Unit 1 Great scientists
Section Ⅰ Warming Up & Reading
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
Inventor, physicist, surveyor, astronomer, biologist, artist... Robert Hooke was all these and more. Some say he was the greatest experimental scientist of the 17th century. In the course of his work, he cooperated with famous men of science like Isaac Newton, and the great architect, Christopher Wren.
Hooke's early education began at home, under the guidance of his father. He entered Westminster School at the age of 13, and from there went to Oxford, where he came in contact with some of the best scientists in England. Hooke impressed them with his skills at designing experiments and inventing instruments. In 1662, at the age of 28, he was named Curator of Experiments at the newly formed Royal Society of London—meaning that he was responsible for demonstrating (展示) new experiments at the society's weekly meeting. Hooke accepted the job, even though he knew that the society had no money to pay him!
Watching living things through a microscope (显微镜) was one of his favourite pastimes (消遣). He invented a compound microscope for this purpose. One day while observing a cork (软木塞) under a microscope, he saw honeycomb-like structures. There were cells—the smallest units of life. In fact, it was Hooke who invented the term “cell” as the box-like cells of the cork reminded him of the cells of a monastery (修道院)．
Another achievement of Hooke's was his book Micrographia, which introduced the enormous potential (潜力) of the microscope. It contains fascinating drawings of the thing he saw under the microscope. The book also includes, among other things, ideas on gravity, light and combustion (燃烧) that may have helped scientists like Newton when they were developing their own theories on these phenomena (现象)．
Hooke made a valuable contribution to astronomy too. A crater (火山口) on the moon is named after him in honour of his services to this branch of science.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。主要介绍了罗伯特·胡克的生平和成就。
1．We can infer from Paragraph 2 that Hooke is ________.
A．friendly B．sociable
C．creative D．helpful
解析：选C 推理判断题。由第二段中的“Hooke impressed them with his skills at designing experiments and inventing instruments.”可知Hooke很有“创造力”，故C项正确。
2．Which is the possible reason why Hooke accepted the job as Curator of Experiments?
A．He liked designing experiments.
B．His family needed his support.
C．He wanted to please the famous scientists in England.
D．His parents couldn't afford his education.
解析：选A 推理判断题。第二段中提到“...his skills at designing experiments and inventing instruments.”，说明他喜欢并擅长设计实验，所以即使这份工作没有报酬，他也接受了。
3．Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?
A．Hooke went to Oxford in 1645.
B．Hooke was well paid in the Royal Society of London.
C．Hooke made a contribution to medicine.
D．Hooke's book Micrographia may have helped Newton.
解析：选D 细节理解题。由文章倒数第二段最后一句话“The book also includes, among other things, ideas on gravity, light and combustion (燃烧) that may have helped scientists like Newton when they were developing their own theories on these phenomena (现象)．”可知D项正确。
4．The last paragraph is to prove that ________.
A．Hooke was the greatest experimental scientist of the 17th century
B．Hooke was good at making discoveries
C．Hooke's contributions were not limited to one field
D．Hooke was one of the greatest astronomers
解析：选C 推理判断题。文章第三段提到Hooke发明了复合显微镜，观察到了细胞，倒数第二段提到他写的书对牛顿等科学家有很大的帮助，最后一段又提到他在天文学方面也作出了重大的贡献，由此可推知他的贡献不仅仅是在一个领域，故C项正确。
B
Two of the saddest words in the English language are “if only”．I live my life with the goal of never having to say those words, because they convey regrets, lost opportunities, mistakes, and disappointment.
My father is famous in our family for saying, “Take the extra minute to do it right.” I always try to live by the “extra minute” rule. When my children were young and likely to cause accidents, I always thought about what I could do to avoid an “if only” moment, whether it was something minor like moving a cup full of hot coffee away from the edge of a counter, or something that required a little more work such as taping padding(衬垫) to the sharp corners of a glass coffee table.
I don't only avoid those “if only” moments when it comes to safety. It's equally important to avoid “if only” in our personal relationships. We all know people who lost a loved one and regretted that they had forgone an opportunity to say “I love you” or “I forgive you”．When my father announced he was going to the eye doctor across from my office on Good Friday, I told him that it was a holiday for my company and I wouldn't be here. But then I thought about the fact that he was 84 years old and I realized that I shouldn't miss an opportunity to see him. I called him and told him I had decided to go to work on my day off after all.
I know there will still be occasions when I have to say “if only” about something, but my life is definitely better because of my policy of doing everything possible to avoid that eventuality. And even though it takes an extra minute to do something right, or it occasionally takes an hour or two in my busy schedule to make a personal connection, I know that I'm doing the right thing. I'm buying myself peace of mind and that's the best kind of insurance for my emotional well-being.
【语篇解读】 “我”认为英语中最悲伤的两个词是“if only”因为它们表达了遗憾。父亲在“我”小时候经常告诉“我们”花费额外的时间也要把事情做好来避免遗憾， “我”听从父亲的建议并认为这样做是对的。
5．Why does the writer regard “if only” as two of the saddest words in the English language?
A．Because people use them when they feel sad.
B．Because they express regrets and disappointment in life.
C．Because they remind the writer of some sad experiences.
D．Because they mean sadness in the English language.
解析：选B 细节理解题。由第一段中的“Two of the saddest words...mistakes, and disappointment.”可知，“我”认为英语中最令人伤心的两个词是“if only”，因为这两个词表达了后悔、错失的机会、错误和失望，故选B项。
6．What's the meaning of the underlined word “forgone” in Paragraph 3?
A．Given up. B．Come across.
C．Got through. D．Held back.
解析：选A 词义猜测题。该词所在的句子表达的意思是：我们都认识这样的人，他们在失去所爱之人后会后悔错失了说“我爱你”或“我原谅你”的机会。所以画线词表示“失去了”，和短语give up意思接近。故选A项。
7．The author decided to go to her office on Good Friday to ________.
A．see a doctor B．finish her work
C．join a celebration D．accompany her father
解析：选D 细节理解题。从倒数第二段可以看出，“我”知道父亲要去自己办公室对面看眼科医生时，本来打算按原计划休假，但突然意识到父亲已经84岁了，所以“我”决定即便是自己的休息日，为了陪父亲，也会去上班。故选D项。
8．What is the best title for the passage?
A．Advice from My Father
B．Avoidance of Saying “If Only”
C．The “Extra Minute” Rule
D．The Importance of Emotional Well-being
解析：选B 标题归纳题。根据首尾段的第一句话及文章大意可知，本文主要是针对避免说英语中最伤心的两个词“if only”进行阐述的，所以B项“避免说‘if only’”符合全文内容。
Ⅱ.语法填空
Many of us wake up feeling 1.________ (tire) in the morning. Many of us ignore the problem as the day goes on，2.________ (forget) that it might have a 3.________ (danger)effect. Society even glorifies“burning the candle at both ends” as 4.________ sign of our devotion to work and family.
Believe it 5.________ not, all this bad sleep has far-reaching consequences. We just do not give ourselves enough chances to sleep. A survey of over 74,000 people found 35 percent reported sleeping less than seven hours daily 6.________ average. Furthermore, the amount of sleep 7.________(change) greatly over the past 15 years.
This lack of sleep can lead to many serious 8.________ (problem)．One study found that 9.________ (simple) limiting yourself to six hours of sleep a night for two weeks had similar effects to staying up all night the night before，10.________ could make you perform poorly on a timed attention task.
【语篇解读】 本文介绍了很多人睡眠不足的现象和由此导致的一些问题。
1．解析：本句主语是人，故用形容词tired作feeling的表语。
答案：tired
2．解析：空处与其逻辑主语Many of us构成主谓关系，因此用现在分词作状语。
答案：forgetting
3．解析：空后为名词，故用形容词修饰。
答案：dangerous
4．解析：此处表示作为我们对工作和家庭的奉献的一种标志，表泛指，故用a。
答案：a
5．解析：believe it or not为固定短语，意为“信不信由你”。
答案：or
6．解析：on average为固定搭配，意为“平均来看，按平均值”。
答案：on
7．解析：根据该句中的时间状语“over the past 15 years”可知，此处应用现在完成时，且该句的主语是“the amount of sleep”，故谓语动词用单数形式。
答案：has changed
8．解析：空前有many修饰，且problem为可数名词，故用其复数形式。
答案：problems
9．解析：此处修饰非谓语动词limiting，故应用副词。
答案：simply
10．解析：根据语境并分析句子结构可知，该句为非限制性定语从句，又因关系词在从句中作主语，指代空前的“9.______ (simple) limiting...the night before”，故用which。
答案：which
1．surveyor n．外科医生
2．cooperate v．合作
3．architect n．建筑师
4．impress v．给……留下印象
5．structure n．结构
He entered Westminster School at the age of 13，and from there went to Oxford，where he came in contact with some of the best scientists in England.
[分析] 这是一个由and连接的并列复合句。where在句中引导定语从句，修饰先行词Oxford。
[翻译] 他在13岁时进入威斯敏斯特学校，从那里到了牛津大学，在那里他和英国一些知名科学家取得联系。
课件23张PPT。Section Ⅰ Warming Up & Reading语 篇 理 解基 础 巩 固能 力 提 升基 础 巩 固of sb.'s/sth.'s day 语 篇 理 解能 力 提 升点 击 进 入Section Ⅱ Learning about Language & Using Language
Ⅰ.七选五
How to Say No Respectfully
Like most people, your natural instinct (本能) is probably to help others when you can. __1__ Whether you're declining an invitation to a party or turning down a new project at work, you can say no while still being respectful. Whatever the situation is, be clear, polite and firm when saying no.
Express your thanks. __2__ If you have to turn someone down, express your thanks that they thought of you in the first place. You could say something like, “Thanks for considering me responsible enough to watch your kids. I'm sorry that I'm busy that evening.”
Think before you speak. If you say no immediately, it might seem like you didn't even consider the request. In order to be respectful, take a moment to think about your answer—even if you already know what it is going to be. __3__
Give a clear answer. Saying no respectfully shows that you're honest and direct. __4__ If you can't help, say no. If someone is asking you on a date and you don't want to go, make that clear.
__5__ You can say no without completely turning down the request. By setting boundaries, you can make it clear exactly what you can do and what you are willing to do. For example, you could say, “I'm not free for dinner, but I would be coming for a quick drink after work.”
A．Find a way to compromise.
B．Take a pause, and then kindly say no.
C．But sometimes you just need to say no.
D．It's strange to feel guilty for turning someone down.
E．Make it clear that you sincerely appreciate being asked.
F．If you feel it necessary, you can also provide a reason for your answer.
G．Do not give people false hope that you will be able to satisfy their request.
【语篇解读】 本文主要介绍了如何有礼貌地拒绝别人。
1．解析：选C 前面讲到“帮助别人可能是人的一种本能”，接下来话锋一转，说到“在有些情形下你可以礼貌地拒绝别人”，前后是转折关系，所以选C项。
2．解析：选E 本段的第一句“表达你的谢意”为段落主题句，所以空处意在进一步解释说明这一主题，而选项E的意思是“要表达清楚你很真诚地感激受到邀请”，所以E项符合语境。
3．解析：选B 本段首句为段落主题句，意为“在说(不)之前要思考一下”，而B项的意思是“停一下，然后再善意地拒绝”，与此处匹配，所以选B项。
4．解析：选G 由本段内容可知，本段主要讲明确答复对方，有礼貌地拒绝别人表示你是诚实的、直接的。所以G项“不要给人错觉，让别人觉得你可以满足他的要求”与本段所表达的意思相符，所以选G项。
5．解析：选A 根据下文可知，本段讲述的是在拒绝别人的时候，可以留有余地，表达清楚你能做什么、愿意做什么，而A项的意思是“找到一个折中的办法”，与本段所表达的意思相符，所以选A项。
Ⅱ.完形填空
A successful scientist is generally a good observer. He makes full __1__ of the facts he observes. He doesn't accept ideas which are not __2__ on obvious facts, and therefore refuses to accept authority (权威) as the only __3__ for truth. He always __4__ ideas carefully and makes experiments to prove them.]
The rise of __5__ science may perhaps be considered to __6__ as far back as the __7__ of Roger Bacon, the wonderful philosopher (哲学家) of Oxford, who lived __8__ the years 1214 and 1292.He was probably the first in the middle __9__ to suggest that we must learn science __10__ observing and experimenting on the things around us, and he himself __11__ many important discoveries.
Galileo, however, who lived about 300 years later (1564～1642), the greatest of several great men, __12__ lived in Italy, France, Germany, or England, began by __13__ to show how many important __14__ could be discovered by observation. Before Galileo, learned men believed that large bodies fell more __15__ towards the earth than small ones, __16__ Aristotle said so. But Galileo, going to the __17__ of the Leaning Tower of Pisa, let fall two __18__ iron balls and proved Aristotle was wrong. It was Galileo's __19__ of going direct to nature, and proving out __20__ and theories by experiment that has led to all the discoveries of modern science.
【语篇解读】 本文为一篇说明文。说明一个成功的科学家必须是一个好的观察者，其次还需具备一些素养。
1．A.use B．time
C．speed D．trust
解析：选A make full use of “充分利用……”。
2．A.worked B．based
C．lived D．written
解析：选B be based on“以……为基础”。
3．A.reason B．cause
C．advice D．result
解析：选A 空格后的for暗示应选reason。the reason for ...“……的理由”；the cause of ...“……的起因”，两者皆为习惯搭配。
4．A.thinks B．checks
C．has D．learns
解析：选B 后文“做实验来证明这些想法”暗示应用check，意为“核实，核查”。
5．A.natural B．physical
C．ancient D．modern
解析：选D the rise of modern science“现代科学的崛起”。根据下文Roger Bacon提出通过观察和实验来了解科学可知。本文最后一句中的“modern science”也是提示。
6．A.date B．keep
C．look D．take
解析：选A 此处date用作动词，构成date back短语，意为“追溯到……”。keep back“隐瞒，阻止”；look back“回顾”；take back“收回”。
7．A.study B．time
C．year D．birth
解析：选B 追溯到这位科学家所生活的时代。time此处意为“时代”。
8．A.both B．each
C．between D．among
解析：选C between ...and ...“在……和……之间”。
9．A.schools B．ages
C．days D．countries
解析：选B in the middle ages“在中世纪”。
10．A.in B．with
C．on D．by
解析：选D by doing sth.“通过做某事”。by表示方法、手段，意为“靠……，用……”。
11．A.did B．made
C．took D．gave
解析：选B make many important discoveries“做出许多重要的发现”。make a discovery(＝discover)“发现”。
12．A.who B．when
C．that D．where
解析：选A who在此引导一个非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词“several great men”。
13．A.ways B．degrees
C．levels D．chance
解析：选B by degrees“逐渐地，渐渐地”；by chance“偶然”。承接上文应选B项。
14．A.truths B．problems
C．people D．subjects
解析：选A 根据词义及语境可知选truths，表示“真理”。
15．A.slowly B．rapidly
C．lightly D．heavily
解析：选B 以前人们认为大物体下落的速度要比小物体下落得快，故选rapidly“快速地”。
16．A.although B．because
C．when D．if
解析：选B “因为”这是科学界权威人士亚里士多德说的。
17．A.place B．foot
C．top D．ceiling
解析：选C 伽利略来到比萨斜塔的“顶端”抛下两个铁球。
18．A.big B．small
C．equal D．unequal
解析：选D 为了证明不同大小的物体下落的速度不相同的观点是错误的，伽利略在塔顶丢下两个重量“不同”的铁球。
19．A.spirit B．skill
C．theory D．discovery
解析：选A 是伽利略这种直接探究自然界本质、通过实验证明观点和理论的“精神”引导现代科学所有科学发现的产生。
20．A.plans B．opinions
C．world D．ability
解析：选B 通过实验来证明“观点”和理论。
1．decline v．拒绝
2．respectful adj.有礼貌的
3．boundary n．边界；界线
4．learned adj.学识渊博的
5．lead to 导致
课件10张PPT。Section Ⅱ Learning about Language
& Using Language基 础 巩 固能 力 提 升基 础 巩 固能 力 提 升点 击 进 入Section Ⅲ Grammar
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
Sir John Gurdon, a British scientist, who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012, said he had predicted at the time of his frog experiments that the successful cloning of a mammal would happen within 50 years, and that “maybe the same answer is appropriate” for the step to human cloning. Parents who lose children in accidents may be able to clone “copies” to replace them then.
Although any attempt to clone an entire human would raise complex moral issues, the biologist claimed people would soon overcome their concerns if the technique became medically useful. Cloning was regarded with extreme doubts when it was first developed but became widely accepted after the birth of Louise Brown, the first “test-tube baby”. He said, “When my first frog experiments were done, an American reporter asked how long it would be before these things could be done in mammals or humans. I said, ‘Well, it could be anytime between 10 years and 100 years—how about 50 years？’ It turned out that it wasn't far off the mark as far as Dolly was concerned. Maybe the same answer is appropriate.” Sir John added that cloning a human being effectively means making an identical twin, and doctors would therefore simply be “copying what nature has already produced”．
The average vote on allowing parents of deceased children, who are no longer fertile (能生育的), to create another by using the mother's eggs and skin cells from the first child, thinking the technique was safe and effective, is 60 percent in favor. The reasons for “no” are usually that the new children would feel they are some sort of replacements for something.
【语篇解读】 诺贝尔生理学或医学奖得主、英国科学家约翰·戈登爵士称，那些在事故中失去子女的父母将能在未来50年内借助克隆技术，让他们的子女得到“重生”。
1．Sir John predicted the human cloning would be a reality in ________ at most.
A．about 100 years B．about 60 years
C．about 50 years D．about 10 years
解析：选C 细节理解题。根据文章第一段可知，戈登爵士表示，在未来50年内，那些在事故中失去孩子的父母将有可能通过克隆技术得到孩子的“复制品”。故选C项。
2．According to the text, which statement is NOT true?
A．Louise Brown is the first “test-tube baby”．
B．Human cloning is still a controversial topic.
C．Sir John is positive about the future of human cloning.
D．Human cloning is creating something that didn't exist before.
解析：选D 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“after the birth of Louise Brown, the first ‘test-tube baby'”可排除A项；文章尾段说明赞成者占6成，故排除B项；根据第二段中戈登爵士的话可知，他对克隆人充满了希望，故排除C项；根据第二段的尾句可知，D项表述不正确。
3．The underlined word “identical” probably means“________”．
A．same B．special
C．new D．clear
解析：选A 词义猜测题。根据画线词后的“twin”和文中的“doctors would therefore simply be‘copying what nature has already produced'”可知，A项正确。
4．It can be inferred from the passage that ________.
A．most people cast doubt on John's experiments
B．human cloning is and will be only a dream
C．few children love to be cloned in the future
D．human cloning may be realized someday
解析：选D 推理判断题。根据文章第二段的第一句可知，虽然克隆人类的尝试将引起复杂的道德问题，但是生物学家声称如果克隆技术变得有医学价值，人们很快就会消除他们的担心，因此可推断D项正确。
B
Welcome to Glass of Venice, the number one importer and retailer of authentic Murano Glass in the US and one of the top names among Murano Glass retailers worldwide. We work directly with artisans(工匠) from Murano, Italy to bring you the unique centuries—old art rooted in tradition and skill. Every item is handcrafted with passion using ancient techniques that made Murano glassmakers world-famous since the 8th century. Now you needn't make a trip to Murano to own an authentic piece of art as beautiful as Venice itself.
At the time of mass-produced products that carry no special meaning, Murano Glass gives you an opportunity to express your individuality. Every piece is unique.
Murano Glass is 100% handcrafted in Venice. Be a part of the centuries—old Venetian tradition!
A piece of the artisan's heart and soul is captured in every Murano Glass creation. Grafting Murano Glass jewelry vases, sculptures and other functional and decorative pieces is a complicated process from silica, minerals, water, and fire, Venetian artisans create masterpieces. The techniques they use are centuries old, and artisans have been trained for many years in their fathers' and grandfathers' workshops before they can attain revered status of the true master of the craft.
Murano Glass masters are not just artisans；they are artists. Ever since Murano glassmakers guild (同业公会) was established on this Venetian island in 1291, they have been innovating, seeking new methods of creating glass, and pushing forward to express new philosophies and artistic visions through glass. This made Murano Glass get its own art form, and it has been recognized at international expositions and top art museums and galleries worldwide. Today the famous glass masters working on Murano are first and foremost artists, and Glass of Venice is proud to offer artistic masterpieces from top Murano Glass workshops.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了美国最大的Murano Glass进口商和零售商及其工艺品，详细介绍了Murano Glass工艺品的艺术特点、工艺传承、制作原料、世界影响等。
5．What can we know about Murano Glass?
A．It is made by using modern machines.
B．Every piece is made in the US.
C．Every piece has a special style.
D．It was designed in the 8th century.
解析：选C 细节理解题。根据第二段“At the time of mass-produced products...Every piece is unique.”可知，每件Murano Glass工艺品都是独一无二的。据此可知，每件Murano Glass工艺品都有其特别的风格。故C项正确。
6．What were Murano Glass masters devoted to doing according to the text?
A．Exploring ways to develop the creation of glass.
B．Exporting Murano Glass to many foreign countries.
C．Building art museums to show the beauty of Murano Glass.
D．Creating a special art form to express their philosophies of life.
解析：选A 细节理解题。根据第五段第一、二句可知，Murano Glass大师不仅仅是工匠，更是艺术家；他们一直在创新，寻求新的方法来创造玻璃工艺品。故A项正确。
7．What is the author's attitude to Murano Glass masters' works?
A．Critical. B．Admirable.
C．Cautious. D．Aggressive.
解析：选B 观点态度题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了美国最大的Murano Glass进口商和零售商及其工艺品。结合文章尾句可知，今天，在Murano工作的著名的玻璃大师们首先是艺术家，而Glass of Venice则以提供顶级的Murano Glass制作厂制作的工艺品而自豪。据此可以判断，作者认为Murano Glass大师们的作品令人钦佩。故B项正确。
Ⅱ.短文改错
As teenagers, we should attach great important to reading. Reading can benefit from us teenagers a great deal. Firstly, reading improves our school grades. Secondly, reading helps us expanding our horizons. Thirdly, reading may contribute to finding solutions to their own problems. Finally, reading is a enjoyable experience.
It is strongly suggested that our spare time is made full use of read as much as possible. We teenagers should stay devoted to read what we are interested in. Besides, we should active participate in some activities that are related to reading, what we can not only get our knowledge enriched but also gain a lot of pleasure.
答案：
As teenagers, we should attach great to reading. Reading can benefit from us teenagers a great deal. Firstly, reading improves our school grades. Secondly, reading helps us our horizons. Thirdly, reading may contribute to finding solutions to own problems. Finally, reading is enjoyable experience.
It is strongly suggested that our spare time made full use of read as much as possible. We teenagers should stay devoted to what we are interested in. Besides, we should participate in some activities that are related to reading， we can not only get our knowledge enriched but also gain a lot of pleasure.
1．predict v．预测
2．appropriate adj.适合的
3．mammal n．哺乳动物
4．be rooted in 根源于……
5．handcrafted adj.手工的
Although any attempt to clone an entire human would raise complex moral issues， the biologist claimed people would soon overcome their concerns if the technique became medically useful.
[分析] 这是一个复合句。although在句中引导让步状语从句；主句谓语动词claimed后接宾语从句；if引导条件状语从句。
[翻译] 尽管任何克隆人的尝试将会引起复杂的道德问题，但是科学家们声称如果这项技术仅用于医学领域人们就会很快摆脱这种担忧。
课件9张PPT。Section Ⅲ Grammar基 础 巩 固能 力 提 升基 础 巩 固能 力 提 升点 击 进 入课件30张PPT。Section Ⅳ 单元知识巩固重 点 短 语重 点 单 词话 题 写 作重 点 句 型重 点 单 词重 点 短 语重 点 句 型话 题 写 作
