阅读写作--5 阅读理解
(原卷版)
黑龙江哈尔滨 邱尚瑛
在高考英语试卷中，阅读理解是高考试卷中的一项重要考查项目，也是考查学生英语核心素养的具体体现。阅读理解的内容几乎包罗万象。文章选材来源于各个国家的主要名胜、历史事件、名人轶事、当今新闻、科学技术、医疗护理、语言文化、社会生活、风土人情、政治经济、人文历史、自然资源、文化习俗、文化遗产等诸多方面；命题多以主旨大意题、细节理解题、推理判断题、词义猜测题为主，也有一定主观推断题；涉及一定的地理常识、历史知识以及风俗习惯等诸多方面。每一类的话题都会包括多个分枝。例如：语言文化类会包含英美英语的差异、英语和文化、语言学习的困难和策略、语言和交际的态度、学习方法和学习策略等方面。有些话题会与学生的日常生活和学习密切相关，学生通过各种话题的学习与阅读，可以提高英语语言的应用能力，使其能更多地了解中西方文化及其英语语言背后的文化差异，研究学习方法和策略，激发学生学习外语的热情，促进学生的身心健康。
I. 阅读理解试题的解题步骤
用于高考的阅读文章，其结构都有非常明显的典型性，一般结构为主题段，论述段落，总结及结论段，乃至超长的毕业论文也不过是在这个大框架内。做到以下三步，对所阅读的文章不用逐字读完基本上就能答对接下来的题目。
第一步，迅速将整篇文章分解，理出文章结构；
第二步，迅速抓住文章叙述的主题；
第三步，迅速找出各部分的中心意思，并找出表达中心意思的句子。
以一篇五段的文章为例，一般第一段为主题段，整篇文章要表达的主题一般会出现在这里，要做的就是迅速把中心句找出来，通常中心句会出现在倒数第2句或第1句，简单一点的文章会在第1句就出现，如果考题出得比较难，也可能需要自己总结，所要总结中心句一定能在该段落中找出代表中心意思的词；
接下来第二、三、四段，各段将对第一段提出的主题意思进行论述或分步骤分析，也就是说，每个段落都会有进阶的主题，即个各分论点，所以你要做的同样是迅速把它们找出来，位置和方法相同；
最后一段为全文的总结，并会对结论进行进一步的分析，或做推测，或作评论，这是一个重要的出题点，要抓住总结的主旨和对其进一步分析的结论。
当然并不会是所有文章都有5段，例如有的主题段落会有2段甚至更多，论点段落可能只有2段或多达4段以上（但一般不超过3段），难一点的文章里每个分论点可能不止一段。可根据上述规律将文章进行分解，掌握各部分的要点。 一般每篇文章会有为1个主题、1个分论点、2个细节题、1个结论或对结论的分析、推测。
第一时间先看题，并且非常认真的理解每道题的意思，提取有用的信息，虽然一般并不容易只通过问题一下子就找出文章主题，但一定能找到跟主题有关的词和信息，并且至少知道文章是在讨论某个东西，还是在叙述某件事，也就是说是议论文、说明文，还是叙述文，然后迅速按上面的三个步骤带着问题浏览全文、快速阅读，找出主题、1个分论点、2个细节题、1个结论细节题也可以非常迅速的找出来，最后将问题全部解答到位。
II. 高考英语阅读常见题型
在进行阅读训练时，要提醒学生注意阅读理解题型，主要有主旨大意题，细节理解题，推理判断题，词义猜测题等。
1. 主旨大意题
这类题在设题时常会用到title, subject, main idea, topic, theme等词。
1）归纳标题题
特点：短小精悍，一般多为一个短语；涵盖性强，一般能覆盖全文意思；精确性强，表达范围要恰当，不能随意改变语意程度或色彩。常见命题形式有：
What’s the best title for the text?
The best title for this passage is _______.
Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
真题范例
Why is pink or purple a color for girls and blue or brown for boys? The answer depends largely on cultural values as well as personal experiences. To the Egyptians, green was a color that represented the hope and joy of spring, while for Muslims, it means heaven. Red is a symbol of good luck in many cultures. In China, children are given money in a red envelope to bring good fortune in the New Year. For many nations, blue is a symbol of protection and religious beliefs. Greek people often wear a blue necklace hoping to protect themselves against evils (灾祸).
People's choice of colors is also influenced by their bodies' reactions (反应) toward them. Green is said to be the most restful color. It has the ability to reduce pain and relax people both mentally and physically. People who work in green environment have been found to have fewer stomach aches.
Red can cause a person's blood pressure to rise and increase people's appetites (食欲). Many decorators will include different shades of red in the restaurant. Similarly, many commercial websites will have a red "Buy Now" button because red is a color that easily catches a person's eye.
Blue is another calming color. Unlike red, blue can cause people to lose appetite. So if you want to eat less, some suggest that eating from blue plates can help.
The next time you are deciding on what to wear or what color to decorate your room, think about the color carefully.
Which of the following would be the most proper title for the text?
A. Colors and Human Beings
B. The Cultural Meaning of Color
C. Colors and Personal Experiences
D. The Meaning and Function of Color
【答案】D
2）概括大意题
包括寻找段落大意（topic）和文章中心思想（main idea），常见命题形式有：
What is the general/main idea of the passage？
Which of the following expresses the main idea？
What is the subject discussed in the text?
The writer of the story wants to tell us that _______.
The passage/ text is mainly about _______.
What’s the article mainly about ？
真题范例
Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.
Q: What is the main idea of the passage? ＿＿
A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer.
B. Bingham is a diligent student.
C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education.
D. A good lawyer needs good education.
【答案】C
【解题思路】 此文没有主题句。全篇共四句，只陈述了四个细节 (detail) 性的事实。因此就答案本身看，四个备选答案都没有问题。我们只能将所有的details综合起来，进行逻辑推理，才能构成一个没有言明的主题思想。由于文中主要涉及了Joshua Bingham接受教育的情况，即作者想告诉我们的是 Joshua Bingham接受过良好的教育，所以答案是C。
【解题技巧】 阅读理解文章多是议论文和说明文，这两种文体的结构可归纳为：提出问题——论述问题——得出结论或者阐明观点。对于这类文章，抓主题句是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。主题句一般出现在文章的开头或结尾。主题句具有简洁性、概括性的特点。主题句在文章中的位置主要有：位于段首，位于段尾，位于段中，或者首尾呼应；有时还会无明确的主题句：需要找关键词（关键词出现的频率较高），在进行归纳总结。
2. 细节理解题
考查内容主要涉及时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果、数字等议论文中例证细节和定义类细节。这类题目的共同特点是：答案一般都能在文章中找到。当然，答案并不一定是文章中的原句，考生需要根据文章提供的信息自己组织语句回答问题。
1）事实细节题 寻读法
分为直接理解题和间接理解题，前者常用who, what, which, when, where, why和how提问，或判断正误；后者需与原文信息转换，表达上与原文有差异。常见命题形式有：
What can we learn from the passage?
All the following are mentioned except
Which of the following is mentioned (not mentioned)?
Which of the following statements is true/right/false/wrong about…?
真题范例
(江西卷) ... Mark had been scolded before for touching his father’s equipment. But his curiosity was difficult to control and this new computer really puzzled him. ...Why did Mark touch the computer against his father’s warning?
A．He wanted to take a voyage.
B．He wanted to practice his skill
C．He was so much attracted by it.
D．He was eager to do an experiment.
【答案】C
2）排列顺序题 首尾定位法
找出第一个事件和最后一个事件，用排除法缩小范围。常出现在记叙文和说明文中，一般按事件发生的顺序。常见命题形式有：
Which of the following is the correct order of…? Which of the following shows the path of signals described in Paragraph…?
真题范例
（山东高考卷） Since the 1970s, scientists have been searching for ways to link the brain with computers. Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology could help people with disabilities send commands to machines. ... The researchers designed a special cap for the user. This head cover picks up the signals from the scalp(头皮) and sends them to a computer. The computer interprets the signals and commands the motorized wheelchair. The wheelchair also has two cameras that identify objects in its path. They help the computer react to commands from the brain. ...
Which of the following shows the path of the signals described in Paragraph 5?
A. scalp→computer→cap→wheelchair
B. computer→cap→scalp→wheelchair
C. scalp→cap→computer→wheelchair
D. cap→computer→scalp→wheelchair
【答案】C
3）图文匹配题 按图索骥理清线索
设题形式：给出图表，根据图表提问问题。
4）数字计算题
方法：审题→带着问题找细节→对比、分析、计算。可直接找到相关细节，但需经过计算方可找到答案。
3. 推理判断题
主要考查学生对文章中隐含或深层的含意的理解能力。它要求考生根据文章内容做出合乎逻辑的推断，包括考生对作者观点的理解，态度的判断，对修辞、语气、隐含意思等的理解。题干关键词：infer (推断), indicate (象征，暗示), imply/suggest (暗示), conclude (作出结论), assume (假定，设想).
1）细节推理判断题
可根据短文提供的信息或借助生活常识进行推理判断，常见命题形式有：
It can be inferred/ concluded from the text that __________.
The author implies/ suggests that_____.
We may infer that _________.
Which of the following statements is implied but NOT stated?
真题范例
（天津高考卷） ... Some eyes rolled and there were a few low groans when Ms.Yates was about to speak. Many started looking at their watches and coming up with excuses to be anywhere instead of preparing to listen to a lecture from and old woman who had few kind words for her students and made them work harder than all the other teachers combined. ...
What can be inferred from Paragraph 2?
A. Some graduates were too busy to listen to Ms. Yates’ speech.
B. Many graduates disliked Ms. Yates’ ways of teaching.
C. Some people got tired from the reunion activities.
D. Most people had little interest in the reunion.
【答案】B
2）预测推理判断题
根据语篇对文章接下来的内容或可能的结局进行猜测，常见命题形式有： What do you think will happen if/when…?
At the end of this passage, the writer might continue to write_____.
3）推测文章来源或读者对象
常见命题形式有：
The passage is probably take out of_____
The passage would most likely be found in_____
Where does this text probably come from?
4）写作意图、目的、态度推断题
作者的语气态度往往不会直接写在文章里，只能通过细读文章，从作者的选词及其修饰手段中体会出来。
询问写作目的的题，选项里常出现的词是：explain (解释), prove (证明), persuade (劝说), advise (劝告), comment (评论), praise (赞扬), criticize(批评), entertain (娱乐), demonstrate (举例说明), argue (辩论), tell (讲述), analyz e(分析)等。
询问语气态度的题，选项里常出现的词是：neutral (中立的), sympathetic (同情的), satisfied (满意的), friendly (友好的), enthusiastic (热情的), subjective (主观的), objective (客观的), matter-of-fact (实事求是的), pessimistic (悲观的), optimistic (乐观的), critical (批评的), doubtful (怀疑的), hostile (敌对的), indifferent (冷淡的), disappointed (失望的)。常见命题形式有：
The purpose of the text is_____
What is the main purpose of the author writing the text?
By mentioning…, the author aims to show that_____
What is the author’s attitude towards…?
What is the author’s opinion on…?
The author’s tone in this passage is _____.
【解题技巧】
推断题是考查学生透过文章表面的文字信息进行分析、综合、归纳等逻辑推理的能力。推理和判断必须以事实为依据，切莫主观臆断。
① 那些文章中直接陈述的内容不能选，要选择根据文章推理出来的选项。
② 推理不是凭空猜测，而是立足已知推断未知；作出正确答案时一定要在文中找到依据或理由。
③ 忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。不能以自己的观点代替作者的想法；不要脱离原文主观臆断。
4. 词义猜测题
考点：① 猜测某个词、词组、句子的意义
② 对文中的多义词或词组进行定义
③ 判断某个代词的指代的对象。
常见命题形式有：
The underlined word/phrase in the second paragraph means _____.
The word “it/they” in the last sentence refers to______.
The word “…”（Line 6. para.2）probably means ______.
The word “…”（Line 6. para.2）could best be replaced by which of the following?
Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “…” ?
I. 主题句的位置
1. 位于段首
一般以演绎法撰写的文章，主题句往往在文章的开头，即先点出主题，然后围绕这一主题作具体的陈述。判断第一句是否为主题句，可具体分析段落的首句与第二、三句的关系；如果从第二句就开始对第一句进行说明，论述或描述，那第一句就是主题句。有些段落，在主题句后面有明显引出细节的信号词，如for example, an example of; first, second, next, last, finally; to begin with, also, besides; one, the other; some, others等。在阅读中应尽量利用上述信号词来确定主题句的位置。
2. 位于段尾
有些文章会在开头列举事实, 然后通过论证阐述作者的核心论点。因此，如果第一句话不是概括性的或综合性的话，最好快速读一读段落的最后一个句子，看看它是否具备主题句的特征。如果它具备主題句的特征，段落的主题思想就很容易确定了。一般说来，当一种观点不易向人解释清楚或不易被人接受时，主题句便会到段落的末尾才出现。学生可以充分利用引出结论的信号词。如so，therefore，thus，consequently；in conclusion，in short；in a word, to sum up等来确定主题句的位置在段尾。当无明显的此类信号时，学生可在段落的最后一句话前面添加一个引出结论的信号词，以确定其是否是主题句。
3. 位于段中
有时段落是先介绍背景和细节，接着用一句综合或概括性的话概括前面所说的内容或事例，然后再围绕主题展开对有关问题的深入讨论。这种文章的主题句往往会在段落中间出现。归纳起来主要有两种情况：先提出问题，然后给予回答（主题句），最后给予解释；或者，先提出问题，然后点出主题思想（主题句），最后给予解释。
4. 首尾呼应
主题句在段落的开头和结尾两个位置上先后出现，形成前呼后应的格局。这两个主题句叙说的是同一个内容，但用词不尽相同，这样不但强调了主题思想，而且显得灵活多变。这两个句子并非简单重复，后一个主题句或对该主题作最后的评述，或对要点作一概括，或使之引申留给读者去思考。
5. 无明确主题句
找关键词（出现频率较高）, 归纳总结。
II. 词义猜测题注意要点
1）通过因果关系猜词通过因果关系猜词
首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词 (如：because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，of course，therefore等) 表示前因后果。
例如：You shouldn't have blamed him for that，for it wasn't his fault. 通过for引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的错)，可猜出blame的词义是"责备"。
2）通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词
通过同义词猜词，一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组，如happy and gay，即使我们不认识gay这个词，也可以知道它是愉快的意思；二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词，如Man has known something about the planets Venus，Mars，and Jupiter with the help of spaceships. 此句中的Venus(金星)、Mars(火星)、Jupiter(木星)均为生词，但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于"行星"这一义域。
通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but，while，however等；二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，如：He is so homely，not at all as handsome as his brother.根据not at all...handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思，即不英俊、不漂亮的意思。
3）通过构词法猜词
根据前缀、后缀、复合、派生等构词知识判断生词词义。如：She is unlikely to have stolen the money. ( “un”含否定意义，故为“不太可能”之意。)
4）通过定义或释义关系来推测词义
例如：But sometimes，no rain falls for a long，long time. Then there is a dry period，or drought. 从drought所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即drought，由此可见drought意思为"久旱"，"旱灾"。而a dry period和drought是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is，or，that is，in other words，be called或破折号等来表示。
5）通过句法功能来推测词义
例如：Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples，coconuts和bananas，oranges是同类关系，同属fruit类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，是菠萝和椰子。
6）通过描述猜词
描述即作者对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例如：The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly，it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类。后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。
7）根据常识猜词
如：The door was so low that he hit his head on the lintel.（lintel “过梁”。）
Afraid of waking the baby up, she tiptoed out of the room.（tiptoed “踮着脚走，蹑手蹑脚”）
III. 高考易考点
1. 举例说明处常考
一般的议论文和说明文都需要一些例子来支持作者的论证和说明,这些例子往往与作者的论述和说明有很大的关联,考纲中明确提出考生需要掌握区分论点与论据的能力,因此这也成了考题出处的热点,这种题日在文章中的线索非常明显,一般都带有如下的标志性词汇：for example, for?instance, take?.. as an example, such as,?like等，考生要牢记一般文章举例处的前后句就是与该例子相关的作者论点，所以在做此类题目的时候就需要追本测源，寻找论点，才能保证所选答案的正确性。
2. 特殊标点处常考
英文中主要使用逗号和句号，文中一且出现一些特殊的标点符号，通常都会表达作者的特殊意图，因此特殊的标点符号处也经常成为出题的对象，因此考生应该对以下标点符号的用法较为熟悉。
冒号的出现有两大作用一后面内容或者用来解冒号|释说明前面抽象的内容,或者是对前面内容的总结。不管是解释还是总结,出现冒号通常要重点选读冒号后面的内容
括号内的内容通常用来解释或强调括号前面的内容,我们在平时的学习过程中见到括号一般都跳括号过,但是在英语中通常会把要强调的内容放在括号中,因此不但不可以跳过,反而要认真仔细分析 破折号后面的内容通常表示对前面内容的解释说破折号明或补充,说明此处信息至关重要。但要注意,两个破折号的作用通常为插入语,就不再是重点信息了
3. 结论建议处常考
一般情况下出现?the?research?indicates,?the?report suggests等类似的结论建议性表达方式时,表明此处为文中:提及的实验和研究的结果或作者要阐明论证的结果。出题者通常不会考查实验和研究的过程,而将注意力放在结论和结果上,因此阅读过程中要格外注意这些表达的出现。
4. 观点态度处常考
文章中作者对于某人或某事物的观点或态度,以及文口章中涉及的其他人或组织机构的观点或态度也常受出题人的青睐。解题时要留意文章中出现doubt, appreciate, hate, against等表达观点态度的词语的地方，以及一些带有感彩的特殊句式（祈使句、感叹句、反问句等）。
A.【2018全国卷I 阅读C】
Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers,small, tightly knit (联系)groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other.Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centers, trade, industrialization. the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education. Especially globalization and better communications in the past few decades,all have caused many Languages to disappear,and dominant languages such as English．Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
At present, the world has about 6 800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages. Often spoken by many people while hot. wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers.Europe has only around 200 Languages: the Americas about 1,000. Africa 2 400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数)of speakers is a mere 6.000, which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
Already well over 400 of the total of, 6,800 languages are close to extinction, with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico(150). Lipan Apache in the United States(two or three)or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.
1. What can we infer about languages in hunter gatherer times?
A.They developed very fast. B. They were large in number.
C. They had similar patters. D. They were closely connected
2. Which of the following best explains"dominant " underlined in paragraph 2？
A.Complex. B. Advanced.
C.Powerful. D.Modem.
3. How many languages are spoken by less than 6, 000 people at present?
A.About 6 800 B.About 3 400
C.About 2.400 D.About 1-200
4. What is the min idea of the text?
A. New languages will be created.
B Peoples lifestyles are reflected in languages
C. Human development results in fewer languages
D. Geography determines language evolution.
B.【2018浙江卷 阅读C】
As cultural symbols go, the American car is quite young. The Model T Ford was built at the Piquette Plant in Michigan a century ago, with the first rolling off the assembly line（装配线） on September 27, 1908. Only eleven cars were produced the next month. But eventually Henry Ford would build fifteen million of them.
Modern America was born on the road, behind a wheel. The car shaped some of the most lasting aspects of American culture: the roadside diner, the billboard, the motel, even the hamburger. For most of the last century, the car represented what it meant to be American—going forward at high speed to find new worlds. The road novel, the road movie, these are the most typical American ideas, born of abundant petrol, cheap cars and a never-ending interstate highway system, the largest public works project in history.
In 1928 Herbert Hoover imagined an America with “a chicken in every pot and a car in every garage.” Since then, this society has moved onward, never looking back, as the car transformed America from a farm-based society into an industrial power.zxx.k
The cars that drove the American Dream have helped to create a global ecological disaster. In America the demand for oil has grown by 22 percent since 1990.
The problems of excessive（过度的）energy consumption, climate change and population growth have been described in a book by the American writer Thomas L. Friedman. He fears the worst, but hopes for the best.
Friedman points out that the green economy（经济）is a chance to keep American strength. “The ability to design, build and export green technologies for producing clean water, clean air and healthy and abundant food is going to be the currency of power in the new century.”
1. Why is hamburger mentioned in paragraph 2?
A. To explain Americans’ love for travelling by car.
B. To show the influence of cars on American culture.
C. To stress the popularity of fast food with Americans.
D. To praise the effectiveness of America’s road system.
2. What has the use of cars in America led to?
A. Decline of economy. B. Environmental problems.
C. A shortage of oil supply. D. A farm-based society.
3. What is Friedman’s attitude towards America’s future?
A. Ambiguous. B. Doubtful. C. Hopeful. D. Tolerant.
C.【2018全国卷Ⅲ 阅读C】
While famous foreign architects are invited to lead the designs of landmark buildings in China such as the new CCTV tower and the National Center for the Performing Arts, many excellent Chinese architects are making great efforts to take the center stage.
Their efforts have been proven fruitful. Wang Shu, a 49-year-old Chinese architect, won the 2012 Pritzker Architecture Prize — which is often referred to as the Nobel Prize in architecture — on February 28. He is the first Chinese citizen to win this award.
Wang serves as head of the Architecture Department at the China Academy of Art (CAA). His office is located at the Xiangshan campus(校园) of the university in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province. Many buildings on the campus are his original creations.
The style of the campus is quite different from that of most Chinese universities. Many visitors were amazed by the complex architectural space and abundant building types. The curves(曲线) of the buildings perfectly match the rise and fall of hills, forming a unique view.
Wang collected more than 7 million abandoned bricks of different ages. He asked the workers to use traditional techniques to make the bricks into walls, roofs and corridors. This creation attracted a lot of attention thanks to its mixture of modern and traditional Chinese elements(元素).
Wang’s works show a deep understanding of modern architecture and a good knowledge of traditions. Through such a balance, he had created a new type of Chinese architecture, said Tadao Ando, the winner of the 1995 Pritzker Prize.
Wang believes traditions should not be sealed in glass boxes at museums. "That is only evidence that traditions once existed," he said.
"Many Chinese people have a misunderstanding of traditions. They think tradition means old things from the past. In fact, tradition also refers to the things that have been developing and that are still being created, " he said.
"Today, many Chinese people are learning Western styles and theories rather than focusing on Chinese traditions. Many people tend to talk about traditions without knowing what they really are, " said Wang.
The study of traditions should be combined with practice. Otherwise, the recreation of traditions would be artificial and empty, he said.
30. What made Wang’s architectural design a success?
A. The mixture of different shapes.
B. The balance of East and West.
C. The use of popular techniques.
D. The harmony of old and new.
A.【2018河北衡水中学高三第八次模拟A】
Sydney Trains is one of the most economical, reliable and convenient ways to travel throughout Sydney and its surrounds.
Our network, the NSW Trains Intercity, covers suburban Sydney and extends to the Hunter, Central Coast, Blue Mountains, Southern Highlands and South Coast regions.
The network is made up of several color-coded lines. Trains from different lines can share the same platform, so check display screen and listen to announcements.
Ticket prices are generally based on the distance traveled. You can visit transportnsw. Info for details.
Getting to the City.
In Sydney, if you’re near a train station, you’re on your way to the city. Every rail line leads directly or indirectly to the City Circle. It’s the loop around the central business district of Sydney. Most City stations are underground so look out for the sign on street level.
Automatic ticket gates
Large stations have automatic gates for entry to, and exit from, the station. If you have an Opal card or a ticket which has a magnetic stripe you must use the automatic gates. You may use the wide gate for wheelchair, pram or luggage access. Station staff will assist you.
Night Ride buses
Most trains do not operate between midnight and 4:00 a.m. For your convenience a special Night Ride bus service is available between these hours on most Sydney suburban lines.
Track work
In order for the tracks to the maintained, we sometimes have to replace train with buses, particularly at weekends, Please check the track work section for the latest service alterations on your line.
1. To get more information about ticket pries, travelers had better________.
A. go to the City Circle B. visit a website
C. check display screen D. listen to announcements
2. What service is offered to travelers in need at most big stations?
A. A free Opal card. B. Earlier entry to the station.
C. Help from station workers. D. A ticket with a magnetic stripe.
3. Which is the best convenient time to travel by Sydney Trains?
A. At midnight. B. On Sunday afternoon.
C. Between midnight and 4:00 a.m. D. At 6:00 p.m. on Wednesday.
B.【2018陕西宝鸡市高三教学质量检测二】
? Mid- February of 2018 brings us two key events: Valentine’s Day and the start of the Year of the Dog. Happiness and romance are in the air. Both at home and abroad various celebrations are held for the two western and Chinese festivals. Here are some activities recommended to you, which few people will miss the chance to participate in them.
????Dog themed exhibition held in Beijing to greet the Spring Festival
??? The Chinese Lunar New Year will start on Feb 16, making start of the Year of the Dog. To celebrate it, an exhibition entitled “Best Wishes from the Auspicious Dog” will be opened.
??? The place: At the Capital Museum in Beijing.
??? The exhibition time: From Feb.14, 2018 till March 18, 9:00 am — 6:00 pm per day.
??? The main theme: The relationship between dogs and humans, the exhibition has collected cultural relics, pictures, historical facts to show that dogs have accompanied us throughout history.
??? A large celebration held by Boston Chinese community to celebrate the Year of the Dog
??? Date: From February 14 to February 16, 2018. 9:30 — 5pm.
??? Place: In Copley Square Hotel, Boston.
??? Programs: Dragon dance, lion dance, magic show, Beijing opera and ballet.
??? Food: Many traditional Chinese foods such as hotpots, dumplings, rice cakes.
??? Fare: Sponsored by a large Chinese Cooperation, all the fees are free.
??? Highlights: Anyone whose birthday is in the Year of the dog will receive a mascot of the dog.
??? Attention: Participants need to register in advance by visiting the website http://www.chsb.com.
??? The 2018 Dingsheng Royal Lantern Fair to welcome the coming Chinese lunar new year.
??? With the theme of embracing the Year of the Dog, the 2018 Dingsheng Royal Lantern Fair kicks off in Chengde city, North China’s Hebei province. More than 50 groups of lanterns in various shapes and sizes are illuminated during the festival to promote the Chinese Spring Festival culture. In addition to the carved ice exhibition, visitors can also watch folk performances.
??? Opening time: From February 14, Valentine’s Day till March 2
??? Highlights: An dating area will be set aside for the singles to find the other half of theirs.
??? Admission: 1. 100 yuan for each adult, children under 15 free.
????????????????????????2. Anyone who married in the year of the dog will enjoy the half price.
1. Which celebrate will last longest according to the text?
A.The dog themed exhibition in Beijing.
B.The large celebration in Boston.
C.Dingsheng Royal Lantern Fair in Chengde.
D.The celebration in Copley Square Hotel
2. In Boston celebration, a mascot of the dog will be received by anyone born in ________.
A. 2004 B. 1996 C. 2012 D. 1994
3.How much will a couple married in the year of the dog pay for Dingsheng Lantern Fair admission?
A.50 yuan B.100 yuan C.200 yuan D.150 yuan
C.【2018安徽省皖江名校联盟高三12月联考】
Tea is obviously a big deal in Britain, but have you ever wondered how it became a thing?
Tomato sauce is not Italian; the tomato is native to South America and was not introduced to Europe until the 16th century. Tea isn’t British, it wasn’t even all that popular for Britons until the 17th century. But now it is as British as dull weather and red phone booths.
Tea is of such great importance that it was featured in the Evening Standard written by George Orwell back in 1946. The famous author describes the beverage(饮品) thusly "tea is one of the main stays of civilization in this country." But when, exactly, did this practice become in fashion?
The year was 1662, a mere 111 years before insurgents(茶党) from the soon-to-be ruling champions of the Revolutionary War dumped a whole bunch of tea into Boston Harbor. Catherine of Braganza of Portuguese royalty married King Charles II of England, and then went on to make teatime a thing.But the thirst for tea fell at one time—the costs to transport it from the Far East were far more than Britons could afford. However, when Catherine started to make tea consumption a daily practice, it passed on to the other nobles.
Not long after the practice was initially adopted by the upper class,the East India company began to import more tea to meet the demand. With the prices lowered,everybody could afford to have a good taste, and suddenly tea was the drink of the every man.
After centuries of ritual (习惯), it has become entirely rooted in the British identity itself. Turkey may consume the most tea annually, but the British still hold the title of association.
1. The best tile for the passage is probably .
A. Why the British drink so much tea
B. Why tea is so popular across the world
C. How tea was introduced into Europe
D. Which kind of tea is the most favored
2. The underlined word "it" in Paragraph 2 refers to .
A. tomato B. tomato sauce C. tea D. a thing
3. According to Paragraph 4, Britons' interest in tea once dropped because .
A. it was not drinkable B. they were not used to it
C. it was not affordable D. they refused anything foreign
4. What can we know from the passage?
A. George Orwell promoted tea sales across England.
B. King Charles II of England drank tea on a daily basis.
C. The Turkish produce the most tea every year.
D. People may associate tea with Britons a lot.
D.【2018豫南九校高三下学期第一次联考】
China has been the birthplace of many of the world's greatest inventions. It was, for example, the first country to produce paper money. Before the invention of paper money and coins, people used many different kinds of things for buying and selling.___16___This exchange of goods and services for other goods and services is called bartering.
___17___ In 1200 BC, people in China began to use shells（贝壳） as money. Usually the shells used as money were very small. This made it easier for people to carry money over long distances, and allowed for trade to develop between different parts of the country.
In the years which followed this invention, many other countries around the world began to do the same,___18___The next development was in 1000 BC, when China started making bronze and copper shells. It wasn't long before the Chinese made round coins out of metal.___19___By 500 BC, metal coins had begun to appear in countries like Persia and Greece, and later in the Roman Empire.
About 1000 years later, leather was used as money in China, and in 806 AD, the first paper banknotes were produced by the Chinese people.___20___
A. People also began collecting foreign coins as souvenirs.
B. However, as economies developed, such exchanges became impractical.
C. It was still many years before paper currency appeared in Europe.
D. They also used tiny shells as money for buying and selling.
E. As time went by, trade between countries increased.
F. During that time, for example, buying a chicken might cost several potatoes.
G. The very first coins often had holes in them so that people could string them together.
E.【2018安徽六校教育研究会高三二模】
Americans use many expressions with the word dog. People in the United States love their dog sand treat them well. They take their dogs for walks, let them play outside and give them good food and medical care. 1 The expression, to lead a dog’s life, describes a person who has an unhappy existence.
Some people say we live in a dog-eat-dog world. 2 They say that to be successful, a person has to work like a dog. This means they have to work very, very hard. Such hard work can make people dog-tired. And, the situation would be even worse if they became sick as a dog.
Still, people say every dog has its day. This means that every person enjoys a successful period during his or her life. To be successful, people often have to learn new skills. Yet, some people say that you can never teach an old dog new tricks. 3
Some people are compared to dogs in bad ways. People who are unkind or uncaring can be described as meaner than a junkyard dog. Husbands and wives use this doghouse term when they are angry at each other. For example, a woman might get angry at her husband for coming home late or forgetting their wedding anniversary. She might tell him that he is in the doghouse. 4
However, the husband may decide that it is best to leave things alone and not create more problems. He might decide to let sleeping dogs lie.
5 The dog days of summer are the hottest days of the year. A rainstorm may cool the weather. But we do not want it to rain too hard. We do not want it to rain cats and dogs.
A. She may not treat him nicely until he apologizes.
B.Dog expressions also are used to describe the weather.
C.They firmly belief that dogs are the best friends of human beings.
D.She will drop a line to remind him of it or ring him back at once.
E.However, dogs without owners to care for them lead a different kind of life.
F.That means many people are competing for the same things, like good jobs.
G.They believe that older people do not like to learn new things and will not change the way they do things.
阅读写作--5 阅读理解
(解析卷)
黑龙江哈尔滨 邱尚瑛
在高考英语试卷中，阅读理解是高考试卷中的一项重要考查项目，也是考查学生英语核心素养的具体体现。阅读理解的内容几乎包罗万象。文章选材来源于各个国家的主要名胜、历史事件、名人轶事、当今新闻、科学技术、医疗护理、语言文化、社会生活、风土人情、政治经济、人文历史、自然资源、文化习俗、文化遗产等诸多方面；命题多以主旨大意题、细节理解题、推理判断题、词义猜测题为主，也有一定主观推断题；涉及一定的地理常识、历史知识以及风俗习惯等诸多方面。每一类的话题都会包括多个分枝。例如：语言文化类会包含英美英语的差异、英语和文化、语言学习的困难和策略、语言和交际的态度、学习方法和学习策略等方面。有些话题会与学生的日常生活和学习密切相关，学生通过各种话题的学习与阅读，可以提高英语语言的应用能力，使其能更多地了解中西方文化及其英语语言背后的文化差异，研究学习方法和策略，激发学生学习外语的热情，促进学生的身心健康。
I. 阅读理解试题的解题步骤
用于高考的阅读文章，其结构都有非常明显的典型性，一般结构为主题段，论述段落，总结及结论段，乃至超长的毕业论文也不过是在这个大框架内。做到以下三步，对所阅读的文章不用逐字读完基本上就能答对接下来的题目。
第一步，迅速将整篇文章分解，理出文章结构；
第二步，迅速抓住文章叙述的主题；
第三步，迅速找出各部分的中心意思，并找出表达中心意思的句子。
以一篇五段的文章为例，一般第一段为主题段，整篇文章要表达的主题一般会出现在这里，要做的就是迅速把中心句找出来，通常中心句会出现在倒数第2句或第1句，简单一点的文章会在第1句就出现，如果考题出得比较难，也可能需要自己总结，所要总结中心句一定能在该段落中找出代表中心意思的词；
接下来第二、三、四段，各段将对第一段提出的主题意思进行论述或分步骤分析，也就是说，每个段落都会有进阶的主题，即个各分论点，所以你要做的同样是迅速把它们找出来，位置和方法相同；
最后一段为全文的总结，并会对结论进行进一步的分析，或做推测，或作评论，这是一个重要的出题点，要抓住总结的主旨和对其进一步分析的结论。
当然并不会是所有文章都有5段，例如有的主题段落会有2段甚至更多，论点段落可能只有2段或多达4段以上（但一般不超过3段），难一点的文章里每个分论点可能不止一段。可根据上述规律将文章进行分解，掌握各部分的要点。 一般每篇文章会有为1个主题、1个分论点、2个细节题、1个结论或对结论的分析、推测。
第一时间先看题，并且非常认真的理解每道题的意思，提取有用的信息，虽然一般并不容易只通过问题一下子就找出文章主题，但一定能找到跟主题有关的词和信息，并且至少知道文章是在讨论某个东西，还是在叙述某件事，也就是说是议论文、说明文，还是叙述文，然后迅速按上面的三个步骤带着问题浏览全文、快速阅读，找出主题、1个分论点、2个细节题、1个结论细节题也可以非常迅速的找出来，最后将问题全部解答到位。
II. 高考英语阅读常见题型
在进行阅读训练时，要提醒学生注意阅读理解题型，主要有主旨大意题，细节理解题，推理判断题，词义猜测题等。
1. 主旨大意题
这类题在设题时常会用到title, subject, main idea, topic, theme等词。
1）归纳标题题
特点：短小精悍，一般多为一个短语；涵盖性强，一般能覆盖全文意思；精确性强，表达范围要恰当，不能随意改变语意程度或色彩。常见命题形式有：
What’s the best title for the text?
The best title for this passage is _______.
Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
真题范例
Why is pink or purple a color for girls and blue or brown for boys? The answer depends largely on cultural values as well as personal experiences. To the Egyptians, green was a color that represented the hope and joy of spring, while for Muslims, it means heaven. Red is a symbol of good luck in many cultures. In China, children are given money in a red envelope to bring good fortune in the New Year. For many nations, blue is a symbol of protection and religious beliefs. Greek people often wear a blue necklace hoping to protect themselves against evils (灾祸).
People's choice of colors is also influenced by their bodies' reactions (反应) toward them. Green is said to be the most restful color. It has the ability to reduce pain and relax people both mentally and physically. People who work in green environment have been found to have fewer stomach aches.
Red can cause a person's blood pressure to rise and increase people's appetites (食欲). Many decorators will include different shades of red in the restaurant. Similarly, many commercial websites will have a red "Buy Now" button because red is a color that easily catches a person's eye.
Blue is another calming color. Unlike red, blue can cause people to lose appetite. So if you want to eat less, some suggest that eating from blue plates can help.
The next time you are deciding on what to wear or what color to decorate your room, think about the color carefully.
Which of the following would be the most proper title for the text?
A. Colors and Human Beings
B. The Cultural Meaning of Color
C. Colors and Personal Experiences
D. The Meaning and Function of Color
【答案】D
2）概括大意题
包括寻找段落大意（topic）和文章中心思想（main idea），常见命题形式有：
What is the general/main idea of the passage？
Which of the following expresses the main idea？
What is the subject discussed in the text?
The writer of the story wants to tell us that _______.
The passage/ text is mainly about _______.
What’s the article mainly about ？
真题范例
Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.
Q: What is the main idea of the passage? ＿＿
A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer.
B. Bingham is a diligent student.
C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education.
D. A good lawyer needs good education.
【答案】C
【解题思路】 此文没有主题句。全篇共四句，只陈述了四个细节 (detail) 性的事实。因此就答案本身看，四个备选答案都没有问题。我们只能将所有的details综合起来，进行逻辑推理，才能构成一个没有言明的主题思想。由于文中主要涉及了Joshua Bingham接受教育的情况，即作者想告诉我们的是 Joshua Bingham接受过良好的教育，所以答案是C。
【解题技巧】 阅读理解文章多是议论文和说明文，这两种文体的结构可归纳为：提出问题——论述问题——得出结论或者阐明观点。对于这类文章，抓主题句是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。主题句一般出现在文章的开头或结尾。主题句具有简洁性、概括性的特点。主题句在文章中的位置主要有：位于段首，位于段尾，位于段中，或者首尾呼应；有时还会无明确的主题句：需要找关键词（关键词出现的频率较高），在进行归纳总结。
2. 细节理解题
考查内容主要涉及时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果、数字等议论文中例证细节和定义类细节。这类题目的共同特点是：答案一般都能在文章中找到。当然，答案并不一定是文章中的原句，考生需要根据文章提供的信息自己组织语句回答问题。
1）事实细节题 寻读法
分为直接理解题和间接理解题，前者常用who, what, which, when, where, why和how提问，或判断正误；后者需与原文信息转换，表达上与原文有差异。常见命题形式有：
What can we learn from the passage?
All the following are mentioned except
Which of the following is mentioned (not mentioned)?
Which of the following statements is true/right/false/wrong about…?
真题范例
(江西卷) ... Mark had been scolded before for touching his father’s equipment. But his curiosity was difficult to control and this new computer really puzzled him. ...Why did Mark touch the computer against his father’s warning?
A．He wanted to take a voyage.
B．He wanted to practice his skill
C．He was so much attracted by it.
D．He was eager to do an experiment.
【答案】C
2）排列顺序题 首尾定位法
找出第一个事件和最后一个事件，用排除法缩小范围。常出现在记叙文和说明文中，一般按事件发生的顺序。常见命题形式有：
Which of the following is the correct order of…? Which of the following shows the path of signals described in Paragraph…?
真题范例
（山东高考卷） Since the 1970s, scientists have been searching for ways to link the brain with computers. Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology could help people with disabilities send commands to machines. ... The researchers designed a special cap for the user. This head cover picks up the signals from the scalp(头皮) and sends them to a computer. The computer interprets the signals and commands the motorized wheelchair. The wheelchair also has two cameras that identify objects in its path. They help the computer react to commands from the brain. ...
Which of the following shows the path of the signals described in Paragraph 5?
A. scalp→computer→cap→wheelchair
B. computer→cap→scalp→wheelchair
C. scalp→cap→computer→wheelchair
D. cap→computer→scalp→wheelchair
【答案】C
3）图文匹配题 按图索骥理清线索
设题形式：给出图表，根据图表提问问题。
4）数字计算题
方法：审题→带着问题找细节→对比、分析、计算。可直接找到相关细节，但需经过计算方可找到答案。
3. 推理判断题
主要考查学生对文章中隐含或深层的含意的理解能力。它要求考生根据文章内容做出合乎逻辑的推断，包括考生对作者观点的理解，态度的判断，对修辞、语气、隐含意思等的理解。题干关键词：infer (推断), indicate (象征，暗示), imply/suggest (暗示), conclude (作出结论), assume (假定，设想).
1）细节推理判断题
可根据短文提供的信息或借助生活常识进行推理判断，常见命题形式有：
It can be inferred/ concluded from the text that __________.
The author implies/ suggests that_____.
We may infer that _________.
Which of the following statements is implied but NOT stated?
真题范例
（天津高考卷） ... Some eyes rolled and there were a few low groans when Ms.Yates was about to speak. Many started looking at their watches and coming up with excuses to be anywhere instead of preparing to listen to a lecture from and old woman who had few kind words for her students and made them work harder than all the other teachers combined. ...
What can be inferred from Paragraph 2?
A. Some graduates were too busy to listen to Ms. Yates’ speech.
B. Many graduates disliked Ms. Yates’ ways of teaching.
C. Some people got tired from the reunion activities.
D. Most people had little interest in the reunion.
【答案】B
2）预测推理判断题
根据语篇对文章接下来的内容或可能的结局进行猜测，常见命题形式有： What do you think will happen if/when…?
At the end of this passage, the writer might continue to write_____.
3）推测文章来源或读者对象
常见命题形式有：
The passage is probably take out of_____
The passage would most likely be found in_____
Where does this text probably come from?
4）写作意图、目的、态度推断题
作者的语气态度往往不会直接写在文章里，只能通过细读文章，从作者的选词及其修饰手段中体会出来。
询问写作目的的题，选项里常出现的词是：explain (解释), prove (证明), persuade (劝说), advise (劝告), comment (评论), praise (赞扬), criticize(批评), entertain (娱乐), demonstrate (举例说明), argue (辩论), tell (讲述), analyz e(分析)等。
询问语气态度的题，选项里常出现的词是：neutral (中立的), sympathetic (同情的), satisfied (满意的), friendly (友好的), enthusiastic (热情的), subjective (主观的), objective (客观的), matter-of-fact (实事求是的), pessimistic (悲观的), optimistic (乐观的), critical (批评的), doubtful (怀疑的), hostile (敌对的), indifferent (冷淡的), disappointed (失望的)。常见命题形式有：
The purpose of the text is_____
What is the main purpose of the author writing the text?
By mentioning…, the author aims to show that_____
What is the author’s attitude towards…?
What is the author’s opinion on…?
The author’s tone in this passage is _____.
【解题技巧】
推断题是考查学生透过文章表面的文字信息进行分析、综合、归纳等逻辑推理的能力。推理和判断必须以事实为依据，切莫主观臆断。
① 那些文章中直接陈述的内容不能选，要选择根据文章推理出来的选项。
② 推理不是凭空猜测，而是立足已知推断未知；作出正确答案时一定要在文中找到依据或理由。
③ 忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。不能以自己的观点代替作者的想法；不要脱离原文主观臆断。
4. 词义猜测题
考点：① 猜测某个词、词组、句子的意义
② 对文中的多义词或词组进行定义
③ 判断某个代词的指代的对象。
常见命题形式有：
The underlined word/phrase in the second paragraph means _____.
The word “it/they” in the last sentence refers to______.
The word “…”（Line 6. para.2）probably means ______.
The word “…”（Line 6. para.2）could best be replaced by which of the following?
Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “…” ?
I. 主题句的位置
1. 位于段首
一般以演绎法撰写的文章，主题句往往在文章的开头，即先点出主题，然后围绕这一主题作具体的陈述。判断第一句是否为主题句，可具体分析段落的首句与第二、三句的关系；如果从第二句就开始对第一句进行说明，论述或描述，那第一句就是主题句。有些段落，在主题句后面有明显引出细节的信号词，如for example, an example of; first, second, next, last, finally; to begin with, also, besides; one, the other; some, others等。在阅读中应尽量利用上述信号词来确定主题句的位置。
2. 位于段尾
有些文章会在开头列举事实, 然后通过论证阐述作者的核心论点。因此，如果第一句话不是概括性的或综合性的话，最好快速读一读段落的最后一个句子，看看它是否具备主题句的特征。如果它具备主題句的特征，段落的主题思想就很容易确定了。一般说来，当一种观点不易向人解释清楚或不易被人接受时，主题句便会到段落的末尾才出现。学生可以充分利用引出结论的信号词。如so，therefore，thus，consequently；in conclusion，in short；in a word, to sum up等来确定主题句的位置在段尾。当无明显的此类信号时，学生可在段落的最后一句话前面添加一个引出结论的信号词，以确定其是否是主题句。
3. 位于段中
有时段落是先介绍背景和细节，接着用一句综合或概括性的话概括前面所说的内容或事例，然后再围绕主题展开对有关问题的深入讨论。这种文章的主题句往往会在段落中间出现。归纳起来主要有两种情况：先提出问题，然后给予回答（主题句），最后给予解释；或者，先提出问题，然后点出主题思想（主题句），最后给予解释。
4. 首尾呼应
主题句在段落的开头和结尾两个位置上先后出现，形成前呼后应的格局。这两个主题句叙说的是同一个内容，但用词不尽相同，这样不但强调了主题思想，而且显得灵活多变。这两个句子并非简单重复，后一个主题句或对该主题作最后的评述，或对要点作一概括，或使之引申留给读者去思考。
5. 无明确主题句
找关键词（出现频率较高）, 归纳总结。
II. 词义猜测题注意要点
1）通过因果关系猜词通过因果关系猜词
首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词 (如：because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，of course，therefore等) 表示前因后果。
例如：You shouldn't have blamed him for that，for it wasn't his fault. 通过for引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的错)，可猜出blame的词义是"责备"。
2）通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词
通过同义词猜词，一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组，如happy and gay，即使我们不认识gay这个词，也可以知道它是愉快的意思；二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词，如Man has known something about the planets Venus，Mars，and Jupiter with the help of spaceships. 此句中的Venus(金星)、Mars(火星)、Jupiter(木星)均为生词，但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于"行星"这一义域。
通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but，while，however等；二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，如：He is so homely，not at all as handsome as his brother.根据not at all...handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思，即不英俊、不漂亮的意思。
3）通过构词法猜词
根据前缀、后缀、复合、派生等构词知识判断生词词义。如：She is unlikely to have stolen the money. ( “un”含否定意义，故为“不太可能”之意。)
4）通过定义或释义关系来推测词义
例如：But sometimes，no rain falls for a long，long time. Then there is a dry period，or drought. 从drought所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即drought，由此可见drought意思为"久旱"，"旱灾"。而a dry period和drought是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is，or，that is，in other words，be called或破折号等来表示。
5）通过句法功能来推测词义
例如：Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples，coconuts和bananas，oranges是同类关系，同属fruit类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，是菠萝和椰子。
6）通过描述猜词
描述即作者对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例如：The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly，it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类。后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。
7）根据常识猜词
如：The door was so low that he hit his head on the lintel.（lintel “过梁”。）
Afraid of waking the baby up, she tiptoed out of the room.（tiptoed “踮着脚走，蹑手蹑脚”）
III. 高考易考点
1. 举例说明处常考
一般的议论文和说明文都需要一些例子来支持作者的论证和说明,这些例子往往与作者的论述和说明有很大的关联,考纲中明确提出考生需要掌握区分论点与论据的能力,因此这也成了考题出处的热点,这种题日在文章中的线索非常明显,一般都带有如下的标志性词汇：for example, for?instance, take?.. as an example, such as,?like等，考生要牢记一般文章举例处的前后句就是与该例子相关的作者论点，所以在做此类题目的时候就需要追本测源，寻找论点，才能保证所选答案的正确性。
2. 特殊标点处常考
英文中主要使用逗号和句号，文中一且出现一些特殊的标点符号，通常都会表达作者的特殊意图，因此特殊的标点符号处也经常成为出题的对象，因此考生应该对以下标点符号的用法较为熟悉。
冒号的出现有两大作用一后面内容或者用来解冒号|释说明前面抽象的内容,或者是对前面内容的总结。不管是解释还是总结,出现冒号通常要重点选读冒号后面的内容
括号内的内容通常用来解释或强调括号前面的内容,我们在平时的学习过程中见到括号一般都跳括号过,但是在英语中通常会把要强调的内容放在括号中,因此不但不可以跳过,反而要认真仔细分析 破折号后面的内容通常表示对前面内容的解释说破折号明或补充,说明此处信息至关重要。但要注意,两个破折号的作用通常为插入语,就不再是重点信息了
3. 结论建议处常考
一般情况下出现?the?research?indicates,?the?report suggests等类似的结论建议性表达方式时,表明此处为文中:提及的实验和研究的结果或作者要阐明论证的结果。出题者通常不会考查实验和研究的过程,而将注意力放在结论和结果上,因此阅读过程中要格外注意这些表达的出现。
4. 观点态度处常考
文章中作者对于某人或某事物的观点或态度,以及文口章中涉及的其他人或组织机构的观点或态度也常受出题人的青睐。解题时要留意文章中出现doubt, appreciate, hate, against等表达观点态度的词语的地方，以及一些带有感彩的特殊句式（祈使句、感叹句、反问句等）。
A.【2018全国卷I 阅读C】
Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers,small, tightly knit (联系)groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other.Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centers, trade, industrialization. the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education. Especially globalization and better communications in the past few decades,all have caused many Languages to disappear,and dominant languages such as English．Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
At present, the world has about 6 800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages. Often spoken by many people while hot. wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers.Europe has only around 200 Languages: the Americas about 1,000. Africa 2 400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数)of speakers is a mere 6.000, which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
Already well over 400 of the total of, 6,800 languages are close to extinction, with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico(150). Lipan Apache in the United States(two or three)or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.
1. What can we infer about languages in hunter gatherer times?
A.They developed very fast. B. They were large in number.
C. They had similar patters. D. They were closely connected
2. Which of the following best explains"dominant " underlined in paragraph 2？
A.Complex. B. Advanced.
C.Powerful. D.Modem.
3. How many languages are spoken by less than 6, 000 people at present?
A.About 6 800 B.About 3 400
C.About 2.400 D.About 1-200
4. What is the min idea of the text?
A. New languages will be created.
B Peoples lifestyles are reflected in languages
C. Human development results in fewer languages
D. Geography determines language evolution.
【答案】B C B C
【解析】 本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了随着社会的发展人类语言越来越少及其原因。
1. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit (联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other... when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.可知，当世界以依靠狩猎为生的人居住的时候，小而联系紧密的群落形成了他们彼此之间独立的讲话模式。当世界上的人口数量不到一千万时，语言种类达到了12000种。由此推知，当时的语言种类很多。故选B。
2. 猜测词义题。根据文章第二段中的dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.可知，英语、西班牙语和汉语正在替代其他语言。由此推知dominant languages意为：强有力的语言。故选C。
3. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的At present, the world has about 6,800 languages.和The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world’s languages are spoken by fewer people than that. 可知，目前世界上大约有6800种语言，但是讲的人数少于6000人的占一半即3400.故选B。
4. 主旨要义题。根据文章第一段中的主题句Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going.可知，语言的产生和消失进行了几千年，但最近时代语言产生的少，消失的太多。故选C。
【温馨提示】长难句解读
In recent centuries, trade, industrialization, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalization and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
分析：and连接两个并列句，前面的介词短语in... 作时间状语，all和前面的名词短语是同位语。
句意：在最近的几个世纪，贸易、工业化、民族国家的发展和全球义务教育的蔓延，尤其是过去几十年来，全球化和更好的交流，这些都是导致许多语言消失的原因。而且像英语、西班牙语和汉语这些强大的语言正在不断地占据统治地位。
B.【2018浙江卷 阅读C】
As cultural symbols go, the American car is quite young. The Model T Ford was built at the Piquette Plant in Michigan a century ago, with the first rolling off the assembly line（装配线） on September 27, 1908. Only eleven cars were produced the next month. But eventually Henry Ford would build fifteen million of them.
Modern America was born on the road, behind a wheel. The car shaped some of the most lasting aspects of American culture: the roadside diner, the billboard, the motel, even the hamburger. For most of the last century, the car represented what it meant to be American—going forward at high speed to find new worlds. The road novel, the road movie, these are the most typical American ideas, born of abundant petrol, cheap cars and a never-ending interstate highway system, the largest public works project in history.
In 1928 Herbert Hoover imagined an America with “a chicken in every pot and a car in every garage.” Since then, this society has moved onward, never looking back, as the car transformed America from a farm-based society into an industrial power.zxx.k
The cars that drove the American Dream have helped to create a global ecological disaster. In America the demand for oil has grown by 22 percent since 1990.
The problems of excessive（过度的）energy consumption, climate change and population growth have been described in a book by the American writer Thomas L. Friedman. He fears the worst, but hopes for the best.
Friedman points out that the green economy（经济）is a chance to keep American strength. “The ability to design, build and export green technologies for producing clean water, clean air and healthy and abundant food is going to be the currency of power in the new century.”
1. Why is hamburger mentioned in paragraph 2?
A. To explain Americans’ love for travelling by car.
B. To show the influence of cars on American culture.
C. To stress the popularity of fast food with Americans.
D. To praise the effectiveness of America’s road system.
2. What has the use of cars in America led to?
A. Decline of economy. B. Environmental problems.
C. A shortage of oil supply. D. A farm-based society.
3. What is Friedman’s attitude towards America’s future?
A. Ambiguous. B. Doubtful. C. Hopeful. D. Tolerant.
【答案】 B B C
【解析】 文章讲述了汽车在美国经济和文化上的重要作用，也指出了汽车带来的环境问题。
1. 推理判断题。根据第二段Modern America was born on the road, behind a wheel. The car shaped some of the most lasting aspects of American culture: the roadside diner, the billboard, the motel, even the hamburger.可知，现代美国诞生于公路和汽车，汽车塑造了美国文化最持久的一些方面。Hamburger就是汽车塑造的美国文化的一个方面。用这个例子是在说明汽车对美国文化的影响，故选B。
2. 细节理解题。根据第四段The cars that drove the American Dream have helped to create a global ecological disaster.可知，美国汽车的迅速发展，导致全球生态灾难，也就是造成环境问题。故选B。
3. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的He fears the worst, but hopes for the best.和最后一段中的Friedman points out that the green economy（经济） is a chance to keep American strength.可见，Friedman虽然对未来担心，但抱有最好的希望，他指出了发展绿色经济是保持美国实力的一个机会的想法。可见Friedman对未来是充满希望的，故选C。
【温馨提示】阅读此理解题的具体方法：
1. 略读材料，大概了解原文，掌握中心或主旨。
2. 按文章的体裁，作者写作的组织模式及有关的信息词。如for example, first, second… 等预测应该到何处寻找自己所需要的事实。
3. 将精力放在你所需要的细节上，快速通篇跳读，全文扫视，找出细节之处，待找到含细节句子时，放慢速度，仔细核对比较内容，直至找到答案。如小题1要求分析第二段提到hamburger的作用，根据第二段Modern America was born on the road, behind a wheel. The car shaped some of the most lasting aspects of American cultural: the roadside diner, the billboard, the motel, even the hamburger,可知，现代美国诞生于公路和汽车，汽车塑造了美国文化最持久的一些方面。 Hamburger就是汽车塑造的美国文化的一个方面。用这个例子是在说明汽车对美国文化的影响。
C.【2018全国卷Ⅲ 阅读C】
While famous foreign architects are invited to lead the designs of landmark buildings in China such as the new CCTV tower and the National Center for the Performing Arts, many excellent Chinese architects are making great efforts to take the center stage.
Their efforts have been proven fruitful. Wang Shu, a 49-year-old Chinese architect, won the 2012 Pritzker Architecture Prize — which is often referred to as the Nobel Prize in architecture — on February 28. He is the first Chinese citizen to win this award.
Wang serves as head of the Architecture Department at the China Academy of Art (CAA). His office is located at the Xiangshan campus(校园) of the university in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province. Many buildings on the campus are his original creations.
The style of the campus is quite different from that of most Chinese universities. Many visitors were amazed by the complex architectural space and abundant building types. The curves(曲线) of the buildings perfectly match the rise and fall of hills, forming a unique view.
Wang collected more than 7 million abandoned bricks of different ages. He asked the workers to use traditional techniques to make the bricks into walls, roofs and corridors. This creation attracted a lot of attention thanks to its mixture of modern and traditional Chinese elements(元素).
Wang’s works show a deep understanding of modern architecture and a good knowledge of traditions. Through such a balance, he had created a new type of Chinese architecture, said Tadao Ando, the winner of the 1995 Pritzker Prize.
Wang believes traditions should not be sealed in glass boxes at museums. "That is only evidence that traditions once existed," he said.
"Many Chinese people have a misunderstanding of traditions. They think tradition means old things from the past. In fact, tradition also refers to the things that have been developing and that are still being created, " he said.
"Today, many Chinese people are learning Western styles and theories rather than focusing on Chinese traditions. Many people tend to talk about traditions without knowing what they really are, " said Wang.
The study of traditions should be combined with practice. Otherwise, the recreation of traditions would be artificial and empty, he said.
30. What made Wang’s architectural design a success?
A. The mixture of different shapes.
B. The balance of East and West.
C. The use of popular techniques.
D. The harmony of old and new.
【答案】30. D
【解析】文章主要报道了中国建筑设计师王澍在其作品中融合中国传统建筑文化，获得了建筑界的诺贝尔奖——普利策奖，这让中国建筑现在得到了国际认可。
30. 细节理解题。根据第五段最后一句：This creation attracted a lot of attention thanks to its mixture of modern and traditional Chinese elements(元素).译文：由于融合了现代与传统的中国元素，这一创作吸引了很多人的注意，故D正确。
A.【2018河北衡水中学高三第八次模拟A】
Sydney Trains is one of the most economical, reliable and convenient ways to travel throughout Sydney and its surrounds.
Our network, the NSW Trains Intercity, covers suburban Sydney and extends to the Hunter, Central Coast, Blue Mountains, Southern Highlands and South Coast regions.
The network is made up of several color-coded lines. Trains from different lines can share the same platform, so check display screen and listen to announcements.
Ticket prices are generally based on the distance traveled. You can visit transportnsw. Info for details.
Getting to the City.
In Sydney, if you’re near a train station, you’re on your way to the city. Every rail line leads directly or indirectly to the City Circle. It’s the loop around the central business district of Sydney. Most City stations are underground so look out for the sign on street level.
Automatic ticket gates
Large stations have automatic gates for entry to, and exit from, the station. If you have an Opal card or a ticket which has a magnetic stripe you must use the automatic gates. You may use the wide gate for wheelchair, pram or luggage access. Station staff will assist you.
Night Ride buses
Most trains do not operate between midnight and 4:00 a.m. For your convenience a special Night Ride bus service is available between these hours on most Sydney suburban lines.
Track work
In order for the tracks to the maintained, we sometimes have to replace train with buses, particularly at weekends, Please check the track work section for the latest service alterations on your line.
1. To get more information about ticket pries, travelers had better________.
A. go to the City Circle B. visit a website
C. check display screen D. listen to announcements
2. What service is offered to travelers in need at most big stations?
A. A free Opal card. B. Earlier entry to the station.
C. Help from station workers. D. A ticket with a magnetic stripe.
3. Which is the best convenient time to travel by Sydney Trains?
A. At midnight. B. On Sunday afternoon.
C. Between midnight and 4:00 a.m. D. At 6:00 p.m. on Wednesday.
【答案】B C D
【解析】 本文主要向我们介绍了悉尼的列车服务以及有关悉尼列车的具体细节介绍。
1.B 细节理解题，根据第四段“?Ticket?prices?are?generally based on?the?distance traveled. You?can?visit?transports. 票价大体上是建立在旅行距离上的，你可以访问?trans?porn”，所以要通过访问网站的方式,故选B。
2.C 细节理解题，根据?Automatic?ticket?gates这一小标题下的 “?Station staff will assist you." 可知在大型车站会有工作人员的帮助，故选C。
3.D 细节理解题，根据?Night?Ride?buses这一小标题下的“Most rains?do?not?operate between?Midnight?and 4:00 a.m. 大多数的列车在半夜和凌晨四点之间不运行”，再结合四个选项，故选D 。
B.【2018陕西宝鸡市高三教学质量检测二】
? Mid- February of 2018 brings us two key events: Valentine’s Day and the start of the Year of the Dog. Happiness and romance are in the air. Both at home and abroad various celebrations are held for the two western and Chinese festivals. Here are some activities recommended to you, which few people will miss the chance to participate in them.
????Dog themed exhibition held in Beijing to greet the Spring Festival
??? The Chinese Lunar New Year will start on Feb 16, making start of the Year of the Dog. To celebrate it, an exhibition entitled “Best Wishes from the Auspicious Dog” will be opened.
??? The place: At the Capital Museum in Beijing.
??? The exhibition time: From Feb.14, 2018 till March 18, 9:00 am — 6:00 pm per day.
??? The main theme: The relationship between dogs and humans, the exhibition has collected cultural relics, pictures, historical facts to show that dogs have accompanied us throughout history.
??? A large celebration held by Boston Chinese community to celebrate the Year of the Dog
??? Date: From February 14 to February 16, 2018. 9:30 — 5pm.
??? Place: In Copley Square Hotel, Boston.
??? Programs: Dragon dance, lion dance, magic show, Beijing opera and ballet.
??? Food: Many traditional Chinese foods such as hotpots, dumplings, rice cakes.
??? Fare: Sponsored by a large Chinese Cooperation, all the fees are free.
??? Highlights: Anyone whose birthday is in the Year of the dog will receive a mascot of the dog.
??? Attention: Participants need to register in advance by visiting the website http://www.chsb.com.
??? The 2018 Dingsheng Royal Lantern Fair to welcome the coming Chinese lunar new year.
??? With the theme of embracing the Year of the Dog, the 2018 Dingsheng Royal Lantern Fair kicks off in Chengde city, North China’s Hebei province. More than 50 groups of lanterns in various shapes and sizes are illuminated during the festival to promote the Chinese Spring Festival culture. In addition to the carved ice exhibition, visitors can also watch folk performances.
??? Opening time: From February 14, Valentine’s Day till March 2
??? Highlights: An dating area will be set aside for the singles to find the other half of theirs.
??? Admission: 1. 100 yuan for each adult, children under 15 free.
????????????????????????2. Anyone who married in the year of the dog will enjoy the half price.
1. Which celebrate will last longest according to the text?
A.The dog themed exhibition in Beijing.
B.The large celebration in Boston.
C.Dingsheng Royal Lantern Fair in Chengde.
D.The celebration in Copley Square Hotel
2. In Boston celebration, a mascot of the dog will be received by anyone born in ________.
A. 2004 B. 1996 C. 2012 D. 1994
3.How much will a couple married in the year of the dog pay for Dingsheng Lantern Fair admission?
A.50 yuan B.100 yuan C.200 yuan D.150 yuan
【答案】 A D B
【解析】本文主要介绍了2018年狗年到来之际,国内和国外的一些庆祝活动。
1. A 细节理解题。由?The?exhibition?time：From?Feb?I4,2018 till March?18?可知A?Dog?themed?exhibition?held?in?Beijing?to?greet?the?Spring Festival持续的时间是32天；由?Date:From?February 14?to?February16,2018.?9:?30?am-5?pm.?"可知： A?large?celebration?held?by?Boston?Chinese community?to?celebrate the?Year?of?the Dog 持续的时间是2天；由Opening?time:?From?February 14, Valentine's Day till March?2. 可知The 2018 Dingsheng Royal Lantern Fair?to welcome the?coming Chinese lunar new?year. 持续的时间是14天；故选A。
2. D 推理判断题。由?Highlights:?Anyone?whose?birthday?is?in?the Year?of?the?dog will?receive a?mascot?of?the?dog. 可知每个生于狗年的人，都会获得一个小狗吉祥物。2018年是狗年，12年是轮，2018-24=1994，所以选D。
3. B 数字计算题。由?Admission:100?yuan?for?each?adult,?children under 15?free. 和 Anyone who married in the?year?of?the?dog?will enjoy?the?half?price. 可知成人每人100元，一对夫妇就是200元，狗年结婚的夫妇享受半价优忠，所以应该是100元，选B。
C.【2018安徽省皖江名校联盟高三12月联考】
Tea is obviously a big deal in Britain, but have you ever wondered how it became a thing?
Tomato sauce is not Italian; the tomato is native to South America and was not introduced to Europe until the 16th century. Tea isn’t British, it wasn’t even all that popular for Britons until the 17th century. But now it is as British as dull weather and red phone booths.
Tea is of such great importance that it was featured in the Evening Standard written by George Orwell back in 1946. The famous author describes the beverage(饮品) thusly "tea is one of the main stays of civilization in this country." But when, exactly, did this practice become in fashion?
The year was 1662, a mere 111 years before insurgents(茶党) from the soon-to-be ruling champions of the Revolutionary War dumped a whole bunch of tea into Boston Harbor. Catherine of Braganza of Portuguese royalty married King Charles II of England, and then went on to make teatime a thing.But the thirst for tea fell at one time—the costs to transport it from the Far East were far more than Britons could afford. However, when Catherine started to make tea consumption a daily practice, it passed on to the other nobles.
Not long after the practice was initially adopted by the upper class,the East India company began to import more tea to meet the demand. With the prices lowered,everybody could afford to have a good taste, and suddenly tea was the drink of the every man.
After centuries of ritual (习惯), it has become entirely rooted in the British identity itself. Turkey may consume the most tea annually, but the British still hold the title of association.
1. The best tile for the passage is probably .
A. Why the British drink so much tea
B. Why tea is so popular across the world
C. How tea was introduced into Europe
D. Which kind of tea is the most favored
2. The underlined word "it" in Paragraph 2 refers to .
A. tomato B. tomato sauce C. tea D. a thing
3. According to Paragraph 4, Britons' interest in tea once dropped because .
A. it was not drinkable B. they were not used to it
C. it was not affordable D. they refused anything foreign
4. What can we know from the passage?
A. George Orwell promoted tea sales across England.
B. King Charles II of England drank tea on a daily basis.
C. The Turkish produce the most tea every year.
D. People may associate tea with Britons a lot.
【答案】 A C C D
【解析】本文讲述了为什么英国人对茶的钟爱是不可避免的。
1.A 推理判断题。根据首段 Tea is obviously a big deal in Britain, but have you ever wondered?how?it?became?a?thing? 得知本文讲述了为什么英国人会喝那么多茶。故选A。
2.C 词义猜测题。根据 Tea?isn't?British, it?wasn't?even?all that popular for Britons until?the?17th century.?But?now?it?is?as?British as?dull?weather?and?red?phone?booths. 得知茶不是原产于英国，茶甚至在17世纪之前在英国都不怎么流行，但是现在茶和天气、红色电话亭都成为英国独有的标识。故选C。
3.C 推理判断题。根据?But?the?thirst?for?tea?fell?at?one?time—the costs to transport it from the Far?East?were?far?more?than?Britonscould?afford.得知英国人曾经对茶的热情度下降,这是因为运送成本太高超出了英国人的支付能力。故选C。
4.D 推理判断题。根据Turkey?may?consume?the?most?tea?annu-ally, but the?British still?hold the?title?of?association. 得知尽管土耳其对茶的年消耗量最多，人们还是会把茶和英国联系在一起。故选D.
D.【2018豫南九校高三下学期第一次联考】
China has been the birthplace of many of the world's greatest inventions. It was, for example, the first country to produce paper money. Before the invention of paper money and coins, people used many different kinds of things for buying and selling.___16___This exchange of goods and services for other goods and services is called bartering.
___17___ In 1200 BC, people in China began to use shells（贝壳） as money. Usually the shells used as money were very small. This made it easier for people to carry money over long distances, and allowed for trade to develop between different parts of the country.
In the years which followed this invention, many other countries around the world began to do the same,___18___The next development was in 1000 BC, when China started making bronze and copper shells. It wasn't long before the Chinese made round coins out of metal.___19___By 500 BC, metal coins had begun to appear in countries like Persia and Greece, and later in the Roman Empire.
About 1000 years later, leather was used as money in China, and in 806 AD, the first paper banknotes were produced by the Chinese people.___20___
A. People also began collecting foreign coins as souvenirs.
B. However, as economies developed, such exchanges became impractical.
C. It was still many years before paper currency appeared in Europe.
D. They also used tiny shells as money for buying and selling.
E. As time went by, trade between countries increased.
F. During that time, for example, buying a chicken might cost several potatoes.
G. The very first coins often had holes in them so that people could string them together.
【答案】1. F??? 2. B????3. D??? 4. G????4. C
【解析】 本文属于历史知识。主要讲述了中国是世界上许多伟大发明的发源地。文中介绍了货币的发展过程，由实物交换到贝壳货币再到金属圆硬币，最后发明了纸币。成为世界上第一个制作纸币的国家。
1. F考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。句意：在纸币和硬币发明之前，人们用许多不同的东西来买卖。例如，在那期间，买一只鸡可能要用一些土豆来（交换）。分析句意可知，在纸币发明前人们用实物来买卖，分析句子可知F.（ During that time, for example, buying a chicken might cost several potatoes.） 就是对那个时代的一个例子。故选F。
2. B 考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据下文的内容可知，在公元前1200年使用贝壳作为货币，很容易运输到远的地方。因此这样用实物的方式不方便，不实用。分析选项可知B.项（However, as economies developed, such exchanges became impractical.）符合题意，故选B项。
3. D 考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。 根据上句内容，在这项发明之后的几年里，世界上许多其他国家也开始这样做，即就是也使用贝壳来作为货币。分析选项可知D.项（They also used tiny shells as money for buying and selling.）符合题意，故选D。
4. G考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据本空的上下文内容可知，这时货币出现了新的发展，即出现金属币。分析选项可知， G项（The very first coins often had holes in them so that people could string them together. ，最早的硬币上常有洞，以便人们可以把它们串在一起）与本段coins,有多处同词的复现。可知G项符合题意，故选G。
5. C考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。 根据本段内容可知主要讲述了纸币最早出现在中国。分析选项可知C项（It was still many years before paper currency appeared in Europe.）有词paper currency的复现 分析句意：在公元806年，最初的纸币是由中国人制作的。很多年以一纸币在欧洲出现。从句意可知，C项符合题意，故选C项。
E.【2018安徽六校教育研究会高三二模】
Americans use many expressions with the word dog. People in the United States love their dog sand treat them well. They take their dogs for walks, let them play outside and give them good food and medical care. 1 The expression, to lead a dog’s life, describes a person who has an unhappy existence.
Some people say we live in a dog-eat-dog world. 2 They say that to be successful, a person has to work like a dog. This means they have to work very, very hard. Such hard work can make people dog-tired. And, the situation would be even worse if they became sick as a dog.
Still, people say every dog has its day. This means that every person enjoys a successful period during his or her life. To be successful, people often have to learn new skills. Yet, some people say that you can never teach an old dog new tricks. 3
Some people are compared to dogs in bad ways. People who are unkind or uncaring can be described as meaner than a junkyard dog. Husbands and wives use this doghouse term when they are angry at each other. For example, a woman might get angry at her husband for coming home late or forgetting their wedding anniversary. She might tell him that he is in the doghouse. 4
However, the husband may decide that it is best to leave things alone and not create more problems. He might decide to let sleeping dogs lie.
5 The dog days of summer are the hottest days of the year. A rainstorm may cool the weather. But we do not want it to rain too hard. We do not want it to rain cats and dogs.
A. She may not treat him nicely until he apologizes.
B.Dog expressions also are used to describe the weather.
C.They firmly belief that dogs are the best friends of human beings.
D.She will drop a line to remind him of it or ring him back at once.
E.However, dogs without owners to care for them lead a different kind of life.
F.That means many people are competing for the same things, like good jobs.
G.They believe that older people do not like to learn new things and will not change the way they do things.
【答案】1.E 2.F 3.G 4.A 5.B
【解析】文章介绍了一些和狗有关的表达。
1.E 考查上下文理解和推理判断能力。前文提到美国人关心他们的狗。下一句提到 to lead a dog's life这个表达的含义，该空应当和前文是转折关系,并且要引出 to lead a dog's life这个表达,故E选项正确；但是，没有主人关心的狗过着不同的生活。
2.F 考查上下文理解和推理判断能力。上一句提到: Some people say we live in a dog-eat- dog world(有人说我们生活在一个狗吃狗的世界里),该空应当对此做出解释,F选项正确:那意味着很多人为了同一事物竟争,比如好工作。
3.G 考查上下文理解和推理判断能力。上文提到：为了成功，人们必须学习新的技能。但是，一些人说你永远也教不会老狗新技能。该空解释“ you can never teach an old dog new tricks”的意思。故G选项正确:他们认为老人不喜欢学习新的事物,不会改变他们做事的方式。
4.A 考查上下文理解和推理判断能力。上文提到:当丈夫和妻子生气时,他们常常使用“ doghouse”这个说法。当丈夫回家晚了或者忘记了他们的结婚纪念日的时候,妻子会很生气，她可能会告诉丈夫“ he is in the doghouse”。该空承接上文,A选项正确:直到丈夫道歉，她才会好好地对待他。
5.B 考查上下文理解和逻辑推理能力。下文举的例子都是和天气有关的。故该句应该引出下文，B选项正确：和狗有关的表达也被用来描述天气。
课件55张PPT。阅读写作 -- 5
阅读理解考纲解读1. 阅读理解的内容几乎包罗万象，如：主要名胜、历史事件、名人轶事、当今新闻、科学技术、医疗护理、语言文化、社会生活、风土人情、政治经济、人文历史、自然资源、文化习俗、文化遗产等诸多方面。
2. 命题多以主旨大意题、细节理解题、推理判断题、词义猜测题为主，也有一定主观推断题；所以在进行阅读理解训练时，要注意题型的特点。
3. 涉及一定的地理常识、历史知识以及风俗习惯等诸多方面。每一类的话题都会包括多个分枝；阅读时注意举一反三，发散思维。高考英语阅读常见题型 主要有主旨大意题，细节理解题，推理判断题，词义猜测题等。
1. 主旨大意题
这类题在设题时常会用到title, subject, main idea, topic, theme等词。
1）归纳标题题
特点：短小精悍，一般多为一个短语；涵盖性强，一般能覆盖全文意思；精确性强，表达范围要恰当，不能随意改变语意程度或色彩。
常见命题形式有：
What’s the best title for the text?
The best title for this passage is _______.
Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?高考英语阅读常见题型 2）概括大意题
包括 寻找段落大意（topic）和 文章中心思想（main idea），
常见命题形式有：
What is the general/main idea of the passage？
Which of the following expresses the main idea？
What is the subject discussed in the text?
The writer of the story wants to tell us that _______.
The passage/ text is mainly about _______.
What’s the article mainly about ？高考英语阅读常见题型 2. 细节理解题
考查内容主要涉及时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果、数字等议论文中例证细节和定义类细节。这类题目的共同特点是：答案一般都能在文章中找到。当然，答案并不一定是文章中的原句，考生需要根据文章提供的信息自己组织语句回答问题。
1）事实细节题 寻读法
分为直接理解题和间接理解题，前者常用who, what, which, when, where, why和how提问，或判断正误；后者需与原文信息转换，表达上与原文有差异。常见命题形式有： 常见命题形式有：
What can we learn from the passage?
All the following are mentioned except
Which of the following is mentioned (not mentioned)?
Which of the following statements is true/right/false/wrong about…?高考英语阅读常见题型 2）排列顺序题 首尾定位法
找出第一个事件和最后一个事件，用排除法缩小范围。常出现在记叙文和说明文中，一般按事件发生的顺序。
常见命题形式有：
Which of the following is the correct order of…?
Which of the following shows the path of signals described in Paragraph…?
3）图文匹配题 按图索骥理清线索
设题形式：给出图表，根据图表提问问题。
4）数字计算题
方法：审题→带着问题找细节→对比、分析、计算。
可直接找到相关细节，但需经过计算方可找到答案。 高考英语阅读常见题型 3. 推理判断题
主要考查学生对文章中隐含或深层的含意的理解能力。它要求考生根据文章内容做出合乎逻辑的推断，包括考生对作者观点的理解，态度的判断，对修辞、语气、隐含意思等的理解。
题干关键词：
infer (推断),
indicate (象征，暗示),
imply/suggest (暗示),
conclude (作出结论),
assume (假定，设想).高考英语阅读常见题型 1）细节推理判断题
可根据短文提供的信息或借助生活常识进行推理判断，
常见命题形式有：
It can be inferred/ concluded from the text that __________.
The author implies/ suggests that_____.
We may infer that _________.
Which of the following statements is implied but NOT stated?
2）预测推理判断题
根据语篇对文章接下来的内容或可能的结局进行猜测，
常见命题形式有：
What do you think will happen if/when…?
At the end of this passage, the writer might continue to write_____.高考英语阅读常见题型 3）推测文章来源或读者对象
常见命题形式有：
The passage is probably take out of_____
The passage would most likely be found in_____
Where does this text probably come from?
4）写作意图、目的、态度推断题
作者的语气态度往往不会直接写在文章里，只能通过细读文章，从作者的选词及其修饰手段中体会出来。高考英语阅读常见题型 询问写作目的的题，选项里常出现的词是：
explain (解释), prove (证明), persuade (劝说), advise (劝告),
comment (评论), praise (赞扬), criticize(批评), entertain (娱乐),
demonstrate (举例说明), argue (辩论), tell (讲述), analyze(分析)等。
询问语气态度的题，选项里常出现的词是：
neutral (中立的), sympathetic (同情的), satisfied (满意的),
friendly (友好的), enthusiastic (热情的), subjective (主观的),
objective (客观的), matter-of-fact (实事求是的), pessimistic (悲观的),
optimistic (乐观的), critical (批评的), doubtful (怀疑的),
hostile (敌对的), indifferent (冷淡的), disappointed (失望的)。高考英语阅读常见题型 写作意图、目的、态度推断题常见的命题形式有：
The purpose of the text is_____
What is the main purpose of the author writing the text?
By mentioning…, the author aims to show that_____
What is the author’s attitude towards…?
What is the author’s opinion on…?
The author’s tone in this passage is _____.
推断题是考查学生透过文章表面的文字信息进行分析、综合、归纳等逻辑推理的能力。推理和判断必须以事实为依据，切莫主观臆断。高考英语阅读常见题型4. 词义猜测题
考点：① 猜测某个词、词组、句子的意义
② 对文中的多义词或词组进行定义
③ 判断某个代词的指代的对象。
常见命题形式有：
The underlined word/phrase in the second paragraph means _____.
The word “it/they” in the last sentence refers to______.
The word “…”（Line 6. para.2）probably means ______.
The word “…”（Line 6. para.2）could best be replaced by which of the following?
Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “…” ?高考英语阅读常见题型--真题范例 Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.
Q: What is the main idea of the passage? ＿＿
A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer.
B. Bingham is a diligent student.
C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education.
D. A good lawyer needs good education.D【解题思路】
此文没有主题句。全篇共四句，只陈述了四个细节 (detail) 性的事实。因此就答案本身看，四个备选答案都没有问题。我们只能将所有的details综合起来，进行逻辑推理，才能构成一个没有言明的主题思想。由于文中主要涉及了Joshua Bingham接受教育的情况，即作者想告诉我们的是 Joshua Bingham接受过良好的教育，所以答案是C。
【解题技巧】
阅读理解文章多是议论文和说明文，这两种文体的结构可归纳为：提出问题——论述问题——得出结论或者阐明观点。对于这类文章，抓主题句是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。主题句一般出现在文章的开头或结尾。主题句具有简洁性、概括性的特点。主题句在文章中的位置主要有：位于段首，位于段尾，位于段中，或者首尾呼应；有时还会无明确的主题句：需要找关键词（关键词出现的频率较高），在进行归纳总结。【解题思路与技巧】 高考英语阅读常见题型--真题范例（天津高考卷） ... Some eyes rolled and there were a few low groans when Ms.Yates was about to speak. Many started looking at their watches and coming up with excuses to be anywhere instead of preparing to listen to a lecture from and old woman who had few kind words for her students and made them work harder than all the other teachers combined. ...
42.What can be inferred from Paragraph 2?
A. Some graduates were too busy to listen to Ms. Yates’ speech.
B. Many graduates disliked Ms. Yates’ ways of teaching.
C. Some people got tired from the reunion activities.
D. Most people had little interest in the reunion.B【解题思路】
此题为 细节推理判断题。文中告诉我们：耶茨女士正要说话的时候，有人翻了翻眼睛，低声呻吟了几声（Some eyes rolled and there were a few low groans when Ms.Yates was about to speak.）。许多人开始看手表，（looking at their watches）找借口去某个地方（and coming up with excuses to be anywhere），而不是准备听一个老太婆的讲座，因为她对学生几乎没有什么好话（who had few kind words for），......
42. 从第2段可以推断出什么？
A. 一些毕业生太忙，听不进耶茨女士的演讲。
B. 许多毕业生不喜欢耶茨女士的教学方法。
C. 有些人因聚会活动而感到疲倦。
D. 大多数人对重聚没什么兴趣。
从上述细节中可知，答案 B 符合；所以选择答案B。【解题思路与技巧】 【解题技巧】
推断题是考查学生透过文章表面的文字信息进行分析、综合、归纳等逻辑推理的能力。推理和判断必须以事实为依据，切莫主观臆断。
① 文中直接陈述的内容不能选（如：备选答案A），要选择根据文章推理出来的选项。
② 推理不是凭空猜测，而是立足已知推断未知；作出正确答案时一定要在文中找到依据或理由。
③ 要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。不能以自己的观点代替作者的想法；不要脱离原文主观臆断。【解题思路与技巧】 A.【2018全国卷I 阅读C】
Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers,small, tightly knit (联系)groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other.Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.挑战真题阅读写作-5 阅读理解A.【2018全国卷I 阅读C】
Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centers, trade, industrialization. the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education. Especially globalization and better communications in the past few decades,all have caused many Languages to disappear,and dominant languages such as English．Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.挑战真题阅读写作-5 阅读理解A.【2018全国卷I 阅读C】
At present, the world has about 6 800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages. Often spoken by many people while hot. wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers.Europe has only around 200 Languages: the Americas about 1,000. Africa 2 400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数)of speakers is a mere 6.000, which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that.挑战真题阅读写作-5 阅读理解A.【2018全国卷I 阅读C】
Already well over 400 of the total of, 6,800 languages are close to extinction, with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico(150). Lipan Apache in the United States(two or three)or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.
1. What can we infer about languages in hunter gatherer times?
A.They developed very fast. B. They were large in number.
C. They had similar patters. D. They were closely connected挑战真题B阅读写作-5 阅读理解2. Which of the following best explains"dominant " underlined in paragraph 2？
A.Complex. B. Advanced. C.Powerful. D.Modem.
3. How many languages are spoken by less than 6, 000 people at present?
A.About 6 800 B.About 3 400 C.About 2.400 D.About 1-200
4. What is the min idea of the text?
A. New languages will be created.
B Peoples lifestyles are reflected in languages
C. Human development results in fewer languages
D. Geography determines language evolution. 挑战真题CBC阅读写作-5 阅读理解【解析】
本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了随着社会的发展人类语言越来越少及其原因。
1. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit (联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other... when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them. 可知，当世界以依靠狩猎为生的人居住的时候，小而联系紧密的群落形成了他们彼此之间独立的讲话模式。当世界上的人口数量不到一千万时，语言种类达到了12000种。由此推知，当时的语言种类很多。故选B。挑战真题阅读写作-5 阅读理解【解析】
2. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段中的dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.可知，英语、西班牙语和汉语正在替代其他语言。由此推知dominant languages意为：强有力的语言。故选C。
3. 细节理解题 。根据文章第三段中的At present, the world has about 6,800 languages.和The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world’s languages are spoken by fewer people than that. 可知，目前世界上大约有6800种语言，但是讲的人数少于6000人的占一半即3400.故选B。挑战真题阅读写作-5 阅读理解【解析】
4. 主旨要义题。根据文章第一段中的主题句Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going.可知，语言的产生和消失进行了几千年，但最近时代语言产生的少，消失的太多。故选C。
【温馨提示】 长难句解读
In recent centuries, trade, industrialization, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalization and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over. 挑战真题阅读写作-5 阅读理解【解析】
分析：and连接两个并列句，前面的介词短语in... 作时间状语，all和前面的名词短语是同位语。
句意： 在最近的几个世纪，贸易、工业化、民族国家的发展和全球义务教育的蔓延，尤其是过去几十年来，全球化和更好的交流，这些都是导致许多语言消失的原因。而且像英语、西班牙语和汉语这些强大的语言正在不断地占据统治地位。挑战真题阅读写作-5 阅读理解B.【2018浙江卷 阅读C】
As cultural symbols go, the American car is quite young. The Model T Ford was built at the Piquette Plant in Michigan a century ago, with the first rolling off the assembly line（装配线） on September 27, 1908. Only eleven cars were produced the next month. But eventually Henry Ford would build fifteen million of them.
Modern America was born on the road, behind a wheel. The car shaped some of the most lasting aspects of American culture: the roadside diner, the billboard, the motel, even the hamburger. For most of the last century, the car represented what it meant to be American—going forward at high speed to find new worlds. The road novel, the road movie, these are 挑战真题阅读写作-5 阅读理解B.【2018浙江卷 阅读C】
the most typical American ideas, born of abundant petrol, cheap cars and a never-ending interstate highway system, the largest public works project in history.
In 1928 Herbert Hoover imagined an America with “a chicken in every pot and a car in every garage.” Since then, this society has moved onward, never looking back, as the car transformed America from a farm-based society into an industrial power.zxx.k
The cars that drove the American Dream have helped to create a global ecological disaster. In America the demand for oil has grown by 22 percent since 1990.挑战真题阅读写作-5 阅读理解B.【2018浙江卷 阅读C】
The problems of excessive（过度的）energy consumption, climate change and population growth have been described in a book by the American writer Thomas L. Friedman. He fears the worst, but hopes for the best.
Friedman points out that the green economy（经济）is a chance to keep American strength. “The ability to design, build and export green technologies for producing clean water, clean air and healthy and abundant food is going to be the currency of power in the new century.”挑战真题阅读写作-5 阅读理解B.【2018全国卷I 阅读C】
1. Why is hamburger mentioned in paragraph 2?
A. To explain Americans’ love for travelling by car.
B. To show the influence of cars on American culture.
C. To stress the popularity of fast food with Americans.
D. To praise the effectiveness of America’s road system.
2. What has the use of cars in America led to?
A. Decline of economy. B. Environmental problems.
C. A shortage of oil supply. D. A farm-based society.
3. What is Friedman’s attitude towards America’s future?
A. Ambiguous. B. Doubtful. C. Hopeful. D. Tolerant.挑战真题阅读写作-5 阅读理解BBC【解析】文章讲述了汽车在美国经济和文化上的重要作用，也指出了汽车带来的环境问题。
1. 推理判断题。根据第二段Modern America was born on the road, behind a wheel. The car shaped some of the most lasting aspects of American culture: the roadside diner, the billboard, the motel, even the hamburger.可知，现代美国诞生于公路和汽车，汽车塑造了美国文化最持久的一些方面。Hamburger就是汽车塑造的美国文化的一个方面。用这个例子是在说明汽车对美国文化的影响，故选B。
2. 细节理解题。根据第四段The cars that drove the American Dream have helped to create a global ecological disaster.可知，美国汽车的迅速发展，导致全球生态灾难，也就是造成环境问题。故选B。挑战真题阅读写作-5 阅读理解 3. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的He fears the worst, but hopes for the best.和最后一段中的Friedman points out that the green economy（经济） is a chance to keep American strength.可见，Friedman虽然对未来担心，但抱有最好的希望，他指出了发展绿色经济是保持美国实力的一个机会的想法。可见Friedman对未来是充满希望的，故选C。
【温馨提示】 阅读此理解题的具体方法：
1. 略读材料，大概了解原文，掌握中心或主旨。
2. 按文章的体裁，作者写作的组织模式及有关的信息词。如for example, first, second… 等预测应该到何处寻找自己所需要的事实。挑战真题阅读写作-5 阅读理解【温馨提示】 阅读此理解题的具体方法：
3. 将精力放在你所需要的细节上，快速通篇跳读，全文扫视，找出细节之处，待找到含细节句子时，放慢速度，仔细核对比较内容，直至找到答案。如小题1要求分析第二段提到hamburger的作用，根据第二段Modern America was born on the road, behind a wheel. The car shaped some of the most lasting aspects of American cultural: the roadside diner, the billboard, the motel, even the hamburger,可知，现代美国诞生于公路和汽车，汽车塑造了美国文化最持久的一些方面。 Hamburger就是汽车塑造的美国文化的一个方面。用这个例子是在说明汽车对美国文化的影响。挑战真题阅读写作-5 阅读理解C.【2018全国卷Ⅲ 阅读C】
While famous foreign architects are invited to lead the designs of landmark buildings in China such as the new CCTV tower and the National Center for the Performing Arts, many excellent Chinese architects are making great efforts to take the center stage.
Their efforts have been proven fruitful. Wang Shu, a 49-year-old Chinese architect, won the 2012 Pritzker Architecture Prize — which is often referred to as the Nobel Prize in architecture — on February 28. He is the first Chinese citizen to win this award.挑战真题阅读写作-5 阅读理解C.【2018全国卷Ⅲ 阅读C】
Wang serves as head of the Architecture Department at the China Academy of Art (CAA). His office is located at the Xiangshan campus(校园) of the university in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province. Many buildings on the campus are his original creations.
The style of the campus is quite different from that of most Chinese universities. Many visitors were amazed by the complex architectural space and abundant building types. The curves(曲线) of the buildings perfectly match the rise and fall of hills, forming a unique view.挑战真题阅读写作-5 阅读理解C.【2018全国卷Ⅲ 阅读C】
Wang collected more than 7 million abandoned bricks of different ages. He asked the workers to use traditional techniques to make the bricks into walls, roofs and corridors. This creation attracted a lot of attention thanks to its mixture of modern and traditional Chinese elements(元素).
Wang’s works show a deep understanding of modern architecture and a good knowledge of traditions. Through such a balance, he had created a new type of Chinese architecture, said Tadao Ando, the winner of the 1995 Pritzker Prize.挑战真题阅读写作-5 阅读理解C.【2018全国卷Ⅲ 阅读C】
Wang believes traditions should not be sealed in glass boxes at museums. "That is only evidence that traditions once existed," he said.
"Many Chinese people have a misunderstanding of traditions. They think tradition means old things from the past. In fact, tradition also refers to the things that have been developing and that are still being created, " he said.
"Today, many Chinese people are learning Western styles and theories rather than focusing on Chinese traditions. Many people tend to talk about traditions without knowing what they really are, " said Wang.
The study of traditions should be combined with practice. Otherwise, the recreation of traditions would be artificial and empty, he said.挑战真题阅读写作-5 阅读理解C.【2018全国卷Ⅲ 阅读C】
30. What made Wang’s architectural design a success?
A. The mixture of different shapes. B. The balance of East and West.
C. The use of popular techniques. D. The harmony of old and new.挑战真题阅读写作-5 阅读理解D【解析】文章主要报道了中国建筑设计师王澍在其作品中融合中国传统建筑文化，获得了建筑界的诺贝尔奖——普利策奖，这让中国建筑现在得到了国际认可。
30. 细节理解题。根据第五段最后一句：This creation attracted a lot of attention thanks to its mixture of modern and traditional Chinese elements(元素).译文：由于融合了现代与传统的中国元素，这一创作吸引了很多人的注意，故D正确。A.【2018 河北衡水中学高三第八次模拟A】
1. To get more information about ticket pries, travelers had better _______.
A. go to the City Circle B. visit a website
C. check display screen D. listen to announcements
2. What service is offered to travelers in need at most big stations?
A. A free Opal card. B. Earlier entry to the station.
C. Help from station workers. D. A ticket with a magnetic stripe.
3. Which is the best convenient time to travel by Sydney Trains?
A. At midnight. B. On Sunday afternoon.
C. Between midnight and 4:00 a.m. D. At 6:00 p.m. on Wednesday.巩固训练（阅读材料原文请见教案）BCD【解析】 本文主要向我们介绍了悉尼的列车服务以及有关悉尼列车的具体细节介绍。
1.B 细节理解题，根据第四段“?Ticket?prices?are?generally based on?the?distance traveled. You?can?visit?transports. 票价大体上是建立在旅行距离上的，你可以访问?trans?porn”，所以要通过访问网站的方式,故选B。
2.C 细节理解题，根据?Automatic?ticket?gates这一小标题下的 “?Station staff will assist you." 可知在大型车站会有工作人员的帮助，故选C。
3.D 细节理解题，根据?Night?Ride?buses这一小标题下的“Most rains?do?not?operate between?Midnight?and 4:00 a.m. 大多数的列车在半夜和凌晨四点之间不运行”，再结合四个选项，故选D 。巩固训练（阅读材料原文请见教案）B.【2018 陕西宝鸡市高三教学质量检测二】
1. Which celebrate will last longest according to the text?
A.The dog themed exhibition in Beijing. B.The large celebration in Boston.
C.Dingsheng Royal Lantern Fair in Chengde.
D.The celebration in Copley Square Hotel
2. In Boston celebration, a mascot of the dog will be received by anyone born in ________. A. 2004 B. 1996 C. 2012 D. 1994
3.How much will a couple married in the year of the dog pay for Dingsheng Lantern Fair admission?
A.50 yuan B.100 yuan C.200 yuan D.150 yuan巩固训练（阅读材料原文请见教案）ADB【解析】 本文主要介绍了2018年狗年到来之际，国内、外一些庆祝活动。
1.A 细节理解题，由?The?exhibition?time：From?Feb?I4,2018 till March?18?可知A?Dog?themed?exhibition?held?in?Beijing?to?greet?the?Spring Festival持续的时间是32天；由?Date:From?February 14?to?February16,2018.?9:?30?am-5?pm.?"可知： A large celebration held?by Boston Chinese community?to?celebrate the?Year?of?the Dog 持续的时间是2天；由Opening?time:?From?February 14, Valentine's Day till March?2. 可知The 2018 Dingsheng Royal Lantern Fair?to welcome the?coming Chinese lunar new?year. 持续的时间是14天；故选A。。巩固训练（阅读材料原文请见教案）2.D 推理判断题，由?Highlights:?Anyone?whose?birthday?is?in?the Year?of?the?dog will?receive a?mascot?of?the?dog. 可知每个生于狗年的人，都会获得一个小狗吉祥物。2018年是狗年，12年是轮，2018-24=1994，所以选D。
3.B 数字计算题，由?Admission:100?yuan?for?each?adult,?children under 15?free. 和 Anyone who married in the?year?of?the?dog?will enjoy?the?half?price. 可知成人每人100元，一对夫妇就是200元，狗年结婚的夫妇享受半价优忠，所以应该是100元，选B。巩固训练（阅读材料原文请见教案）C.【2018 安徽省皖江名校联盟高三12月联考】
1. The best tile for the passage is probably________.
A. Why the British drink so much tea
B. Why tea is so popular across the world
C. How tea was introduced into Europe
D. Which kind of tea is the most favored
2. The underlined word "it" in Paragraph 2 refers to________.
A. tomato B. tomato sauce
C. tea D. a thing巩固训练（阅读材料原文请见教案）ACC.【2018 安徽省皖江名校联盟高三12月联考】
3. According to Paragraph 4, Britons' interest in tea once dropped because__.
A. it was not drinkable B. they were not used to it
C. it was not affordable D. they refused anything foreign
4. What can we know from the passage?
A. George Orwell promoted tea sales across England.
B. King Charles II of England drank tea on a daily basis.
C. The Turkish produce the most tea every year.
D. People may associate tea with Britons a lot.巩固训练（阅读材料原文请见教案）C D 【解析】 本文讲述了为什么英国人对茶的钟爱是不可避免的。
1.A 推理判断题，根据首段 Tea is obviously a big deal in Britain, but have you ever wondered?how?it?became?a?thing? 得知本文讲述了为什么英国人会喝那么多茶。故选A。
2.C 词义猜测题，根据 Tea?isn't?British, it?wasn't?even?all that popular for Britons until?the?17th century.?But?now?it?is?as?British as?dull?weather?and?red?phone?booths. 得知茶不是原产于英国，茶甚至在17世纪之前在英国都不怎么流行，但是现在茶和天气、红色电话亭都成为英国独有的标识。故选C。巩固训练（阅读材料原文请见教案）【解析】 本文讲述了为什么英国人对茶的钟爱是不可避免的。
3.C 推理判断题，根据?But?the?thirst?for?tea?fell?at?one?time—the costs to transport it from the Far?East?were?far?more?than?Britonscould?afford.得知英国人曾经对茶的热情度下降,这是因为运送成本太高超出了英国人的支付能力。故选C。
4.D 推理判断题，根据Turkey?may?consume?the?most?tea?annu-ally, but the?British still?hold the?title?of?association. 得知尽管土耳其对茶的年消耗量最多，人们还是会把茶和英国联系在一起。故选D。巩固训练（阅读材料原文请见教案）D.【2018 豫南九校高三下学期第一次联考】
A. People also began collecting foreign coins as souvenirs.
B. However, as economies developed, such exchanges became impractical.
C. It was still many years before paper currency appeared in Europe.
D. They also used tiny shells as money for buying and selling.
E. As time went by, trade between countries increased.
F. During that time, for example, buying a chicken might cost several potatoes.
G. The very first coins often had holes in them so that people could string them together.巩固训练（阅读材料原文请见教案）【答案】 1. F??? 2. B????3. D??? 4. G????4. C【解析】 本文属于历史知识。主要讲述了中国是世界上许多伟大发明的发源地。文中介绍了货币的发展过程，由实物交换到贝壳货币再到金属圆硬币，最后发明了纸币。成为世界上第一个制作纸币的国家。
1.F 考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力，句意：在纸币和硬币发明之前，人们用许多不同的东西来买卖。例如，在那期间，买一只鸡可能要用一些土豆来（交换）。分析句意可知，在纸币发明前人们用实物来买卖，分析句子可知F.（ During that time, for example, buying a chicken might cost several potatoes.） 就是对那个时代的一个例子。故选F。巩固训练（阅读材料原文请见教案）2.B 考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力，根据下文的内容可知，在公元前1200年使用贝壳作为货币，很容易运输到远的地方。因此这样用实物的方式不方便，不实用。分析选项可知B.项（However, as economies developed, such exchanges became impractical.）符合题意，故选B项。
3.D 考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力，根据上句内容，在这项发明之后的几年里，世界上许多其他国家也开始这样做，即就是也使用贝壳来作为货币。分析选项可知D.项（They also used tiny shells as money for buying and selling.）符合题意，故选D。巩固训练（阅读材料原文请见教案）4.G 考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力，根据本空的上下文内容可知，这时货币出现了新的发展，即出现金属币。分析选项可知， G项（The very first coins often had holes in them so that people could string them together. ，最早的硬币上常有洞，以便人们可以把它们串在一起）与本段coins,有多处同词的复现。可知G项符合题意，故选G。
5.C 考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力，根据本段内容可知主要讲述了纸币最早出现在中国。分析选项可知C项（It was still many years before paper currency appeared in Europe.）有词paper currency的复现 分析句意：在公元806年，最初的纸币是由中国人制作的。很多年以一纸币在欧洲出现。从句意可知，C项符合题意，故选C项。巩固训练（阅读材料原文请见教案）E.【2018安徽六校教育研究会高三二模】
A. She may not treat him nicely until he apologizes.
B. Dog expressions also are used to describe the weather.
C. They firmly belief that dogs are the best friends of human beings.
D. She will drop a line to remind him of it or ring him back at once.
E. However, dogs without owners to care for them lead a different kind of life.
F.That means many people are competing for the same things, like good jobs.
G.They believe that older people do not like to learn new things and will not change the way they do things.巩固训练（阅读材料原文请见教案）【答案】 1.E 2.F 3.G 4.A 5.B【解析】 文章介绍了一些和狗有关的表达。备选答案均考查上下文理解和推理判断能力。
1.E 前文提到美国人关心他们的狗。下一句提到 to lead a dog's life这个表达的含义,该空应当和前文是转折关系,并且要引出 to lead a dog's life这个表达,故E选项正确;但是,没有主人关心的狗过着不同的生活。
2.F 上一句提到: Some people say we live in a dog-eat- dog world(有人说我们生活在一个狗吃狗的世界里),该空应当对此做出解释,F选项正确:那意味着很多人为了同一事物竟争,比如好工作。巩固训练（阅读材料原文请见教案）3.G 上文提到:为了成功,人们必须学习新的技能。但是,一些人说你永远也教不会老狗新技能。该空解释“ you can never teach an old dog new tricks”的意思。故G选项正确:他们认为老人不喜欢学习新的事物,不会改变他们做事的方式。
4.F 上文提到:当丈夫和妻子生气时,他们常常使用“ doghouse”这个说法。当丈夫回家晚了或者忘记了他们的结婚纪念日的时候,妻子会很生气,她可能会告诉丈夫“ he is in the doghouse”。该空承接上文,A选项正确:直到丈夫道歉,她才会好好地对待他。
5.G 下文举的例子都是和天气有关的。故该句应该引出下文,B选项正确:和狗有关的表达也被用来描述天气。巩固训练（阅读材料原文请见教案）感谢欣赏
