗？
When we saw the road _____(block) with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at home.
【答案】?blocked
【解析】road与bock为被动关系，故用过去分词作宾语补足语。
Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car ________(wash).?
【答案】washed
【解析】car与wash之间是动宾关系,故用过去分词作宾语补足语。
3) 作定语
Paper cuts used for religious purposes are often found in temples.
用于宗教目的的剪纸常常在寺庙里可以见到。
The witnesses (question) by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the flight.
【答案】questioned
【解析】 逻辑主语 the witness与 question为被动关系，且由 just now可知,目击者被询问问是发生在过去的事，此用过去分词作后置定语。
4) 作状语
过去分词作状语多表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等。
Seen from above, the old town is a maze of canals, little bridges and tiny cobbled streets that tourists get lost in.
从上面俯看，古城就是一座由沟渠、小桥和鹅卵石铺成的街巷构成的迷宫，
游人极易迷失其中。(时间)
Frightened by the noise outside, Sue dared not sleep in her bedroom.
由于受到外面噪音的吓，Sue不敢在卧室里睡觉了。(原因)
The lady returned home, followed by the famous detective Holmes.
女士回到家，身后跟着著名的侦探福尔摩斯。(伴随)
I. 动名词的语态
1. 在一些动词后主动表被动
（1）want, need,?require等动词后面的动名词常用主动式表示被动意义。如：
The?library?needs?repairing,?but?it?will?have?to?wait?until Sunday.
图书馆需要修缮，但要等到礼拜天。
（2）worth后接动名词，用主动式表示被动意义。
The?book?is?worth?reading?a?second?time. 这本书值得再读一遍。
2. 动名词的复合结构
动名词有时带有自已的逻辑主语，这样就构成了动名词的复合结构，即：“名词所有格/物主代词+动名词”。这种结构可作主语、表语或宾语。
Mary's coming late made the teacher very angry. 玛丽的迟到让老师很生气。
(在口语中可用名词通格：Mary coming late made the teacher very angry.)
Do you still remember my first meeting with you?
你还记得我第一次与你见面的情景吗?
(在口语中可用代词宾格：Do you still remember me first meeting with you? )
At the beginning of class, the noise of desks (open and close) could be heard outside the classroom.
【答案】being opened and closed
【解析】 动名词与其逻辑主语desks构成复合结构作介词of的宾语desks与open是被动关系,故用动名词的被动式。
3. 不定式和动名词比较不同之处
在一些动词后用动名词与不定式会产生意思的差异。
动名问的逻辑主语可能泛指人们，不定式的逻辑主语是句子本身的主语。
比较：
I hate smoking.我讨厌吸烟。(相当于说：I hate people smoking. )
I hate to smoke.我不爱吸烟。(相当于说：I don't smoke as I dislike it. )
动名词表示一般的或抽象的多次性动作，不定式则表示具体的一次性动作。
比较：
I like seeing English films. 我喜欢看英语电影。
Would you like to see the English film tonight? 今晚你想看英语电影吗?
有些动词后面只能接动名词作宾语，而有些动词只能接不定式，这些动词我们先前已有归纳，这里不再赘述。
比较：
I like living in a big house.?我喜欢住在大房子里。(不可用 to live)
I cannot afford to buy a villa. 我买不起别墅。(不可用 buying)?
有不少动词后面既可接动名词作宾语，也可接不定式作宾语或状语。
词常见的有：attempt, begin, continue, fear, forget, hate, help, intend, learn, like, love, mean, need, neglect, prefer, propose, regret, remember, start, stop, try, want等。
有些动词后接动名词与不定式，含义会有所不同。常见的有：
try doing试着做….… /try to do 努力做……
stop doing停止做……/stop to do 停下来去做……
mean doing..意味着做……/mean to do…打算做……
regret doing…后悔做过……/regret to do…很遗憾要做…….
forget doing …忘记做过…/forget to do…忘记要做…….
remember doing…记得做过……/remember to do...记得要做…….
can’t help doing…禁不住做……/can’t help to do…对做……无能为力
go on doing…. 继续做同一件事/go on to do… 继续做另外一件事
Susan wanted to be independent of her parents. She tried (live) alone, but she didn't like it and moved back home .
【答案】living
【解析】try后接动名词表示“试着做”，后接不定式表示“尽力做”，根据上句可知本句应为“她试着独立生活”，故用动名词。
need, want, require等动词后面接非谓语动词表示被动意义时,接动名词用主动式,而接不定式则要用被动式。
比较：
The car needs repairing. 汽车需要修理。
The car needs to be repaired. 汽车需要修理。
The shoes want mending. 鞋子需要修补。
The shoes want to be mended. 鞋子需要修补。
4. 动词V-ing形式应该注意悬垂分词：
Entering the house, the window was found broken.
这句话是错误表达，因为现在分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语，所以“谁走进屋子”?显然不是 the window；应将其更正为：
Entering the house, I found the window broken.
Judging from her action,she must be an American.
(从她的口音判断，她肯定是美国人)
这句话被看作是正确的，这类现在分词被称为“悬垂分词”。
常见的悬垂分词还有：strictly speaking (严格地的)，generally speaking (一般说来)，personally speaking (就我个人而言) 等。
5. 动词过去分词与动词现在分词完成被动式的区别
过去分词可作表语、定语、状语和补足语，现在分词的完成被动式一般只做状语。
作定语的区别
过去分词常作定语,表示其动作发生在句子谓语动词动作之前或没有明确的时间性；现在分词的完成被动式极少作定语，有时可作非限制性定语，表示其动作发生在句子谓语动词动作之前。 The?number?of?people?killed?in?Mumbai?Terror?Attacks?has?reached125.
在孟买连环恐布袭击中丧生的人数已达125人。 (kill发生在?reach之前)
Scientific?experiments?carried?out?by?students?without?the?teacher's?instructions?can be dangerous.
学生在没有老师指导的情况下进行的科学实验可能是危险的。
(没有明确的时间性）The?poor,?having?been?oppressed?and?exploited?for?so?long,?took?up?their?guns?and?knives to kill?rich?nobles.
长期受到剥削和压迫的穷人拿起刀枪杀贵族。
(?oppress和?exploit发生在take之前)
作状语的区别
过去分词作状语时，多表示其动作与句子谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生或存在，现在分词的完成被动式则表示其动作发生在句子谓语动词动作之前。
Hit by the lack of fresh air, he got a bad headache.
由于缺乏新鲜空气,他头疼得厉害。(hit与get同时发生)
Having been warned of typhoon, the fishermen sailed for the?nearest harbour.
听到台风警报，渔民们驾船驶向最近的港口。(warn发生在sail之前)
Clearly and thoughtfully (write), the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers.
【答案】written
【解析】本题考查非谓语动词作状语，逻辑主语book与write为被动关系，故用过去分词。
(tell) many times, he finally understood it.
【答案】Having been told
【解析】分词表示的动作发生在句子谓语动词动作之前，且逻辑主语he与tell是被动关系，故用现在分词的完成被动式。
知识点一 现在分词和过去分词作状语的考查
例1． （realize）it was our last high school sports meeting, we decided to make it an unforgettable experience for all of us.
【答案】Realizing
【解析】分析句子结构可知，空格所处的部分为非谓语动词作状语，realize与主语we之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，故填Realizing。
变式训练 1： Greatly (encourage), the team conducted another experiment, this time with water that contained bacteria.
知识点二 现在分词和过去分词作前置定语和表语的考查
例2．Dennis Williams, the new owner of the phone number, responded to the (excite) baby news.
【答案】exciting
【解析】此处为非谓语动词作前置定语，表示“令人兴奋的有关孩子的消息”。故填exciting。
变式训练2：With (puzzle) look on my face, I pointed to myself and said, “Me?”
知识点三 不定式、现在分词和过去分词作后置定语的考查
For 25 days, she never left her baby, not even to find something (eat) !
【答案】to eat
【解析】此处表示找到要吃的东西，表示动作尚未进行，故填to eat。
变式训练3：The adobe dwellings (build) by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even the most modern of architects and engineers.
知识点四 谓语动词与非谓语动词混淆的考查
例4．Next keep in mind that forgiveness does not necessarily mean (accept ) the action of the person who upsets you.
【答案】accepting
【解析】 mean to do sth.意为“想要做某事”, mean doing sth.意为“意味着做某事”，故填accepting。
变式训练4-1：【2018 江西五校第一次联考改错】 Locating in a beautiful and quiet neighborhood, the house is big enough to enable you to have a room of your own.
变式训练4-2：【2017·全国卷Ⅱ改错】 When?summer?comes,?they?will?invite their students pick the fresh vegetables!
1.【2018 全国卷Ⅰ改错】Some?of?us?were?confident?and?eager take part in the class activity, others were?nervous?and anxious.
2.【2018 全国卷ⅠⅠ】There were many people waiting at the bus stop ,42.and some of them looked very anxious and 43. (disappoint).
3.【2018 江西宜春中学模拟卷】 (compare) with the western medicine's high fees, TUM has a reasonable price that ordinary people can afford.
4.【2018 全国卷Ⅲ改错】Everyone?was?silent,?wait?to?see?who would be called upon to read his or?her?paragraph?aloud.
5.【2018 全国卷Ⅲ】I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid 64 (look) directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel 65.challenged(challenge).
I. 语法填空模拟真题练习
1.【2018 南昌一模】Hongcun, (fill)?with lakes and beautiful Anhuistyle buildings, is?900?years?old.?It was?built?to?look?like?a?big?ox.?Huangshan?Mountain?is the?head, the?town?is the?body?and?the?bridges?are?legs.
2.【2018 安徽名校模拟】As?the?researchers?expected, 30%?of?the?chefs (survey)?said?that?their best?meal?as?a?kid?was?still?what?they?liked?the?most?as an adult.
3.【2018 广州调研】He?was?amazed (see) a whole community of creatures swimming?in this?one drop--tiny?beings?no?one?had?ever?seen?before.
4. 【2018 湖北八校第一次联考】?A?famous?19th?century Russian?writer, Anton Chekhov, once?invited?a?Chinese man (have)?a?drink?in?a?bar.
5. 【2018 福建永春一中四校联考】During the Qin dynasty, to keep the enemy out of his empire, Emperor Qin Shihuang had all the walls （join）up.
6. 【2018 河南郑州一中测试】But by1955, the paintings were beginning to become difficult （see）.
7. 【2018 山东烟台期末】They put the food out in their backyards and spend time in the nice weather, (watch) birds.
8. 【2018 成都模拟】We?hope?that?all?of?us?will?devote?our?efforts?to?protect pandas and?let them?live?in?the?wild?again?some?day.
9. 【2018 山西八校第一次联考】Besides, there is a long holiday waits for me after the Gaokao. And I can travel anywhere I like then.
10.【2018 河北五个一联盟二模】 Soldiers came to rescue those burying under the ruins, and the government provided food, clothes, and shelters for the homeless.
II. 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式
Mary: I?have?decided?1. (leave)?my?job?next?month.
John:?But?you?said 2._____ (work)in?an?architect's?office?was?enjoyable.
Mary:?Oh,?I?did.?But?I?feel?like 3. (do)something different for a while.
John:?Didn't?you?promise 4. ?(?stay)??there?at?least?two?years.
Mary:Yes,?I?did?but?I?just?can't?stand?working?with?these?people.?One?of?them?refuses?to?stop 5.______(talk) while?she?works,?and?another?one? keeps 6.? (sing)?to himself.?And?there?is?a?man attempting man?7.______(attempt)?to?tell awful jokes all the time which he?always?gets?wrong.?while he?always?gets wrong... I?feel?8._______( annoy)?with?all?that?noise?around?me.
John:?It?sounds?a?quite?cheerful?place?to?me.?Can't?you?think?of?a?way 9.? (solve)
your problem?? You?can?manage?to?ignore?them?and get on with your
work.
Mary:?No,?I?can't.?I?just?can't carry?on 10.________(go) there every day. I'm hoping
go abroad?for?a?bit.
John:?Well! good?luck.
第十九讲 动词-ing形式和-ed形式
(解析卷)
黑龙江哈尔滨 邱尚瑛
在近年英语高考试卷中，非谓语动词是必考内容，是历年高考试题中的重要考查内容之一。非谓语动词中有动词不定式、动名词与现在分词（既：V-ing形式）、过去分词（既：V-ed形式）。在前一章的内容中我们已经复习了动词不定式相关语法知识，本章复习讨论非谓语动词的V-ing形式和V-ed形式。高考试卷中主要以语法填空和短文改错形式对非谓语动词进行考查，放在篇章当中结合语境和上下文语境的理解，有时与其它语法点结合进行考查。经常会考查动词V-ing形式和V-ed形式的作用。在作用方面主要考查作宾语时用不定式还是动名词；作定语、状语、补语时用不定式还是分词；还会考查它们作某一成分时的特殊结构。在形式方面，主要考查用是完成式、主动式还是被动式等。这一部分是学生的易错点和薄弱点，汉语中没有非谓语动词形式，因此教师在一轮复习时要注意加强引导，精讲精练，有的放失，直击高考重点。教师在辅导学生进行相关复习的时候，要注重对其语言知识进行梳理，夯实基础知识，避免偏题、难题和怪题；要注意把相关的语法现象从横向与纵向进行融会贯通；逐条列出学生出容易出现错误的问题，通过典型例句的讲解和巩固训练提高学生的语言应用能力。
动词的V-ing和V-ed形式可以充当各种句子成分，在句中有不同的功能和作用；并且有不同的形式。
I. 动词V-ing形式
动词V-ing形式可以分为动名词形式和现在分词形式
1. 现在分词的构成与特征
现在分词（The?Present?Participle）由“动词原形“+ing”构成，现在分词亦有双重性，它具有动词的特征，可以有自己的宾语和状语，同时具有形容词和副词的特征，可以充当表语、补足语、定语、状语，表示主动或正在进行的动作。如:
My?mother?is?in?the?kitchen?making?coffee。
我母亲在厨房里煮咖啡。(现在分词起副词的作用，在句中作状语,有宾语)
2. 动名词的构成与特征
动名词由“动词原形+-ing”构成，与现在分词的构成完全相同。动名词既具有动词的特征，又具有名词的特征。所谓的动词特征是说动名词可以有自己的宾语和状语，名词特征是指动名词可以像名词一样充当主语、表语、宾语和定语。
Drinking enough water will improve your skin and give you healthy hair.
饮用足量的水可改善你的肌肤，保持头发健康。
(动名词起名词的作用，在句中作主语,有宾语)
II. 动词V-ing形式的功能与用法
1.作主语
Travelling in space by ordinary citizens will be common.
普通市民去太空旅行将会很普遍。
felt funny watching myself on TV.
【答案】it
【解析】动名词短语watching myself on TV作主语后置，it 为形式主语。
2. 作表语
现在分词作表语表示主语所具有的特征。
Body language is fascinating for anyone to study.
身势语对于任何学习者来说都具有吸引力。
It is believed that if a book is (interest), it will surely (interest) the reader.
【答案】interesting;?interest
【解析】第一个空是表，说明主语 (book) 的特征，与主语为主动关系，用现在分词；第二个空是谓语动词。
3. 作宾语
(1) 作动词的宾语
常用的只能用动名词作宾语的动词有： admit, allow, avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, fancy, finish, imagine, include, keep, mention, mind, miss, practise, resist, risk, stop, suggest等；
短语动词有： give up, insist on, feel like, get down to, look forward to等。
He will keep trying out now ideas so he can help farmers around China.他(袁隆平)将不断试验新想法，以帮助全中国的农民。
Every time you feel like smoking a cigarette, remind yourself that you are a non-smoker.
每当你想要吸烟的时候,就提醒自己,你不再是吸烟的人了。
Bill suggested (hold)a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation.
【答案】holding
【解析】suggest后只能接动名词作宾语,不能接不定式。
Now I really enjoy study because I'm growing old and know what I want.
【答案】study → studying
【解析】动词enjoy后只能接动名词作宾语，故应将study改为studying
(2) 作介词的宾语
They developed new methods of growing food, hunting and moving around.
他们掌握了种植、狩猎和迁徙的新方法。
After eating breakfast at the cafeteria I go by minibus to the university lecture halls or the library.
在食堂吃过早饭后，我坐小公共汽车去大学的报告厅或图书馆。
4. 作补足语
现在分词可以在see, watch, notice, hear, keep, find, feel, have, get等动词后作补足语。
She could feel her heart beating with fear.
她能感觉到她的心因害怕而跳动。
I looked down into the water and could see Old Tom swimming by the boat, showing us the way.
我低头看了看水面，可看见老汤姆在船旁边游着，正在给我们指路呢。
I looked up and noticed a snake (wind) its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.
【答案】winding
【解析】snake与wind之间为主动关系，且wind这个动作正在进行，故用wind的现在分词形式。
They use computers to keep the traffic (run) smoothly.
【答案】running
【解析】分词作宾语补足语。 the traffic与run之间是主动关系,故用现在分词。
5. 作定语
单个分词作定语一般放在所修饰的名词的前面,分词短语作定语放在所修饰名词的后面。
I travel to unusual places and meet interesting people from all over the world.
我到不寻常的地方旅游，见到世界各地有趣的人。
If you see soldiers wearing sky-blue helmets, they are United Nations Peacekeepers.
如果你看见戴着天蓝色头盔的士兵，他们就是联合国维和人员。
Today there are more airplanes (carry) more peop le than ever before in the sky.
【答案】carrying
【解析】句意：如今天空中有更多的飞机,其所运载的乘客比以往任何时候都要多。carry与其逻辑主语 airplanes为主动关系，故用现在分词作定语。
The room is empty except for a bookshelf (stand) in one corner.
【答案】standing
【解析】 a bookshelf和sand之间是主动关系,且谓语表示的状态与stand同时存在，故用现在分词作定语。
6. 作状语
现在分词作状语多表示时间、原因、结果、伴随等。
Having realized that I could use a kite to attract lightning, I decided to do an experiment.
我意识到可以用风筝来吸引闪电,于是决定做个试验。(时间或原因)
Wang Peng sat in his empty restaurant feel very frustrated.
王鹏坐在他那空荡荡的餐馆里，感觉沮丧极了。(伴随)
Like ancient sailors, birds can find their way (use) the sun and the stars.
【答案】using
【解析】birds是逻辑主语，与use之间是主动关系，故用现在分词作状语。
The sunlight is white and blinding, (throw) hard-edged shadows on the ground.
【答案】throwing
【解析】逻辑主语the sunlight与throw为主动关系，故同现在分词作从伴随状语。
Pressed from his parents, and _______ (realize) that he has wasted too much time, the boy is determined to stop playing video games.
【答案】realizing
【解析】逻辑主语the boy与 realize为主动关系，故用现在分词短语做原因状语。
A small plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city, ______(kill) all for people on board.
【答案】killing
【解析】分词作结果状语。逻辑主语与kill之间是主动关系,故用现在分词：表示一种顺其自然的结果。
(see) that she was going off to sleep, I asked if she'd like that little doll on her bed.
【答案】Seeing
【解析】分词作时间状语。逻样主语I与see是主动关系，故用现在分词。
【温馨提示】不定式和现在分词可做原因状语和结果状语。不定式常在作表语的形容词后面作原因状语，在句首作原固状语只能用现在分词；不定式作结果状语表示意想不到的结果，现在分词则表示自然的结果
III. 动词V-ing的否定式
动词-ing的否定式由“not + doing”构成。
The king takes the woman to his palace and marries her, not knowing that she is a wicked witch.
国王不知道这个女人是个巫婆，他把她带到宫殿，娶他为妻。
I am sorry for not handing in my homework on time.
很抱歉我没有按时完成作业。
（not, complete) the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.
【答案】Not having completed
【解析】非谓语动词的否完式是在其前加not，逻辑主语与complete之间是主动关系，且谓语动词的动作发生在句子谓语动词的动作之前，故用现在分词的完成式。
Victor apologized for his (not, be) able to inform me of the change in the plan.
【答案】not being
【解析】for是介词，后跟动名词，his not being是动名词的复合结构。
IV. 现在分词的时态与语态
主动语态
被动语态
一般式
doing
being dong
完成式
having done
having been done
1. 现在分词的时态
现在分词的一般式表示其动作正在进行或与谓语的动作同时发生，现在分词的完成式表示其动作发生在语动词的动作之前。
Having worked hard all day, I went to bed.
(现在分词having worked 表示work这一动作发生在谓语went之前)
The sun began to rise in the sky, (bathe) the mountain in golden light.
【答案】bathing
【解析】主语the sun与动词bathe之间为主动关系，且rise和bathe两个动作同时发生，故用现在分词的一般式。
I got to the office earlier that day, (catch) the 7:30 train from Paddington.
【答案】having caught
【解析】?逻辑主语I与catch为主动关系，且“赶上火车”这一动作发生在“到办公室”之前，因此用现在分词的完成式。
2. 现在分词的语态
现在分词的主动式表示其逻辑主语是现在分词动作的执行者；现在分词的被动式表示其逻辑主语是在分词动作的承受者。
Being taught by the gentlemen, Eliza made great progress.
由两位绅士辅导，伊丽莎进步很快。
(现在分词的逻辑主语是Eliza，与teach是被动关系)
(show) around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Bird's Nest for the 2008 Olympics Games.
【答案】having?been shown
【解析】分词做时间状语。逻辑主语we与show是被动关系，且分词的动作发生在句子谓语动词动作之前，故用现在分词的完成被动式。
V. 现在分词与动名词的区别
现在分词与动名词在形式上没有任何区别，但在功能和意义上有较大差异，现在不能作主语和宾语，动名词不能作状语和补足语。
1. 作定语的比较
现在分词与所修饰的名词有逻辑上的主谓关系，而动名词则没有这种主谓关系，动名词其所修饰的名词的性质、用途等。比较：
现在分词
动名词
a?sleeping?beauty 睡美人
a?living language 活的语言the?waiting?audience 等候的观众
running?water 自来水
a walking?dictionary 活词典
a sleeping car 卧铺车
living conditions 生活条件
the waiting room 候车室
running track 跑道
a walking stick 拐杖
A virus is a very small living thing that causes disease.
病毒是一种引起疾病的微生物。（现在分词） ）
2. 作表语的比较
做表语时，现在分词说明主语的特证,动名词则说明主语的内容,试比较：
His job is interesting.他的工作很有趣。(现在分词)
His job is teaching他的工作是教书。(动名词)
VI. 动词V-ed
1. 动词V-ed形式的定义
动词-ed形式也叫做过去分词，过去分词（The Past Participle）的形式有规则和不规则之分。规则动词的过去分词由“动词原型+ed”构成，不规则动词的过去分词形式要逐一记忆(参见后面的不规则动词表)。过去分词有双重性，既具有动词的特征，可以有自己的宾语和状语，又具有形容词和副词的特征，可以充当表语、补足语、定语和状语。过去分词表示已完成的动作或被动的含义。
Built in 1910, the museum is almost 100 years old.
(过去分词起副词作用，在句中作状语，有自己的状语，表示被动)
2. 动词-ed形式在句中的作用
1) 作表语
过去分词作表语多表示主语所处的状态。
Father, don't be upset. Everything's all right now.
爸爸，别难过。现在一切都好啦!
While waiting for the opportunity to get (promote), Henry did his best to perform his duty.
【答案】promoted
【解析】句意：在等待晋升机会的同，亨利尽自己最大努力去履行其职责。promote与其逻辑主语Henry为被动关系，故用过去分词。
2) 作补足语
过去分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, keep, find, feel, have, make, get等动词后作补足语。
To their surprise, the three countries found themselves tired peacefully instead of by war.?
这三个国家惊奇地发现他们和平统一了，而不是通过战争。
have sth. done常表示“叫某人做某事”，在口语中可以用 get sth. done代替have sth. done. 有时have sth. done表示“意外或不幸遭遇”。
When are you going to get the roof repaired? 你什么时候叫人把屋顶修好?
We had the car delivered to the airport. 我们让人把车开到了机场。
George had his nose broken in a fight. 乔治在打斗中弄伤了鼻子。
Have you ever had your passport stolen? 你曾经把护照弄去了吗？
When we saw the road _____(block) with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at home.
【答案】?blocked
【解析】road与bock为被动关系，故用过去分词作宾语补足语。
Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car ________(wash).?
【答案】washed
【解析】car与wash之间是动宾关系,故用过去分词作宾语补足语。
3) 作定语
Paper cuts used for religious purposes are often found in temples.
用于宗教目的的剪纸常常在寺庙里可以见到。
The witnesses (question) by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the flight.
【答案】questioned
【解析】 逻辑主语 the witness与 question为被动关系，且由 just now可知,目击者被询问问是发生在过去的事，此用过去分词作后置定语。
4) 作状语
过去分词作状语多表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等。
Seen from above, the old town is a maze of canals, little bridges and tiny cobbled streets that tourists get lost in.
从上面俯看，古城就是一座由沟渠、小桥和鹅卵石铺成的街巷构成的迷宫，
游人极易迷失其中。(时间)
Frightened by the noise outside, Sue dared not sleep in her bedroom.
由于受到外面噪音的吓，Sue不敢在卧室里睡觉了。(原因)
The lady returned home, followed by the famous detective Holmes.
女士回到家，身后跟着著名的侦探福尔摩斯。(伴随)
I. 动名词的语态
1. 在一些动词后主动表被动
（1）want, need,?require等动词后面的动名词常用主动式表示被动意义。如：
The?library?needs?repairing,?but?it?will?have?to?wait?until Sunday.
图书馆需要修缮，但要等到礼拜天。
（2）worth后接动名词，用主动式表示被动意义。
The?book?is?worth?reading?a?second?time. 这本书值得再读一遍。
2. 动名词的复合结构
动名词有时带有自已的逻辑主语，这样就构成了动名词的复合结构，即：“名词所有格/物主代词+动名词”。这种结构可作主语、表语或宾语。
Mary's coming late made the teacher very angry. 玛丽的迟到让老师很生气。
(在口语中可用名词通格：Mary coming late made the teacher very angry.)
Do you still remember my first meeting with you?
你还记得我第一次与你见面的情景吗?
(在口语中可用代词宾格：Do you still remember me first meeting with you? )
At the beginning of class, the noise of desks (open and close) could be heard outside the classroom.
【答案】being opened and closed
【解析】 动名词与其逻辑主语desks构成复合结构作介词of的宾语desks与open是被动关系,故用动名词的被动式。
3. 不定式和动名词比较不同之处
在一些动词后用动名词与不定式会产生意思的差异。
动名问的逻辑主语可能泛指人们，不定式的逻辑主语是句子本身的主语。
比较：
I hate smoking.我讨厌吸烟。(相当于说：I hate people smoking. )
I hate to smoke.我不爱吸烟。(相当于说：I don't smoke as I dislike it. )
动名词表示一般的或抽象的多次性动作，不定式则表示具体的一次性动作。
比较：
I like seeing English films. 我喜欢看英语电影。
Would you like to see the English film tonight? 今晚你想看英语电影吗?
有些动词后面只能接动名词作宾语，而有些动词只能接不定式，这些动词我们先前已有归纳，这里不再赘述。
比较：
I like living in a big house.?我喜欢住在大房子里。(不可用 to live)
I cannot afford to buy a villa. 我买不起别墅。(不可用 buying)?
有不少动词后面既可接动名词作宾语，也可接不定式作宾语或状语。
词常见的有：attempt, begin, continue, fear, forget, hate, help, intend, learn, like, love, mean, need, neglect, prefer, propose, regret, remember, start, stop, try, want等。
有些动词后接动名词与不定式，含义会有所不同。常见的有：
try doing试着做….… /try to do 努力做……
stop doing停止做……/stop to do 停下来去做……
mean doing..意味着做……/mean to do…打算做……
regret doing…后悔做过……/regret to do…很遗憾要做…….
forget doing …忘记做过…/forget to do…忘记要做…….
remember doing…记得做过……/remember to do...记得要做…….
can’t help doing…禁不住做……/can’t help to do…对做……无能为力
go on doing…. 继续做同一件事/go on to do… 继续做另外一件事
Susan wanted to be independent of her parents. She tried (live) alone, but she didn't like it and moved back home .
【答案】living
【解析】try后接动名词表示“试着做”，后接不定式表示“尽力做”，根据上句可知本句应为“她试着独立生活”，故用动名词。
need, want, require等动词后面接非谓语动词表示被动意义时,接动名词用主动式,而接不定式则要用被动式。
比较：
The car needs repairing. 汽车需要修理。
The car needs to be repaired. 汽车需要修理。
The shoes want mending. 鞋子需要修补。
The shoes want to be mended. 鞋子需要修补。
4. 动词V-ing形式应该注意悬垂分词：
Entering the house, the window was found broken.
这句话是错误表达，因为现在分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语，所以“谁走进屋子”?显然不是 the window；应将其更正为：
Entering the house, I found the window broken.
Judging from her action,she must be an American.
(从她的口音判断，她肯定是美国人)
这句话被看作是正确的，这类现在分词被称为“悬垂分词”。
常见的悬垂分词还有：strictly speaking (严格地的)，generally speaking (一般说来)，personally speaking (就我个人而言) 等。
5. 动词过去分词与动词现在分词完成被动式的区别
过去分词可作表语、定语、状语和补足语，现在分词的完成被动式一般只做状语。
作定语的区别
过去分词常作定语,表示其动作发生在句子谓语动词动作之前或没有明确的时间性；现在分词的完成被动式极少作定语，有时可作非限制性定语，表示其动作发生在句子谓语动词动作之前。 The?number?of?people?killed?in?Mumbai?Terror?Attacks?has?reached125.
在孟买连环恐布袭击中丧生的人数已达125人。 (kill发生在?reach之前)
Scientific?experiments?carried?out?by?students?without?the?teacher's?instructions?can be dangerous.
学生在没有老师指导的情况下进行的科学实验可能是危险的。
(没有明确的时间性）The?poor,?having?been?oppressed?and?exploited?for?so?long,?took?up?their?guns?and?knives to kill?rich?nobles.
长期受到剥削和压迫的穷人拿起刀枪杀贵族。
(?oppress和?exploit发生在take之前)
作状语的区别
过去分词作状语时，多表示其动作与句子谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生或存在，现在分词的完成被动式则表示其动作发生在句子谓语动词动作之前。
Hit by the lack of fresh air, he got a bad headache.
由于缺乏新鲜空气,他头疼得厉害。(hit与get同时发生)
Having been warned of typhoon, the fishermen sailed for the?nearest harbour.
听到台风警报，渔民们驾船驶向最近的港口。(warn发生在sail之前)
Clearly and thoughtfully (write), the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers.
【答案】written
【解析】本题考查非谓语动词作状语，逻辑主语book与write为被动关系，故用过去分词。
(tell) many times, he finally understood it.
【答案】Having been told
【解析】分词表示的动作发生在句子谓语动词动作之前，且逻辑主语he与tell是被动关系，故用现在分词的完成被动式。
知识点一 现在分词和过去分词作状语的考查
例1． （realize）it was our last high school sports meeting, we decided to make it an unforgettable experience for all of us.
【答案】Realizing
【解析】分析句子结构可知，空格所处的部分为非谓语动词作状语，realize与主语we之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，故填Realizing。
变式训练 1： Greatly (encourage), the team conducted another experiment, this time with water that contained bacteria.
【答案】encouraged
【解析】分析句子结构可知，空格所处的部分为非谓语动词作状语，encourage与 the team之间为逻辑的动宾关系，故填encouraged。
知识点二 现在分词和过去分词作前置定语和表语的考查
例2．Dennis Williams, the new owner of the phone number, responded to the (excite) baby news.
【答案】exciting
【解析】此处为非谓语动词作前置定语，表示“令人兴奋的有关孩子的消息”。故填exciting。
变式训练2：With (puzzle) look on my face, I pointed to myself and said, “Me?”
【答案】puzzled
【解析】句意：脸上带着疑感的表情，我指着自己说：“我吗?”a puzzled look疑惑的表情；a puzzling look令人疑惑的表情。
知识点三 不定式、现在分词和过去分词作后置定语的考查
For 25 days, she never left her baby, not even to find something (eat) !
【答案】to eat
【解析】此处表示找到要吃的东西，表示动作尚未进行，故填to eat。
变式训练3：The adobe dwellings (build) by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even the most modern of architects and engineers.
【答案】built
【解析】由谓语动词 are admired可知空格处填非谓语动词，adobe dwellings与build之间是被动关系，应用过去分词短语作后置定语。故填built。
知识点四 谓语动词与非谓语动词混淆的考查
例4．Next keep in mind that forgiveness does not necessarily mean (accept ) the action of the person who upsets you.
【答案】accepting
【解析】 mean to do sth.意为“想要做某事”, mean doing sth.意为“意味着做某事”，故填accepting。
变式训练4-1：【2018 江西五校第一次联考改错】 Locating in a beautiful and quiet neighborhood, the house is big enough to enable you to have a room of your own. 【答案】Locating →Located
【解析】考查非谓语动词。 be located in意为“坐落于”为固定短语，在句中作状语，故把 Locating改为 Located。
变式训练4-2：【2017·全国卷Ⅱ改错】 When?summer?comes,?they?will?invite their students pick the fresh vegetables!
【答案】pick前加to
【解析】invite sh. to do sth. 意为“邀请某人做某事”，用非谓语动词的动词不定式形式。
1.【2018 全国卷Ⅰ改错】Some?of?us?were?confident?and?eager take part in the class activity, others were?nervous?and anxious.
【答案】take前加to
【解析】 be eager to do sth. 意为“渴望做某事”，用非谓语动词。
2.【2018 全国卷ⅠⅠ】There were many people waiting at the bus stop ,42.and some of them looked very anxious and 43. (disappoint).
【答案】disappointed
【解析】looked后面为表语部分，此处指一些人看起来很焦急、很失望。故填disappointed.
3.【2018 江西宜春中学模拟卷】 (compare) with the western medicine's high fees, TUM has a reasonable price that ordinary people can afford.
【答案】?Compared
【解析】句意：与西药的高额费用相比，传统中药的价格合理，普通人够承担得起。?compared?with为固定结构，在句中作状语，意为“与……相比” 。
4.【2018 全国卷Ⅲ改错】Everyone?was?silent,?wait?to?see?who would be called upon to read his or?her?paragraph?aloud.
【答案】wait →waiting
【解析】主语Everyone与wait为主动关系，故用现在分词作状语，因此将wait改为waiting。
5.【2018 全国卷Ⅲ】I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid 64 (look) directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel 65.challenged(challenge).
【答案】looking
【解析】动词avoid后需要接动名词作宾语，表示“避免做某事”。
I. 语法填空模拟真题练习
1.【2018 南昌一模】Hongcun, (fill)?with lakes and beautiful Anhuistyle buildings, is?900?years?old.?It was?built?to?look?like?a?big?ox.?Huangshan?Mountain?is the?head, the?town?is the?body?and?the?bridges?are?legs.
【答案】filled
【解析】考查固定短语，?be?filled with为固定短语，故填ed，句意：布满了湖泊和美丽的安微建筑的宏村，有九百年的历史。
2.【2018 安徽名校模拟】As?the?researchers?expected, 30%?of?the?chefs (survey)?said?that?their best?meal?as?a?kid?was?still?what?they?liked?the?most?as an adult.
【答案】surveyed
【解析】考查过去分词，chefs和动词survey之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，表示“被调查的厨师”，故用过去分词作后置定语。
3.【2018 广州调研】He?was?amazed (see) a whole community of creatures swimming?in this?one drop--tiny?beings?no?one?had?ever?seen?before.
【答案】?to?see
【解析】考查不定式，句意：他吃惊地看见一整个生物群落正在这一滴水中游动，这是以前没有人见过的微生物。be?amazed?to?do?sth.为固定用法，意为“吃惊地做某事”。
4. 【2018 湖北八校第一次联考】?A?famous?19th?century Russian?writer, Anton Chekhov, once?invited?a?Chinese man (have)?a?drink?in?a?bar.
【答案】?to?have
【解析】考查动词不定式，句意：19世纪时一位名叫?Anton?Chekhov的俄罗斯作家邀请一个中国人去酒吧喝酒。invite?sb.?to?do?sth.是固定搭配，意为“邀请某人做某事”，故用动词不定式to have。
5. 【2018 福建永春一中四校联考】During the Qin dynasty, to keep the enemy out of his empire, Emperor Qin Shihuang had all the walls （join）up.
【答案】?joined
【解析】句意:在秦朝时期,为了抵御外敌,秦始皇把所有的墙都连了起来。使役动词had后的宾语?all?the?walls与join?up为被动关系，故用过去分词?joined作宾补。
6. 【2018 河南郑州一中测试】But by1955, the paintings were beginning to become difficult （see）.
【答案】??to?see
【解析】句意：但是到1955年，那些画作开始变得很难看清了。“系动词+表示‘难、易、好、坏’的形容词”后需用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义，故填to?see。
7. 【2018 山东烟台期末】They put the food out in their backyards and spend time in the nice weather, (watch) birds.
【答案】??watching
【解析】句意：他们走到后院，然后一边观鸟一边享受明媚的天气。主语They与?watch为逻辑上的主动关系，且?watch与?spend同时发生，故填现在分词 watching作伴随状语。
8. 【2018 成都模拟】We?hope?that?all?of?us?will?devote?our?efforts?to?protect pandas and?let them?live?in?the?wild?again?some?day.
【答案】protect →protecting
【解析】devote …to…,致力于……；to为介词后跟-ing作宾语。
9. 【2018 山西八校第一次联考】Besides, there is a long holiday waits for me after the Gaokao. And I can travel anywhere I like then.
【答案】waits →waiting
【解析】分析句子结构可知，此处为非谓语动词，wait与其逻辑主语holiday之间是主谓关系，故用现在分词作后置定语。
10.【2018 河北五个一联盟二模】 Soldiers came to rescue those burying under the ruins, and the government provided food, clothes, and shelters for the homeless.
【答案】burying- buried
【解析】句意：士兵来营救那些被埋在废墟下的人们，政府为那些无家可归者提供食物、衣服和庇护所。原句中的“burying under the ruins”为非谓语动词短语作定语，修饰代词 those，但 those与bury为逻辑上的被动关系，且错误处表示状态，故将burying改为buried。
II. 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式
Mary: I?have?decided?1. (leave)?my?job?next?month.
John:?But?you?said 2._____ (work)in?an?architect's?office?was?enjoyable.
Mary:?Oh,?I?did.?But?I?feel?like 3. (do)something different for a while.
John:?Didn't?you?promise 4. ?(?stay)??there?at?least?two?years.
Mary:Yes,?I?did?but?I?just?can't?stand?working?with?these?people.?One?of?them?refuses?to?stop 5.______(talk) while?she?works,?and?another?one? keeps 6.? (sing)?to himself.?And?there?is?a?man attempting man?7.______(attempt)?to?tell awful jokes all the time which he?always?gets?wrong.?while he?always?gets wrong... I?feel?8._______( annoy)?with?all?that?noise?around?me.
John:?It?sounds?a?quite?cheerful?place?to?me.?Can't?you?think?of?a?way 9.? (solve)
your problem?? You?can?manage?to?ignore?them?and get on with your
work.
Mary:?No,?I?can't.?I?just?can't carry?on 10.________(go) there every day. I'm hoping
go abroad?for?a?bit.
John:?Well! good?luck.
【答案与解析】
1. to leave decide to do sth. 固定搭配：决定做某事。不定式作宾语，故用to do 形式。
2.working 句意：但是你说在建筑师的办公室工作很愉快。working作主语,为动名词形式。
3.doing feel like doing 固定搭配，想要做某事。like 为介词doing作宾语。
4. to stay 固定搭配：promise to do sth. 不定式作宾语，故用to do 形式。
5. talking 固定搭配：stop doing sth. 故用doing 形式。
6. singing 固定搭配：keep doing sth. 一直做某事。故用doing 形式。
7. attempting 句意：还有一个人总是犯错误，却总是不停地讲可怕的笑话。attempt作the man的定语，与所修饰词为主动关系。
8. annoyed feel是系动词，annoy应用annoyed形式说明人的状态。
9.to solve a way to do sth. 做某事的方法，习惯搭配，故用不定式形式作定语。
10.going carry on doing sth. 坚持做某事，习惯搭配，on为介词，doing形式作宾语。
课件33张PPT。第十九讲 动词-ing形式和-ed形式考纲解读1. 对非谓语动词的语言知识进行梳理，特别是动词V-ing与V-ed形式，V注意在语篇型填空和短文改错中出现的非谓语动词的语言知识。
2. 注意在语篇型填空中所考查的形式大多是无提示词型填空，要特别注意语义、时态、语态的一致，是否应该应用非谓语动词。
3. 注意几种非谓语动词的不同特点及在使用中的注意事项。
4. 熟练掌握非谓语动词的用法，列出学生出容易出现错误的问题；通过典型例句讲解和巩固训练提高学生的语言应用能力。典例精讲知识点一 现在分词和过去分词作状语的考查
典例1：________(realize) it was our last high school sports meeting, we decided to make it an unforgettable experience for al【句意】我们意识到这是我们高中最后一次运动会，我们决定让它成为我们所有人难忘的经历。Realizing 非谓语动词作状语，realize与主语we之间为逻辑上的主谓关系变式训练 考向 非谓语动词作状语, 逻辑动宾关系用过去分词
变式训练 1. Greatly ________(encourage), the team conducted another experiment, this time with water that contained bacteria.【句意】 ：研究小组在极大的鼓舞下进行了另一项实验，这次用的是含有细菌的水。encouraged 非谓语动词作状语，encourage与
the team之间为逻辑的动宾关系典例精讲知识点二 现在分词和过去分词作前置定语和表语的考查
典例2：Dennis Williams, the new owner of the phone number, responded to the _______(excite) baby news.exciting 句意：电话号码的新主人丹尼斯·威廉姆斯回应了这个令人兴奋的婴儿消息。非谓语动词作前置定语，表示“令人兴奋的有关孩子的消息”变式训练 考向 过去分词作前置定语
变式训练 2. With _______ (puzzle) look on my face, I pointed to myself and said, “Me?”句意：我脸上带着疑感的表情，指着自己说：“我吗?”puzzleda puzzled look 疑惑的表情；
a puzzling look 令人疑惑的表情典例精讲知识点三 不定式、现在分词和过去分词作后置定语的考查
典例3：例3．For 25 days, she never left her baby, not even to find something _______(eat) !to eat 句意：25天来，她从未离开过她的孩子，甚至没有去找吃的东西！找到要吃的东西，表示动作尚未进行变式训练 考向 过去分词短语作后置定语
变式训练 3．The adobe dwellings _______(build) by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even the most modern of architects and engineers.句意：在我们准备长时间在月球上停留之前，还有许多问题有待解决。builtadobe dwellings与build之间是被动关系，应用过去分词短语作后置定语典例精讲知识点四 谓语动词与非谓语动词混淆的考查
典例4： Next keep in mind that forgiveness does not necessarily mean ________(accept ) the action of the person who upsets you.accepting 句意：接下来要记住，宽恕并不一定意味着接受那个让你不安的人的行为。mean to do sth. 意为“想要做某事”
mean doing sth. 意为“意味着做某事”变式训练 考向一 固定短语的考查
变式训练 4-1. (改错） Locating in a beautiful and quiet neighborhood, the house is big enough to enable you to have a room of your own. 句意：这个房子位于一个美丽安静的社区，足够大，使你有一个自己的房间。Locating →Located be located in 意为“坐落于”
为固定短语，在句中作状语变式训练 考向二 动词不定式做宾语的考查
变式训练 4-2. (改错） When?summer?comes,?they?will?invite their students pick the fresh vegetables! 句意：夏天到了，他们会邀请学生来采摘新鲜的蔬菜！。pick前加to invite sh. to do sth. 意为“邀请某人做某事”，
用非谓语动词的动词不定式形式2018 全国卷 Ⅰ 改错
1. Some?of?us?were?confident?and?eager take part in the class activity, others were?nervous?and anxious. take前加to 句意：我们中有些人很自信，热衷于参加课堂活动，另一些人则紧张和焦虑。挑战真题be eager to do sth. 意为“渴望做某事”动词-ing形式和-ed形式 2018 全国卷 ⅠⅠ
2. There were many people waiting at the bus stop ,42.and some of them looked very anxious and 43.________(disappoint). ?disappointed句意：公共汽车站有许多人在等车，有些人看起来非常焦虑和失望。。挑战真题looked后面为表语部分，此处指
一些人看起来很焦急、很失望动词-ing形式和-ed形式 2018 江西宜春中学模拟卷
3. ________ (compare) with the western medicine's high fees, TUM has a reasonable price that ordinary people can afford.Compared 句意：与西药的高额费用相比，传统中药的价格合理，普通人够承担得起。挑战真题compared?with为固定结构，在句中作状语，意为“与……相比” 动词-ing形式和-ed形式 2018 全国卷 Ⅲ 改错
4. Everyone?was?silent,?wait?to?see?who would be called upon to read his or?her?paragraph?aloud. wait →waiting 句意：每个人都默不作声，等着看谁会被要求大声朗读自己的段落。。挑战真题主语Everyone与wait为主动关系，故用现在分词作状语动词-ing形式和-ed形式 2019 8 全国卷 Ⅲ
5. I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid 64._____(look) directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel 65.challenged(challenge). looking句意：我迅速低下头，避免直视他的眼睛，这样他就不会感到有挑战。挑战真题动词avoid后需要接动名词作宾语，
表示“避免做某事”动词-ing形式和-ed形式 1. Hongcun, ______(fill)?with lakes and beautiful Anhuistyle buildings, is?900?years?old.?It was ?built to look like a big ox. Huangshan Mountain?is the?head, the?town?is the body and ?the bridges are?legs.句意：洪村有900年的历史，湖光山色，有着美丽的无徽派建筑，它的建造看起来像一头大公牛，黄山是头，镇是身，桥是腿。。filled 巩固训练?be?filled with 为固定短语,
所以用过去分词2. As?the?researchers?expected, 30%?of?the?chefs ———(survey) said that their best?meal?as?a?kid?was?still?what?they?liked?the
?most?as an adult. 句意：正如研究人员所料，30%的受访厨师说，他们小时候最喜欢的食物仍然是大多数是成年人。surveyed 巩固训练chefs和动词survey之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，
表示“被调查的厨师”，故用过去分词作后置定语3. He?was?amazed _______(see) a whole community of creatures swimming?in this?one drop--tiny?beings?no?one?had?ever?seen?before.句意：他吃惊地看见一整个生物群落正在这一滴水中游动，这是以前没有人见过的微生物。巩固训练be?amazed?to?do?sth. 为固定用法，
意为“吃惊地做某事” to?see 4. ?A?famous?19th?century Russian?writer, Anton Chekhov, once?invited?a?Chinese man ________(have)?a?drink?in?a?bar.句意：19世纪时一位名叫?Anton?Chekhov的俄罗斯作家邀请一个中国人去酒吧喝酒。to ?have 巩固训练invite?sb.?to?do?sth.是固定搭配，
意为“邀请某人做某事”，故用动词不定式5. During the Qin dynasty, to keep the enemy out of his empire, Emperor Qin Shihuang had all the walls ______(join) up.句意：:在秦朝时期,为了抵御外敌,秦始皇把所有的墙都连了起来。?joined 巩固训练使役动词had后的宾语?all?the?walls与join?up
为被动关系，故用过去分词?joined作宾补。6. But by1955, the paintings were beginning to become difficult _____(see).句意：但是到1955年，那些画作开始变得很难看清了。to see巩固训练“系动词+表示‘难、易、好、坏’的形容词”
后需用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义7. They put the food out in their backyards and spend time in the nice weather, ________(watch) birds.句意：他们走到后院，然后一边观鸟一边享受明媚的天气。watching 巩固训练主语They与?watch为逻辑上的主动关系，watch与?spend
同时发生，用现在分词 watching作伴随状语8. We?hope?that?all?of?us?will?devote?our?efforts?to?protect pandas and?let them?live?in?the?wild?again?some?day.句意：我们希望大家都能致力于保护大熊猫，让它们有一天能再次生活在野外。protect →protecting 巩固训练devote …to…, 致力于……；
to 为介词后跟 -ing 作宾语9. Besides, there is a long holiday waits for me after?the Gaokao. And I can travel anywhere I like then. 句意：此外，高考后还有一个长假等着我。我可以去任何我喜欢的地方旅行。waits →waiting 巩固训练wait与其逻辑主语holiday之间是主谓关系，
故用现在分词作后置定语10. Soldiers came to rescue those burying under the ruins, and the government provided food, clothes, and shelters for the homeless.句意：士兵来营救那些被埋在废墟下的人们，政府为那些无家可归者提供食物、衣服和庇护所。burying- buried 巩固训练those与bury为逻辑上的被动关系，
且错误处表示状态，故将burying改为burie巩固训练Mary: I?have?decided?1._____(leave)?my?job?next?month.
John:?But?you?said 2._____ (work)in?an?architect's?office?was?enjoyable.
Mary:?Oh,?I?did.?But?I?feel?like 3._____(do)something different for a while.
John:?Didn't?you?promise 4._____(?stay)??there?at?least?two?years.
Mary:Yes,?I?did?but?I?just?can't?stand?working?with?these?people.?One of
them refuses?stop 5._____(talk) while?she?works,?and?another?one?
keeps 6._____(sing)?to himself.? 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式巩固训练 And?there?is?a?man 7._____(attempt) to tell awful jokes all the
time which he always gets wrong. I?feel 8.______(annoy) with
all that noise around me.
John:?It?sounds?a?quite?cheerful?place?to?me.?Can't?you?think?of?a?way
9.________(solve) your problem? You?can?manage?to?ignore t
them and get on with your work.
Mary:?No,?I?can't.?I?just?can't carry?on 10.______(go) there every day.
I'm hoping? go abroad?for?a?bit.
John:?Well! good?luck. 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式巩固训练Mary: I?have?decided?1._____(leave)?my?job?next?month.
John:?But?you?said 2._____ (work)in?an?architect's?office?was?enjoyable.
Mary:?Oh,?I?did.?But?I?feel?like 3._____(do)something different for a while.
John:?Didn't?you?promise 4._____(?stay)??there?at?least?two?years.
Mary:Yes,?I?did?but?I?just?can't?stand?working?with?these?people.?One of
them refuses?stop 5._____(talk) while?she?works,?and?another?one?
keeps 6._____(sing)?to himself.? 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式to leaveworkingdoingto staytalkingsinging巩固训练 And?there?is?a?man 7._____(attempt) to tell awful jokes all the
time which he always gets wrong. I?feel 8.______(annoy) with
all that noise around me.
John:?It?sounds?a?quite?cheerful?place?to?me.?Can't?you?think?of?a?way
9.________(solve) your problem? You?can?manage?to?ignore t
them and get on with your work.
Mary:?No,?I?can't.?I?just?can't carry?on 10.______(go) there every day.
I'm hoping? go abroad?for?a?bit.
John:?Well! good?luck. 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式attemptingannoyed to solvegoing 巩固训练1. to leave decide to do sth固定搭配：决定做某事。不定式作宾语，故用to do 形式。
2.working 句意：但是你说在建筑师的办公室工作很愉快。working作主语,为动名词形式。
3.doing feel like doing 固定搭配，想要做某事。like 为介词doing作宾语。
4. to stay 固定搭配：promise to do sth.。不定式作宾语，故用to do 形式。
5. talking 固定搭配：stop doing sth.。故用doing 形式。【答案与解析】巩固训练6. singing 固定搭配：keep doing sth一直做某事.。故用doing 形式。
7. attempting 句意：还有一个人总是犯错误，却总是不停地讲可怕的笑话。attempt作the man的定语，与所修饰词为主动关系。
8. annoyed feel是系动词，annoy应用annoyed形式说明人的状态。
9.to solve a way to do sth做某事的方法，习惯搭配，故用不定式形式作定语。
10.going carry on doing sth坚持做某事，习惯搭配，on为介词，doing形式作宾语。【答案与解析】感谢欣赏
