2019-2020学年高中英语人教版必修三unit4 Astronomy: the science of the stars课文详解学案

2019-2020学年高中英语人教版必修三
Unit
4
Astronomy:
the
Science
Of
The
Stars天文学：恒星的科学
I．Vocabulary
astronomy
n.天文学
astronomer
n.天文学家solar
system
太阳系religion
n.宗教；宗教信仰theory
n.学说；理论Big
Bang宇宙大爆炸；创世大爆炸atom
n.原子globe
n.球体；地球仪；地球violent
adj.猛烈的；激烈的carbon
n.碳nitrogen
n.氮vapour
n.蒸汽；水蒸气atmosphere
n.大气层；气氛fundamental
adj.基本的；基础的dissolve
vt.
&
vi.溶解；解散harmful
adj.有害的get
the
hang
of熟悉；掌握；理解break
out突发；爆发
acid
n.酸reaction
n.反应；回应multiply
vi.
&
vt.乘；增加oxygen
n.氧shellfish
n.水生有壳动物amphibian
n.两栖动物reptile
n.爬行动物；爬虫lay
eggs
下蛋dinosaur
n.恐龙exist
vi.存在；生存mammal
n.哺乳动物give
birth
to产生；分娩in
one’s
turn轮到某人；接着carbon
dioxide二氧化碳prevent…from…阻止；制止puzzle
n.迷；难题
vt.
&
vi.exhaust
vt.用尽；耗尽；使精疲力竭cabin
n.小屋；船舱
biologist
n.生物学家
biology
n.生物学gravity
n.万有引力；重力satellite
n.卫星；人造卫星gentle
adj.温和的；文雅的geologist
n.地质学家physicists
n.物理学家block
out
挡住（光线）extinct
adj.灭绝的；绝种的climate
n.气候comet
n.彗星crash
vi.
&
vt.碰撞；坠落lessen
vi.
&
vt.减少；减轻cheer
up
感到高兴；感到兴奋weightlessly
adv.失重地mass
n.质量；团；块；大量now
that
既然watch
out密切注意；当心；提防
II．Reading
HOW
LIFE
BEGAN
ON
THE
EARTH
地球上的生命是怎样开始的
No
one
knows
exactly
how
the
earth
began,
as
it
happened
so
long
ago.
由于地球的产生是那么的久远，所以没有人确切知道地球是怎样产生的。【注释：as
it
happened
碰巧
eg.
They
were
all
out,
as
it
happened.真巧,
他们全出去了。】
However,
according
to
a
widely
accepted
theory,
the
universe
began
with
a
“Big
Bang”
that
threw
matter
in
all
directions.然而，根据一个广泛接受的理论，宇宙开始于一次“创世大爆炸”，该爆炸将物质抛向各个方向。【注释：in
all
directions四面八方；各个方向
eg.
The
birds
flew
away
in
all
directions
when
he
fired
a
salute
with
a“bang”.当他“砰”的一声鸣礼炮时，鸟飞向各个方向。】
After
that,
atoms
began
to
form
and
combine
to
create
stars
and
other
bodies.之后，原子开始形成，并结合形成恒星和其他物体。
For
several
billion
years
after
the
“Big
Bang”,
the
earth
was
still
just
a
cloud
of
dust.就在“宇宙大爆炸”之后的几十亿年间，地球依然是一团尘埃。
What
it
was
to
become
was
uncertain
until
between
4.5
and
3.8
billion
years
ago
when
the
dust
settled
into
a
solid
globe.这一团尘埃会变成什么还不能确定，直到45亿至38亿年前，这团尘埃才形成一个固定的球体。【注释：settle
into有头绪,
上正轨
eg.
Things
soon
settled
into
shape.事情很快有了头绪。】
The
earth
became
so
violent
that
it
was
not
clear
whether
the
shape
would
last
or
not.地球变得如此剧烈，以致于它能否持续下来还不清楚。【注释：①so…
that…如此…以致于…：eg.
The
words
tumbled
out
so
fast
that
I
could
barely
hear
them.话说得那么快，我几乎都听不清。
②it
was
not
clear
whether
the
shape
would
last
or
not.句中的it是形式主语，真正的主语是whether
the
shape
would
last
or
not.】
It
exploded
loudly
with
fire
and
rock.
“大爆炸”发生时伴有(艳丽的)火焰和岩石。【注释：explode
vt.
&
vi.使爆炸；爆发
explode
with
anger勃然大怒；explode
with
laughter哄然大笑；explode
into
laughter突然大笑起来；explode
into
pieces炸得粉碎。
如：Many
people
were
injured
when
the
boiler
exploded.锅炉爆炸时，许多人受了伤。】
They
were
in
time
to
produce
carbon,
nitrogen,
water
vapour
and
other
gases,
which
were
to
make
the
earth’s
atmosphere.他们最终形成了碳、氮、水蒸气和其它气体，而这些就构成了地球的大气。【注释：in
time
(1)迟早,
最后
eg.
In
time
you'll
forget
him.你迟早会忘了他的。
(2)及时,
不迟
eg.
He
is
believed
to
arrive
in
time.相信他会及时到达。
against
time争分夺秒地，尽快地
eg.
he
was
working
against
time.他正争分夺秒地工作。
ahead
of
time提前，提早
eg.
We
completed
the
work
five
days
ahead
of
time.我们提前五天完成工作。
all
the
time一直，始终
eg.
I
have
been
busy
all
the
time.我一直很忙。
at
no
time绝不，在任何情况下都不
eg.
At
no
time
will
we
give
up.我们绝不屈服。
in
no
time立刻，马上
eg.
I'll
be
back
in
no
time.我马上就回来。
at
one
time曾经；
at
a
time一次；
at
the
same
time同时，然而，可是；from
time
to
time有时，偶尔
考题：
1.
______，
I
lost
heart
in
English
learning，but
my
teacher
often
said
to
me，“Keep
on
studying
hard,
and
you’ll
succeed
_______.”
A．At
a
time；in
time　
B．At
a
time；on
time
C．At
one
time；in
time
D．At
one
time；on
time
2.
—Does
he
often
ask
you
for
help?
—Oh，no，only________.
A．all
the
time
B．at
one
time
C．at
a
time
D．at
times
3．—I
am
afraid
I
can’t
return
the
book
to
you
before
Friday.
—________.
A．Don’t
be
afraid
B．Be
careful
C．Not
at
all
D．Take
your
time
】
What
is
even
more
important
is
that
as
the
earth
cooled
down,
water
began
to
appear
on
its
surface.更为重要的是：当地球冷却下来后，水开始在地球表面出现了。【注释：①what
is
even
more
important是由what引导的名词从句作主语；that…on
its
surface是由that引导的名词从句作表语，系表语从句，在这个表语从句中又含有由as引导的时间状语从句。②what
is
more
而且,
此外;
更有甚者
eg.
They
are
going
to
get
married,
and
what's
more
they
are
setting
up
in
business
together.他们就要结婚了,
而且还要一起做生意呢。】
Water
had
also
appeared
on
other
planets
like
Mars
but
unlike
the
earth,
it
had
disappeared
later.水在其它行星上如火星也出现过，不过，不像地球上，它消失了。
It
was
not
immediately
obvious
that
water
was
to
be
fundamental
to
the
development
of
life.（但），这并没有立刻就表明：水是生命发展的必要部分。【注释：①fundamental
adj.基本的;
重要的,
必要的
eg.
Fresh
air
is
fundamental
to
good
health.新鲜空气对健康是不可缺少的。②It
was
not
immediately
obvious
that…句中的“it”是形式主语，that从句是真正的主语从句。
】
What
many
scientists
believe
is
that
the
continued
presence
of
water
allowed
the
earth
to
dissolve
harmful
gases
and
acids
into
the
oceans
and
seas.许多科学家认为水的持续存在让地球将有害的气体和酸溶解到海洋中去。【注释：
①What
many
scientists
believe是由what引导的主语从句，作整个句子的主语。
②
dissolve
vt.
&
vi.(使)溶解
eg.
The
sun
dissolves
snow.太阳使雪融化。③harmful
adj.
有害的；伤害的
be
harmful
to…对…有害处
eg.
Smoking
is
harmful
to
your
health.吸烟有害健康。
do
sb.
harm/
do
harm
to
sb.对某人有害；
do
more
harm
than
good弊大于利；
There
is
no
harm
in
(sb’s)
doing
sth.(=
It
does
no
harm
(for
sb.)
to
do
sth.)做某事无害处；
come
to
harm身体上、精神上或道义上受到损害；do
sb.
good/
do
good
to
sb.对某人有好处。如：
1)
The
court
case
will
do
serious
harm
to
my
business.这起诉讼案件将严重损害我的生意。
2)
My
brother's
ship
was
caught
in
a
storm
but
he
came
to
no
harm.我兄弟的船遇上了暴风雨,
但他没出事。
3)
You
should
do
good
to
others.你应该对人行善。
4)
If
we
interfere,
it
may
do
more
harm
than
good.如果我们干预的话,
可能弊多利少。】
This
produced
a
chain
reaction,
which
made
it
possible
for
life
to
develop.这产生了一系列的反应，这种反应使得生命的产生成为可能。【注释：made
it
possible
for
life
to
develop中的
“it”是形式宾语，真正的宾语为for
life
to
develop.】
Many
millions
of
years
later,
the
first
extremely
small
plants
began
to
appear
on
the
surface
of
the
water.数百万年之后，在水的表面上开始出现最初的极其微小的植物。【注释：extremely
adv.极端;极其;非常
eg.
1)
That
is
extremely
interesting.那极为有趣。
2)
Outwardly
she
looked
confident
but
in
reality
she
felt
extremely
nervous.表面上她显得很自信,其实她非常紧张。】
They
multiplied
and
filled
the
oceans
and
seas
with
oxygen,
which
encouraged
the
later
development
of
early
shellfish
and
all
sorts
of
fish.他们开始繁殖，并使得海洋充满了氧气，而这又激励了早期的贝壳类动物和所有鱼类的发展。【注释：①multiply
(1)乘,
(使)相乘
eg.
1)
His
son
is
learning
to
multiply
and
divide.他儿子正在学习乘法和除法。
2)
One
can
make
18
by
multiplying
3
and
6
(together).以3和6相乘可得18。
(2)
(使)增加
eg.
1)
Spending
on
military
equipment
has
multiplied
in
the
last
five
years.过去的五年中军事装备的开支大大增加。
2)
His
experience
was
multiplied
as
the
years
passed.随着岁月的流逝,
他的经验丰富了。(3)
(使)繁殖
eg.
1)
When
animals
have
more
food,
they
generally
multiply
faster.动物在有较多的食物时,
一般繁殖得较快。
2)
Hot
weather
multiplied
the
bacteria
in
milk
rapidly.炎热的天气使牛奶中的细菌迅速繁殖。
②fill
…
with
sth.用…装满
eg.
I
filled
up
the
bottle
with
water.我把瓶子装满了水。
】
Next,
green
plants
began
to
grow
on
land.随后，绿色植物开始在陆地上出现。
They
were
followed
in
time
by
land
animals.最后，陆地动物跟着出现。
Some
were
insects.有些是昆虫。
Others,
called
amphibians,
were
able
to
live
on
land
as
well
as
in
the
water.其它的，被称为两栖类的，既能够生活中水中，也能生活在陆地。【注释：as
well
as
conj.还，而且
eg.
she
is
a
talented
musician
as
well
as
being
a
photographer.
她不但是个摄影师而且还是个天才的音乐家.
】
Later
when
the
plants
grew
into
forests,
reptiles
appeared
for
the
first
time.后来，当植物长成森林后，爬行类动物开始第一次出现。【注释：for
the
first
time第一次，在句子作状语；the
first
time常用于引导(状语)从句：(1)
It’s
the
first
time
sb.
have
done
sth.
(2)
Sb.
was
doing
sth.
the
first
time
I
came
here.】
They
produced
young
generally
by
laying
eggs.一般情况下，他们通过下蛋产幼仔。
After
that
,
some
huge
animals,
called
dinosaurs,
developed.而后，一些大型动物——恐龙，产生了。
They
laid
eggs
too
and
existed
on
the
earth
for
more
than
140
million
years.恐龙也下蛋，在地球上存在了1亿4千多万年。
However,
65
million
years
ago
the
age
of
the
dinosaurs
ended.可是，在6千5百万年前，恐龙世纪结束。
Why
they
suddenly
disappeared
still
remains
a
mystery.恐龙为什么突然消失依然还是个迷。
【注释：sth.
remain
to
be
done某事有待于解决】This
disappearance
made
it
possible
the
rise
of
mammals
on
the
earth.恐龙的消失使得哺乳动物在地球上的兴起成为可能。
These
animals
were
different
from
all
life
forms
in
the
past,
because
they
gave
birth
to
young
baby
animals
and
produced
milk
to
feed
them.这种动物不同于过去所有的生命形式，因为他们生产幼子，并且产奶来喂养幼子。【注释：give
birth
to…生;
引起,
产生
eg.
1)
She
gave
birth
to
a
fine
healthy
baby.她生了一个健康可爱的婴儿。
2）
The
scientist's
experiments
gave
birth
to
a
new
drug.那位科学家的实验产生了一种新药。】
Finally
about
2.6
million
years
ago
some
small
clever
animals,
now
with
hands
and
feet,
appeared
and
spread
all
over
the
earth.最后，大约在2百6十万年前，一些小的聪明的动物，现在有手有脚，出现，遍及到各个角落。【注释：spread
all
over遍及；
spread
sth.
(out)
on/
over
sth.在…上展开/摊开；
spread
oneself（=stretch
oneself）舒展四肢；
spread
out散开；伸展；
spread
to传到；波及，蔓延到；
word
spread消息传开。
辨析：
extend,
spread,
stretch,
expand
(1)
extend:伸出；延伸
指空间范围的扩大，以及长度、宽度的朝外延伸，也指时间的延长。如：
1)
The
headmaster
extended(=
prolong)
our
holiday
by
four
days.
2)
France
has
greatly
extended
its
influence
in
world
affairs.在世界事务中,
法国的影响已大大地扩大了。
(2)
spread指向四面八方扩大宣传的范围，如传播疾病，散布信息的
(3)
stretch伸展；拉长（=extend）
一般指由曲变直，由短变长的伸展。如：stretch/
extend
the
radio
antenna.将天线拉长。
(4)
expand扩大，不仅指尺寸的增加，还可指范围和体积的扩大。如：expand
his
store扩大店面。
Air
expands
when
heated.空气受热膨胀。
试题：
Papermaking
began
in
China
and
from
here
it
____
to
North
Africa
and
Europe.
A.
spread
B.
grew
C.
carried
D.
developed
】
Thus
they
have,
in
their
turn,
become
the
most
important
animals
on
the
planet.这样，轮到他们，成为这个星体上最重要的动物。【注释：in
one’s
turn轮到某人；
it’s
your
turn。该你了！in
turn
依次，轮流；反之，反过来；by
turns轮流；交替地；take
turns
to
do
sth.轮流做某事；It
is
one’s
turn
to
do
sth.轮到某人做某事。考题：People
try
to
avoid
public
transportation
delays
by
using
their
own
cars,
and
this
_____
creates
further
problems.
A．in
short
B．in
case
C．in
doubt
D．in
turn
】
But
they
are
not
looking
after
the
earth
very
well.但，他们却不能很好地呵护好地球。
They
are
putting
too
much
carbon
dioxide
into
the
atmosphere,
which
prevents
heat
from
escaping
from
the
earth
into
space.
他们把太多的二氧化碳排放到大气中，这就阻碍了热从地球散发到太空。【注释：prevent/stop
…(from)…阻止,
防止
eg.
1)
My
only
idea
was
to
prevent
the
woman
from
speaking.我唯一的想法就是不让那女人讲话。
2)
Cotton
mittens
will
prevent
the
baby
from
scratching
his
own
face.棉的连指手套使婴儿不会抓伤自己的脸。
3)
His
prompt
action
prevented
the
fire
from
spreading.他的果断行动制止了火势的蔓延。考题：All
possible
means
________.However，nothing
can________him
dying
of
lung
cancer.
A．has
tried；stop
B．have
tried；keep
C．has
been
tried；prevent
D．have
been
tried;
stop
】
As
a
result
of
this,
many
scientists
believe
the
earth
may
become
too
hot
to
live
on.由于这样，许多科学家认为地球将会变得炎热难住。【注释：live
on
(1)
住在…上
eg.
I
have
always
wanted
to
live
on
an
island
in
the
middle
of
a
lake.我总是想在一座湖心小岛上生活。
(2)
继续活着;
继续存在
eg.
1)
He's
ninety,
but
still
he
lives
on.他90岁了,
还健在。
2)
These
traditions
will
live
on
for
centuries.这些传统将世代相传。】
So
whether
life
will
continue
on
the
earth
for
millions
of
years
to
come
will
depend
on
whether
this
problem
can
be
solved.所以，生命能否在地球上继续存在数百万年将取决于这个问题能否得以解决。
试题：
1.
She
started
as
an
office
junior,
and
____
became
the
director
of
the
whole
company.
A.
in
surprise
B.
in
return
C.
in
turn
D.
in
time
2.
He
is
always
ready
to
help
others
and
many
people
____
a
live
Lei
Feng.
A.
to
think
of
him
as
B.
think
of
him
as
C.
think
him
like
D.
look
him
as
3.
_____
you
are
familiar
with
the
author’s
ideas,
try
reading
all
the
sections
as
quickly
as
you
possibly
can.
A.
Now
that
B.
Ever
since
C.
So
that
D.
As
long
as
4.
It
is
not
expected
____
he
said
caused
so
much
discussion
at
the
meeting.
A.
that
B.
what
that
C.
what
D.
that
what
5.
Animals
suffered
at
the
hands
of
man
____
they
were
destroyed
by
people
to
make
way
for
agricultural
land
to
provide
food
for
more
people.
A.
in
which
B.
for
which
C.
so
that
D.
in
that
6.
The
young
dancers
looked
so
charming
in
their
beautiful
clothes
that
we
took
___
pictures
of
them.
A.
many
of
B.
masses
of
C.
the
number
of
D.
a
large
amount
of
重点句型：
1．What
it
was
to
become
was
uncertain
until
between
4.5
and
3.8
billion
years
ago
when
the
dust
settled
into
a
solid
globe.【精提取】　What
it
was
to
become是what引导的主语从句，what在从句中作become的宾语。【巧应用】　使大家惊奇的是他竟没有参加会议。
________
________
________
________
________he
didn’t
come
to
the
meeting.
答案：What
surprised
everybody
is
that
2．The
earth
became
so
violent
that
it
was
not
clear
whether
the
shape
would
last
or
not.
【精提取】　whether...(or
not)引导的从句还可充当宾语、表语、同位语等。
【巧应用】　他是否能成功地通过驾驶考试还不确定。
It
is
uncertain_______
______
________
________passing
the
driving
test
____
________.
答案：whether
he'll
succeed
in;
or
not
3．This
produced
a
chain
reaction,
which
made
it
possible
for
life
to
develop.
【精提取】　which引导非限制性定语从句，指代主句整个概念，也可代指单个先行词。
【巧应用】　杰克开车太快，这是危险的。
Jack
drove
too
fast，________
________
________.
答案：which
was
dangerous
4．We
watched，amazed
as
fire
broke
out
on
the
outside
of
the
spaceship
as
the
earth’s
gravity
increased.【精提取】　amazed是形容词化的过去分词，在此处作状语用。
【巧应用】　他躺在床上，醒着。
He
________
________
________
________，________.
答案：lay
on
the
bed，awake