2020中考英语语法复习——情态动词的类型、基本用法总结与同步练习 学案 (有答案)

初中英语语法 —— 情态动词的类型与基本用法总结（附同步练习）
一、情态动词的基本概念
（一）情态动词：情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义，主要用于增加语言表达的情态色彩，表示说话人对有关行为或事物的主观态度和看法，认为其可能、应该或必要等。
（二）特征：① 不能单独做谓语，必须与其他动词一起构成谓语；② 没有人称和数的变化；
③ 情态动词后必须跟动词原形；④ 具有助动词功能。
（三）初中英语常见的情态动词：must, shall, should, had better, can (could), may (might), will (would);
need和dare（既可以作情态动词，也可以作实义动词）。
二、情态动词的基本用法
1. can (could)
1) 表示能力，意为“能、会”，即有某种能力，尤其是生来具备的能力，此时may和must不可代替它。
例句：She can swim fast, but I can’t . 她能游得很快，但我不能。
例句：I can see with my eyes. 我用眼睛看。
2) 表示请求、许可，常在口语中。这里可以用may代替。
例句：Can I borrow your bike?
You can/may use my dictionary. 你可以用我的字典。
3) 表示推测，意为“可能”，常用于否定句和疑问句中，此时can’t不是“不能”而是“不可能”。
例句：The news is true. 这消息是真的。
表推测、怀疑：→ Can the news be true? 这个消息会是真的吗？
例句：— Can it be our teacher? 那个人有可能是我们老师吗？
— No, it can’t be our teacher. He is having a meeting. 不可能。咱们老师正在开会呢。
4）表达询问意见或建议
例句：Could you please give me a hand?
Would you please pass me some salt?
注意：Can / Could you (please) do sth? = Would you (please) do sth?
（此类表达询问意见，并且希望获得肯定回答的句型中some 不需要变any）
can与could的区别：
1）could形式上是can的过去式，意义相同，表示能力。
例句：He could write poems when he was 10. 他十岁时就会写诗。
2）could在疑问句中，表示委婉的语气，此时 could 不表示过去。
例句:Could you do me a favour? 你能帮我个忙吗？
— Could I use your pen? 我能用一下你的钢笔吗?
— Yes, you can.可以。（注意回答）
2. may (might)
1) 表示请求、许可，比can正式
例句：May I borrow your bike? 我可以借你的自行车吗？
You may go home now. 现在你可以回家了。
注意：may疑问句的回答，常用Yes, please. / Certainly. / Please don’t ./ You’d better not. / No, you mustn’t.等。
【例题】— _______ I borrow your iPad? — Sure . Here you are.
A. May B. Should C. Must D. Would
2) 表示推测，谈论可能性，意为“可能，或许”，一般用于肯定句中。
例句：It may rain tomorrow .明天可能会下雨。
例句：She may be at home.她可能在家呢.
3) may的过去式为might，表示推测，可能性低于may。
例句：He is away from school. He might be sick.他离开学校了,可能是他生病了。
4) 表示希望、祈求、祝愿，常可译为“祝愿”。句型通常是may +主语+动词原形。
例句：May you have a good time.祝你过得愉快。
例句：May you be happy! 祝你幸福！
may与might的区别：
1）might形式上是might的过去式，意义相同，表示可能。
例句：He might not be home when you called him last night. 你昨天晚上给他打电话时，他可能并不在家。
2）might在表示请求、允许时，表达比may更委婉的语气，此时 might不表示过去。
①请求别人允许自己做某事，两者都可用。
例句：May (Might) I sit here?我可以坐在这里吗?　　
I wonder if I migh task you a favor?不知能否请你帮个忙?　　
I’d like to ask a question if I may.如果可以的话，我想提个问题。　　
②自己允许别人做某事，通常要用may而不用might。
例句：You may come in now.你现在可以进来了。　　
You may not tell him this.你不可以告诉他这件事。　
3. must
must 表示“必须，肯定，一定”， 否定形式mustn’t = must not表示“禁止”。
1) must 表示主观看法，意为“必须、一定”。
例句：You must stay here until I come back.在我回来之前你必须呆在这儿。Must I hand in my homework right now? 我必须现在交作业吗？
2) 其否定形式mustn’t表示：一定不要 ‖ 禁止, 不许.
例句：You mustn’t play with fire. 你不许玩火。
You mustn’ t be late. 你一定不要迟到。
3) must引导的疑问句，肯定回答为must，否定回答为needn’t 或 don’t have to .
例句：—Must I finish my homework?我现在必须完成作业吗？
—No, you needn’t.不，你不必。
(4)must表示有把握的推测，用于肯定句。
例句: The light is on, so he must be at home now.灯亮着，他现在肯定在家。
must与haveto的区别：
①must表达主观意愿的“必须”，have to表达客观外部因素导致的“不得不”。
例句：I must study hard. It’s too late. I have to go now.
②must 没有人称和时态的变化，而have to有。
例句：He had to walk back home because he lost all his money.
Mom will be away for a week, so we will have to do the cooking by ourselves.
4.need
1) need 表示需要、必须，主要用于否定句和疑问句中，其否定形式为needn’t，意为―没有必要，不必‖。 用need 提问时，肯定回答为 must，否定回答为 needn’t或don’t have to。
例句：—Need I stay here any longer? 我还有必要留在这儿吗？
—Yes, you must .是的。 —No. you needn’t /don’t have to. 不，你不必。
2) need 还可以作实义动词，此时有人称、数和时态的变化，如果是人作主语后边多接动词不定式。
例句：I need to do it right now. 我需要马上做这件事。
He needs to learn more about the girl.他需要多了解那个女孩。
need doing 与 need to be done的区别：
①.主动形式的动名词doing具有被动的含义；
②.该动名词可以改为其动词不定式的被动形式而句子的意义不变。
例句：. The door needs painting. = The door needs to be painted. 那扇门需要油漆一下。
Your car needs mending. = Your car needs to be repaired. 你的车需要维修了。
3) need 作名词
be in (great) need of sth = need sth (badly) “非常需要某物”
meet the need “满足需要（需求）”
there is/was no need (for sb) to do sth “某人没必要做某事”
5. dare
dare意为“敢、敢于”, 可以作实义动词，也可以作情态动词。
1）实义动词dare后面接动词不定式to do
例句：I dare to swim across the river I don't dare to say that.
Do you dare to jump off the cliff ? (肯定回答：Yes, I do. 否定回答：No, I don't.）
2）dare作情态动词时后面接动词原形。
例句：I daren't say that.
Dare you go with me? (肯定回答：Yes, I dare. 否定回答：No, I dare not.)
How dare you say that?
If he dare break the rule , he will be punished .
注意：dare作情态动词时主要用于疑问句,否定句和条件从句中,不用于肯定句。
6. shall
1). 表请求或询问意见、建议，常用于I、We两种人称的疑问句。
Shall I get some tea? 我给你点茶好吗？
Shall we go out for a walk? 我们出去散步好吗？
2). 提建议或征求对方意见的其他表达方式：
(1).用“Let's do...”来提出建议。如：Let's go for a walk after supper.
(2).用“What/How about...?”来提出建议；about后接名词或动词ing形式。
What about/How about a drink? What about/How about taking Tom with us?
(3).用“Why not...?”来提出建议，表示“何不 ”not面后接动词原形。“Why not...?”实际上是“Why don't you/we...?”的简略形式。 Why not meet at the school gate at eight? Why don't we stay here another day?
(4).用“Would you like...?”来提出建议，意思是“你想要 吗?”Would you like后可接名词或不定式。
Would you like a cup of tea? Would you like to go and see her?
7. should
1) should 意为“应该”,可表示劝告、建议、义务、责任等。否定形式 shouldn’t = should not表示“不应该”
例句：We should protect the environment.我们应该保护环境。
2）表推测、估计。
They should be home by now. 他们现在应该已经到家了。
3) should have done 过去本应当做某事但却没有做，表示对过去动作的责备、批评。
例句：You should have finished your homework by now.
到目前为止你应该已经完成作业了。 (事实上没有完成。 )
8. will
1）、表意愿，用于各种人称陈述句。“愿意”
例句：I will help you if I’m free this afternoon. 今天下午如果我有空，我就会帮你。
2）、表请求，用于疑问句。
例句：Will you close the window? It’s a bit cold. 请你把窗户关上好吗？有点冷。
Won’t you drink some more coffee? 再来一点咖啡好吗？
9.would
1）表意愿
例句：I said I would do anything for you. 我说过我愿意为你做任何事。
2）表委婉地提出请求、建议或看法。
常见句型：
①表请求Would you please do ? — OK . / Sorry, .
②Would you like sth? — Yes, please. / No, thanks.
Would you like to do sth? — I’d love to.（接受） — I’d love to, but…… .（拒绝）
注意：此类表达询问意见，并且希望获得肯定回答的句型中，some不需要变any。
10.had better do
had better 意为“最好”,没有人称的变化，后面接不带 to 的不定式， 其否定形式为：had better not。
例句：We had better go now.我们最好现在就走。
You had better not give the book to him.你最好不要把这本书给他。

情态动词专项练习：
1. I __________ you, because I must be wrong.
A. dare not ask B. dare not C. dare not asking D. dare to not ask
2. There __________ some flowers in the garden.
A. were used to be B. used to be C. uses to be D. used to be having
3. "__________ I take it out?" "I'm sorry, you __________."
A. Could ...couldn't B. Might...might not C. Could...can D. May...can't
4. — May I take this book out? — No, you_______.
A. can't B. may not C. needn't D. aren't
5. You_______ go and see a doctor at once because you're got a bad fever.
A. can B. must C. dare D. would
6. All the lights are on, miths __________ up.
A. must get B. is getting C. must be getting D. would get
7. He __________ lead a but he __________ not make it drink.
A. will...can B. may...can C. may...dares D. dare...can
8. — Need we do this job now?
— Yes, __________.
A. you need B. you should C. you must D. you can
9. __________ to have lunch with us today?
A. Do you likes B. Would you like C. Will you liked D. Have you liked
10. He said that you __________ watch TV all the evening if you wished.
A. may B. must C. can D. might
11. — Is John coming by train?
— He should, but he __________ not. He likes driving his car.
A. must B. can C. need D. may
12. Peter __________ come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet.
A. must B. can C. may D. will
13. Michael __________ be a policeman, for he's much too short.
A. needn't B. can't C. shouldn't D. won't
14. I thought you __________ be hungry, so I have brought you some cakes.
A. may B. might C. can D. could
15. I wonder how he __________ that to the teacher.
A. dare to say B. dare saying C. not dare say D. dared say
16. Come on! We __________ hurry because there isn't much time left.
A. may B. must C. can D. need
17. Amy did best in the English test. She __________ hard last week.
A. must have working B. should have worked C. should work D. must work
18. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone __________ get out.
A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to
19. — I stayed at a hotel while in New York.
— Oh, did you? You __________ with Barbara.
A. could have stayed B. could stay C. would stay D. must have stayed
20. It's nearly seven o'clock. Jack __________ be here at any moment.
A. must B. need C. should D. can
参考答案：
1.A 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.B 6.C 7.B 8.C 9.B 10.D
11.D 12.C 13.B 14.B 15.D 16.B 17.A 18.D 19.A 20.C
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