人教版初中生物总复习第五单元第二三章动物的运动行为及在生物圈中的作用导学案（含答案）

中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台


第五单元 第二章 动物的运动和行为
第三章 动物在生物圈中的作用
【考点导读·知要求】
1、动物的运动依赖于一定的结构； 2、运动系统的组成以及各部分的协作配合完成运动；
3、动物运动对动物生存的意义；
4、区别先天性行为和学习行为，说明这些行为对动物生存的意义；
5、描述动物的社会行为的特征，以及动物群体中信息交流的意义；
6、动物在生物圈中的作用以及动物与其他生物的关系。
【知识网络·通核心】

【自我检测·明漏缺】
1.人体完成一个动作不仅依靠运动系统，还需要神经系统的调节。完成一个动作的正常生理活动顺序是 （ ）
①骨骼肌收缩 ②肌肉附着的骨受到牵拉产生动作 ③骨骼肌接受神经传来的兴奋
A. ③①② B. ②③① C.①②③ D. ②①③
2.哺乳动物的运动系统不包括 （ ）
A．骨 B．关节 C．骨骼肌 D．神经
3. 毛泽东在《沁园春·长沙》里有这样一段描写：“鹰击长空，鱼翔浅底，万类霜天竞自由”。其中涉及的动物运动方式有 （ ）
A.飞行、游泳 B.跳跃、爬行 C.跳跃、游泳 D.飞行、爬行
4. 当你从桌上端起茶杯喝水时，此时有关骨骼肌和关节活动的情况是 （ ）
A. 肱三头肌收缩，肱二头肌舒张，肘关节弯曲
B. 肱二头肌收缩，肱三头肌舒张，肘关节弯曲
C. 肱二头肌收缩，肱三头肌舒张，肘关节伸直
D. 肱三头肌收缩，肱二头肌舒张，肘关节伸直
5.关于动物的运动和行为，下面几种说法中正确的是 （ ）
A、动物的运动系统是由骨和肌肉组成的
B、在神经系统和运动系统的相互配合下，动物就能完成各种运动
C、动物的行为多种多样，都有利于它们的存活和繁殖后代
D、动物的取食行为是先天性行为
6.下列骨骼肌附着骨的模式图中正确的是 （ ）
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A.①??? ? B.②???? ? C.③???? ? D.④
7.动物的先天性行为所具有的特点是 （ ）
①动物生来就具有的行为 ②不是动物生来就具有的行为 ③由身体里遗传物质所控制的行为
④动物在成长过程中，通过生活经验和“学习”逐渐建立起来的新的行为活动
A、②④ B、①④ C、①③ D、②③
8.动物可以分为脊椎动物和无脊椎动物两大类。其中脊椎动物的学习行为比无脊椎动物更复杂更高等。下列说法最完整的是 （ ）
A、这有利于脊椎动物适应复杂的生活环境 B、这有利于脊椎动物寻找配偶
C、这有利于脊椎动物有效地逃避敌害 D、这有利于脊椎动物获得更多食物
9.小宇同学在看马戏团表演时，发现马戏团的狗能用叫声表演“算算术”，狗的这种行为是 （ ）
A、学习行为 B、遗传行为 C、先天性行为 D、A、B、C都不对
10.下列图中动物的行为属于学习行为的是 ( )
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①小鸟喂鱼　　 ②大山雀喝牛奶　 　③黑猩猩钓取食物　 ④鸡的绕道取食?
A. ①②④ B. ①③④ C. ①②③ D. ②③④
11.生物圈中的动物具有许多复杂的行为，其中具有社会行为的一组是 （ ）
①蚂蚁 ②蜜蜂 ③青蛙 ④蝴蝶 ⑤猴 ⑥象
A、①②⑤⑥ B、 ②③⑤⑥ C 、①④⑤⑥ D、①②④⑤
12．在一群阿尔卑斯狒狒组成的“等级社会”中，下列关于“首邻”狒狒的叙述不正确的是 （ ）
A．优先享有食物和配偶 B.优先选择筑巢场地
C．首领狒狒一般为雌性 D.负责指挥整个社群的行动
13.用性引诱剂诱杀农业害虫是利用 （ ）
A.昆虫的取食行为? ? ?B.昆虫之间的通讯? C.昆虫的学习行为 ?? D.昆虫的迁徙行为
14.动物通过各种各样的行为来适应所生活的环境，从而有利于个体的生存和物种的延续。下列对动物行为的说法正确的是 ( )
A.动物的先天性行为受遗传因素影响 B.动物的后天学习行为与遗传因素无关
C.动物的迁徙属于取食行为 D.乌贼遇敌害时喷出“墨汁”属于攻击行为
15.鹿科动物的小尾巴反面是白色的，当它们遇到危险时，就将尾巴撅起，露出反面的白色，其他“同伴”见了会相继尾随而逃，这是依靠下列哪项传递信息的？ （ ）
A.声音 B.气味 C.分泌物 D.动作
16.“人有人言，兽有兽语”，动物能利用“行为语言”传递信息。下列除哪一项外，均为动物传递信息的“行为语言”？ （ ）
A.昆虫分泌性外激素引诱异性 B.蜜蜂发现蜜源时跳圆形舞?
C.老母鸡“咯咯”地召唤小鸡 D.乌贼遇到敌害时释放墨汁?
17.下面关于动物在生物圈中作用的叙述,错误的是 (　 )
A.维持生态平衡 B.促进物质循环
C.帮助植物传播种子 D.为人类提供丰富的食物
【合作互助·共提高】
18．骨、关节、骨骼肌在运动中的作用分别是 （ ）
A.杠杆、支点、动力 B.杠杆、连接、动力
C.保护、支点、动力 D.动力、支点、杠杆
19.脱臼是指 （ ）
A.关节面从关节囊中脱出 B.关节面从关节腔内脱出
C.关节头从关节窝中脱出 D.构成关节面的两骨骨折
20．下列属于先天性行为的一组是 （ ）
A．蚂蚁搬家、大雁南飞、孔雀开屏 B．猫捉老鼠、尺蠖拟态、鹦鹉学舌
C．蜘蛛结网、公鸡报晓、惊弓之鸟 D．狗辨主客、黄牛耕地、老马识途
21.下列各项属于动物学习行为的是 ( )
A.黑猩猩通过堆叠箱子摘下悬挂在高处的香蕉 B.狼将捡到的婴儿哺育成“狼孩”
C.蜘蛛结网捕捉昆虫 D.鸟类的筑巢、孵卵和育雏
22.对动物“尝试与错误”的行为叙述不正确的是 ( )
A．“尝试与错误”是常见的动物学习行为???? B. “尝试与错误”是动物的后天性行为
C. “尝试与错误”是动物的先天性行为????? D. 动物越高等，“尝试与错误”的次数越少
23.在探究“菜青虫的取食行为”时，需要从菜青虫卵开始进行隔离饲养，同学们讨论这样做的原因，其中不正确的是 （ ）
A、这样才能说明观察或检验菜青虫的某些行为究竟是先天性行为，还是后天的学习行为
B、避免其他因素的干扰
C、有利于给菜青虫提供安静的环境 D、探究结果更具有可信度
24.我国古籍《草木疏》上说“蝗类青色，长角长股，股鸣者也。”，说明动物能通过？来传递信息（ ）
A、声音 B、气味 C、动作 D、语言
25.楚汉相争末期，汉王刘邦派谋士在项王必经之地“召集”蚂蚁排出“项王必死于此地”几个字，项王因此被攻破心理防线。在这一事件中，汉王的谋士主要利用了蚂蚁的 （ ）
A.学习行为 B.社会行为 C.取食行为 D.领域行为
26.“老鼠打洞”这种动物行为所具有的特点是 ( )
①由生活经验获得的 ②由动物体内的遗传物质决定的
③动物生来就有的 ④由动物生活环境因素决定的
A．①② B．③④ C.②③ D．①④
27.下列这些动物的行为中，都能起到同种个体之间交流信息作用的一组是 （ ）
①雌蚕蛾释放性外激素 ②鸟类的各种鸣叫声 ③蚂蚁相互碰触角
④乌贼受到威胁时释放墨汁 ⑤遇到猎豹追捕，瞪羚会急转变 ⑥狗一路走一路撒尿
A、①③⑤⑥ B、②④⑤⑥ C、①②③⑥ D、①②③⑤
28.在一个由牧草、鹿和狼组成的相对封闭的草原生态系统中,假如把狼全部杀绝,那么鹿的数量将(　)
A.保持稳定 B.一直保持增加的趋势 C.先增加,后减少 D.先减少,后增加
【能力提升·促发展】
29.观察右图，回答问题：
（1）甲图中的[5]主要是由 组织构成的，把两骨牢固地联系在一起；运动时能减少两骨之间摩擦的结构是[ ] 。
（2）乙图中由屈肘到伸肘运动时，必须在 系统的支配下才能完成。
（3）当你用手将食物放入嘴里时，上臂肱二头肌所处的状态是 。
30．如图是一位同学用两片长方形的木板（1、2）、两条松紧带（3、4）和一颗螺丝（5）制作的肌肉牵拉骨运动的模型，请看图回答问题：
（1）图中[1]、[2]相当于______，[3]、[4]相当于______，[5]相当于______。
（2）图中虚线箭头表示[4]的______过程，此时[3]应该处于______状态。
（3）图中[3]、[4]两条松紧带的两端都是分别连在[1]、[2]两块木板上，这表示骨骼肌两端的______绕过______附着在不同的骨上。
（4）如果[5]表示肘关节，则此过程表示______动作。
（5）从这个模型可以看出，人在运动时，要靠______牵拉______，绕______转动完成动作。
（6）以上实例说明任何动作都反映出各种肌群之间的_______关系，也就是说一个动作的完成至少需要______组以上的肌群在______的支配下相互配合，共同完成。
（7）动物的运动器官有许多共同的结构特征。如：①多具有发达的　_ _　，能为运动提供动力；②多具有牢固的支持和附着结构，如昆虫体表的　__ _　，鸟类的龙骨突，人体四肢的骨骼；③多具有便于灵活运动的分支和节点，如蝗虫的足分节，人的四肢有许多　_ ___　。
（8）动物的运动器官与生存环境形成了很好的适应．如大多数鱼类的鳍、鸟类的翼、昆虫的翅,都具有较大的　 __　，有利于划水游泳或扇动空气飞行。
（9）动物的运动对其生存有重要意义。对于各种动物来说，运动都能扩大其活动和生存范围，因而也就增大了其　__ ___　、逃避敌害和繁殖后代的机会。
【学后反思·提困惑】




参考答案
1——28：ADABD BCAAD ACBAD DDACA ACCAC CCC
29.（1）肌肉 2 关节软骨 （2）神经 （3）收缩
30.（1）骨 骨骼肌 关节 （2）收缩 舒张 （3）肌腱 关节 （4）屈肘 （5）骨骼肌 骨 关节
（6）协作 两 神经系统 （7）肌肉 外骨骼 关节 （8）表面积 （9）寻觅食物





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