上海市中考英语阅读理解之生理和心理专题练习(12篇)含答案

Passage 1
Can you remember any of the bad habits you used to have when you were very young? Perhaps, as a baby, you used to suck your thumb(拇指). Of course, you do not do that anymore, but you can surely remember your mother’s efforts to train you. The good habits you now have in such matters as personal cleanliness were part of this early training.
We may not suck our thumbs any more, but as we get older we get other bad habits. We can’t give them up easily, either.(Anyone who has tried to give up smoking knows this very well!) Each period brings its own problems. In babyhood, it’s thumb-sucking; in childhood, it’s nail-biting; in our teens, it’s smoking; in middle-age, it’s over-eating, and so on. And if anyone tells you that he has no bad habits, you can be sure that he must have the worst habit of all.
1. Generally speaking, a child likes ______.
A. sucking thumbs B. biting nails C. smoking D. eating too much
2. According to the passage, now we have good habits such as personal cleanliness, for which we benefit from _______.
A. the social conditions B. some strict rules
C. our friends’ kind help D. our mothers’ early training
3. At the end of the story the writer says "And if anyone tells you that he has no bad habits, you can be sure that he must have the worst habit of all". Here what do you suppose the worst habit is?
A. Reading. B. Playing. C. Walking. D. Lying.
4. Which of the following is NOT true to the passage?
A. It is very difficult to get rid of our habits.
B. At different ages people have different bad habits.
C. Giving up smoking is as difficult as giving up other bad habits.
D. Sucking thumbs is a young child’s bad habit.
【答案与解析】本文主要讲人在不同的年龄阶段有不同的坏习惯，并且这些习惯都是很难改掉的。
1. B。细节题。根据 …in childhood, it’s nail-biting 可知答案为B。
2. D。细节题。根据第1段 …your mother’s efforts to train you. The good habits you now have in such matters as personal cleanliness were part of this early training 可知答案为D。
3. D。判断题。根据常识每个人或多或少都有一点坏习惯，所以说如果一个人说他没有坏习惯，他就是在说谎；而在所有的这些坏习惯中，说谎是个最大的坏习惯。所以此题答案为D。
4. D。细节题。根据原文A、B、C 三项说法是正确的；根据原文第2段 In babyhood, it’s thumb-sucking; in childhood, it’s nail-biting 可知 D 项说法是错误的，所以此题答案为 D。



Passage 2
Do you know of anyone who uses the truth to deceive (欺骗)? When someone tells you something that is true, but leaves out important in formation that should be included, he can give you a false picture.
For example, some might say, “I just won a hundred dollars on the lottery (彩票). It was great. I took that dollar ticket back to the store and turned it in for one hundred dollars!”
This guy’s a winner, right? Maybe, maybe not. We then discover that he bought $200 worth of tickets, and only one was a winner. He’s really a big loser!
He didn’t say anything that was false, but he left out important information on purpose. That’s called a half-truth. Half-truths are not technically lies, but they are just as dishonest.
Some politicians often use this trick. Let’s say that during Governor Smith’s last term, her state lost one million jobs and gained three million jobs. Then she seeks another term. One of her opponents(对手) says, “During Governor Smith’s term, the state lost one million jobs!” that’s true. However, and honest statement would have been, “During Governor Smith’s term, the state had a net gain of two million jobs.”
Advertisers(广告商) will sometimes use half-truths. It’s against the law to make false statements so they try to mislead you with the truth. An advertisement might say, “Nine out of ten doctors advised their patients to take Yucky Pills to cure toothache.” It fails to mention that they only asked ten doctors and nine of them work for the Yucky Company.
This kind of deception happens too of often. It’s a sad fact of life: Lies are lies, and sometimes the truth can lie as well.
1. How much did the lottery winner lose?
A. One hundred dollars. B. Two hundred dollars.
C. Three hundred dollars. D. Four hundred dollars.
2. We may infer that the author believes people should _______.
A. buy lottery tickets B. make use of half-truths
C. not take anything at face value D. not trust the Yucky Company
3. What do the underline words “net gain” in Paragraph 5 mean?
A. final increase B. big advantage C. large share D. total saving
4. What can we know from the example of the Yucky Pill advertisement?
False statements are easy to see through.
B. Half-truths are often used to mislead people.
Doctors like to act in advertisements.
D. Advertisements are based on facts.
【参考答案】1—4.A C A B


Passage 3
Next time you hear a funny joke you'd better not laugh too hard . According to a paper published by the British Medical Journal, laughter isn't always the best medicine. Sometimes it can even be harmful. Professor Robin Ferner from the University of Birmingham. One of the authors of the study. Found that bad things could happen to people who laughed too much. He says: “We found people with heartbeat problems which had stopped their heart, we found people who had fainted(昏倒)， and we found people who'd dislocated their jaws or burst their lungs.”
It seems that laughing can be no laughing matter. But it's not all doom and gloom. Professor Ferner says there are benefits to laughing when you want to lose weight, for example. Yes , that's right: laugh and be slimmer! Professor Ferner explains that:” You use energy when you laugh, you move your diaphragm(横膈膜), you expand your lungs, and both those things can be helpful.”
According to the research, laughing for a quarter of an hour can burn up to 40 calories, and if you laughed all day you'd do that or you might end up with a painful jaw. Ouch! Or you might find people looking at you in a funny way.
But I don't want to finish this article leaving you feeling desperate. Laughter comes naturally for most of us. Babies begin to laugh at around 3-6 months. So give in to your sense of humour and keep smiling. Life is short anyway.
Laughing too much may cause the following harmful results EXCEPT .
Heart stop B. diaphragm movement C. lung burst D. jaw dislocation
The underlined phrase “doom, and gloom” in Paragraph 2 probably means .
Hopeless B. funny C. painful D. nervous
How many calories can you use if you laugh for half a day?
A bout 40. B. About 1,000. C. About 2,000. D. About 2,040.
What is the author's attitude towards laughing in the last paragraph?
Uninterested B. Disapproving C. Worried D. Favorable
【参考答案】BABD



Passage 4
The clock struck eleven at night. The whole house was quiet. Everyone was in bed except me. Under the strong light, I looked sadly before a huge pile of troublesome stuff they call “books”.
I was going to have my examination the next day. "When can I go to bed?" I asked myself. I didn’t answer, in fact I dared not.
The clock struck 12."Oh, dear!" I cried, "ten more books to read before I can go to bed!” We pupils are the most wretched creatures in the world. Dad does not agree with me on this. He did not have to work so hard when he was a boy ."
The clock struck one. I was quite hopeless now. I forgot all I had learnt. I was too tired to go on. I did the only thing I could. I prayed, “Oh, God, Please help me pass the exam tomorrow. I do promise to work hard afterwards, Amen.” My eyes were heavy, so heavy that I could hardly open them. A few minutes later, with my head on the desk, I fell asleep.
1. When the author was going over his lessons, all the others in the house were_____ .
A. asleep B. working in bed
C. outside D. quietly laughing at him
2. Reviewing his lessons didn’t help him because ________. .
A. it was too late at night B. he was very tired
C. his eyes l ids were so heavy that he couldn’t keep them open
D. he hadn’t studied hard before the examination
3. What do you suppose happened to the author？
A. He went to a church to pray again
B. He passed the exam by luck
C. He failed in the exam
D. He was punished by his teacher
4. The best title for the passage would be __________ .
A. The Night Before the Examination B. Working Far into the Night
C. A Slow Student D. Going Over My Lessons
【参考答案】ADCA


Passage 5
If you’re lost in the woods and you feel like you’re walking in circles, you probably are. A new study had found that without landmarks to guide us, we really do go round and round.
The study was 1ed by Jan Souman, a German psychologist（心理学家）. To find out, he instructed nine people to walk as straight as possible in one direction for several hours. Six walkers forged through（稳步前进）a forest in Germany．Three trekked （艰难地行走）through the Sahara Desert. All walkers wore GPS receivers so that the researchers could analyze their routes．
Circular walking happened to only the four forest walkers who had to walk in overcast（阴天的）conditions and the 0ne desert walker who walked at night after the moon had set. Without environmental signals as a guide，no matter how hard people tried to walk in a straight line, they often ended up going in circles without ever realizing it. Those who could see the sun or moon managed to travel fairly straight．
“People find it really hard to say what they did exactly.”Souman said．“It’s pretty clear from our data that they do use sun somehow．”In a follow-up experiment, the researchers challenged 15 people to walk straight while blindfolded. When they couldn’t see at all, the walkers ended up going in surprisingly small circles. In repeated attempts, blindfolded（蒙住双眼 ） walkers circled in one direction sometimes and in the opposite direction other times. The blindfold experiment dispelled（消除，驱除）one theory—that people might walk in circles because one leg tends to be longer or stronger than the other．
To avoid the circular walking when lost, Souman suggested that hikers learn some simple survival tricks. Moss grows on the north side of trees．There are more plants on the south-facing side of a valley than on its north-facing slopes．And the sun moves from east to west throughout the day．Better yet，bring a map and compass or GPS device．
( )1. If people are lost in woods, they will probably______．
A．find a 1andmark as a guide B．walk straight in one direction
C，walk in circles without even noticing it D．wait until the sunset
( )2. In the study led by Jan Souman, how many people walked in circles?
A．Nine． B．Six． C．Five．D．Four．
( )3. According to the study，what is the possible reason that lost people walk in circles?
A．Because they walk in a forest．
B．Because they walk in a desert．
C．Because they don’t wear GPS receivers．
D．Because they cannot see the sun or the moon．
( )4.What did the experiment with blindfolded people prove?
A．It proved that lost people walking in circles has nothing to d0 with the length or strength of their legs．
B．It proved that lost people walking in circles has something to do with the length or strength of their legs．
C．It proved that people can walk straight while they are blindfolded．
D．It proved that people can walk in circles in any circumstances．
( )5.When you are lost，all of the following ways Call help you avoid the circular walking EXCEPT _________．
A．bringing a map or a compass along with you
B．trying hard to walk as straight as possible
C．using the sun or the moon as a guide
D．observing the plants in a forest carefully
【参考答案】 CCDA


Passage 6
After a busy day of work and play, the body needs to rest. Sleep is necessary for good health. During this time, the body recovers from the activities of the previous day. The rest that you get while sleeping enables your body to prepare itself for the next day.
There are four levels of sleep, each being a little deeper than the one before. As you sleep, your muscles(肌肉) relax little by little. Your heart beats more slowly, and your brain slows down. After you reach the fourth level, your body shifts back and forth from one level of sleep to the other.
Although your mind slows down, from time to time you will dream. Scientists who study sleep tell us that when dreaming occurs, your eyeballs begin to move more quickly (although your eyelids are closed). This period of sleep is called REM, which stands for rapid eye movement.
If you can’t fall asleep, some people recommend breathing very slowly and very deeply. Other people believed that drinking warm milk will help make you drowsy. There is also an old suggestion that counting sheep will put you to sleep!
1. A good title for this passage is ________.
A. Sleep
B. Good Health
C. Dreams
D. Work and Rest
2. The word “drowsy” in the last paragraph means _________.
A. sick
B. stand up
C. awake
D. a little sleepy
3. This passage suggests that not getting enough sleep might make you______.
A. dream more often
B. have poor health
C. nervous
D. breathe quickly
4. During REM, ________________.
A. your eyes move quickly
B. you dream
C. you are restless
D. both A and B
5. The average number of hours of sleep that an adult needs is __________.
A. approximately six hours
B. around ten hours
C. about eight hours
D. not stated here
【参考答案】ADBAD



Passage 7
If you are like most people, your intelligence varies from season to season. You are probably sharper in the spring than you are at any other time of the year. A famous scientist, Ellsworth Huntington(1876-1974), concluded, from his work among peoples in different climates that climate and temperature have a definite effect on our mental abilities.
He found that cool weather is much more favorable for creative thinking than is summer heat. This does not mean that all people are less intelligent in the summer than they are during the rest of the year. It does mean, however, that the mental abilities of large numbers of people tend to be lowest in the summer.
Spring appears to be the best period of the year for thinking. One reason may be that in spring man’s mental abilities are affected by the same factors that bring about rapid growth of everything in nature.
Fall is the next-best season, then winter. As for summer, it seems to be good time to take a long vacation from thinking.
1. According to this passage, your intelligence probably________.
A. stays the same throughout the year
B. varies from day to day
C. changes with the seasons
D. changes from year to year
2. Huntington based his conclusions on __________.
A. records of changes in his own intelligence
B. his work among peoples in different climates
C. records of temperature changes
D. all of the above
3. It seems that the cold of winter _________.
A. increases the ability to think
B. is the best time for thinking
C. is better for thinking than the heat of summer
D. decreases the ability to think
4. One possible reason why spring is the best season for thinking is that______.
A. everything in nature, including man, is growing then.
B. it lasts longer than the other seasons.
C. it is not too warm and not too cold
D. both B and C
5. The two best seasons for thinking seem to be _________.
A. spring and fall
B. winter and summer
C. summer and spring
D. fall and winter
【参考答案】CBCAA




Passage 8
When we can see well, we do not think about our eyes often. It is only when we can not see perfectly that we come to see how important our eyes are.
People who are nearsighted can only see things that are very close to their eyes. Many people who do a lot of close work, such as writing and reading, become nearsighted. Then they have to wear glasses in order to see distant things clearly.
People who are farsighted face just the opposite problem. They can see things that are far away, but they have difficulty reading a book unless they hold it at arm’s length. If they want to do much reading, they must get glasses too.
Other people do not see clearly because their eyes are not exactly the right shape. This, too, can be corrected by glasses. Some people’s eyes become cloudy because of cataracts. Long ago these people often became blind. Now, however, it is possible to operate on the cataracts and remove them.
When night falls, colors become fainter to the eyes and finally disappear. After your eyes have grown used to the dark, you can see better if you use the side of your eyes rather than the centers. Sometimes, after dark, you see a small thing to one side of you, which seems to disappear if you turn your head in its direction. This is because when you turn your head, you are looking? at the thing too directly. Men on guard duty sometimes think they see something moving to one side of them. When they turn to look straight at it, they can not see it any more, and they believe they were mistaken. However, this mistake happens because the center of the eye, which is very sensitive in daylight, is not as sensitive as the sides of the eye after dark.
1.We don’t know that our eyes are of great importance until ________.
A. we think about our eyes B. we cannot see clearly
C. we wear glasses D. we have to do much reading
2.According to the passage, a ________ is more likely to be nearsighted.
A.tailor B. doctor C. guard D.painter
3.People who are farsighted ________ .
A.cannot do a lot of close work without glasses
B.can only see things that are very close to their eyes
C.have difficulty reading a book if they hold it at arm’s length
D.have the same problem as the nearsighted people
4.To see a small thing at night, it is better to look ________ .
A.with wide open eyes B.with half shut or narrowed eyes
C.straight at it D.in a slightly different direction
【参考答案】BA DD


Passage 9
Zinc (锌) is one of about 20 elements necessary for good health. It is present in the body in a very small amount, but it makes it possible for important chemical actions to be carried out in cells. Scientists are just beginning to discover how zinc and other elements work.
Researchers first studied zinc as a way to speed recovery. Dr. Waltor Powys, formerly with the United States Air Force, noted that the laboratory animals recovered faster when some matters were added to their food. One of these matters was zinc. Dr. Powys later tested the zinc treatment on an American airman recovering from medical operations. The airman who received zinc sulphate (硫酸盐) recovered in half of the usual time. Other doctors studied persons who had a number of strange disorders. The doctors learned that all of these problems were caused by lack of zinc in the body. They treated these disorders successfully by giving the patients zinc sulphate.
The amount of zinc in the body can be found by examining blood and hair. A lack of this important element is not uncommon among people in both industrial and developing countries. Zinc is found in most high protein (蛋白质) foods, such as meat milk, fish and eggs. It is also found in whole grains. But many people do not eat enough of these foods. Food markets should add these elements so that more people could get needed amount of these necessary matters.
1. Which of the following statements is true?
A. Scientists found how zinc works a long time ago.
B. People need a large amount of zinc to be healthy.
C. Zinc allows important chemical actions to take place in cells.
D. Zinc must be used in the course of medical operation.
2. One of the results from the study of zinc is that _________.
A. there's only a little zinc in the human body
B. food rich in protein contains more zinc
C. some physical problems are caused by lack of zinc
D. any patient who receives zinc sulphate gets well immediately
3. The best title for the passage may be ________.
A. A New Discovery??? B. Zinc and Health
C. How Zinc Works D. Add Zinc to Your Food
【参考答案】 1.C 2.C 3.B


Passage 10
Like many of my generation, I have a weakness for hero worship. At some point, however, we all begin to question our heroes and our need for them. This leads us to ask: What is a hero?
Despite immense differences in cultures, heroes around the world generally share a number of characteristics that instruct and inspire people.
A hero does something worth talking about. A hero has a story of adventure to tell and a community who will listen. But a hero goes beyond mere fame.
Heroes serve powers or principles larger than themselves. Like high voltage transformers, heroes take the energy of higher powers and step it down so that it can be used by ordinary people.
The hero lives a life worthy of imitation. Those who imitate a genuine hero experience life with new depth, enthusiasm, and meaning. A sure test for what would be heroes is what or whom do they serve? What are they willing to live and die for? If the answer or evidence suggests they serve only their own fame, they may be famous persons but not heroes. Madonna and Michael Jackson are famous, but who would claim that their fans find life richer?
Heroes are catalysts(催化剂) for change. They have a vision from the mountain top. They have the skill and the charm to move the masses. They create new possibilities. Without Gandhi, India might still be part of the British Empire. Without Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King, Jr., we might still have segregated (隔离的) buses, restaurants, and parks. It may be possible for large scale change to occur without leaders with magnetic personalities, but the pace of change would be slow, the vision uncertain, and the committee meetings endless.
1. Although heroes may come from different cultures, they _____________________.
A. generally process certain inspiring characteristics
B. probably share some weaknesses of ordinary people
C. are often influenced by previous generations
D. all unknowingly attract a large number of fans
2. Gandhi and Martin Luther King are typical examples of outstanding leaders who ___________ .
A. are good at demonstrating their charming characters
B. can move the masses with their forceful speeches
C. are capable of meeting all challenges and hardships
D. can provide an answer to the problems of their people
3. The author concludes that historical changes would ________ .
A. be delayed without leaders with inspiring personal qualities
B. not happen without heroes making the necessary sacrifices
C. take place if there were heroes to lead the people
D. produce leaders with attractive personalities
【参考答案】 A D A


Passage 11
One would have to be a fool to overlook the importance of using positive thinking for you rather than allowing negative thinking to work against you. In recent years, research in psychopharmacology (精神药理学) has proved what many people have known over the centuries: a positive attitude is good for you, good for your health, good for your wealth, good for everything. Researchers found that a positive attitude produces a specific chemical reaction which makes people feel better, while negative thinking results
in a decline of hormone (荷尔蒙) and shuts down the immune (免疫的) system. This leads to illness and depression. Positive thoughts will make you feel better. Even if you must begin by literally forcing yourself to be positive (faking it, so to speak), it will become contagious (会传播的) and the positive thoughts will generate nice little chemicals and good feelings which will reinforce the positive thoughts.
For example, if you force yourself to smile or laugh, even when you don't feel like smiling or laughing, if you keep at it for a few minutes, you will soon feel like it. Feelings can generate thoughts, but thoughts can also generate feelings. Control your thoughts and you can control your feelings. Positive thinking is important in all aspects of our lives. There is probably no single factor more important in determining your success in achieving your career objectives than your own attitude.
It's often been said that in the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is king. And in the office of militant (好战) negativism, the positive workers shine like gold. You cannot control external events, but you can learn to control your reaction to those events and thereby have a positive attitude and be happy. This vital key to success is totally within your control. Use it.
1. We can infer from the passage that .
A. positive thinking can cure you of your diseases
B. positive thinking can easily be generated by anyone
C. a decline of hormone may cause you to be depressed
D. a specific chemical reaction is the cause of negative thinking
2. According to the passage, which of the following is true?
A. Feeling and thoughts can generate each other.
B. It's easier to control thoughts than to control feelings.
C. Your success depends wholly on your attitude.
D. Keeping smiling will surely make you successful.
3. Just like a one-eyed man in the land of the blind, you should .
A. take positive attitude in the office of militant negativism
B. be king in your office
C. pay no attention to what is going on around you
D. control your feeling to what is happening to you
4. The best title to the passage is .
A. Thinking Benefits People B. Why Should People Think
C. Positive Thinking and Negative Thinking D. Thinking: The Vital Way
【参考答案】 CAAC


Passage 12
The temperature of your body should always be the same if you are fine, no matter whether the weather is hot or cold. That is why the doctor tests your temperature with a thermometer when you are sick. Normally, your??body temperature is ninety-eight point six degrees Fahrenheit (华氏的). If it is higher than that, it is a sure sign that something is wrong with your body.
Your body keeps the same temperature all the time, because it balances (平衡) the heat it produces and the heat it gives off. It is always burning up food and producing heat. It can produce heat faster when the body needs or give off heat faster when the body becomes too warm. Let’s see how this works.
The heat of your body is given off chiefly through the skin. When you feel cold, your skin is tight and shows “goose flesh”. When you feel chilly (寒冷的), you must jump around to keep warm. Then your muscles begin to work, burn up fuel and produce more heat. It is not pleasant to shiver so you usually prefer warming up by taking exercise, or put on more clothes to keep warm.
When you get warm, the skin is loose and soft. It is so supplied with blood that heat is given off rapidly. If you get too warm, you begin to sweat and more body heat is used in evaporating the moisture (蒸发水分) in your body. In warm weather or warm rooms, you wear less clothing, so that heat can be given off freely. You prefer less exercise because your body is warm enough, and the extra heat produced by taking too much exercise makes you uncomfortable.
Now you see why you feel differently in different kinds of weather. In summer, when it is hot, you feel tired and lazy. You do not care to work or play, but enjoy lying down and doing nothing. When you get out of doors in winter, the cold air makes you feel lively. You want to run and play.
1．Why does the doctor take a person’s temperature when he gets sick?
A. Because his temperature is a sign which can show whether he is sick or not.
B. Because his temperature is always the same, no matter whether he is sick or not.
C. Because when he is ill, his temperature is sure to be higher than normal.
D. Because his temperature will be sure to change if something is wrong with him.
2．How does the body keep the same temperature all the time?
A. It balances the heat it gets and loses.
B. It is always producing heat from food.
C. It gives off the heat that the body produces.
D. It stops producing heat when it needs to.
3．When a person gets too warm, he begins to sweat in order to _____________.
A. evaporate the moisture
B. give off heat quickly
C. make the skin soft and loose
D. get the blood to move faster
4．From this passage we know that we feel differently in different kinds of weather because _________.
A. our bodies deal with different kinds of weather in different ways to keep the same temperature.
B. we feel tired and lazy in summer and lively in winter when we are outside in cold air
C. we have different emotions in different kinds of weather
D. the body temperature is always changing in different kinds of weather
【参考答案】 AABA
1