选修7 Unit 3 Under the sea
重难点大串讲
一． 词汇串讲
witness n. 目击者；证人；证据 vt. 当场(亲眼)见到；目击；见证 vi. 作证; 证明
He witnessed an accident on his way home yesterday. 昨天他在回家的路上亲眼看到(vt.)一场事故。
eg. The spring of 2020 witnessed 2019-ncov spreading all over the world. (vt. 见证)。
witness to (doing) sth. 作证/证明(做)某事
eg. He witnessed to having seen the man enter the room. 他作证说他看到那个人进入房间。
witness for... 为…作证 give witness to为…作证；证明…
be (a) witness to为…作证；目击…；是…的目击者；是…的证人/证据
eg. The lawyer witnessed for (=gave witness to) the old man at the court. 那位律师在法庭上为那位老人作证。
思考：The witness (目击者) who witnessed (目击) the accident gave witness (证据) to the police and promised to be a witness (证人) to the accident.
2．annual??adj. 每年的；年度的 n. 年刊；年鉴
Our school's annual sports day took place yesterday in 30－degree heat.
昨天，学校一年一度的运动会在30度的高温下举行了。
3．opposite?adj. (无比较级) ①对面的；相对的②(截然)相反的；对立的 n. [C]反义词；对立面 prep.在……的对面
We have opposite views on politics.我们的政治观点不同。
She observed a man walking on the opposite side of the way.她注意到一个人在路的对面走着。
4．pause??n. [C]中止；停顿；暂停 vi. 中止；停顿；暂停
She talked for an hour and a half without pause.她连续说了一个半小时，中间没有停歇。
After you introduce the topic，pause to hear what your partner says.
在你引入了这个话题后，停下来听听你的伙伴怎么说。
5．flee(fled，fled) ?vt. 逃离；逃避 vi. 逃走；逃避
Many of the people have fled to the mountains to escape the floods.
许多人为躲避洪水都逃到了山上。
The smile fled from his face.他脸上的笑容倾刻时消失了。
6．drag??vt. 拖拽； 吃力地往前拉 vi.落后； 缓慢前进 ?n. 拖，拉；?累赘
We all have a good laugh，so the time never drags.我们经常笑得很开心，所以时间过得快。
She dragged herself out of bed，still half asleep.她挣扎着起了床，还是睡眼惺忪。
7．urge?vt. 催促；极力主张；驱策
urge vt. 催促；极力主张；力劝；驱策 n. 强烈的欲望；冲动
urgent adj. 紧急的；急迫的
urge sb. to do ... urge sb. into doing ...催促/力劝某人做某事
have an urge to do … 迫切要求做某事；极想做某事
urge that…(should) do… It is urged that … (should) do… 极力主张/强烈要求/催促…做…(虚拟语气)
They urged me to eat (into eating) the strange food.他们怂恿我吃那种奇怪的食物。
He urged that we (should) take such steps.他极力主张我们采取这些措施。
8．abandon/?'b?nd?n/?vt. 放弃；遗弃 ?n. [U]放任；狂放
Don't abandon yourself to despair.不要自暴自弃。
(1)abandon...to... ?把……遗弃给……
with abandon ?放肆地
(2)abandoned?adj. 被抛弃的；报废的
(3)abandon oneself to(to为介词) ?沉溺于；纵情
同义短语：apply oneself to，devote oneself to，resign oneself to等。
(1)背弃祖国/朋友：abandon one's country/friend
(2)抛弃家庭：abandon one's family
(3)革除陋习：abandon a bad habit
(4)放弃职位/希望/计划/主意：abandon one's post/hope/plan/idea
9．target?n. 目标；靶子；受批评的对象
I aimed the gun carefully at the target.我小心地用枪瞄准了目标。
10．sharp?adj. ①锋利的；尖的 ②敏锐的；机警的 ③尖刻的；严厉的
Mary，who has sharp eyes，can see through others.玛丽，目光敏锐，能看透别人。
sharpen?vt. 磨快；使敏捷；使尖锐
sharpener?n. [C]磨具；卷笔刀
11.reflect vt. 映射；反射；；反映；思考 vi. 思考
n. reflection 反映；反射；映像
Tang poetry reflects traditional Chinese culture and is deeply loved by Chinese.
reflect on/upon 认真思考，沉思；回想；反思
She sat reflecting on/upon how much had changed since she had bought the farm.
The cat felt curious when she saw her own reflection (reflect) in the mirror.
12.be/become aware of 意识到…；明白…；知道…；
be aware that…意识到…；明白…；知道…；
awareness n. 意识；认识
raise awareness (of…) 提高…的意识
试翻译：我们要提高保护环境的意识。 We should raise awareness of protecting the environment.
13．help(...)?out?帮助(某人)摆脱困境或危险
cannot help doing sth?禁不住做某事
14．be/become aware of?对……知道、明白；意识到……
15．upside down?上下翻转
16．(be)scared to death吓死了
17.hold up 举起；支撑 hold back 抑制；忍住；隐瞒 hold on坚持；别挂电话
18.without pausing一刻不停地
19.lead us to the hunt 带我们去捕猎的地方 (lead sb. to + space带某人去某地)
20.a pack of excited dogs 一群发狂的狗
21.the depths of the sea 海洋深处
22.have a good feed on…饱餐一顿…
23.be washed off the boat 被冲下了船
24.have a good feed on...饱餐一顿
feed：n.meals or food for babies or animals 餐、顿。如：
When is the baby's next feed?下一次要什么时候喂这个婴儿？
v．give food to 喂养
feed sb./sth.on sth.＝feed sth.to sb./sth. 喂……吃……
feed on 以……为食(一般指动物)近义词 live on
The prison is required to feed and clothe the prisoners.监狱被要求向犯人提供食物和衣服。
Several children were feeding bread to the ducks.＝Several children were feeding ducks on bread.几个孩子正在喂鸭子吃面包。
Owls feed on mice and other small animals.猫头鹰以老鼠和其他小动物为食。
二． 句型串讲
Being badly wounded, the whale soon died. (Being badly wounded在句中作原因状语)
being +done...(作原因、时间等状语)；逻辑主语与done是被动关系
Being badly wounded, the whale soon died. 鲸因为受了重伤, 没过多久就死了。(B7 P20)
Being badly injured in a traffic accident, he had to be in hospital for at least two weeks.由于在一起交通事故中严重受伤, 他不得不住院至少两个星期。
I had already heard that George didn’t like being kept waiting, so even though I didn’t have the right clothes on，I raced after him. (being kept作like的宾语，have…on 穿着…)
It took over half an hour to get the boat back to James，and when we approached him，I saw James being firmly held up in the water by Old Tom. (It takes sb. time to do…常用句型；being firmly held作saw的宾语补足语)
4. It + be + adj. (for/of sb.)+ to do sth. 做某事是……的
The sea was rough that day and it was difficult to handle the boat. 那天风高浪大, 很难操作船只。若形容词(adj. )是指代事物的特征时，如important，easy，difficult，strange，necessary，等，则用for；如果是说明人的性格特征的形容词，如kind，polite，foolish，warmhearted，cruel，stupid等，则用of。
⑵It is very kind of you(你真好) to help me with my math.
5. It takes (sb.) time/money/energy to do sth. 做某事花费某人多少时间/金钱/精力
It took over half an hour to get the boat back to James. 用了半个多小时才把船划回到詹姆斯身边。
It took them a long time to be friends again after the quarrel. 争吵之后，他们花了很长时间才重新成为朋友。
6．As?I was sorting out my accommodation，I?heard a loud noise coming from the bay.
正在我找住处的时候，我听到从海湾那边传来一阵喧闹声。
7．This was the call that announced?there was about to be?a whale hunt.
这是宣告捕鲸行动马上就要开始的呼声。
8．Being badly wounded，the whale soon died.由于严重受伤，鲸鱼很快就死了。
三． 语法串讲
1．现在分词(－ing 形式)的构成。
v.-ing 形式由 “do＋ing” 构成，其否定形式是 “not doing”，v.－ing 可以带宾语或状语构成v.－ing短语，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。
2．动词－ing 形式的被动式分一般式和完成式：
(1) 一般式：表示这个被动的动作正在进行或与谓语表示的动作同时发生。
(2) 完成式：强调这个被动的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前完成。
语态时态 主动语态 被动语态
一般式 (not)doing (not)being done
完成式 (not)having done (not)having been done
3.动词－ing的被动式的句法功能。
(1)作主语。如：So_being_killed_by_sharks was a common thing.
(2)作宾语，用在介词后或需要带－ing 形式作宾语的动词后。如：
George didn't like being_kept_waiting.
He was terrified of being_abandoned_by_us.
Do you remember_having_been_taken to Beijing at the age of ten?
(3)作表语。如：
What worried the child most was his not_being_allowed_to visit his mother in the hospital.
(4)作定语。如：
The problem being_discussed is of great importance.
(5)作状语。如：
Having_been_shown_around the library，we were taken to see the lab.
(6)作补足语。如：
As we drew closer，I could see a whale being_attacked by a pack of about six other killers.
When we approached him，I saw James being_held_up in the water by Old Tom.
[注意]
(1)v.－ing 形式的被动式主要在句子中作状语、宾语补足语和定语。但v.－ing 形式的被动式的完成式，一般在句中作状语(偶尔作非限定定语)，不作其他成分。
They don't like the_design_of_the_new_bridge_being_built.(正在建造的桥的设计)
Not_having_been_completed，the museum can't be visited yet.(由于没有完工……)
(2)v.－ing 形式的被动式逻辑主语(即动作的承受者)如果也是主句的主语，就不需要表示出来，但是如果逻辑主语不是主句的主语，就得把v.－ing 形式自己的主语表示出来。如：
The whole classroom having_been_cleaned，the students went home happily.
(3)在want，need，deserve，require，repay，bear，take等动词及形容词worth后，习惯用动词－ing的主动形式表示被动意义，相当于“to be done”。如：
The house wants_cleanin这房屋需要打扫。
My watch needs_repairing.我的手表需要修理。
The way deserves_mentioning.这个方法值得一提。
These young trees will require_looking_after carefully.这些小树需要细心照顾。
The film is worth_seeing.这部影片值得一看。
四． 话题串讲
（一）话题综述
本单元的中心话题是＂海底世界＂。本单元的所有活动主要围绕海底动植物、海底奇妙景观，以及有关大海的故事展开，旨在帮助学生更多地了解海洋（海底）生物，培养学生热爱和保护海洋生物的意识。
话题词汇
1. wildlife n.野生动植物
2. danger n.危险
3. protect v.保护
4. protection n.保护
5. growth n.成长；增长
6. risk n 危险
7. natural adj.自然的
8. affect /influence/impact v.影响
9. effect /influence n.影响
10. peace n.和平；和睦；安宁
11. convenience n.方便；便利
12.convenient adj 方便的；便利的
13. expand v.扩张；扩展
14. expansion n.扩张；扩展
15. residential adj.居住的
16.resident n.居民
17. wild adj.野生的
18. advantage n.好处；利益
19. disadvantage n.弊端
20. beauty n.美；漂亮
21. harmonious adj.和谐的
22. harmony n.和谐
话题短语
1. bring about 带来；引起(=cause)
2. habitat destruction of animals 动物栖息地的破坏
3. die out 灭亡；逐渐消失
4. tear down 拆掉；拆毁
5. destroy forests 毁坏森林
6. in danger (of) 在危险中；垂危
7.protect…from… 保护…不受…(危害)
8. at a…rate 以……比率
9. endangered animals 濒危动物
10.protect rare animals 保护稀有动物
11. have an effect/influence on 对……产生影响
12. raise the awareness of… 唤醒…的意识
13. take action to do sth 采取行动
14. lead to导致(=result in)
15. be concerned about关注；担心
16.承担做某事的责任 take the responsibility of doing sth
17.以牺牲..作为代价 at the cost/ expense of our environment
(三）话题句型?
1. Many people are concerned about the disappearing of animals and plants. 很多人为动植物的消失而担心。
2. We should raise the public awareness of protecting the wildlife.我们应该唤醒大众对于野生动植物的保护意识。
3.I make an urgent appeal that measures should be taken to cope with the situation
我急切呼吁应该采取措施改变现状
4.（Sth.）are bound to generate severe consequences if we keep turning a blink eye to them.
如果我们继续睁一只眼闭一只眼的话，......一定会有恶劣的后果
5. If we don’t take action to protect wildlife, they will die out some day.如果我们不采取行动保护野生动物, 有朝一日它们将全部消亡。
6. People’s overhunting resulted in some animals’ dying out.人们的过度捕杀导致了一些动物的灭绝。
（四）话题典例
假如你是李华，请你针对以下内容，写一封保护动物的倡议信。
现状：砍伐树木，破坏生态平衡，许多动植物处于危险中
建议：1. 唤醒人们保护野生动植物意识
???2. 政府应该致力于保护野生动植物，保护濒临灭绝的动物不受杀害
3. 采取有效措施保护珍稀动物，严罚捕猎者
???4. 和动物和谐相处，创造良好的生态环境
注意：
1.词数100左右；2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
【参考范文】
With?more and more trees cut down, the balance of nature has been damaged, which?has caused many wild animals and plants in danger of extinction.?Therefore,it’s high time that?we?aroused?people’s awareness of wildlife protection.Besides,?our government should devote to protecting wildlife,?preventing?the endangered animals from being killed.?Furthermore,?effective measures should be taken to protect rare wildlife, including punishing the hunters severely.?Last but not least,?we should live in harmony with animals, creating?a pleasant ecological environment. ?
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Unit 3 Under the sea
基础强化练
一． 单词拼写
1．The university hold an (年度的) reunion of former students of the college.
2．The (证人) gave us a particular account of what happened.
3．There was a (停顿) before she began to speak again.
4．She (潜水) into the river to save a drowning child.
5．The ship tried its best to (逃跑) away successfully.
6．You must act quickly on these matters and not let things (拖拉) on.
7．He (极力主张) that the matter should be dealt with at once.
8．Lisa, though (遗弃) by her own parents 3 decades ago, badly longed to know where they were at present.
9．The elephant (大叫) to show its anger when another group came near.
10．The fun job is awaiting you with free working meals and (住所)．
11．The (目击者) was telling about the whole accident.
12．A speaker should (暂停) when coming to the end of a sentence.
13．We spent all our weekends at the (海滨)．
14．She hurried away in the (相反的) direction.
15．He was too poor to buy an astronomical (望远镜)．
16．They showed exceptionally good (配合)．
17．The great land has w the rise and fall a great nation．
18．Part of my job is to maintain good (关系) with our suppliers.
19．Most people have come to accept the need for (保护) of natural resources.
20．The (每年的) rainfall in this area is light.
二． 单项选择
1. Smith and his wife________ the house work and live happily.
A. share with B. share in C. divide in D. divide at
2. He witnessed________ the man enter the room.
A. to have seen B. to having seen C. to see D. saw
3. The time here is nine hours________ London.
A. ahead B. ahead of C. ahead to D. ahead before
4. He ________the boy, but couldn’t save him from falling.
A . held B. took C. grabbed at D. caught
5. When they saw the police car, the attackers turned and ________ .
A .flee B.fleed C. fled D. slipped
6. There is nothing to ________ the soil in place on the hill side.
A . hold B. hold up C. hold back D. hold on
7. He _________ his coat and went out.
A .wore B. dressed C. had on D. put on
8. Where did you suggest ________ during the summer holidays?
A . we went B. did we go C. we should go D. should we go
9. ________ many times, he still couldn’t understand it.
A . Having been told B. Though to be told C. To have been told D. Having told
10. _______ full preparations, we decided to put off the meeting till next week.
A . We had not made B. Having not made C. We did not make D. Not having made
三． 词汇串写
Mark and a Seal
Mark rented an _______________（住所） with his ______________（退休金 ）near the _______________（海岸）. He paid _______________（每年）visits there to enjoy the ________________（生动）beauty in the _______________（深处） of the _______________（纯净） sea.
Once, with his underwater ________________（望远镜）and ________________（手电筒）, Mark________________（潜入），along the ________________（分界线） between the _______________（陡峭） reef and the area of ________________（海草保护区间）. Suddenly, an ________________（使人畏惧的南极海豹）with _______________（锋利）teeth appeared _______________（对面） him. Every cell in his body ________________（吓死）But soon, he was _______________（意识到） that he wasn’t the ________________（目标）of an attack. With a ________________（整齐）wound in its ________________（嘴唇） caused by a ________________（鲨鱼）, this ________________（灰色） seal was washed ________________（颠倒）by the ________________（潮水） time after time. But it tried to ________________（轻轻碰撞） Mark as if to ________________（督促） him to help it. So Mark ________________（放弃） ________________（逃跑） away. With its _______________（合作）, Mark used a ________________（网） to ________________（拖） the seal to the ________________（浅的） water. Without _______________（暂停） he _______________（帮助）after a simple operation and settled it in a ________________（狭窄）cave by the ________________（海边）. Every time he brought it________________（美味） fish, it would _______________（叫唤） and________________（吸吮） his hands happily. ________________（目击者）said their ________________（轶事） ________________（反映）a magic________________（方面） of the _______________（关系） between humans and animals.
四． 语法强化
(一）. Complete the sentences below with the passive -ing form of the verbs in brackets
① James was afraid of _______________ (attack) by sharks.
② _____________ (hold up) in the water by Old Tom, James was confident he would survive.
③ _______________ (include) in the hunt was a great thrill for Clancy.
④ ____________________ (accept) by the whalers, the killers were able to get a good feed from the whale.
⑤ Clancy didn’t mind __________ (tell) what to do.
⑥ _______________ (help out) by the killer whales, the whalers were able to make a successful kill.
⑦ The children enjoyed ___________ (take) to the aquarium.
⑧ It seemed the sea lion didn’t mind __________________ (photograph) with the tourists after all.
⑨ “In fact, the chances of anybody _______________ (swallow) by a whale are rather low,” said the researcher.
(二)、Multiple choice
1. Do you mind ___ alone at home?
A. Jane leaving B. Jane having left C. Jane’s being left D. Jane to be left
2. How about the two of us ____ a walk down the garden?
A. To take B. take C. taking D. to be taking
3. 9.The officers narrowly escaped ________??in the hot battle.
A. have killed????? ??B. to kill?????? C. to be killed????????????? D. being killed
4. — Did you enjoy yourself last night?
? — It’s very nice of you. I appreciated _____ to the party.
A. to be invited B. to have invited
C. being invited D. having been invited
5. While we’re developing agriculture and industry, we must prevent the earth _____.
?A. from polluting B. polluted???? C. polluting D. being polluted
6. The classroom wants __________.
A. clean B.cleaned C.to clean D.cleaning
7. Though it sounds a bit too dear(昂贵),it is worth _________.
A. being bought B. buying C. to buy D. buying it
8. Bebecca was unhappy for _____ the first chance to go abroad.
A. not having been given B. not having given
C. not giving D. having been given
9. Some foods are eaten without ____________.
A. well absorbing（吸收） B. being well absorbed
C. absorbing D .well absorbed
10. Articles(物品) used by patients must be disinfected(消毒) before ___________ others.
A. using B. being used by C. used by D. being using
答案：
单词拼写：
Annual 2．witness 3．pause 4．dived 5．flee
drag 7． urged 8． abandoned 9． yelled 10． accommodation
witness 12． pause 13． shore 14． opposite 15 telescope
16．teamwork 17．witnessed 18． relationship 19．Conservation 20．annual
二．单项选择
1-5 BBBCC 6-10 ADCAD
三． 词汇串写
（加粗划线之处为答案）
马克和海豹
马克用他的退休金在海岸边租了一间住所，每年都去那儿欣赏纯净的大海深处那生动的美丽。
有一次，马克带着他的水下望远镜和手电筒，潜到陡峭的暗礁和海草保护区间的分界线。突然，一只长着尖利牙齿、使人畏惧的南极海豹出现在他对面。马克吓坏了，但是很快，他就意识到，他不是攻击的目标。这只灰色海豹的唇上有道鲨鱼咬出的整齐伤口，还时不时地被潮水冲得头上脚下。尽管如此，它却总是努力轻轻碰撞马克，似乎在催促他帮助它。于是马克放弃了逃跑。在这只海豹的合作下，马克用一张网把它拖到浅水区，并毫不停歇给它动了一个简单的手术，帮助它解决了问题，然后将它安置在海边一个狭窄的洞里。每次当马克给它带来鲜美可口的鱼时，它就会高兴地大声叫唤，还吮吸他的手。目击者都说他们的轶事映射出人与动物关系中奇妙的一个方面。
四．语法强化
1.1)being attacked 2) Being held up 3)Being included
4) Having been accepted 5)being told 6)Being helped out
7) being taken 8)being photographed 9)being swallowed
2. 1---10 CCDDD DBABB
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