Book 8 unit 1 语法复习---名词性从句
导入：英语句子一般结构：
1）主语+谓语(vt.)+宾语(+补语+状语) 2）主语+系动词+表语 3）主语+谓语（vi.）
宾语和表语有什么不同 一个名词跟在及物动词后是宾语,跟在系动词后是表语.
主题：名词性从句：名词性从句是由连接词whether, if, that和各种疑问代词或副词what, who, which, where, when, how, why等充当连接词所引导的从句, 其功能同名词一样。包括宾从，表从，主从和同位语从句。
四种从句的共性:
1.引导词基本一样,,如that , whether, when ,where, how. 但as if引导的是表语从句.
2.陈述句语序.
3.疑问代词,疑问副词保留自身的疑问含义,如疑问代词who在宾语从句中仍译为是谁,疑问副词where译为哪里.
4.which表示选择,that无意义
5. what引导名词性从句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语,宾语,表语,而that在句子中只起连接作用。例如：
(1) What you said yesterday is right. (2) That she is still alive is a puzzle.
练习：用That/What填空： 1.____ she is to visit the lonely island surprises us.
2.____ she is to do next week surprises us.
一．宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句, 通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。
如：I don’t remember when we arrived.
宾语从句特点：
1．有引导词that ，whether, if, who, whose, what ,which ,when ,where, how, why .
在宾语从句中的that可以省略，第2次出现就不能省。如：
He said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart.
2.在及物动词或介词之后。
3．陈述句语序.如:The photographs will show you what our village looks like.
4．引导词that与what的区别。
what引导宾语从句在从句中充当句子成分,如主语,宾语,表语,而that在句子中只起连接作用,无意义。例如：
(1) I know that he will come. (2) I don’t know what he will choose.
5.whether与if同用, 但介词后用whether. It all depends (on) whether they will support us.
Lily wanted to know if /whether her grandma liked the handbag .
二.表语从句 在从句中作表语的从句称作表语从句。
表语从句特点：
1．有引导词that ，whether, as if, who, what ,which ,when ,where, how, why .
在表语从句中的that不能省。
2.放在系动词之后, 表示状态持续，变化的系动词有be, stay, keep, remain, get, become, seem, go,
感官动词也属系动词如look, sound, taste, smell, feel.等. 3．陈述句语序.
4．引导词that与what的区别。
what引导表语从句在从句中充当句子成分,如主语,宾语,表语,而that在句子中只起连接作用,
5.表语从句可用whether引导,不用if.
6. 有用结构： 1）This/That/It is because… 2）The reason… is that…
练一练：1）．He was late for school. That was ______he got up late
2）．The reason why he was late for school is ____he got up late.
3）. China isn’t ____ she used to be
4）. The question is _____ you didn’t do that in time.
三.主语从句 在从句中作主语的从句称作主语从句。
主语从句特点：
1．有引导词that ，whether, who, what ,which ,when ,where, how, why .
一般情况下主语从句中的that不省略.
2.为了避免头重脚轻,往往用it代替主语从句,放在句首,如
It is + 名词/形容词/过去分词+ 主语从句 （有用句型:）
It is reported/said/still a question/ that … (P306)
如: It is still a question whether she will come or not.
It is strange that you should like him. It is said / reported that he is the winner.
3．陈述句语序.
4．引导词that与what的区别。
what引导主语从句在从句中充当句子成分,如主语,宾语,表语,而that在句子中只起连接作用
5. whether引导的主语从句可以放在句首, if不能.
6.注意：
whoever(凡是…的人)引导主从和状从, who(谁) 引导主从
no matter who(无论是谁)只引导状从(=whoever)
1）.____ will go comes here at 7.
2）____ will go isn’t known.
3）.____breaks the law must be punished.
4）.____breaks the law, he must be punished.
5）.It ______ that what you said is not so reasonable.( 必须指出) must be pointed out
6）. It _____ that Bush is elected President. 结果是 turned out
7）.It _____ whether Tom or Mary teaches us English. (无区别) makes no difference
四.同位语从句 一般放在名词 fact , news , idea , promise, thought , suggestion, report, hope, belief 等之后,用以说明或解释前面的名词. 如：The news that our team has won the match is true.
如:1.The thought that we might succeed excited us.
2.The idea that they should try a second time is worth considering.
3.They are familiar with the opinion that all matter consists of atoms.
同位语从句特点：
1．连接词that虽在从句中不充当任何成分,但不省略.
2．先行词通常是一些具有一定内容含义的概括性名词如:conclusion, evidence, fact, hope, idea, word(news), opinion, problem, promise, reason, truth, 等.
3．that 无实际意义,which表选择
Word came ___ our army defeated the enemy.
4. 在have no idea 之后常用wh-引导同位语从句.
I have no idea where he has gone./ I have no idea when he did it./I have no idea what he did.
5. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别：
a.同位语从句与定语 从句的相似之处
1）、两种从句都可以译成定语
The news that our team has won the final match is encouraging. （同位语从句）我们队取得决赛胜利的消息令人鼓舞。
The news that you told us is really encouraging.（定语从句）你告诉我们的消息真的令人鼓舞。
2）、两种从句都可以用that引导
The suggestion that students should learn something practical is worth considering. （同位语从句）学生应该学些实用的东西的建议值得考虑。
The suggestion that is worth considering is that the students should learn something practical.（定语从句）值得考虑的建议是学生应该学些实用的东西。
b、同位语从句与定语从句的不同之处
1）、从句的作用不同：同位语从句用来进一步说明前面名词的内容；定语从句用来修饰、限定前面的名词。
e.g. The news that our team has won the final match is encouraging.（从句说明“消息”的内容：我们队取得了决赛胜利。）
The news that you told us is really encouraging.（从句对“消息”加以限定：是你告诉我们的，而非来自其他渠道。但消息是何内容却不得而知。）
2）、引导从句的关联词that的功能不同：that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词，不充当任何成分；而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，既指代先行词又须在从句中充当成分。
e.g.1) Dad made a promise that he would buy me CD player if I passed the English test. （that 不充当任何成分）
2) Dad made a promise that excited all his children.（that指代promise，又在从句中充当主语。）
注：名词性从句中的whether与if 的总结：
① 关联词只能用whether不能用if 表示 “是否”的情况如下：
A) 在表语从句和同位语从句中。如：The question is whether the film is worth seeing.
The news whether our team has won the match is unknown.
B) 在主语从句中，只有用it 作形式主语时, whether和if 都能引导主语从句, 否则, 也只能用whether。如: Whether we shall attend the meeting hasn’t been decided yet.
It hasn’t been decided whether (if) we shall attend the meeting.
C) 在介词之后。(介词往往可以省略) 如:It all depends (on) whether they will support us.
D) 后面直接跟动词不定式时。如： He doesn’t know whether to stay or not.
E) 后面紧接or not 时。如：We didn’t know whether or not she was ready.
② 关联词if, whether均可使用的情况如下：
A) 引导宾语从句。如：I wonder if (whether) the news is true or not.
B) 在 “be+形容词” 之后。如：He was not sure whether (if) it is right or wrong.
免歧义时: 表是否就用Whether表如果则用if
I don’t care about _____ Tom used to be a prisoner.
巩固练习：
1.They expressed the hope ___they would come over to China.
A. which B. that C. whom D. when
2.The fact___ he didn’t see Tom yesterday is true.
A. that B. which C. when D. what
3.I have no idea ____he will come back.
A. where B. when C. what D. that
4.The news ___ surprised everybody yesterday now proves to be false.
A. that B. when C. what D. how
5.One of the men held the view ___ the book said was right.
A. what that B. that which C. that what D. which that
6.Word has come ___ some American guests will come for a visit to our college next week.
A. what B. whether c. that D. which
7.The photographs will show you ____ ．（MET89）
A. what does our village look like B. what our village looks like
C. how does our village look like D. how our village looks like
8.He asked ____for a violin.（MET92）
A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid
9.The question is ____the film is worth seeing.
A. if B. what C. whether D. how
10.They received orders _____ the work be done at once.
A .which B. when C. / D .that
11.The reason ____ I have to go is ____ my mother is ill in bed.
A .why; why B. why; because C. why ; that D. that; because
12. ___ I can’t understand is ___ she wants to change her mind.
A. What; why B. Which; how C. That; why D. What; because
13. ____ his dream of going to college will come true is uncertain.
A. That B. Whether C. If D. Even if
14. It is known to us ___ where there is pollution, there is harm.
A. which B. where C. what D. that
15. --- I saw your neighbor break your window with a basketball.
--- ____ it made me nearly mad.
A. That he broke B. What he broke C. He broke D. His break
16.--- Can I help you --- Yes, do you know ____
A. when comes the bus B. when will come the bus C. when does the bus come D. when the bus comes
17. He made a promise ___ anyone set him free he would make him very rich.
A. that B. if C. what D. that if
18. They lost their way in the forest and ____ made matters worse was ___ night began to fall.
A. what; that B. it; that C. what; when D. which; what
19. His suggestion ____ to see the exhibition interested everyone of us.
A. that we go B. which we should go C. that we would go D. when we should go
20. I’ve got to make ____ he told a lie.
A. that clear B. it clear that C. quite clear D. this clear that
翻译：
1 )他说的话打动了我。 (Subject Clause)
2)事实是我从未到过那儿。(Appositive Clause)
3)显而易见，英语很重要。(Subject Clause)
4)问题是我们下一步该怎么办。(Predicative Clause)
5)玛丽认为他会帮助她。(Object Clause)
6)人们认为运动会会按计划举行。 (Subject Clause)
Answers:
句型1. because ，that ，what ，that
2 Whoever; 2.Who; 3.whoever; 4.whoever/No matter who
3 whether
选择题1-10 BABAC CBDCD 11-20CAB DA D DA AB
What he said moved me．
The fact is that I have never been there
It is clear that English is very important.
The problem is what we should do next．
Mary thinks that he will help her.
It is believed that the sports meet will be held as planned．(共26张PPT)
Grammar——
The Noun Clauses
名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses）。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句(Subject Clause)、宾语从句(Object Clause)、表语从句(Predicative Clause) 和同位语从句(Appositive Clause
Who will win the match is still unknown.
I want to know what he has told you.
The fact is that we have lost the game.
The news that we won the game is exciting.
主语从句
宾语从句
表语从句
同位语从句
Subject Clause (主语从句)
Object Clause (宾语从句)
Noun clause
Predicative Clause (表语从句)
主语从句
一个句子在复合句中充当主语叫主语从句。
e.g. That the earth is round is true .
Whether she will come or not is still a question .
What you are doing seems very difficult .
When they will start has not been decided yet .
引导主语从句的连词是不能省略的。
That the earth is round is true
That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如： It is true that the earth is round. It's a pity that you should have to leave. 你非走不可真是件憾事。
2.表示“是否”意义时，一般用whether 而不用 if引导主语从句，
Whether she will come or not is still a question .
但如果有形式主语 it引导时，既可用 whether，也可用 if。
e.g. It is still a question if she will come or not .
3.有时可用形式主语it 代替主语从句：
e.g. It is still a question whether she will come or not .
It has not been decided yet when they will start .
用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：
It + be +形容词+ that-从句 It is necessary that… 有必要…… It is important that… 重要的是…… It is obvious that… 很明显……
b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句 It is believed that… 人们相信…… It is known to all that… 从所周知…… It has been decided that… 已决定……
c. It + be +名词+ that-从句 It is common knowledge that
………是常识 It is a surprise that…令人惊奇的是…… It is a fact that… 事实是……
d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句 It appears that… 似乎…… It happens that… 碰巧…… It occurred to me that …
我突然想起……
1. ____ you don’t like him is none of my business.
A. What B. Who
C. That D. Whether
2. ____ he said at the meeting astonished everybody present.
A. What B. That
C. The fact D. The matter
练一练！
what与that在引导名词性从句时的区别:
what引导名词性从句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语,宾语,表语,表示…的.而that则不然,它在句子中只起连接作用,没有意义.
(1) What you said yesterday is right.
(2) That the earth goes around the sun is well-known to everybody.
3. ____ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
A. Anyone B. The person
C. Whoever D. Who
4. _____the sports meet will be held depends on the weather.
A. Whenever B. If C. Whether D. That
5. ___ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.
A. There B. This
C. That D. It
6. When and why he came here ________ yet.
A . is not known B. are not known
C. has not known D. have not bee
7. After Yang Liwei succeeded in circling the earth, ________ our astronauts desire to do is to walk in space. A. where B. what
C. that D. how
3. It worried Mary a lot _____ she would pass the college entrance examination. A. whether B. if C. that D. how
宾语从句
一个句子在复合句中充当宾语就叫宾语从句。
e.g. Do you know where he is
I’m glad (that )you have passed the exam .
I don’t know whether (if)you are willing to help me .
I’ m sorry for what I have said.
我为我说的话表示歉意。
特别提示
1.由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。
2.下列宾语从句 必须用whether 引导， 不可用if:
a. 从句后有or not 时，不可用if :
I don’t know whether he will come or not .
b. 介词宾语通常用 whether 引导:
It depends on whether he is coming or not .
这要看他是否会来。
c. 后接动词不定式时。
Can you tell me whether to go or to stay 你能否告诉我是去还是留？
3. 用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。
Do you know how old he is
I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。 She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。 She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。
4. think, believe, imagine, suppose等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如： We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。 I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。
He asked ____ for a violin．（MET1992）
A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much
C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid
2．It is generally considered unwise to give a child _____he or she wants. (NMET1997)
A. however B. whatever
C. whichever D. whenever
3. Little Tommy was reluctant to tell the schoolmaster ____ he had done the day before. A .that B. how C .what D. where
4. The old man smiled when he saw how pretty _____ up to be during the past few years. A. had his daughter grown
B. would his daughter grow C. his daughter would grow
D. his daughter had grown
5. Have you seen Mary lately My boss wants to know _______. A. how she is getting along
B. how is she getting along C. what she is getting along
D. what is she getting along
6. The true value of life is not in ______, but _______. A. which we get; what give we
B. what we get; what we give C. which do we get; what do we give
D. how we get; that we give
7. You can’t imagine ______ when they received these nice Christmas presents. A. how they were excited B. how excited they were C. how excited were they D. they were how excited
8. Do you know ________
A. how many populations there are in the world
B. how much population there is in the world
C. how many the population of the world is
D. what the population of the world is
9. I don't doubt ________ he'll come.
A. that B. if C. what D. whether
10. Does anybody know __ we will have a sports meeting this weekend or not.
A. if B. where C. whether D. that
If depends on ____ we will be ready in time. A. whether B. that C. if D. when
表语从句
一个句子在复合句中充当表语就叫表语从句. 表语从句放在连系动词后，如：be，seem, remain等，有时用as if引导。其基本结构为：主语 + 系动词 + that从句。
e.g. The problem is that I am short of money.
China is no longer what she used to be .
The question is how we can get there .
It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。
特别提醒
1. 表语从句中的时态不受主句的限制.
2. 表语从句是不用 if 引导的,要用whether.
３．主语是reason时，表语从句常用that，不用because.
The reason for his absence was that he was ill.
What the doctors really doubt is _____ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon．（上海2001年春季招生） A. when B. how C. whether D. why
---- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. ---- Is that ______ you had a few days off ( NMET1999) A. why B. what C. when D. where
3. ____ she couldn’t understand was _____ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons. A. What; why B. That; why
C. What; because D. Why; that
4. Go and get your coat．It's ____ you left it． A. where B. there
C. here where D. where there
5. Why the explosion occurred was ________ the laboratory attendant had been careless.
A. for B. because C. since D. that
6. The city is no longer ________.
A. what it is B. that it used to be
C. which it was D. what it used to be
7.The problem is_______ he has enough time.
A. if B. whether C./ D. thatUnit 1 A Land of Diversity
1st periodReading
Teaching Goals:
1. Enable the Ss to talk about the history of Californa
2. Let the Ss learn the reading skill of getting the main idea of each para./ part & each passage .
Target Language:
Strait, means, slavery, Spain, majority, Catholic, Mexico, Immigration, percentage, Denmark, Danish, aircraft, Korea, Korean, Pakistan, mix, mixture, nationality, racial, the Bering, by means of, the Pacific Islands, make a life
However, it’s likely that Native Americans were living in California…
Of the first Spanish to go to…, the majority were … men who…
This is why … as a first or second language.
Many died or returned home, but … to make a life for…
Although Chinese immigrants…, it was the building of … that brought …
It is believed that before long … so …that …, but …
Key Teaching Points
How to improve the Ss’ reading ability.
Enable Ss to talk about the history of California
Difficult points :
1. How to talk about the history of California
Teaching methods
Skimming & scanning Discussion methods to make the Ss understand what they’ve learned in class.
Pair work of group to get every student to take part in the teaching-and-learning activities.
Competition and role-play method to arouse the Ss’ interest
Teaching aids
The multi-media (see a short movie about how to treat burn from ppt.)
Teaching procedures
Step1. Lead-in
We’ve learned English several years. We know that English is mainly used in England, Australia, the United States of America, etc. And we’re now learning American English. But how much do you know aobut the United States of America--- A land of diversity As we all know , the US is a world power with the most developed economy. It lies in the North America, bordering both the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Pacific Ocean, between Canada a and Mexico. There are fifty states in the US. Forty eight of them are in the single region between Canada and Mexico; this group is refereed to, as the continental or contiguous Unites States. Two of the 50 states, Alaska (a state in northwestern Pacific on the Hawaiian Islands), are not contiguous with any of the other states. In the world’s events which have something to do with the US, such as the September 11 attacks, Iraqi war, Kartrina Hurricane, tec. Today wre are going to learn more about this powerful country.
Show a group of picture (the Statue of Liberty, the Star-Spangled flag, the White House, etc.). Ask Ss to say something about each.
Step 2 Warming up
Ask Ss to turn to page 1 and look at the map of th USA and talk about it in groups of 4.
Fill in the given form. Then write on the map the jnames of the oceans, countries, mountain ranges, lakes, rivers and big cities. At last, check the answers with the whole class.
Step 3. Pre-reading
ⅠCan you find the location of California Where does it lie
(on the west coast of the United States.)
Do you know anything about it
(It is diverse in topography, climate and ecological environment. It has an area of 411 square kilometers. And it is one of the American states of the largest population, with the most developed economy. Pleasant weather, graceful landscapes make the tourism prosperous.)
Ⅱ Ask Ss to look at the pictures in the pre-reading part and ask them to say something about the picture. ( Each picture indicates one aspect of California)
Step 4 Reading
Scanning
Ask the Ss to read the text silently and then ask some questions about the text.
Qs:
Who were the first to arrive in California to rush for gold
When and why did the large number of Chinese immigrate to California
What attracted people from different parts of the world to immigrate to California
Skimming
In this part, the Ss will read the text again and try to get the main idea in groups of 4. Then show the following form on the screen. Give them a few minutes to fill in the form. Then check the answers with the whole class.
Stage People Time Event
Native Americans Asians 15,000 Arrived first
Natives 1600s Suffered by Europeans
Spanish Spanish 1600s Took native’s land
1800s Ruled by Spain
1821 Became Part of Mexico
1846
Gold miners South Americans,Europeans, Asians 1848 Discovered & Rush for gold
1850 Became a state
Later arrivals Africans 1800s Moved from Mexico
Chinese 1860s Built the railway
Japanese Early 1900 Farmed
Denmark 1911 Established a town
Jewish By 1920s Developed industry
Italians Late 1900s Fishers and made wine
Africans 1942～1945 Worked in ship & aircraft industry
Recent arrivals Cambodians,Koreans, VietnameseLaotians Recent decades Immigrated
Future Different parts Future immigrated
Explanation
Deal with some language points in the text. Look at the sentences on the screen. Who can explain the sentences on the screen.
1. However, it is likely that Native Americans were living in California… (But it is probably that the Native Americans had been living in California for over 15,000 years.)
2. Of the first Spanish to go to…, the majority were … men who… (Most of the first Spanish in California believed in God and they came there in order4 to teach the natives about it)
3. This is why … as a first or second language. ( Nowadays more than a quarter of Californianas speak Spanishas thei native language or second language because there is a strong Spanish influence in California.
4. Many died or returned home, but … to make a life for… ( A lot of people rushing for gold lost their lives or went back home, but most of them left in California to make a living for themselves in new towns or on farms.)
5. Although Chinese immigrants…, it was the building of … that brought … (Chinese people began to immigrate to California during the Gold Rush Period. However, more Chinese immigrants arrived there to build the railway from the west to the east coast in 1860s)
It is believed that before long … so …that …, but … (people believe that in the near future the different races will be combined very well and there will be a community of many nations and cultures without any major groups of them
Step 5 Comprehending
Ask the Ss to read the passage again and try to know more about the pictures, the people and the events in different history period First ask Ss to practice Activities 1-3 in pairs And then check the answers with whole class.
Step6 Consolidation
Ask Ss to retell the history of California in their own words with the aid the form previously given.
Homework:
Ask the Ss to discuss the question in Activity 4 on page 4, trying to explain the reasons in their own words and write 3-4 sentences.
Ask the Ss to prepare for the word formations and collect suffixes of the nouns, verbs and adjectives.
