人教新课标版 高中英语选修8 Unit3 Inventors and inventions专题语法：过去分词作状语课件 (共28张PPT)

课件28张PPT。过去分词作状语
过去分词作状语，进一步说明谓语动词的动作和状态，即动作发生时的背景或状况。其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语，且与主语之间构成逻辑上的“动宾关系”或在逻辑上构成“系表结构”。过去分词短语在句中担任条件状语，原因状语以及时间状语时，通常放在句首；担任伴随状语或结果状语时，通常放在句末；担任方式状语时，一般位于句末，有时也可位于句首；担任让步状语时，一般位于句首，有时也可位于句末。 新课和语法
Ⅰ.过去分词担任状语时的语法功能
(1)原因状语
①Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet.
因为淋了一场大雨，所以他全身湿透了。
②Frightened by the noise in the night, the girl didn't dare sleep in her room.
被夜晚的响声惊吓，那姑娘不敢睡在她的房间里了。
(2)时间状语
①Asked why he did it, the monitor said it was his duty.
当被问及为何要做这件事时，班长说这是他的职责。
②Approached in the dark the bulbs looked lonely and purposeless.
在黑暗走进时，那些电灯显得孤单而无意义。
(3)条件状语和假设状语
①Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.
如果种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。
②Given better attention, the accident could have been avoided.
要是多加注意，那次事故就可以避免了。
(4)方式或伴随状语
①Surrounded by his students, the professor sat there cheerfully.
那位教授在学生们的簇拥下，兴高采烈地坐在那儿。
②He stood there silently, moved to tears.
他静静地站在那里，被感动得热泪盈眶。
(5)让步状语
①Beaten by the police, sent to jail, Gandhi invented the principle of nonviolent resistance.
尽管受警察的殴打，被投入监牢，甘地却首创了非暴力抵抗的原则。
②Defeated again, we did not lose heart.
尽管再次被击败，但我们没有灰心。
(6)独立成分(插入语)
①Given good weather, our ship will reach Shanghai Monday evening.
假如天气好，我们的船将于星期一晚上到达上海。
②Put frankly, I don't agree with what he said.
坦白地说，我不同意他所说的话。
Ⅱ.与状语从句的相互转换
(1)过去分词短语作时间状语，可转换为when, while或after等引导的状语从句。
Seen from the top of the hill, the park looks more beautiful.
→When it is seen from the top of the hill, the park looks more beautiful.
从山上往下看，这座公园看起来更加漂亮。
(2)作条件状语，可转换为if, once或unless等引导的状语从句。
Given more time, she would certainly have done much better.
→If she had been given more time, she would certainly have done much better.
如果有更多时间的话，她一定会干得更好些。
(3)作原因状语，可转换为as, since或because等引导的状语从句。
The children, exhausted, fell asleep at once.
→As the children were exhausted they fell asleep at once.
由于劳累，孩子们很快就睡着了。
(4)作让步状语，可转换为although, though或even if等引导的状语从句。
Although exhausted by the climb, we continued our journey.
→Although we were exhausted by the climb, we continued our journey.
我们虽然爬得很累，但我们仍然继续我们的旅程。
(5)作方式状语，如有连词as if，就转换为as if引导的方式状语从句；若无连词，则转换为并列结构。
He began to cry as if bitten by a snake.
→He began to cry as if he was bitten by a snake.
他大叫起来，好像被蛇咬了。
(6)作伴随状语，一般转换为并列结构。
Aunt Wu came in, followed by her daughter.
→Aunt Wu came in, and(she)was followed by her daughter.
吴大娘走进来，(她)后面跟着她的女儿。[拓展]
(1)现在分词与过去分词作状语在“逻辑”方面的差异：
现在分词作状语与过去分词作状语的最主要区别在于两者与句子的主语之间的逻辑关系不同。过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间通常构成逻辑上的动宾关系。现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
①Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。
②Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.
由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。(2)现在分词与过去分词作状语在“时间”方面的差异：
过去分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，或表示一种状态，与谓语动作同时发生或存在。现在分词的一般式表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生或在说话时正在进行；现在分词的完成式(having done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的一个“主动”动作；现在分词的完成式的被动式(having been done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的一个“被动”动作，常常和表示次数的短语以及时间段(for短语)连用，此时不能被过去分词所替换。在其他情况下通常被过去分词所替换，从而使句式更简洁。
①Written in a hurry, this article was not so good!
因为写得匆忙，这篇文章不是很好！
②Reading carefully, he found something he had not known before.
他仔细读书时，发现了一些从前不知道的东西。
③Having been discussed several times, the decision was finally made.
进行了几次讨论之后，终于作出了决定。(3)部分过去分词因来源于系表结构，作状语时不表示 “被动关系”，其前不用being。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有：lost(陷入某种状态)；seated(坐)；hidden(躲)；stationed(驻扎)；lost/absorbed in (沉溺于)；dressed in(穿着)；tired of(厌烦)等。
①Lost/Absorbed in deep thought, he didn't hear the sound.
因为沉溺于思考之中，所以他没听到那个声音。
②Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.
在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。(4)过去分词用作状语时，前面往往带有when, if, while, though, even if等连词，这样就能使过去分词所表示的意义更加明确。这种带有连词的过去分词结构通常可看作是一种省略句，句中省略的部分总是“主语＋be的相应变化形式”，省略的主语通常与主句的主语相同。
①When given a medical examination, you should keep calm.
当你做体格检查时要保持镇定。
②Although exhausted by the climb, he continued his journey.
他虽然爬得很累，但他仍继续前进。 (5)分词(短语) 作状语时，其逻辑上的主语要与句子的主语保持一致；否则分词(短语)就要有自己的逻辑主语(用名词或代词的主格来表示)。这种结构称为独立主格结构。独立主格结构常放在句首。表示时间、条件、原因时，其作用分别相当于一个时间、条件、原因状语从句。表示伴随方式时，相当于一个并列句。
①The signal given, the bus started.
信号一发出，汽车就开动了。
②The football match(being) over, crowds of people poured out into the street.
足球赛一结束，人群便涌到大街上。(6)不定式与分词担任状语的差异：
①不定式在句中可以担任目的状语，结果状语(出乎意料的结果)以及原因状语(通常后置)。
ⅰ.To make himself heard, he raised his voice.
为了被听清楚，他提高了嗓门。
ⅱ.He hurried home, only to find his money stolen.
他匆忙赶到家中，结果却发现钱被盗了。
ⅲ.All of us are surprised to see his rapid progress.
他的进步，我们都很吃惊。②分词在句中可以担任除目的状语以外的其他形式的状语。
ⅰ.Seen from the top of the hill, the town is beautiful.
从山上看，这座城镇很美。
ⅱ.Defeated, he remained a popular boxer.
虽然被击败了，但他仍然是一位受欢迎的拳击手。
ⅲ.The guests entered the office, accompanied by the manager.
客人们在经理的陪同下进了办公室。Ⅰ.用所给词或短语的适当形式填空(每空一词)
1．Ideally ________ (locate) for Broadway theatre and Fifth Avenue, the New York Park hotel is a favourite with many guests.
2．—Who should be responsible for the accident?
—The boss, not the workers. They just carried out the order ________ ________ (as, tell)．
3．________ (drive) by a greater demand for vegetables, farmers have built more green houses.
4．The flowers his friend gave him will die unless ________ (water) every day.5．________ ________ (mail out) automatically, the e-mail will be received by all the club members.
6．________ (face) with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time.
7．No matter how frequently ________ (perform), the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world.
8．________ (lost) in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police.9．When ________ (offer) help, one often says “Thank you.”or“It's kind of you.”
10．________ (put) into use in April 2010, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.
答案：1．located　2．as told　3．Driven　4．watered　5．Mailed out　6．Faced　7．performed　8．Lost　9．offered　10．PutⅡ.用过去分词改写下列从句
1．If these seeds are grown in rich soil, they can grow fast.
________________________________________
2．Because he was caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet.
________________________________________
3．As the bike is used for a long time, it needs repairing.
________________________________________
4．The little girl will be blind in both eyes unless she is treated on time.
________________________________________
5．The teacher entered the classroom, and he was followed by a group of students.
________________________________________答案：1．Grown/If grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.
2．Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet.
3．Used for a long time, the bike needs repairing.
4．Unless treated on time, the little girl will be blind in both eyes.
5．Followed by a group of students, the teacher entered the classroom.Ⅲ.句型转换
1．Asked to stop, the excited speaker kept talking at the meeting.
→________ ________ ________ asked to stop, the excited speaker kept talking at the meeting.
2．I won't go to the evening party, even if I am invited.
→I won't go to the evening party, ________ ________ ________.
3．After we spent all the money, we started looking for jobs.
→All the money ________， we started looking for jobs.4．Caught in a heavy rain, he was wet to the skin.
→________ ________ ________ caught in a heavy rain, he was wet to the skin.
5．When he was asked why he did it, he said it was his duty.
→________ why he did it, he said it was his duty.
答案：1．Though he was　2．even if invited　3．spent　4．As he was　5．Asked