外研版必修2 Module 4 Fine　Arts – Western, Chinese and Pop　Arts Writing 课件（33张PPT）

(共33张PPT)
B2 M4 Writing

how to write a good topic sentence
Objectives
Students are expected to be able to :
Understand the functions and basic elements of a topic sentence for a paragraph;
Write an appropriate topic sentence for a paragraph.
Lead-in
What does the short video talk about?
Think About It!
Look at the short video above. What do you think is happening? What does the short video talk about?
Warm-up: How is your summer holiday after NMET ?
How are you spending your summer holiday after NMET?
Go traveling
Preview for college study
Do sports
Read novels
Do part-time jobs
Surf the net
Play computer game
Sleep all day long
…
Warm-up
Oral exercise: “How are you spending your summer holiday ?”and note down your classmates’ answers.
1. Interview at least 5 classmates about their summer holiday.
2. Discuss and analyze the figures and facts you’ve got.
3. Write a short report according to the findings of your survey and present it to your class.
Summer Holiday-Example
The classmates I have interviewed will enjoy their summer holiday after NMET with different activities. Some of them will go traveling to broaden their vision, while some students prefer to stay at home reading novels, watching movies or surfing the Internet to relax themselves. On the other hand, some classmates are going to do some part-time jobs to earn some pocket money and working experience. On the whole, my classmates will take different activities to make good use of their happy summer holiday.
Four parts
What is the topic sentence
1
3
2
4
Position of topic sentence
Two parts of a topic sentence
Writing topic sentences
What is a paragraph?
A paragraph is a group of related sentences that develop a main thought, or idea, about a single topic. The structure of a paragraph is not complex. There are usually three basic elements:(1) a topic,(2) a main idea or topic sentence, and (3) supporting details.
As a writer, these paragraph elements provide you with an easy-to-follow structure for expressing your ideas clearly and effectively. As a reader, these same elements help you know what to look for and ensure that you will understand and remember what you read.
Read the following paragraph, find out the topic sentence, noticing how all the details relate to one point, and explain the topic sentence.
There is some evidence that colors affect you physiologically. For example, when subjects are exposed to red light, respiratory（呼吸的） movements increase; exposure to blue decreases respiratory movements. Similarly, eye blinks increase in frequency when eyes are exposed to red light and decrease when exposed to blue. This seems consistent with the intuitive（直观的） feelings about blue being more soothing（镇静的） and red being more arousing. After changing a school’s wall from orange and white to blue, the blood pressure of the students decreased while their academic performance improved.
Structure a paragraph
You might visualize a paragraph this way:
Idea Map
Idea Map
Idea Map
Idea Map
Idea Map
Idea Map
Idea Map
Idea Map
Topic Sentence
Detail
Detail
Detail
Idea Map
Idea Map
Idea Map
Idea Map
Idea Map
Idea Map
Idea Map
Idea Map
Idea Map
Idea Map
Idea Map
Idea Map
Idea Map
Idea Map
Idea Map
Idea Map
Idea Map
Idea Map
Idea Map
Idea Map
Idea Map
Idea Map
Idea Map
Idea Map
Idea Map
Idea Map
Idea Map
Idea Map
Idea Map
Idea Map
Idea Map
Idea Map
Idea Map
Idea Map
______affect people physiologically
Colors
_____________________in-crease in red light and decrease in blue light.
Respiratory movements
____________increase in red light and decrease in blue light
Eye blinks
_______are consistent with the idea that blue is soothing and red is arousing.
Feelings
A change in a school’s walls from orange and white to blue __________students’ blood pressure and ______academic performance.
decreased
improved
Examples about topics and details
GENERAL emotion
SPECIFIC love, fear, anger…

GENERAL pollution
SPECIFIC air pollution, water pollution, solid waste…

GENERAL Newspapers include a wide variety of different types of information.
SPECIFIC Newspapers report world and local news events.
Newspapers publish human interesting stories.
Newspapers advertise products and services. …
Practice 1
Adding specific details
Directions: Complete the following sets by supplying the missing information.

1. GENERAL Television provides several types of entertainment.
SPECIFIC a. Television offers reality TV shows.
b. ____________________________________
c. ____________________________________
2. GENERAL Advertisements are often misleading.
SPECIFIC a. Products often appear larger than they really are.
b. ____________________________________

c. ____________________________________
Television offers movie reruns.
Television shows sporting events.
Claims of a product’s effectiveness are often exaggerated.
Ads often make products seem simple to use when they are not.
3. GENERAL ___________________________________
SPECIFIC a. Flexible work hours permit employees to work at their peak times of efficiency.
b. Flexible work hours help reduce line-ups at equipment (fax machine and copier, for example)
c. Flexible work hours help reduce rush hour traffic near the office.

4. GENERAL ___________________________________
SPECIFIC a. Some television commercials use humor to sell their product.
b. Other commercials use famous people to persuade their audience to buy their product.
c. Some commercials use the message “Everyone’s buying it, so why don’t you? ”
Flexible work hours have many advantages.
Commercials use numerous appeals to sell products.
NEED TO KNOW: Important Terms
Paragraph

Topic

Topic sentence

Supporting details
the sentence that states the paragraph’s main idea
those sentences that explain the topic sentence
a group of sentences that focus on a single idea
the one thing a paragraph is about
Locating the topic sentence
Topic sentence _____
Topic Sentence
Detail
Detail
Detail
General
Specific









First
Names usually have origins, especially for Indians. Indians with distinctive physical characteristics might be given names such as Big Foot or Crooked Leg. If there had been a big storm on the day of a baby’s birth, the baby might have been named Thundercloud. Grey Eagle, Red Dog, Big Bear, and Spooted Wolf are examples of Indian names after animals.
Topic sentence: Names usually have origins, especially for Indians.
Topic sentence _____
Detail
Detail
Detail
Topic sentence
Specific
General










Last
Suppose you’re playing a game. You make a silly mistake and lose. Do you become angry? Or can you laugh at yourself and hope to do better next time? Suppose you are at a special dinner. You accidentally spill some food. Why keep worrying about how clumsy you look? Why not laugh it off and enjoy yourself anyway? If you can, it’s good sign you’ve really grown up.
Topic sentence: Why not laugh it off and enjoy yourself anyway?
Topic sentence __________
Detail
Detail
Detail
Detail
Topic sentence
Specific
Specific
General











in the middle
Californians and New Englanders are both American. They speak the same language and abide by the same federal laws. But they are very different in their ways of life. Mobility---both physical and psychological---has made a great impression on the culture of Californians; lack of mobility is the mark of the customs and morality of New Englanders.
Topic sentence: But they are very different in their ways of life.
Practice 2 Underline the topic sentence
(1) The Greenwood Boys are a group of pop singers. At present, they are visiting all parts of the country. They will be arriving here tomorrow. They will be coming by train and most of the young people in the town will be meeting them at the station. Tomorrow evening they will be singing at the Worker’s Club.
Topic sentence ______
first
(2) Music is used in stores to encourage you to buy more. It is used in fast food eating places to make you eat faster and get out. In banks, music is piped in to give you a feeling of cheerfulness and confidence. Indeed, music is used in many ways to affect people’s feelings and action. It is used in factories to speed up the workers and increase the amount of work produced. It is used in hospitals to make the sick feel better. And, at sports events, music is used to make players try harder.
Topic sentence ___________
in the middle
There is some evidence that colors
affect you physiologically.
topic
controlling idea
More examples:
Convenience foods are easy to prepare.

b. Alcoholic beverages(饮料) should be banned from college campuses for two reasons.
topic
controlling idea
Topic sentence usually consists of two parts: a topic and a controlling idea.
Topic sentence: topic +controlling idea
Writing a topic sentence
Practice 3
Find out the topic and controlling idea in each topic sentence.
?People can avoid burglaries by taking certain precautions.
Topic:
Controlling idea:

?There are several advantages to growing up in a small town.
avoid burglaries
by taking certain precautions

Topic:
Controlling idea:

?Effective leadership requires specific qualities that anyone can develop.
Topic:
Controlling idea:
effective leadership
growing up in a small town
several advantages
specific qualities
The function of Topic Sentences
A good topic sentence does two things:
■ it makes clear what the paragraph is about--- the topic.
■ it expresses a view or makes a point about the topic.
Requirements of a Good Topic Sentence
Topic sentence should be a complete sentence with a complete meaning.

How to read a novel.
Anyone can learn how to read a novel.
X
?
Topic sentence should not be too general and should be clear in meaning.

My parents have greatly influenced my life.
My parents helped me make the decision to attend college.
Requirements of a Good Topic Sentence
X
?
Topic sentence should not be a specific description.

They moved to a new apartment last month.
He encountered an old friend yesterday.
Requirements of a Good Topic Sentence
X
X
Practice 4
Write a topic sentence for each of the following paragraph.
1._______________________________________________________. North Americans send cards for many occasions. They send cards to family and friends on birthdays and holidays. They also send thank-you cards and get well cards. It is very common to buy cards in stores and send them through the mail, but turning on the computer and sending cards over the Internet is also popular.
Sending cards is a popular practice among North Americans.
2._______________________________________________________. First of all, we need money to repair old roads and build new roads. We also need more to pay teachers’ salaries and to pay for services such as trash collection. Finally, more tax money is needed to give financial help to the poor citizens of the city. It is clear that the city will have serious problems if taxes are not raised soon.
The collection of taxes can bring a lot of benefits to the whole city.
3.____________________________________________________ .Just as the popular saying goes, honesty is the best policy. Honest people are more trustworthy, so others are more likely to make friends with them. Besides, being honest can avoid misunderstanding between friends, which will contribute to harmonious relationship between them.
There is no doubt that one can win real friendship by being honest
Summary
two parts: a topic and a controlling idea
the sentence that states the paragraph’s main idea
it locates first, last or in the middle of a paragraph
complete and clear

What’s the topic sentence


How many parts are there in a topic sentence


Where can a topic sentence appear?
What are the characteristics of a good topic sentence
Assignment

According to the information, write a short essay with topic sentence and supporting details.
移动支付已全面走进我们的生活，但人们对此褒贬不一。请结合它的优点和缺点，以及你的个人观点写一篇短文。

Conduct Peer-evaluation (after- class)
criteria 1 2 3 4 5
Is handwriting neat ?
Is the opinion clear ?
Are the details relevant and supportive?
Are there any grammatical problems ?