选修7 Unit 1 Living Well
Grammar动词不定式
核心语法精析
一、基本概念
动词不定式由to＋动词原形构成。这里的to是不定式标志，没有词义，有时to可以省略，其否定形式为“not＋动词不定式”。不定式具有名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能，又有动词的时态和语态的特点及作用。
二、不定式的功能
功能 内涵 例句
作主语 表示一件事 In fact it is not difficult to master a foreign language.实际上掌握一门外语并不难。
作宾语 表示一个动作 They preferred to have a long journey on a train rather than by air.他们宁愿乘火车度过长长的旅途也不愿乘飞机。
作表语 表示一个动作的具体内容 Her wish is to catch up with her classmates in a month.她的愿望是在一个月内赶上她的同学们。
作定语 表示某人或某事物的性质 He was the first person to put forward the issue at the meeting.他是第一个在会上提出这件事的人。
作状语 表示目的、结果或原因等 To catch the first bus，he got up early.为了赶上第一班公交车，他早早就起床了。(表目的) He searched the room only to find nothing.他找遍房间，结果什么也没找到。(表结果) I'm happy to see you again.很高兴又见到你。(表原因)
作宾语补足语 表示对宾语的补充说明 She invited me to go shopping with her.她请我和她一起去购物。
作插入语 构成独立成分，如：to be honest/frank，to tell (you) the truth，to begin with To tell you the truth，I don't agree with you.说实话，我不同意你的意见。
三、不定式的时态及语态
时态 说明 主动语态 被动语态 例句
一般时态 表示的动作通常与谓语同时发生或在它之后发生 to do to be done I'm sorry to hear that.听到那个消息我很难过。 I plan to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow.我打算参加明天召开的会议。
进行时态 如果谓语动词表示的动作或情况发生时，不定式表示的动作或情况正在进行，这时不定式需用进行式 to be doing The man pretended to be weaving.那个人假装正在编织。
完成时态 如果不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，不定式需用完成式 to have done to have been done I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.我很抱歉让你一直等。 She feels relaxed to have finished writing her thesis before the deadline.她在截止日期前写完了论文，感到很轻松。
四、不定式的省略
项目 例句
三个使役动词(make，let，have)后作宾补的不定式(被动语态中要带to) He made the students finish the exercises in class.他让学生们在课堂上把练习做完。 The students were made to finish the exercises in class.学生们被要求在课堂上把练习做完。
感官动词see，watch，notice，feel，hear或者使役动词let，have，make后接动词不定式作宾语补足语时。(被动语态中带to) I saw him come in and sit down beside the window.我看见他走进来坐在窗户边。
在had better(最好)，would rather(宁愿)，can't help but(忍不住)，cannot but(不得不，只好)等结构后。 You had better have another talk with your cousin.你最好和你表弟再谈一次。
在Why not do ...？(何不……？)prefer to do ...rather than do ...(宁愿做……而不愿做……)，would do ...rather than do ...(宁愿做……而不愿做……)等句型中省略了不定式符号“to”。 Why not take more exercise to lose weight?何不多做些锻炼来减肥呢？
不定式动词在介词but，except，besides后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to。 She could do nothing but cry.她除了哭，不能做任何事。 They had no choice but to move.他们别无选择，只能搬家。
五、“疑问词＋动词不定式”结构
“疑问词what，how，when，where，which＋动词不定式”结构可作主语、表语和宾语等。
How to give advice in English is what I am trying to learn.
我正在努力学习如何用英语提建议。
Ⅰ.用所给单词的适当形式填空
1．The chair looks rather hard，but in fact it is very comfortable____________(sit) on.
2．I'm sorry____________(give) you so much trouble.
3．____________(see) is to believe.
4．____________(learn) more about Chinese culture，Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course.
5．Are you going to the conference____________(hold)next Monday?
Ⅱ.句型转换(使用动词不定式)
1．It is impossible that a child can lift such a heavy box.
＝It is impossible________ ________ ________ ________ ________such a heavy box.
2．He said，“I have been told about the news.”
＝He was said________ ________ ________told about the news.
3．They saw her enter the room.
＝She ________ ________ ________enter the room.
4．“Bob，don't go there，”said Jack.
＝Jack told Bob________ ________ ________ ________．
5．Jane doesn't know how she can improve her Chinese.
＝Jane doesn't know________ ________improve her Chinese.
Ⅲ.单句改错
1．My parents have always made me to feel good about myself even when I was twelve.
________________________________________________________________________
2．We don't allow people smoking in the hospital.
________________________________________________________________________
3．There are still many problems solved before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.
________________________________________________________________________
4．One of the easiest things in the world is become a fault?finder.
________________________________________________________________________
5．So as to support his family，Mr.Johnson began to plant herbs and vegetables.
________________________________________________________________________
6．Anxiously，she took the dress out of the package and tried it on，only finding it didn't fit.
________________________________________________________________________
7．We all agreed that the last one arriving pays for the meal.
________________________________________________________________________
8．His brother is said to go to France，and now he is studying computer in a famous college in Paris.
________________________________________________________________________
9．There is nothing more I can try persuading you to stay，so I wish you good luck.
________________________________________________________________________
10．An engineer named Ellis Chesbrough convinced the city that it had no choice but build the pipes above ground and then cover them with dirt.
________________________________________________________________________
4
选修7 Unit 1 Living Well
Grammar动词不定式
核心语法精析
一、基本概念
动词不定式由to＋动词原形构成。这里的to是不定式标志，没有词义，有时to可以省略，其否定形式为“not＋动词不定式”。不定式具有名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能，又有动词的时态和语态的特点及作用。
二、不定式的功能
功能 内涵 例句
作主语 表示一件事 In fact it is not difficult to master a foreign language.实际上掌握一门外语并不难。
作宾语 表示一个动作 They preferred to have a long journey on a train rather than by air.他们宁愿乘火车度过长长的旅途也不愿乘飞机。
作表语 表示一个动作的具体内容 Her wish is to catch up with her classmates in a month.她的愿望是在一个月内赶上她的同学们。
作定语 表示某人或某事物的性质 He was the first person to put forward the issue at the meeting.他是第一个在会上提出这件事的人。
作状语 表示目的、结果或原因等 To catch the first bus，he got up early.为了赶上第一班公交车，他早早就起床了。(表目的) He searched the room only to find nothing.他找遍房间，结果什么也没找到。(表结果) I'm happy to see you again.很高兴又见到你。(表原因)
作宾语补足语 表示对宾语的补充说明 She invited me to go shopping with her.她请我和她一起去购物。
作插入语 构成独立成分，如：to be honest/frank，to tell (you) the truth，to begin with To tell you the truth，I don't agree with you.说实话，我不同意你的意见。
三、不定式的时态及语态
时态 说明 主动语态 被动语态 例句
一般时态 表示的动作通常与谓语同时发生或在它之后发生 to do to be done I'm sorry to hear that.听到那个消息我很难过。 I plan to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow.我打算参加明天召开的会议。
进行时态 如果谓语动词表示的动作或情况发生时，不定式表示的动作或情况正在进行，这时不定式需用进行式 to be doing The man pretended to be weaving.那个人假装正在编织。
完成时态 如果不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，不定式需用完成式 to have done to have been done I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.我很抱歉让你一直等。 She feels relaxed to have finished writing her thesis before the deadline.她在截止日期前写完了论文，感到很轻松。
四、不定式的省略
项目 例句
三个使役动词(make，let，have)后作宾补的不定式(被动语态中要带to) He made the students finish the exercises in class.他让学生们在课堂上把练习做完。 The students were made to finish the exercises in class.学生们被要求在课堂上把练习做完。
感官动词see，watch，notice，feel，hear或者使役动词let，have，make后接动词不定式作宾语补足语时。(被动语态中带to) I saw him come in and sit down beside the window.我看见他走进来坐在窗户边。
在had better(最好)，would rather(宁愿)，can't help but(忍不住)，cannot but(不得不，只好)等结构后。 You had better have another talk with your cousin.你最好和你表弟再谈一次。
在Why not do ...？(何不……？)prefer to do ...rather than do ...(宁愿做……而不愿做……)，would do ...rather than do ...(宁愿做……而不愿做……)等句型中省略了不定式符号“to”。 Why not take more exercise to lose weight?何不多做些锻炼来减肥呢？
不定式动词在介词but，except，besides后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to。 She could do nothing but cry.她除了哭，不能做任何事。 They had no choice but to move.他们别无选择，只能搬家。
五、“疑问词＋动词不定式”结构
“疑问词what，how，when，where，which＋动词不定式”结构可作主语、表语和宾语等。
How to give advice in English is what I am trying to learn.
我正在努力学习如何用英语提建议。
Ⅰ.用所给单词的适当形式填空
1．The chair looks rather hard，but in fact it is very comfortable____________(sit) on.
2．I'm sorry____________(give) you so much trouble.
3．____________(see) is to believe.
4．____________(learn) more about Chinese culture，Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course.
5．Are you going to the conference____________(hold)next Monday?
答案：1.to sit 2.to have given 3.To see 4.To learn 5．to be held
Ⅱ.句型转换(使用动词不定式)
1．It is impossible that a child can lift such a heavy box.
＝It is impossible________ ________ ________ ________ ________such a heavy box.
2．He said，“I have been told about the news.”
＝He was said________ ________ ________told about the news.
3．They saw her enter the room.
＝She ________ ________ ________enter the room.
4．“Bob，don't go there，”said Jack.
＝Jack told Bob________ ________ ________ ________．
5．Jane doesn't know how she can improve her Chinese.
＝Jane doesn't know________ ________improve her Chinese.
答案：1.for a child to lift 2.to have been 3.was seen to 4.not to go there 5.how to
Ⅲ.单句改错
1．My parents have always made me to feel good about myself even when I was twelve.
________________________________________________________________________
2．We don't allow people smoking in the hospital.
________________________________________________________________________
3．There are still many problems solved before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.
________________________________________________________________________
4．One of the easiest things in the world is become a fault?finder.
________________________________________________________________________
5．So as to support his family，Mr.Johnson began to plant herbs and vegetables.
________________________________________________________________________
6．Anxiously，she took the dress out of the package and tried it on，only finding it didn't fit.
________________________________________________________________________
7．We all agreed that the last one arriving pays for the meal.
________________________________________________________________________
8．His brother is said to go to France，and now he is studying computer in a famous college in Paris.
________________________________________________________________________
9．There is nothing more I can try persuading you to stay，so I wish you good luck.
________________________________________________________________________
10．An engineer named Ellis Chesbrough convinced the city that it had no choice but build the pipes above ground and then cover them with dirt.
________________________________________________________________________
答案：1.去掉to 2.smoking改为to smoke 3.solved改为to be solved 4.become前加to
5.So as改为 In order 6.finding改为to find 7.arriving改为to arrive 8．go 改为have gone
9.persuading改为to persuade 10．build前加to
5
