高考英语二轮复习之时态语态导学案
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高考语法复习之动词的时态和语态导学案
【学习目标】
1. 掌握12种高考常考时态及相应语态；
2. 能熟练运用这些时态及相应语态，并合格完成巩固练习。
【要点梳理】
一、高考常考的12种时态及相应语态（以及物动词raise为例）
时态名称 主动形式 被动形式（仅限及物动词）
一般现在时 raise或raises are/is raised
一般过去时 raised were/was raised
一般将来时 will raise; shall raise(相当于will raise，仅限第一人称); is/are going to raise; is/are to raise will be raised; shall be raised(相当于will be raised，仅限第一人称); is/are going to be raised; is/are to be raised
现在进行时 are/is raising are/is being raised
过去进行时 were/was raising were/was being raised
将来进行时 will be raising will be being raised（极少用）
现在完成时 have/has raised have/has been raised
现在完成进行时 have/has been raising have/has been being done（极少用）
过去完成时 had raised had been raised
过去完成进行时 had been raising had been being raised（极少用）
将来完成时 would have raised would have been raised
过去将来时 would raise; were/was going to raise; were/was to raise等 would be raised; were/was going to be raised; were/was to be raised等
二、12种时态及相应语态用法
时态名称 用法 例句
一般现在时 1. 表示习惯性、永久性或反复发生的动作，常见状语有：often, always, usually, sometimes, seldom, never, every day, on Sundays等。 1. I go to the gym once a week. 2. Rarely does he go to school late. 3. From time to time humans are said to be eaten by wild animals.
2. 表示主语现在所具有的特征、性格、能力或存在的状态。 1. He is always ready to help others. 2. She speaks fluent English.
3. 表示客观规律、事实或普遍真理以及不受时间限制的客观存在，也用于格言警句中。 1. All living things are made up of cells. 2. Light travels faster than sound.
4. 表示计划或时刻表中安排要做的事情，或要发生的动作。 1. The tennis game starts at 8 tonight. 2. My plane takes off at two a.m.
5. 时间、条件、方式或让步状语从句中，表示将要发生的动作。 1. We won’t leave until you come. 2. If it rains tomorrow, I’ll stay here.
6. 用于现场解说、操作演示或用于新闻标题、历史简介、文学作品情节描述等。 1. Watch me. I mix it up with water. 2. He sits down and shivers a little. The clock outside strikes twelve.
7. 用于here, there, now, then开头的倒装句中。 1. Here comes the bus. 2. There she goes. 3. Now comes your turn.
一般过去时 1. 表示过去某一具体时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示过去的时间状语连用。 1. I met an old friend the other day. 2. He got injured at work yesterday. 3. I saw her come back just now.
2. 表示过去一段时间内经常或反复发生的动作，通常由一个表示过去的大时间限定。 1. As a child, I couldn’t do whatever I wanted to. 2. I often visited her two years ago.
3. 在大时间为过去的背景下，时间、条件、方式或让步状语从句中常用一般过去时表示过去将来的动作。 1. She told me that she would come if I promised to wait for her. 2. He said when the manager came back, he would send me a message.
4. 在没有时间状语的情况下，依据上下文或符合逻辑的过去的时间所发生的动作。 1. Could you please repeat your address? I didn’t quite catch it. 2. The novel was written by Lu Xun.
5. 以下时间状语也可以用一般过去时：today, tonight, this morning, this week, this month, this year等。 1. Did you get any mail today? 2. I saw him in the shopping mall this afternoon.
6. since引导的时间状语从句和“It’s time that从句”常用一般过去时。 1. It’s two years since he went away. 2. It’s time that we had dinner.
一般将来时 1. 以现在为基准，表示将要发生的动作（英国英语中第一人称常用shall，美国英语中各人称均用will），常与表示一般将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow, next year等。 1. No one knows what will happen in the future. 2. He won’t go to visit his parents next week. 3. I shall know more as time goes on.
2. 以现在为基准，表示将来经常发生的动作、情况或状态。 1. If I’m not so busy, I will come to see you every weekend. 2. I shall come as often as possible.
3. “will”表将来的三种情况： (1) （按自然规律）将、必然会； (2) 事先没有考虑而临时作出决定； (3) 表示事物的倾向性或规律性。 1. Man will die. 人终有一死。2. It’s going to rain. I’ll go home to close the windows. 3. Boys will be boys. 男孩终究是男孩（改不了男孩子特有的习惯）。
4. “be going to”表将来的两种情况： (1) 打算做某事； (2) 某客观迹象预示某事即将发生。 1. —Ann’s in hospital. —I know that. I’m going to visit her tomorrow. 2. The boat is leaking! It’s going to sink.
5. “be to do”表示将来的三种情况： (1) 计划、安排要做的事；(2) 按命令、要求、约定或义务该做的事； (3) 表示假设或意图（常用于条件状语从句中）。 1. The conference is to be held next Saturday. 2. No one is to leave here without permission. 3. If you are to study abroad, you must learn English well.
6. “be about to do”表示马上要做某事，除与“when”连用外不与其他时间状语连用。 1. Hurry! The bus is about to leave. 2. I’m not about to stop when I’m so close to success. 成功在望，我岂能罢手？
7. “be due to do”表示按时间表要做的事或计划中设定要做的事。 1. The flight is due to leave at 8 a.m. 2. Your work is due to be finished by Friday.
8. “will do”也常用于“祈使句+and/or+you+will do sth”的句型中。 1. Keep on working hard and you’ll succeed sooner or later. 2. Hurry up, or you’ll be late.
现在进行时 1. 表示现在某个时刻正在进行的动作，常见时间状语有：now, right now, at this moment等，或由look, listen等引出的表示说话当时的语境。 1. The telephone is ringing. Would you answer it, please? 2. My radio is being repaired now. 3. Hurry up! We are all waiting for you.
2. 表示现在某段时间内持续进行的动作，常见时间状语有：these days, this week (month, term, ...), at present等。 1. —What is he doing in Beijing these days? —He is attending an international conference. 2. She is working for a company at present.
3. 与always, constantly, continually, forever, all the time等连用，表示说话人对主语的行为持有或好或坏的感彩。 1. He’s always asking silly questions. 2. Conditions are changing all the time. 3. She is always helping others.
4. 表示位置移动的词，如begin, start, go, come, leave, arrive, stay等，可用现在进行时表示近期内将要发生的动作。 1. They are leaving for Paris this afternoon. 2. Stay here and wait! The bus is arriving soon.
5. “are/is being+形容词”表示主语暂时出现的某种情况或品质。 1. The boy is being naughty again. 2. You are being foolish.
过去进行时 1. 表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作，常见时间状语有：at that time, at this time yeaterday, when I arrived等。 1. —What were you doing at 4 p.m. yesterday? —I was writing an essay. 2. When he called me, I was having dinner.
2. 表示过去某段时间内持续进行的动作。 1. I was studying abroad from 1990 to 1994. 2. I was tidying my bedroom the whole morning.
3. 同现在进行时相似，与always, constantly, continually, forever, all the time等连用，表示说话人对主语的行为持有或好或坏的感彩。 1. She was always being late for school when she was a school girl. 2. He was constantly playing games while in college.
4. 与现在进行时相似，表示位置移动的词，如begin, start, go, come, leave, arrive, stay等，可用过去进行时表示近期内将要发生的动作。 1. He told me that he was leaving for Paris the next day. 2. Mother asked me whether I was coming back for lunch.
5. 表示过去打算进行但未实现的动作，后面常跟一个由but引导的句子，表示转折的语气。 1. They were expecting you the whole day, but you didn’t turn up. 2. I was coming, but an old friend of mine came to see me.
6. 在表示过去的复合句中，延续时间较长的动作常用过去进行时，而另一动作常用一般过去时。 1. He fell asleep when he was reading. 2. I was walking in the street when someone called me. 3. She didn’t hear the phone because she was listening to the radio.
7. 直接引语中，为表示委婉或不确定，有时也用过去进行。常见动词有hope, wonder, think, expect等。 1. I was wondering if you would like to come to my party. 2. I was thinking maybe he could go by taxi.
将来进行时 1. 以现在时间为基准，发生在将来某点时间的动作。 I will be attending a meeting this time tomorrow.
2. 以现在时间为基准，在将来某段时间内持续进行的动作。 We’ll be watching a football match from 9 to 11 tonight.
3. 委婉询问对方计划。 Will you be travelling this weekend?
现在完成时 1. 表示过去发生的或说话之前已完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，不具体涉及动作发生的时间。常与already, never, ever, before, just, not ... yet, still, recentl, lately等连用。 1. The rain has already stopped. 2. —Have you ever been to London? —No, I have never been there. 3. My task hasn’t been finished yet. 4. There have been some changes in my hometown lately.
2. 表示过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态，该动作也许已终止，也许还会持续。常与表示段时间的状语连用，如since sb did sth, for five years, so far, up to now等。 1. He has worn glasses since his childhood. 2. We have lived here for five years. 3. So far he has been to 30 countries. 4. I have read two books this week.
3. 用在时间、条件、原因等状语从句中，代替将来完成时，表示从句的动作先于主句的动作完成。 1. Once you have made a promise, you must keep it. 2. I’ll go with you when I have finished my work.
4. 表示反复或习惯性动作，常与several times, once, twice等词连用。 1. I have met him twice this week. 2. I have seen the film three times.
5. 时间状语为for the last three weeks, in the recent years, during/ in/over/within the past few years等时，也常用现在完成时。 1. Great changes have taken place in this city in the last three years. 2. Much progress have been made in science during the past few years.
6. 在“最高级+名词+定语从句”或“这是第几次+定语从句”两种情况中，定语从句的时态通常用现在完成时。 1. I’m afraid this is the worst movie I have ever seen.2. Tom, this is the third time you have failed in the exam.
7. 非延续性动词的否定式可以表示延续的状态，可与状语for some time或since sb did sth连用。 1. I haven’t bought anything for two weeks. 2. They haven’t left the lab since yesterday.
8. 有表示段时间的状语时，不可使用非延续性动词的肯定式，必须使用延续性动词的肯定式。 (×) His grandma has died for three years. (√) His grandma has been dead for three years.
现在完成进行时 1. 表示从过去某时间开始，某动作一直延续到现在（说话时刻或最近刚刚结束的动作） 1. —Hi, Tracy, you look tired. —I have been painting the living room. 2. —I’m sorry to have kept you waiting so long. —That’s nothing. I have been reading a novel.
2. 表示从过去某时间开始，某动作一直延续到现在（说话时刻），并可能继续下去。 1. I have been waiting for her for an hour, but she hasn’t turned up yet. 2. He’s ill. He’s been lying in bed for two days.
过去完成时 1. 表示到过去某一时刻为止已完成的动作，常与“by+过去时间”连用，通常使用非延续性动词。 1. By the end of last year, we had learned about 2,000 English words. 2. By the time I got home, everyone had gone to bed.
2. 表示一个动作在另一个过去的动作之前已完成。常与“before/ when+过去时间”连用。 1. The film had already begun when we arrived at the cinema. 2. They had worked for two hours before I got there.
3. 过去完成时也常用于主句是一般过去时的宾语从句中。 She realized that she had left the keys at home.
4. 表示过去本要做而未做成，常见动词有hope, want, expect, think, mean, plan, suppose, intend等。 We had planned to go on a picnic yesterday, but it was raining.
5. 在“hardly/scarcely/rarely...when”和“no sooner...than”两个句型中，主句常用过去完成时。 Hardly had he finished his job when the boss came in. 或He had hardly finished his job when the boss came in. 他一完成工作老板就走了进来。
过去完成进行时 与现在完成进行时相似，过去完成进行时表示在过去某时间点之前一直在进行的动作，到这个时间点为止，该动作也许已完成，也许还会持续下去。 1. The fans had been waiting for almost two hours before the star finally arrived. 2. He had been reading for about an hour when the telephone rang.
将来完成时 以现在时间为基准，到将来某时间点为止已完成的动作，常与“by+将来时间”连用。 1. By next July, I’ll have graduated. 2. By the time you come back, we will have finished our work.
过去将来时 1. 过去将来时常用在宾语从句中，表示从过去的观点看，在将来发生的行为或存在的状态，表示从句动作发生在主句之后。 1. He said he would wait for us at the station. 2. I thought he would accept the invitation, but he refused.
2. would do sth可表示过去的习惯性动作。 Whenever I had trouble, he would come to my aid.
3. were/was going to do表示过去的打算。 Last Sunday we were going to have a picnic, but it rained hard.
4. were/was about to do或were/was on the point of doing表示正要做某事。 I was about to go to bed when the phone rang. = I was on the point of going to bed when the phone rang.
5. were/was to do表示计划或安排做 某事。 He said the meeting was to be held next Friday.
三、几种易混时态的区别
现在完成时 一般过去时 * 现在完成时强调过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况。 * 一般过去时单纯表示过去的动作或状态，和现在不发生联系。 1. I have seen the film. （表示对电影内容有了了解。） I saw the film last week.2. Have you had lunch?（没吃过的话就招待你吃点或什么的） Did you have lunch?（随便问问）
现在完成时 现在完成进行时 * 非延续性动词的现在完成时强调结果或动作已完成并已终止。 * 延续性动词的现在完成时强调结果或动作已完成，也可能持续下去。 * 如果强调某结果或动作从过去某点时间开始一直在进行，且有可能持续下去，则更多使用现在完成进行时（一般只用延续性动词）。 1. It’s no use hurrying. The train has already left. 2. He has lived here for three years. （也许已不住，也许仍住。） 3. He has been living here for three years. （强调还会住下去）
一般将来时将来进行时 一般将来时强调动作发生在将来，但发生时间并不精确到某点时间或某段时间。 将来进行时则强调将来某点或某段时间发生的动作。 1. I will go abroad next year. （发生明年某个时间，具体时刻不确定） 2. I will be travelling in Europe the whole next week. （整个下周该动作一直会进行）
【典型例题】
( ) 1. The musician along with his band members ______ ten performances in the last three months. (2019江苏高考第22题)
A. gives B. has given C. have given D. give
答案B。考查时间状语“in the last three months”的常用时态。
( ) 2. A few months after he had arrived in China, Mr. Smith ______ in love with the people and culture there. (2019江苏高考第29题)
A. would fall B. had fallen C. has fallen D. fell
答案D。考查时间状语“a few months after he had arrived in China”的常用时态。通
常由after引导的时间状语采用一般过去时态。
( ) 3. They are trying to make sure that 5G terminals ______ by 2022 for the Beijing Winter Olympics. (2019江苏高考第33题)
A. will install B. will have been installed
C. are installed D. have been installed
答案B。考查时间状语“by 2020”的对应时态—将来完成时，语态为被动。
( ) 4. Hopefully in 2025 we will no longer be e-mailing each other, for we ______ more convenient electronic communication tools by then. (2018江苏高考第31题)
A. have developed B. had developed C. will have developed D. developed
答案C。考查“by then”（即“by 2025”）的对应时态—将来完成时。
( ) 5. I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan ______ in the past two years. (2018江苏高考第30题)
A. had been carried out B. would be carried out
C. is being carried out D. has been carried out
答案A。“in the past two years”的对应时态通常为现在完成时，但因为本句大时间立足过去，且截止时间也为过去，所以采用过去完成时。
( ) 6. --- Hi, I’m Peter. Are you new here? I haven’t seen you around. --- Hello, Peter. I’m Bob. I just ______ on Monday. (2018北京高考第1题)
A. start B. have started C. started D. had started
答案C。句中的时间状语“on Monday”表示一般过去的时间，故用一般过去时。
( ) 7. Susan had quit her well-paid job and ______ as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year. (2018北京高考第4题)
A. is working B. was working C. has worked D. had worked
答案B。“when I visited her last year”表示过去的点时间，故用过去进行时。
( ) 8. China’s high-speed railways ______ from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometres in the past few years. (2018北京高考第7题)
A. are growing B. have grown C. will grow D. had grown
答案B。“in the past few years”是一个典型的现在完成时的标志性时间。
( ) 9. My washing machine ______ this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand. (2018天津高考第13题)
A. was repaired B. is repaired
C. is being repaired D. has been repaired
答案C。本句的时态是通过语境理解出来的，本句的时间状语是“this week”，并不能确定用什么时态，但根据语境，“我的洗衣机正处于被修理过程中，所以我只能手洗我的衣服。”
( )10. A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who ______ in the mountains for two days. (2018北京高考第9题)
A. are trapping B. have been trapped
C. were trapping D. had been trapped
答案D。首先根据时间状语“for two days”可确定用完成时，参照动作risk采用一般过去时态，故动作trap应该发生在risked之前，再确定语态为被动，故用had been trapped。
【巩固练习】
1. In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut __________(report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a belief that populations are increasing. (2019全国卷I，语法填空)
2. Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six __________(be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data. (2019全国卷I，语法填空)
3. Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene __________(declare) she had no plans to retire from her 36-year-old business. (2019全国卷II，语法填空)
4. I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I __________(make) over the years. (2019全国卷II，语法填空)
5. Our hosts shared many of their experiences and __________(recommend) wonderful places to eat, shop, and visit. (2019全国卷III，语法填空)
6. On the last day of our week-long stay, we __________(invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars, listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals. (2019全国卷III，语法填空)
7. While running regularly can’t make you live forever, the review says it __________(be) more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming. (2018全国卷I，语法填空)
8. Since 2011, the country __________(grow) more corn than rice. (2018全国卷II，语法填空)
9. The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government ________ (start) a soil-testing program which gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers—and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons. (2018全国卷II，语法填空)
10. True to a gorilla’s unaggressive nature, the huge animal __________(mean) me no real harm. He was just saying: “I’m king of this forest, and here is your reminder!” (2018全国卷III，语法填空)
11. When fat and salt _________(remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something. As a result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing. (2017全国卷I，语法填空)
12. Fast food __________(be) full of fat and salt; by eating more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet. (2017全国卷I，语法填空)
13. Steam engines __________(use) to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise. However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using it every day. (2017全国卷II，语法填空)
14. Later, engineers __________(manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels, which became known as the Tube. (2017全国卷II，语法填空)
15. Sarah __________(tell) that she could be Britain’s new supermodel earning a million dollars in the new year. Her father Peter, 44, wants her to give up school to model fulltime. (2017全国卷III，语法填空)
16. Sarah says, “My dad thinks I should take the offer now. But at the moment, school _________ (come) first. I don’t want to get too absorbed in modeling. (2017全国卷III，语法填空)
17. So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the not-for-profit Panda Base, where ticket money helps pay for research. I __________(allow) to get up close to these cute animals at the 600-acre centre. (2016全国卷I，语法填空)
18. Then, handle the most important tasks first so you’ll feel a real sense of achievement. Leaving the less important things until tomorrow __________(be) often acceptable. (2016全国卷II，语法填空)
19. It could be anything, gardening, cooking, music, sports—but whatever it is, _________(make) sure it’s a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about. (2016全国卷II，语法填空)
20. Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and __________(be) too violent for use at the table. (2016全国卷III，语法填空)
【参考答案】
1. have reported 2. are 3. declared 4. have made 5. recommended 6. were invited 7. is 8. has grown 9. started 10. meant 11. are removed 12. is 13. were used 14. managed 15. has been told / was told 16. comes 17. was allowed 18. is 19. make 20. were
【学习目标】
1. 掌握12种高考常考时态及相应语态；
2. 能熟练运用这些时态及相应语态，并合格完成巩固练习。
【要点梳理】
一、高考常考的12种时态及相应语态（以及物动词raise为例）
时态名称 主动形式 被动形式（仅限及物动词）
一般现在时 raise或raises are/is raised
一般过去时 raised were/was raised
一般将来时 will raise; shall raise(相当于will raise，仅限第一人称); is/are going to raise; is/are to raise will be raised; shall be raised(相当于will be raised，仅限第一人称); is/are going to be raised; is/are to be raised
现在进行时 are/is raising are/is being raised
过去进行时 were/was raising were/was being raised
将来进行时 will be raising will be being raised（极少用）
现在完成时 have/has raised have/has been raised
现在完成进行时 have/has been raising have/has been being done（极少用）
过去完成时 had raised had been raised
过去完成进行时 had been raising had been being raised（极少用）
将来完成时 would have raised would have been raised
过去将来时 would raise; were/was going to raise; were/was to raise等 would be raised; were/was going to be raised; were/was to be raised等
二、12种时态及相应语态用法
时态名称 用法 例句
一般现在时 1. 表示习惯性、永久性或反复发生的动作，常见状语有：often, always, usually, sometimes, seldom, never, every day, on Sundays等。 1. I go to the gym once a week. 2. Rarely does he go to school late. 3. From time to time humans are said to be eaten by wild animals.
2. 表示主语现在所具有的特征、性格、能力或存在的状态。 1. He is always ready to help others. 2. She speaks fluent English.
3. 表示客观规律、事实或普遍真理以及不受时间限制的客观存在，也用于格言警句中。 1. All living things are made up of cells. 2. Light travels faster than sound.
4. 表示计划或时刻表中安排要做的事情，或要发生的动作。 1. The tennis game starts at 8 tonight. 2. My plane takes off at two a.m.
5. 时间、条件、方式或让步状语从句中，表示将要发生的动作。 1. We won’t leave until you come. 2. If it rains tomorrow, I’ll stay here.
6. 用于现场解说、操作演示或用于新闻标题、历史简介、文学作品情节描述等。 1. Watch me. I mix it up with water. 2. He sits down and shivers a little. The clock outside strikes twelve.
7. 用于here, there, now, then开头的倒装句中。 1. Here comes the bus. 2. There she goes. 3. Now comes your turn.
一般过去时 1. 表示过去某一具体时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示过去的时间状语连用。 1. I met an old friend the other day. 2. He got injured at work yesterday. 3. I saw her come back just now.
2. 表示过去一段时间内经常或反复发生的动作，通常由一个表示过去的大时间限定。 1. As a child, I couldn’t do whatever I wanted to. 2. I often visited her two years ago.
3. 在大时间为过去的背景下，时间、条件、方式或让步状语从句中常用一般过去时表示过去将来的动作。 1. She told me that she would come if I promised to wait for her. 2. He said when the manager came back, he would send me a message.
4. 在没有时间状语的情况下，依据上下文或符合逻辑的过去的时间所发生的动作。 1. Could you please repeat your address? I didn’t quite catch it. 2. The novel was written by Lu Xun.
5. 以下时间状语也可以用一般过去时：today, tonight, this morning, this week, this month, this year等。 1. Did you get any mail today? 2. I saw him in the shopping mall this afternoon.
6. since引导的时间状语从句和“It’s time that从句”常用一般过去时。 1. It’s two years since he went away. 2. It’s time that we had dinner.
一般将来时 1. 以现在为基准，表示将要发生的动作（英国英语中第一人称常用shall，美国英语中各人称均用will），常与表示一般将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow, next year等。 1. No one knows what will happen in the future. 2. He won’t go to visit his parents next week. 3. I shall know more as time goes on.
2. 以现在为基准，表示将来经常发生的动作、情况或状态。 1. If I’m not so busy, I will come to see you every weekend. 2. I shall come as often as possible.
3. “will”表将来的三种情况： (1) （按自然规律）将、必然会； (2) 事先没有考虑而临时作出决定； (3) 表示事物的倾向性或规律性。 1. Man will die. 人终有一死。2. It’s going to rain. I’ll go home to close the windows. 3. Boys will be boys. 男孩终究是男孩（改不了男孩子特有的习惯）。
4. “be going to”表将来的两种情况： (1) 打算做某事； (2) 某客观迹象预示某事即将发生。 1. —Ann’s in hospital. —I know that. I’m going to visit her tomorrow. 2. The boat is leaking! It’s going to sink.
5. “be to do”表示将来的三种情况： (1) 计划、安排要做的事；(2) 按命令、要求、约定或义务该做的事； (3) 表示假设或意图（常用于条件状语从句中）。 1. The conference is to be held next Saturday. 2. No one is to leave here without permission. 3. If you are to study abroad, you must learn English well.
6. “be about to do”表示马上要做某事，除与“when”连用外不与其他时间状语连用。 1. Hurry! The bus is about to leave. 2. I’m not about to stop when I’m so close to success. 成功在望，我岂能罢手？
7. “be due to do”表示按时间表要做的事或计划中设定要做的事。 1. The flight is due to leave at 8 a.m. 2. Your work is due to be finished by Friday.
8. “will do”也常用于“祈使句+and/or+you+will do sth”的句型中。 1. Keep on working hard and you’ll succeed sooner or later. 2. Hurry up, or you’ll be late.
现在进行时 1. 表示现在某个时刻正在进行的动作，常见时间状语有：now, right now, at this moment等，或由look, listen等引出的表示说话当时的语境。 1. The telephone is ringing. Would you answer it, please? 2. My radio is being repaired now. 3. Hurry up! We are all waiting for you.
2. 表示现在某段时间内持续进行的动作，常见时间状语有：these days, this week (month, term, ...), at present等。 1. —What is he doing in Beijing these days? —He is attending an international conference. 2. She is working for a company at present.
3. 与always, constantly, continually, forever, all the time等连用，表示说话人对主语的行为持有或好或坏的感彩。 1. He’s always asking silly questions. 2. Conditions are changing all the time. 3. She is always helping others.
4. 表示位置移动的词，如begin, start, go, come, leave, arrive, stay等，可用现在进行时表示近期内将要发生的动作。 1. They are leaving for Paris this afternoon. 2. Stay here and wait! The bus is arriving soon.
5. “are/is being+形容词”表示主语暂时出现的某种情况或品质。 1. The boy is being naughty again. 2. You are being foolish.
过去进行时 1. 表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作，常见时间状语有：at that time, at this time yeaterday, when I arrived等。 1. —What were you doing at 4 p.m. yesterday? —I was writing an essay. 2. When he called me, I was having dinner.
2. 表示过去某段时间内持续进行的动作。 1. I was studying abroad from 1990 to 1994. 2. I was tidying my bedroom the whole morning.
3. 同现在进行时相似，与always, constantly, continually, forever, all the time等连用，表示说话人对主语的行为持有或好或坏的感彩。 1. She was always being late for school when she was a school girl. 2. He was constantly playing games while in college.
4. 与现在进行时相似，表示位置移动的词，如begin, start, go, come, leave, arrive, stay等，可用过去进行时表示近期内将要发生的动作。 1. He told me that he was leaving for Paris the next day. 2. Mother asked me whether I was coming back for lunch.
5. 表示过去打算进行但未实现的动作，后面常跟一个由but引导的句子，表示转折的语气。 1. They were expecting you the whole day, but you didn’t turn up. 2. I was coming, but an old friend of mine came to see me.
6. 在表示过去的复合句中，延续时间较长的动作常用过去进行时，而另一动作常用一般过去时。 1. He fell asleep when he was reading. 2. I was walking in the street when someone called me. 3. She didn’t hear the phone because she was listening to the radio.
7. 直接引语中，为表示委婉或不确定，有时也用过去进行。常见动词有hope, wonder, think, expect等。 1. I was wondering if you would like to come to my party. 2. I was thinking maybe he could go by taxi.
将来进行时 1. 以现在时间为基准，发生在将来某点时间的动作。 I will be attending a meeting this time tomorrow.
2. 以现在时间为基准，在将来某段时间内持续进行的动作。 We’ll be watching a football match from 9 to 11 tonight.
3. 委婉询问对方计划。 Will you be travelling this weekend?
现在完成时 1. 表示过去发生的或说话之前已完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，不具体涉及动作发生的时间。常与already, never, ever, before, just, not ... yet, still, recentl, lately等连用。 1. The rain has already stopped. 2. —Have you ever been to London? —No, I have never been there. 3. My task hasn’t been finished yet. 4. There have been some changes in my hometown lately.
2. 表示过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态，该动作也许已终止，也许还会持续。常与表示段时间的状语连用，如since sb did sth, for five years, so far, up to now等。 1. He has worn glasses since his childhood. 2. We have lived here for five years. 3. So far he has been to 30 countries. 4. I have read two books this week.
3. 用在时间、条件、原因等状语从句中，代替将来完成时，表示从句的动作先于主句的动作完成。 1. Once you have made a promise, you must keep it. 2. I’ll go with you when I have finished my work.
4. 表示反复或习惯性动作，常与several times, once, twice等词连用。 1. I have met him twice this week. 2. I have seen the film three times.
5. 时间状语为for the last three weeks, in the recent years, during/ in/over/within the past few years等时，也常用现在完成时。 1. Great changes have taken place in this city in the last three years. 2. Much progress have been made in science during the past few years.
6. 在“最高级+名词+定语从句”或“这是第几次+定语从句”两种情况中，定语从句的时态通常用现在完成时。 1. I’m afraid this is the worst movie I have ever seen.2. Tom, this is the third time you have failed in the exam.
7. 非延续性动词的否定式可以表示延续的状态，可与状语for some time或since sb did sth连用。 1. I haven’t bought anything for two weeks. 2. They haven’t left the lab since yesterday.
8. 有表示段时间的状语时，不可使用非延续性动词的肯定式，必须使用延续性动词的肯定式。 (×) His grandma has died for three years. (√) His grandma has been dead for three years.
现在完成进行时 1. 表示从过去某时间开始，某动作一直延续到现在（说话时刻或最近刚刚结束的动作） 1. —Hi, Tracy, you look tired. —I have been painting the living room. 2. —I’m sorry to have kept you waiting so long. —That’s nothing. I have been reading a novel.
2. 表示从过去某时间开始，某动作一直延续到现在（说话时刻），并可能继续下去。 1. I have been waiting for her for an hour, but she hasn’t turned up yet. 2. He’s ill. He’s been lying in bed for two days.
过去完成时 1. 表示到过去某一时刻为止已完成的动作，常与“by+过去时间”连用，通常使用非延续性动词。 1. By the end of last year, we had learned about 2,000 English words. 2. By the time I got home, everyone had gone to bed.
2. 表示一个动作在另一个过去的动作之前已完成。常与“before/ when+过去时间”连用。 1. The film had already begun when we arrived at the cinema. 2. They had worked for two hours before I got there.
3. 过去完成时也常用于主句是一般过去时的宾语从句中。 She realized that she had left the keys at home.
4. 表示过去本要做而未做成，常见动词有hope, want, expect, think, mean, plan, suppose, intend等。 We had planned to go on a picnic yesterday, but it was raining.
5. 在“hardly/scarcely/rarely...when”和“no sooner...than”两个句型中，主句常用过去完成时。 Hardly had he finished his job when the boss came in. 或He had hardly finished his job when the boss came in. 他一完成工作老板就走了进来。
过去完成进行时 与现在完成进行时相似，过去完成进行时表示在过去某时间点之前一直在进行的动作，到这个时间点为止，该动作也许已完成，也许还会持续下去。 1. The fans had been waiting for almost two hours before the star finally arrived. 2. He had been reading for about an hour when the telephone rang.
将来完成时 以现在时间为基准，到将来某时间点为止已完成的动作，常与“by+将来时间”连用。 1. By next July, I’ll have graduated. 2. By the time you come back, we will have finished our work.
过去将来时 1. 过去将来时常用在宾语从句中，表示从过去的观点看，在将来发生的行为或存在的状态，表示从句动作发生在主句之后。 1. He said he would wait for us at the station. 2. I thought he would accept the invitation, but he refused.
2. would do sth可表示过去的习惯性动作。 Whenever I had trouble, he would come to my aid.
3. were/was going to do表示过去的打算。 Last Sunday we were going to have a picnic, but it rained hard.
4. were/was about to do或were/was on the point of doing表示正要做某事。 I was about to go to bed when the phone rang. = I was on the point of going to bed when the phone rang.
5. were/was to do表示计划或安排做 某事。 He said the meeting was to be held next Friday.
三、几种易混时态的区别
现在完成时 一般过去时 * 现在完成时强调过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况。 * 一般过去时单纯表示过去的动作或状态，和现在不发生联系。 1. I have seen the film. （表示对电影内容有了了解。） I saw the film last week.2. Have you had lunch?（没吃过的话就招待你吃点或什么的） Did you have lunch?（随便问问）
现在完成时 现在完成进行时 * 非延续性动词的现在完成时强调结果或动作已完成并已终止。 * 延续性动词的现在完成时强调结果或动作已完成，也可能持续下去。 * 如果强调某结果或动作从过去某点时间开始一直在进行，且有可能持续下去，则更多使用现在完成进行时（一般只用延续性动词）。 1. It’s no use hurrying. The train has already left. 2. He has lived here for three years. （也许已不住，也许仍住。） 3. He has been living here for three years. （强调还会住下去）
一般将来时将来进行时 一般将来时强调动作发生在将来，但发生时间并不精确到某点时间或某段时间。 将来进行时则强调将来某点或某段时间发生的动作。 1. I will go abroad next year. （发生明年某个时间，具体时刻不确定） 2. I will be travelling in Europe the whole next week. （整个下周该动作一直会进行）
【典型例题】
( ) 1. The musician along with his band members ______ ten performances in the last three months. (2019江苏高考第22题)
A. gives B. has given C. have given D. give
答案B。考查时间状语“in the last three months”的常用时态。
( ) 2. A few months after he had arrived in China, Mr. Smith ______ in love with the people and culture there. (2019江苏高考第29题)
A. would fall B. had fallen C. has fallen D. fell
答案D。考查时间状语“a few months after he had arrived in China”的常用时态。通
常由after引导的时间状语采用一般过去时态。
( ) 3. They are trying to make sure that 5G terminals ______ by 2022 for the Beijing Winter Olympics. (2019江苏高考第33题)
A. will install B. will have been installed
C. are installed D. have been installed
答案B。考查时间状语“by 2020”的对应时态—将来完成时，语态为被动。
( ) 4. Hopefully in 2025 we will no longer be e-mailing each other, for we ______ more convenient electronic communication tools by then. (2018江苏高考第31题)
A. have developed B. had developed C. will have developed D. developed
答案C。考查“by then”（即“by 2025”）的对应时态—将来完成时。
( ) 5. I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan ______ in the past two years. (2018江苏高考第30题)
A. had been carried out B. would be carried out
C. is being carried out D. has been carried out
答案A。“in the past two years”的对应时态通常为现在完成时，但因为本句大时间立足过去，且截止时间也为过去，所以采用过去完成时。
( ) 6. --- Hi, I’m Peter. Are you new here? I haven’t seen you around. --- Hello, Peter. I’m Bob. I just ______ on Monday. (2018北京高考第1题)
A. start B. have started C. started D. had started
答案C。句中的时间状语“on Monday”表示一般过去的时间，故用一般过去时。
( ) 7. Susan had quit her well-paid job and ______ as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year. (2018北京高考第4题)
A. is working B. was working C. has worked D. had worked
答案B。“when I visited her last year”表示过去的点时间，故用过去进行时。
( ) 8. China’s high-speed railways ______ from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometres in the past few years. (2018北京高考第7题)
A. are growing B. have grown C. will grow D. had grown
答案B。“in the past few years”是一个典型的现在完成时的标志性时间。
( ) 9. My washing machine ______ this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand. (2018天津高考第13题)
A. was repaired B. is repaired
C. is being repaired D. has been repaired
答案C。本句的时态是通过语境理解出来的，本句的时间状语是“this week”，并不能确定用什么时态，但根据语境，“我的洗衣机正处于被修理过程中，所以我只能手洗我的衣服。”
( )10. A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who ______ in the mountains for two days. (2018北京高考第9题)
A. are trapping B. have been trapped
C. were trapping D. had been trapped
答案D。首先根据时间状语“for two days”可确定用完成时，参照动作risk采用一般过去时态，故动作trap应该发生在risked之前，再确定语态为被动，故用had been trapped。
【巩固练习】
1. In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut __________(report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a belief that populations are increasing. (2019全国卷I，语法填空)
2. Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six __________(be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data. (2019全国卷I，语法填空)
3. Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene __________(declare) she had no plans to retire from her 36-year-old business. (2019全国卷II，语法填空)
4. I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I __________(make) over the years. (2019全国卷II，语法填空)
5. Our hosts shared many of their experiences and __________(recommend) wonderful places to eat, shop, and visit. (2019全国卷III，语法填空)
6. On the last day of our week-long stay, we __________(invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars, listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals. (2019全国卷III，语法填空)
7. While running regularly can’t make you live forever, the review says it __________(be) more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming. (2018全国卷I，语法填空)
8. Since 2011, the country __________(grow) more corn than rice. (2018全国卷II，语法填空)
9. The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government ________ (start) a soil-testing program which gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers—and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons. (2018全国卷II，语法填空)
10. True to a gorilla’s unaggressive nature, the huge animal __________(mean) me no real harm. He was just saying: “I’m king of this forest, and here is your reminder!” (2018全国卷III，语法填空)
11. When fat and salt _________(remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something. As a result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing. (2017全国卷I，语法填空)
12. Fast food __________(be) full of fat and salt; by eating more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet. (2017全国卷I，语法填空)
13. Steam engines __________(use) to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise. However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using it every day. (2017全国卷II，语法填空)
14. Later, engineers __________(manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels, which became known as the Tube. (2017全国卷II，语法填空)
15. Sarah __________(tell) that she could be Britain’s new supermodel earning a million dollars in the new year. Her father Peter, 44, wants her to give up school to model fulltime. (2017全国卷III，语法填空)
16. Sarah says, “My dad thinks I should take the offer now. But at the moment, school _________ (come) first. I don’t want to get too absorbed in modeling. (2017全国卷III，语法填空)
17. So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the not-for-profit Panda Base, where ticket money helps pay for research. I __________(allow) to get up close to these cute animals at the 600-acre centre. (2016全国卷I，语法填空)
18. Then, handle the most important tasks first so you’ll feel a real sense of achievement. Leaving the less important things until tomorrow __________(be) often acceptable. (2016全国卷II，语法填空)
19. It could be anything, gardening, cooking, music, sports—but whatever it is, _________(make) sure it’s a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about. (2016全国卷II，语法填空)
20. Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and __________(be) too violent for use at the table. (2016全国卷III，语法填空)
【参考答案】
1. have reported 2. are 3. declared 4. have made 5. recommended 6. were invited 7. is 8. has grown 9. started 10. meant 11. are removed 12. is 13. were used 14. managed 15. has been told / was told 16. comes 17. was allowed 18. is 19. make 20. were