人教版必修三Book3Unit4Astronomy: the science of the stars Language Points （44张PPT）

(共44张PPT)
Book3 Unit 4　
Astronomy：the science of the stars
Vocabulary
1.To learn new words and phrases in this unit.
2.To be able to recognize the meaning of each word.
3.To keep them in mind and know how to use them correctly.
Ⅰ.词性转换
1. adj.猛烈的；激烈的；强暴的→ n.猛烈；激烈 → adv.暴力地；猛烈地
prep.与……不同；不像→ unlikely adj.不可能的
vt.喜欢 prep.像；如同→ adj.可能的
adj.有害的→ harm n.& v.损害；危害
→ adj.无害的
4. vi.存在；生存→existence n.生存；存在
5. puzzle n.谜；难题；vt.& vi.(使)迷惑；(使)为难 →
adj.令人迷惑的 → adj.感到迷惑的
violence
violent
violently
unlike
like
likely
harmful
harmless
exist
puzzling
puzzled
n.球体；地球仪；地球; adj.全球的

adj.温和的；文雅的→gently adv.温和地

8. n.物理学家→ n.物理学
→physical adj.物理的；物理学的；体力

vi.& vt.减少；减轻→ less adj.较少的

10. vt.用尽；耗尽；使精疲力尽→ adj.精疲力尽的
adj. 消耗性的；使筋疲力尽的
globe
global
gentle
physicist
physics
lessen
exhaust
exhausted
exhausting
Ⅱ.核心短语
1. ________________ 太阳系
2. ________________________ 一个普遍接受的学说
3.________________ 及时；终于
4.________________ 冷却下来；变凉
5.________________ 对……(来说)是基本的
6.________________ 允许……做某事
solar system
a widely accepted theory
in time
cool down
be fundamental to
allow...to do sth
7.a chain reaction ________________
8.lay eggs ________________
9.give birth to ________________
10.in one’s turn ________________
11.prevent...from ________________
12.depend on ________________
连锁反应
下蛋
产生；分娩
轮到某人
阻止；制止
取决于；决定于
13. ________________ 结果
14.________________ 挡住(光线)
15.________________ 感到高兴；感到振奋
16.________________ 既然
17.get the hang of ___________________
18.watch out for ______________________
19.break out __________________________________
as a result
block out
cheer up
now that
熟悉；掌握；理解
密切注意；当心；提防
(战争、火灾、疾病等的)突发；爆发
20.in all directions ___________
朝四面八方
2.话题词汇——与“学科”有关的词汇
(1)astronomy n.天文学【词根astro,星；词根nomy学说，学科】　(2)biology n.生物学【bio- 生命， -logy学科】
(3)history n.历史学【-ry 名词词尾 】
(4)geography n.地理学【geo-大地；geography描绘】
(5)chemistry n.化学【chem-化学；-ist 名词词尾，从事某一工作的人；】 (6)physics n.物理学 【physic,自然，自然科学；-ics学说】
(7)politics n.政治学【politic政治的，-ics学科】
(8)mathematics n.数学 (9)Chinese n.语文
Exercise
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．Smoking is _______(有害的) to health，but there are still many people picking it up.
2．Some people are still _______(迷惑的) about how the computer works.
3．If you _______(乘) two and three，you will get six.
4．This _______(理论) is helpful to explain how the universe began.
5．Two people have been killed in the _______ (暴力的) incident on March 2nd.
harmful
puzzled
multiply
theory
violent
6．People suffering hunger still _______ (存在) in many parts of the world today.
7． _______ (不像) what you supposed，only few people attended his birthday party.
8．The new owners have tried to give the restaurant a more family－friendly ____________ (气氛)．
9．Don’t _______ (拉) so hard or the handle will go off.
10．He _______ (振奋) up at the thought of buying a new car.
exist
Unlike
atmosphere
pull
cheered
Ⅱ.选词填空




1．With a puzzled expression on her face, she what to do next.
2．To our great disappointment，a trade war _______ between the two countries at last.
3．Some measures have been taken _______to protect the environment.
4．___________for cars when you cross the busy road.
is puzzled about
broke out
in time
Watch out
in one’s turn，in time，prevent...from...，break out，
cheer up，now that，watch out，be puzzled about
5．The atmosphere in the classroom relaxed after the teacher’s humorous talk _______ us _____．
6．_______you wouldn’t like to go there，you can stay where you are.
7．When we arrived，we _________________ entering the site.
8．All the five daughters，___________，took care of their sick father in hospital.
cheered up
Now that
were prevented from
in their turn
in one’s turn，in time，prevent...from...，break out，
cheer up，now that，watch out，be puzzled about
Important words & phrases 重点单词及短语讲解
1.harmful adj.有害的
What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas.(教材P26)很多科学家相信，由于地球上长期有水存在，使地球得以把有害气体和酸性物质溶解在海洋里。
[单词一族]
(1)harm n.& vt. 伤害；损害
(2)harmless adj. 无害的；无辜的
[感悟用法]
Playing computer games will not only do great harm to your physical health，but it is also harmful to your mental health. So there is no harm in advising you to give it up.
玩电脑游戏不仅对你的身体健康有害，而且对你的心理健康也有害，因此建议你放弃玩电脑游戏是没有害处的。
[用法总结]
be harmful to... 对……有害
do harm to sb＝do sb harm 伤害某人；对人有害
There is no harm in doing sth 做某事没有坏处
[多维练透]
(1)单句语法填空
①There is no harm ____________ writing down your name on the form.
②Sometimes，doing exercise violently does harm ____________ health.
(2)一句多译
到处扔垃圾通常有害于我们的生活环境。
③Throwing rubbish about usually _______________ our living environment.
④Throwing rubbish about usually ___________________ our living environment.
in
to
does harm to
is harmful to
be harmful to... 对……有害
do harm to sb＝do sb harm 伤害某人；对人有害
There is no harm in doing sth 做某事没有坏处
2.exist vi.存在；生存
They laid eggs too and existed on the earth for more than 140 million years.(教材P26)
它们也生蛋，在地球上存在了1亿4千多万年。

[单词一族]
(1)existence n. 存在；生存
(2)existing adj. 现存的；现行的
[感悟用法]
①How did the universe first come into existence?
宇宙最初是怎么形成的？

②I want you to help me correct the mistakes which/that
may exist words and format.
A. in B. on






③He finds it hard to exist the money he’s earning.
A. in B. on
exist in 存在于
exist on 靠……生存
come into existence 开始存在；成立
A.
B.
[名师提醒] exist是不及物动词，没有被动语态，也不用于进行时态。
[多维练透] 单句语法填空
①No one knows when such a custom first came into ____________ (exist).
②The people trapped in the earthquake existed ____________ the water for several days.
③The custom of arranged marriages still exists ____________ many countries.
existence
on
in
come into existence 开始存在；成立
exist in 存在于
exist on 靠……生存
3.puzzle n.谜；难题 vt.& vi.(使)迷惑；(使)为难
How life began on earth is one of the biggest puzzles that scientists found hard to solve.(教材P27)
地球上生命的起源是科学家们难以解决的最大疑惑之一。
[单词一族]
(1)puzzling adj. 令人迷惑的(物）
(2)puzzled adj. 感到迷惑的（人）
[感悟用法]
①She was still puzzling about/over this problem when she reached the office.
她来到办公室时还在思考这个问题。
②I have been puzzled about/over this question for weeks.
我对这个问题已迷惑不解了好几周。
③It is a puzzle to me why he wants to change his job.
他为什么想换工作对我来说仍是个谜。
puzzle about/over 冥思苦想；苦苦思索
be puzzled about/over 对……迷惑不解
(be) a puzzle to sb...　……对某人来说仍是个谜
[多维练透] 单句语法填空
①The police are still puzzling ____________ how the accident could have happened.
②The situation was more ____________(puzzle) than ever.
③Their reason for doing that is still ____________ puzzle to me.
about/over
puzzling
a
puzzle about/over 冥思苦想；苦苦思索
be puzzled about/over 对……迷惑不解
(be) a puzzle to sb...　……对某人来说仍是个谜
4. pull n.& vt.拉(力)；拖；牵引力
As the rocket rose into the air，we were pushed back into our seats because we were trying to escape the pull of the earth’s gravity.(教材P30)
随着火箭升入太空，由于我们在努力挣脱地球的引力，我们被向后推在座位上。
[用法总结]
拉
拖
推
pull in (车辆)进站停靠；靠边停靠
pull out 驶出；使脱离；使退出
pull over 路边停车
pull up (使)停下
[多维练透] 补全句子
①She saw the ambulance coming up behind her and ________________.
她看到救护车从她后面过来了就靠路边停了车。
②The car _______________ when the light
turned red. 红灯亮时，那辆轿车停了下来。
pulled over
pulled up
pull in (车辆)进站停靠；靠边停靠
pull out 驶出；使脱离；使退出
pull over 路边停车
pull up (使)停下
1.in time 及时；终于；迟早
They were in time to produce carbon dioxide，nitrogen，water vapor and other gases，which were to make the earth’s atmosphere.(教材P25～26)
它们最终产生了二氧化碳、氮气、水蒸气和其他气体，从而形成了地球的大气层。

[体会词义] 写出下列句中in time的含义
①Andy knew he could not reach the house in time. ____________
②You’ll succeed in time because you are always working hard. ____________
③Working hard made him successful in time. ____________
及时
迟早
终于
[多维练透] 选用以上短语填空
①The police arrived ____time catching the robber.
A. in B. on C. at

②The teacher hopes that we can hand in our homework ___ time.
A. in B. on C. at

③She amuses us by telling jokes in class ____times，which makes us learn English in a relaxed atmosphere.
A. in B. on C. at
in time 及时；终于；迟早
on time 准时；按时
at times 有时，偶尔
A.
B.
C.
2.in one’s turn 轮到某人；接着
Thus they have，in their turn，become the most important animals on the planet.(教材P26)
于是，它们接着成了这个行星上最重要的动物。
[短语记牢] 记牢下列相关短语
in turn 依次；轮流；转而；反过来(表示“按顺序”)

by turns 轮流；交替 (多指两个人或两个行为之间的交替进行)

take turns to do sth 轮流做某事

It’s one’s turn to do sth 轮到某人做某事
[感悟用法]
①When it was in my turn，I was too excited to speak.
当轮到我时，我激动得都说不出话来了。

②As is scheduled，all staff should take turns to do late duty.
根据安排，全体工作人员轮流值晚班。


[名师提醒] by turns 是“交替；轮流”的意思，多指两个人或两个行为之间的交替进行；如果表示“按顺序”则应该用in turn。
in one’s turn 轮到某人；接着
take turns to do sth 轮流做某事
[多维练透] 单句语法填空
①It’s my turn ____________ (deliver) a speech in public.
②You two will stay with the sick person ____________ turns.
③The girls called out their names ____________ turn.
to deliver
by
in
in turn 依次；轮流；转而；反过来(表示“按顺序”)
by turns 轮流；交替 (多指两个人或两个行为之间的交替进行)
take turns to do sth 轮流做某事
It’s one’s turn to do sth 轮到某人做某事
3.prevent...from 阻止；制止
They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere，which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space.(教材P26)
他们把过多的二氧化碳排放到大气层中，这使得地球上的热量不能释放到太空中去。
[短语记牢] 记牢下列相关短语
阻止……做某事
protect...from/against...保护……不受……侵袭
(from后接能带来伤害或损害之物)
[感悟用法]
①They were stopped/prevented from entering the burning building.
他们被拦在了燃烧着的大楼外面无法进去。

②He wears sunglasses to protect his eyes against/from the strong sunlight.
他戴墨镜保护眼睛使其免受强烈阳光的伤害。
阻止……做某事
prevent/stop...from...

keep...from...

from可以省略
from不能省略
在被动结构中，from均不可省略。
[多维练透] 单句语法填空
①We were prevented/stopped/kept ____________ attending Professor Li’s lecture by the heavy rain.
②We must prevent/stop the water (from) ________________(pollute).
from
being polluted
4.cheer (sb) up 感到高兴；感到振奋
I cheered up immediately and floated weightlessly around in our spaceship cabin watching the earth become smaller and the moon larger.
(教材P31)
我立刻感到很高兴，由于失重我在太空舱里飘来飘去，我望着(身后的)地球越来越小，而(前方的)月球越来越大。
[短语记牢] 记牢下列相关短语
cheer sb up 使某人振作起来
cheer for 为……而欢呼
cheer sb on (赛跑、比赛中)以喝彩声鼓励某人；为某人加油
[感悟用法]
①Upon arriving at the classroom，the author was cheered by a warm welcome.
A. up B. for

②Let’s go to the football game and cheer our favorite team.
cheer sb up 使某人振作起来
cheer for 为……而欢呼
A.
B.
[多维练透] 补全句子
①So we went over to the flower seller and asked her if we could buy a flower for the lady ______________________________.
因此，我们走到卖花者面前，问她我们能否为这位女士买朵花让她高兴。

②They gathered round the swimming pool and .
他们聚集在游泳池周围为她加油。
to cheer her up
cheered her on
cheer sb up 使某人振作起来
cheer for 为……而欢呼
cheer sb on (赛跑、比赛中)以喝彩声鼓励某人；为某人加油
5.now that 既然
“Oh dear，” I cried，“walking does need a bit of practice now that gravity has changed.” (教材P31)
“天哪，”我大声说，“既然重力改变了，看来走路的确需要练一练了。”
①Now that everyone is here，let’s begin our meeting.
既然大家都到齐了，我们就开始开会吧。

②Now that dinner is ready，wash your hands.
既然晚饭准备好了，你去洗手吧。
引导原因状语从句，that 可以省略；
相当于since
now that同since相似, 语气较弱, 强调人们已知的事实。
Now that +句子
[感悟用法]
[多维练透] 补全句子
①__________________________________，let’s go for a picnic.
既然天气那么好，我们一起去野餐吧。
②________________________________，you should do it well.
既然你已经决定去做，那么你就应该把它做好。
Now (that) the weather is fine
Now (that) you have decided to do it
[名师提醒] 引导原因状语从句的连词还有：
since，because，as，considering(that)，in that等。
6.break out 突发；爆发（强调战争、疾病、火灾等的突然爆发）
We watched，amazed as [fire broke out on the outside of the spaceship as the earth’s gravity increased.](教材P31)
我们惊奇地看着，随着地球的引力增加，宇宙飞船的外层燃烧起火。
[短语记牢] 记牢下列相关短语
break up　解散；打碎；结束
break in 进入；插话；打断
break away from... 脱离……
break down 发生故障；(精神、身体)垮掉；分解
break into 强行进入(某处)；突然开始(大笑、欢呼等)
因为
随着
①After a fire broke in the lab，a lot of equipment was destroyed.
实验室发生火灾后，很多设备被毁。 A. up B. out C. into D. down
[感悟用法]
B.
②If you go on working like that，you will break sooner or later.
如果你继续像那样工作的话，你迟早会累垮的。
A. up B. out C. into D. down
break out 突发；爆发（强调战争、疾病、火灾等的突然爆发）
D.
break down 发生故障；(精神、身体)垮掉；分解

③A thief broke my house and stole my necklace.
一个小偷闯进我家偷走了我的项链。
A. up B. out C. into D. down
C.
④ Once you join them，you can never break them.
一旦你加入了他们，你就永远不能摆脱他们。
A. up B. out C. away from D. down

C.
The meeting _______ at eleven o’clock.
会议在11点钟结束了。
A. up B. out C. away from D. down

A.
break into 强行进入(某处)；突然开始(大笑、欢呼等)
break away from... 脱离……
break up　解散；打碎；结束
7.watch out for sth. 密切注视；当心；提防(教材P31)
①Watch /Look ！There is a car coming.
out, out B. out, over C. over, over





②There must have been an angel watching me that day.
A. for B. out C. over
A.
watch out 小心；留神；注意
watch over 照顾；监督；保护
C.
[多维练透] 单句语法填空
①Watch out ____________ the haze；it may do great harm to us.
②I watched ____________ his house while he was out.
for
over
watch out
同义短语
look out
take care
be careful