上海版牛津英语 9B 学习辅导材料及中考复习题

（2011.01---060）上海版牛津英语9B（试用本）教学
与中考复习题
上海版牛津英语 9B 第一章 学习辅导材料（11.02）
学习新词语
consumer n. 消费者；消耗者 例如：
The product must meet the demand of consumers. 产品必须满足消费者的要求。
[同根词]：consumption n. 消费 consume v. 消费 consumable adj. 可消费的
consumptive adj. 消费的；消耗的（n. 肺病患者） 例如：
The consumption of beer went down when tax on it was raised.
当啤酒税提高时，啤酒的消耗量就降低了。
atmosphere n. 大气层 例如：
The aeroplane can only fly in the atmosphere. 飞机只能在大气层飞行。
[同根词]：atmospheric adj. 大气层的；气压的；气氛的
atmospherecal adj.大气所引起的
atmospherically adv. 就大气的作用而言；气压上 例如：
atmopheric conditions 大气的情况
global adj. 全球的；全世界的 例如：
The commission is calling for a global ban(禁令)on whaling. 委员会要求全球禁止捕鲸。
[同根词]：globe n. 地球；世界；地球仪 例如：
The students study geography with the help of the globe.
学生们利用地球仪帮助他们学习地理。
[词组]：global warming 全球变暖
flood n. 洪水； v. （使）灌满水；淹没 例如：
The heavy rain has caused floods in many parts of the country.(n.[c])
大雨时全国许多地方泛滥成灾。
If the pipe bursts, it could flood the whole house.(v.) 要是水管爆裂,整座房子就会灌满水。
[同根词]：flooding n. 洪水泛滥 例如：
There will be heavy rain with flooding in some areas. 有些地方将有大雨，会致洪灾。
an essential protective layer 一层必要的保护层
CFCs (chlorofluorocarbon) 氟氯化碳
spray n. 喷雾器；雾汽；水沫 例如：
The spray of the waterfall splashed to her face. 瀑布的水沫溅到她的脸上。
erosion n. 腐蚀，侵蚀
[同根词]：erode v. 腐蚀；侵蚀 erosive adj. 腐蚀性的；侵蚀的
fuel n.[c] 燃料 例如：
The fuels of the car has run out. 汽车的燃料耗尽了。
layer n. 层 例如：
This cake has a layer of chocolate in the middle. 这蛋糕中间有一层巧克力。
lifeless adj. 无生命的 例如：
We think the Mars is a lifeless planet. 我们认为火星是一个没有生命的星球。
massive adj. 巨大的
[同根词]：mass n. 块；大多数，大量；群众 例如：
They held a mass meeting. 他们开了个群众大会。
occur v. 存在，发生 （occurred, occurred, occurring） 例如:
The accident occurred at five o’clock. 事故发生在五点钟。
The earthquake occurring in Sichuan Province on May 12th 2008 made many people lose their lives. 2008年5月12日发生在四川省的地震造成了许多人死亡。
[词义辨析] happen, occur, take place
这三个词（组）都含有“发生”的意思。
happen 为常用词语，指“一切客观事物或情况的偶然或未能预见的发生”。例如：
The accident happened yesterday. 事故发生在昨天。
occur 是较正式的用语，指“按计划使某事或效果发生”，通常所指的时间和事件都比较确定，在以具体事物、事件作主语时，可与happen 互换。例如：
These events occurred in 1909. 这些事件发生于1909年。
take place 指“发生事先计划或预想到的事物”。例如：
The meeting took place at 9:00 as planned. 按计划会议在九点举行。
pollute v. 污染 例如：
Your smoking is polluting the air in this room. 你抽烟污染了房间里的空气。
[同根词]: pollution n.[U] 污染，污染物 ：
You can see the pollution on this beach. 你可以看到沙滩上的污染物。
Pollution in the air reduced the visibility near the airport.
空气中的污染降低了机场附近的能见度。
The men were clearing all the pollution off the shore. 人们在清除海滩上的污染物。
threat n.[C] 威胁 例如：
Corruption and crime are serious threats to any society.
腐败和犯罪对于任何一个社会都是严重的威胁。
The threat of war has depressed business activities. 战争的威胁使商业变得不景气。
He took no notice of his father’s threat. 他不理会他父亲的警告。
[常用搭配]:
the threats to 对于…的威胁 例如：
The coming typhoon has started its threats to the cities on coast.
即将到来的台风已经开始对沿海城市的威胁。
(2) a / the threat of… …的（坏）兆头， …的迹象 例如：
It seems that there is a threat of typhoon. 好像有要刮台风的迹象。
[同根词]：threaten v. 恐吓，威胁 例如：
His father threatened to beat the boy if he stole again.
男孩的父亲威胁说如果他再偷东西的话，就要揍他。
【词组】
be in danger 处于危险之中 例如：
This book says that our world is in danger. 这本书说我们的世界正处于危险之中。
[词义辨析]：be in danger, dangerous
dangerous是形容词，意思是“危险的”指句子中的主语对别人别的事物有危害；而in danger是介词短语，意思是“处于危险状况，在危险中”，指句子的主语处于危险状况中。例如：
He told me that the girl was in danger, so we went to help her.
他告诉我这女孩处境危险，因此我们去帮她。
He was in danger of losing life. 他有丧命的危险。
It’s dangerous to play with fire. 玩火很危险。
The man was dangerous. We must be careful with him. 这人很危险，我们必须提防他。
[词语拓展]：out of danger 脱离危险 例如：
We are now out of danger. 我们已经脱离危险。
first of all 首先 与first 意思相同，语气更重，更强调其重要性和首要地位。例如：
First of all, let’s invite Mr. Wilson to give us a speech.首先我们请威尔逊先生给我们讲话。
the Greenhouse Effect 温室效应 effect(n.)指“影响；变动；结果”通常与介词on 连用，表示对人或事物所起的作用。例如：
His words had a strong effect on me. 他的话对我影响很大。
Her shouting had little or no effect on him. 她只管叫，他就是不理不睬。
keep sth.（sb.）doing 阻止……做某事，from 后接动词-ing 形式，与prevent…from doing sth.意思相近。例如：
The atmosphere is acting like the glass letting sunlight in which keeping much of the warmth from getting out. 大气层像个玻璃罩，吸入阳光而阻止热量散失。
What keep you from joining us last night 昨天晚上什么事使你不能来参加我们的晚会？
[同意词组];stop… from doing sth.; prevent…from doing sth. 这两个短语中的from可以
省略，而keep sth. from doing sth.中的from 不能省略，否则变成keep sb. doing sth. 意思
是“使某人一直做某事”。
在被动语态中三个短语中的from 都不能省略，就是在be stopped / prevented / kept from doing sth.中，from 都不能省略。例如：
She was prevented / stopped / kept from taking the exam by illness. 她因病未能参加考试。
burn up 烧掉；焚毁 例如：
The spacecraft burned up as it entered the earths atmosphere.
宇宙飞船进入地球大气层时烧毁了。
take in 吸收（相当于absorb） 例如：
People take in oxygen and give out carbon dioxide. 人们吸入氧气，呼出二氧化碳。
do with 对付；处理 例如：
We do not know what to do with the rubbish and it pollutes our land and sea.
我们不知道如何去处理这些污染我们的陆地与海洋的垃圾。
[词义辨析]：do with; deal with
do with 的意思是“处理；安排”，后面接名词或that 从句作宾语，常与what连用表示询问。例如：
What will we do with this 我们如何处理这件事？
2. deal with 的意思是“处理；解决”，后面可接名词或从句作宾语，也可以用于被动语态或用它的不定式作定语，主语通常是人或事。deal with 中deal 是不及物动词，不能带宾语，deal with 多与how 连用表示询问。例如：
How did you deal with your homework 你是如何解决你的作业的？
be essential to… 对…是不可缺少的 例如：
The sunlight is essential to crops. 阳光对农作物是不可缺少的。
[同根词]：essentiality n. 实质；重要性 essentially adv. 实质上；本来
课文参考译文
年轻绿色消费者指导
这本书上说我们的世界处于危险之中。它描述了诸多对于环境的威胁。形势非常严峻，我们必须行动起来，拯救地球。
温室效应
作者叫我们“想象一下地球处于一种被大气环绕的温室之中。大气层的作用就像（温室）玻璃一样，能让阳光射进来且不会让热量散逸出去。大气层对于所有生物而言都很重要。没有了它，地球就会像月球表面一样冰冷且毫无生气。”
“问题是大气层在不断变化，我们以气体形式排放的化学物质正污染着大气层，它因此储存了太多的热量！”
这些气体,主要是二氧化碳,是燃烧诸如汽油之类的燃料所产生的。温室效应可引起海平面升高，从而淹没城市甚或整个国家。
对臭氧层的破坏
作者告诉我们“臭氧是出现在距地面上方20至50千米的气体。它在地球外围形成一层重要的保护层。没有它,太阳会把我们焚化。”
我们却在臭氧层制造空洞,这主要是使用一种称作“氟利昂”的化学物质所造成的。我们把这些物质用于冰箱、喷雾罐以及制造快餐饭盒之类的塑料制品中。
雨林的破坏
焚烧和砍伐森林使得温室效应加剧,因为树木能吸收二氧化碳。这（焚烧和砍伐森林）不仅摧毁了生活在森林里的人类和动物的家园，还会造成水土流失和洪涝灾害。
坏习惯
我们有很多坏习惯都会引起污染,特别是使用物品一次后随即扔掉的坏习惯。这种习惯制造出了堆积如山的垃圾。我们不知道如何处理这些垃圾,而这些垃圾会污染我们的陆地和海洋。例如,在英国,人们每年要扔掉70亿个饮料罐。叠加起来可以从地球排列到月球。
我们如何拯救地球
这本书要求我们做“绿色消费者”。那就意味着我们只能购买和使用环保物品,这样我们就可以拯救地球。这些产品不会破坏环境。
让我们做绿色消费者，享受地球上更美好的生活！
语法一：原因状语从句
（一）原因状语从句经常被用来说明事物发生的缘由。 常见的用于原因状语从句的引导词有because, since, now that, as和 for.
1. because 语气最强，在强调必然的因果关系时，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。例如：
She didn’t go, because she was afraid. 她不去是因为她害怕。
---- Why did you come 你为什么来？ ---- Because I want to see you. 我想来见你啊！
2. 用as 表示原因时，着重点在主句，原因只能做附带说明。例如：
As you weren’t there, I left a message. 因为你不在那里，我留了个信儿。
You needn’t go to see him today, as you are busy. 既然你很忙，你今天就不必去看他了。
3. since 表示显而易见的理由。例如：
Since we have no money we can’t buy a new car. 因为我们没钱，没法买新汽车。
[注意] as, since, because 不可以与so（所以）出现在同一个句子中。
4. now that 引导的从句通常位于主句前面，其中that可以省略，通常提出某一事实作为理由或原因。例如：
Now (that) the rain has stopped, we can leave. 既然雨停了，我们就可以走了。
Now (that) you’ve got a chance, you might as well make full use of it.
既然你得到了这个机会，就该好好地利用它。
5. for 表示原因时，只是一种补充说明。例如：
We must start early, for we have a long way to go.
我们必须造点出发，因为我们有很长的路要走。
（二）because 和 because of
because 后跟句子说明原因，而because of 后跟名词或代词说明原因。例如：
Because of the heavy traffic I was five minutes late for my interview.
= I was five minutes late for my interview because the traffic was heavy.
由于交通阻塞，我面试迟到了五分钟。
The match had to be cancelled because there was water lying on the pitch.
= The match had to be cancelled because of the water lying on the pitch.
由于场地上的积水，比赛不得不取消。
语法二：用as...as表示比较的几个句式
在讲到形容词比较级as...as 时，绝大多数讲的都是 as +形容词+ as 结构。例如：
He is as handsome as his brother (is). 他和他哥哥一样英俊。
Judy goes to the movies as often as Sara does. 朱迪像莎拉一样时常去看电影。
Old John goes to sleep as easily as a baby does. 老约翰像婴儿一样容易入睡。
He cannot run so/as fast as you. 他不能有你跑得那么快。
但是，像上面那样的例子多了，就产生一个问题：不少学生都以为as ...as 中间只有形容词。实际上，在 as...as 结构中，还可以有其它的几个句式。
1. as 形容词+名词 as 句式
这种结构在文章中也很常见，但很多学生不习惯。这里给几个例子，请大家仔细研究一下，提一点请大家注意，就是：形容词后面(包括many/much) 的名词有单数、有复数、有不可数。例如：
This is as good an example as the other is. 这和另外一个一样是个好例子。
He is as nice a boy as Peter (is). 他和彼得一样都是好男孩。
The girls are as busy with their work as bees. 这些女孩子就跟蜜蜂一样忙着工作。
She has as many friends as Mary (does). 她和玛丽一样有许多朋友。
He has as much money as John (does). 他和约翰一样有很多钱。
I can carry as much paper as you can. 你能搬多少纸，我也能搬多少。
2. as many as 与 as much as
这两个比较的意思是“像……一样多”，既可以把它们作为比较级看，也可以把它们看作是一个固定的词组。同样，在 ...many/much... 后面可以插入名词，形成 as...many/much +名词...as 的句式。例如：
(1) 作为固定词组来使用的，相当于“……那么多”。
She has as many as seven sisters. 她的姊妹有七人之多。
As many as 100 people were killed in the air crash. 这次空难中多达一百人丧生。
I gave the beggar as much as 1,000 yuan. 我给了这乞丐整整一百元。
Building costs ran up to as much as $ 20 million. 建筑费用涨到高达两千万。
类似的“长达……”、“宽达……”、“早在…”等，也可以用这种结构表示。例如：
I have been learning English (for) as long as 15 years. 我学英文已有十五年之久。
He came home as late as two in the morning. 他迟至清晨两点才回家。
I saw your brother as late as last week. 上个礼拜我还看到你哥哥。
The river is as wide as 100 meters. 这条河宽达一百公尺。
I mailed the letter as early as Friday. 我早在星期五就把信寄了。
We walked as far as the railroad station. 我们走到火车站那样远的地方。
(2) 作为比较级来使用的，后面可以插入名词，意思是“……一样”。
To eat too much is as much a bad thing as to eat nothing. 吃太多和什么都不吃同样是坏事。
He is as much a member of the orchestra as Tom. 他和汤姆同样是管弦乐队的成员。
Comets are just as much members of the sun’s family as (are) the other planets. 彗星和其他的行星同样是太阳家族的成员。
3. as...as one can (could) / as...as possible / as ... as ... can be
这几个结构意思差不多，都表示“尽可能”的意思。 例如：
(1) as..can
Take as much exercise as you can. 尽可能多做运动。
Be as careful as you can. 尽可能小心。
You should be as careful as you can in making friends. 在交朋友方面，你应该尽可能小心。
To speak English fluently, you had better read as many English articles as you can.
要想把英文讲得很流利，你最好尽量多看英文文章。
We had better learn by heart as many sentence patterns as we can.我们最好尽可能多背句型。
I will try to save as much as I can. 我会设法尽可能多储蓄。
(2) as..could
Our teacher explained the lesson to us as clearly as he could.
我们的老师尽可能清楚地为我们解释这一课。
She needed to soften her request to make it as polite and courteous as she could.
她需要使请求语气柔婉，以便尽可能把它变成有礼貌与客气。
I looked down the road as far as I could. 我尽可能遥望这条路。
(3) as...as can be
His failure is as plain as plain can be. 他的失败是再明白不过了。
He is as handsome as (handsome) can be. 他潇洒极了。
She is as kind as can be. 她极为和颜悦色。
Mary is as hardworking as can be. 玛丽在班上之用功不输任何人。
He may not be so clever as Peter, but he is as industrious as can be. 他也许不如彼得聪明，但却用功极了。
其它例如：
as plain as plain can be（再明白不过了） as wise as wise can be（再聪明不过了）
as white as white can be（白得不能再白了） as wrong as wrong can be（错得太离谱）
4. as ... as ever
as ever 可以当成一个词组，意思是“与以往一样”。例如：
He seems to be as busy as ever. 他似乎和往常一样忙碌。
He works as hard as ever. 他和往常一样努力工作。
She was as beautiful as ever after so many years. 过了那么多年，她美丽如故。
语法三：其他的比较方式
1. like 与similar
在比较事物时，like 与similar to常被用来描述被比较物体之间在某（些）方面的相似，用以连接两个被比较的物体。例如：
He is wearing a hat like mine. 他戴着一顶和我一样的帽子。
The karete bout is quite similar to a boxing match. 空手道比赛很像拳击赛。
我们可以使用similar来表示两个物体相似，做标语用；而like 不可以这样用，需使用like的派生词alike 。例如：
Our tennis rackets are similar / alike. 我们的网球拍很像。
2. the same as 与 different from
(1) 要表示某一物体与另一物体一模一样时，我们使用the same as。例如：
Your bicycle is the same as mine. They are both model 8DKOs.
你的自行车和我的一模一样，都是8DKO型的。
(2) 要表示某一物体与另一物体完全不同时，我们一般用different from.。例如：
Cindy’s cassette recorder is different from Pam’s. 辛迪的录音机和帕姆的不同。
(3) the same 和different 也可以做表语，用来比较主语中提到的物体。例如：
Jean and Joan are twins. They look exactly the same but their personalities are completely different. 杰恩和琼是双胞胎，他们看起来简直就是一模一样，但他们的性格完全不同。
3. 用程度副词增强比较的不同语气
在比较事物时，为了表达不同比较的相似度或差异度，我们可以使用quite, very, nearly, exactly, completely等程度副词加以修饰。在上面的例句中已有所显示。
4. similar … to, the same … as 和different … from 的使用
我们把名词和上面这些短语放在一起进行比较：
I like different food from my brother. 我喜欢的食物和我哥哥的不一样。
Judy is the same height as her twins sister. 朱迪和她的双胞胎姐姐一样高。
David likes similar subjects to Keith. 大卫喜欢的科目和基恩差不多。
[注意]：在比较单数的可数名词前，similar 和different 都要加不定冠词a。例如：
Xiao Jun is a different boy from Wang Hai. 晓军是一个与王海不一样的男孩。
语 法 练 习 题
一、单项填空
（一）
1. They play all kinds of instruments and sing ____.
A. also B. either C. as well D. as well as
2. Tom， ____ Jane and Rose， ____ going to the farm on foot.
A. as long as；is B. as well as；are C. as long as；are D. as well as；is
3. They travel at full speed by day ____ .
A. and night B. and by night as well as C. as well at night D. as well as by night
4. Mrs Black writes ____ ，if not better than，her husband.
A. as well as B. so well C. so well as D. as well
5. We expect her to do the housework as well ____ after the children.
A. as look B. as looking C. and look D. looking
6、She doesn’t speak ____ her friend，but her written work is excellent.
A. as well as B. as often as C. so much D. as good as
7. Which of the following sentences is right？
A. Both father and as well as mother love me. B. Father as well as mother loves me.
C. Both father as well as mother loves me. D. Not only father but also mother love me.
8. You feel ____ you did yesterday，don’t you？
A. as good as B. as well C. so good D. as well as
9. I’m sure I was right. It is just ____ I didn’t lend him the money.
A. so well B. as well as C. as well D. the same as
（二）
1. Bob never does his homework_____ Mary. He makes lots of mistakes.
A. so careful as B. as carefully as C. carefully as D. as careful as
2. Now air in our town is ____ than it used to be. Something must be done to it.
A. very good B. much better C. rather than D. even worse
3. I feel __ better than yesterday.
A. more B. very C. the D. far
4. China has a large population than __ in the world.
A. all the countries B. every country C. any country D. any other country
5. This book is __ on the subject.
A. the much best B. much the best C. very much best D. very the best
6. The sick boy is getting __ day by day.
A. worse B. bad C. badly D. worst
7. This necklace looks __ and__ sells__.
A. well, well B. good, nice C. nice, good D. nice, well
8. Doctor Wang ___ heart operation
A. is interested on B. like doing C. does well in D. is good at
9. The population of Shandong is__ than that Sichuan.
A. smaller B. larger C. less D. large
10. I didn’t go shopping yesterday. He didn’t __.
A. so B. either C. too D. neither
11.___ delicious the food is!
A. How B. How a C. What D. What a
12. What animal do you like ___ I like all kinds of animals.
A. better B. best C. very D. well
13. Hainan is a very large island. It’s the second__ island in China.
A. large B. larger C. largest D. most large
14. If you want to book a round –trip ticket, you’ll have to pay __ $30.
A. more B. other C. the other D. another
15. A horse is __ than a dog.
A. much heavy B. more heavier C. much heavier D. more heavy
16. Which is __ season in Beijing I think it’s spring.
A. good B. well C. best D. the best
17. Usually Xiao Li spends __ time doing homework than Xiao Chen does.
A. little B less C. few D. fewer
18. I liked to play football when I was young. _______.
A. So he was B. So was he C. So did he D. So he did
二、用所给词的恰当形式填空。
1. Which is _______ (big), the sun, the moon or the earth
2. Which is ______ (beautiful), the black coat or the blue one
3. This mooncake is ____ (cheap) of all.
4. He is _______ (strong) in the class.
5. English is ____ (widely) spoken in the world.
课后自测题
ⅠChoose the best answer
1. If we use fewer CFCs, the ozone layer will be ________.
A. saved B. damaged C. polluted D. risen
2. We do not use CFCs in ________.
A. spray cans B. refrigerators C. air conditioners D. televisions
3. People should protect those wild animals ________.
A. of danger B. dangerous C. dangerously D. in danger
4. To be a green consumer, we should ________ buy and use ‘environmentally friendly’ things.
A. only B. still C. already D. never
5. You can keep in touch with me ________ dialing this mobile phone number.
A. in B. by C. with D. through
6. Can you tell me the answer ________ the question
A. of B. for C. to D. with
7. The ozone layer exists 20 to 50 kilometres ________ the ground.
A. on B. below C. above D. over
8. Please tell me what are the threats _________ our environment.
A. to B. for C. of D. from
9. The round cakes ________ the moon ________ called mooncakes.
A. is like; are B. like; is C. like; are D. are like; is
10. The book Green Consumers tells us ________ the environment.
A. to pollute B. polluting C. not to pollute D. not polluting
11. Millions of tons paper ________ away in Shanghai every year.
A. are thrown B. is thrown C. throws D. throw
12. The policeman jumped into the river and saved the ________ boy.
A. drying B. flooding C. dying D. swimming
13. Too much carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere will cause the sea level to ________.
A. fall B. rise C. raise D. rising
14. The children ________ under the tree over there. Why not join them
A. have danced B. are dancing C. danced D. dance
15. We ________ give up cars but we should invent better, cleaner engines.
A. need to B. needn’t to C. don’t need D. don’t need to
16. I think people littering(乱丢废物) should ________ a fine of 500 yuan.
A. cost B. spend C. take D. pay
17. The burning and cutting down of trees is making the greenhouse effect worse because trees
________ harmful gases.
A. take off B. take away C. take in D. take up
18. —— ________ —— Because I’m learning English.
A. Why don’t you fish B. Why are you wearing shorts
C. Why are you wearing a hat D. Why do you want to buy a dictionary
19. —— Would you like a coffee or a cola —— I prefer a cola. ________
A. I want one more. B. What about you C. Thank you. D. You’re welcome.
20. The information is ________ important that you mustn’t tell it to anyone.
A. very B. quite C. so D. such
ⅡComplete the sentences with the given words in their proper forms.
1. Today, we are going to talk about ________ in our city. (pollute)
2. Our Earth will be as _____ as the moon one day if we keep on polluting it with chemicals. (life)
3. The atmosphere around the Earth is ________ to all creatures. (essentially)
4. The ozone layer is a ________ layer which keeps away the harmful light from the Sun high in the sky. (protect)
5. The destruction of forests may cause ________ of the soil and flooding. (erode)
6. I’ve got a ________ amount of work to do. (mass)
7. We must try our best to be green ________. （consume）
8. Ronaldo must lose some _______ in order to keep fit. (weigh)
Ⅲ Choose the word or expression which is the closest in meaning to the underlined part in each sentence.
A. erosion B. layer C. destruction D. massive E. essential F. occurred
( ) 1. The cake has a thickness of jam in the middle.
( ) 2. Practice is very necessary if you want to speak a language well.
( ) 3. All the products from that factory have a huge increase in price.
( ) 4. Sea water may cause the removal of the coastline（海岸线）.
( ) 5. A large earthquake happened in this mountains area recently and a large number of people died.
Ⅳ Rewrite the sentences as required.
1. We should walk as much as possible because cars and buses pollute the air.（对划线部分提问）
________ ________ we walk as much as possible
2. We are so wasteful. （改为感叹句）
________ ________ we are!
3. Peter runs faster than Eddie.（保持句意基本不变）
Eddie doesn’t run ________ ________ ________ peter.
4. They will plant more trees in their school. They want to make their school look more beautiful.
（合并为一句）
They will plant more trees in their school ________ ________ ________ make their school
look more beautiful.
5. It is too cold for us to wear skirts today. （保持句意基本不变）
Today is ________ cold ________ we cannot wear skirts.
Ⅴ True or false.
The greenhouse effect
The greenhouse effect is the rise in temperature that the Earth experiences because certain gases in the atmosphere (e. g., water vapor [H2O], carbon dioxide [CO2], nitrous oxide [N2O], and methane [CH4] take in energy from the Sun. Without these gases, heat would escape back into space and the Earth’s average temperature would be about 60°C colder. Because of how they warm our world, these gases are called greenhouse gases.
Have you ever seen a greenhouse Most of greenhouses look like a small glass house. Greenhouses are used to grow plants, especially in the winter. Greenhouses work by taking in heat from the Sun. The glass boards of the greenhouse let in light but keep heat from escaping. This causes the greenhouse to heat up, much like the inside of a car parked in sunlight, and keeps the plants warm enough to live in the winter.
The Earth atmosphere is all around us. It is the air that we breathe. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere act much like the glass boards in a greenhouse. Sunlight enters the Earth’s atmosphere, passing through the blanket of greenhouse gases. As it reaches the Earth’s surface, land and water and biosphere（生物圈）absorb（吸收） the sunlight’s energy. Once absorbed, this energy is sent back into the atmosphere. Some of the energy passes back into space, but much of it remains trapped(滞留) in the atmosphere by the greenhouse gases, causing our world to heat up.
The greenhouse effect is important. Without the greenhouse effect, the Earth would not be warm enough for humans to live. But if the greenhouse effect becomes stronger, it could make the Earth warmer than usual. Even a little extra warming may cause problems for humans, plants and animals.
( ) 1. Carbon dioxide is the only greenhouse gas.
( ) 2. Greenhouse gases act much like the glass boards in the real greenhouse.
( ) 3. Greenhouse gases cause our world to heat up.
( ) 4. We’ d better get rid of(免除；摆脱) greenhouse effect according to the passage.
( ) 5. Much of he energy from the Sun is kept in the atmosphere on the Earth.
Ⅵ Choose the best answer.
The most common disease in the world is the cold. It often starts with a sore throat. You sneeze（打喷嚏）and your nose runs（流鼻涕）. You usually have headache too. Often you have a cough afterwards. It’s not a serious disease, but you can feel quite ill.
There isn’t a cure(治愈方法) for cold, but you can take medicines to make you feel better. For example, you can take aspirin to get rid of(摆脱 your headache. It is good to rest, drink a lot of water too. A doctor once told me ‘With the right medicine, a cold will last for seven days. With no medicine, a cold will go on for a whole week.’
Where do our medicines come from A long time ago, people understood that some plants made them feel better. They are the leaves, the roots, the fruit, or the seeds of plants. For example, the juice of lemons makes a sore throat feel better.
In modern times, scientists have looked at these plants, and found out which chemicals are in them. Many of our medicines today are made from those chemicals.
There are some diseases which we can’t cure yet. And nobody has found a cure for old age. But because of modern medicine, the average person now lives longer than their grandparents.
( ) 1. From the first paragraph, we know that ________.
A. the cold is a terribly bad disease B. the cold may make you feel very ill
C. the cold may cause toothache D. you must cough when you have a cold
( ) 2. We can take aspirins to ________.
A. cure the cold B. make our nose stop running
C. make us stop coughing D. cure our headache
( ) 3. The sentence‘With the right medicine, a cold will last for seven days. With no medicine, a cold will go on for a whole week.’ probably means ________.
A. if you take the right medicine, it will help you cure the cold more quickly
B. taking medicine doesn’t do any help when you have a cold
C. a cold will go on at least a week, with or without medicine
D. if you take the medicine, it will make you cure the cold more slowly
( ) 4. At early time, people ate more ________ to cure some kinds of diseases.
A. plant B. medicine C. fruit D. chemicals
( ) 5. Which of the following is NOT true、
A. Doctors still cannot cure some diseases nowadays.
B. Scientists have found a kind of medicine to cure old age.
C. People live longer than before because of modern medicine.
D. Scientists make some medicines from some plants.
Ⅶ Answer the questions.
Weather and climate
Weather
Weather describes whatever is happening outdoors in a given place at a given time. Weather is what happens from minute to minute. The weather can change a lot within a very short time. For example, it may rain for an hour and then become sunny and clear. Weather includes daily changes in rainfall, air pressure, temperature and wind condition in a given location. What is your weather like today
Climate
Climate describes the total of all weather existing over a period of years in a place. This includes average weather condition, regular weather sequences(序列) (like winter, spring, summer and fall), and special weather events (like typhoons and floods). Climate tells us what it’s usually like in the place where you live. London was known as having a foggy climate, Xi’an a windy climate, Harbin a snowy climate and Beijing a dry climate. How would you describe the climate where you live
1. What is weather
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. What does climate describe
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. Where can we get the information of the weather、
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. Weather is different from climate, isn’t it
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. How would you describe the climate in Shanghai
_____________________________________________________________________________
Ⅷ Choose the words to complete the passage.
The best paper comes from wood. Wood comes from trees, and trees are plants. Vegetables and (1) ________ are plants too, and we eat a lot of them. So can we (2) ________ wood paper
Scientists say, ‘All food comes in some way(在某种程度上) from plants.’ Well, it that true (3) ________ eat grass and (4) ________ fat. Then we eat their meat. Think for a minute. What food does not come from plants in some way？
Scientists can do wonderful things with plants. They can (5) ________ food just like meat and bread. Now they say, ‘We can also make food from wood.’
(6) ________ please keep your old books and letters. One day, soon, they will be on your plate.
( ) 1. A. eggs B. flowers C. apples D. fruit
( ) 2. A. use B. make C. eat D. have
( ) 3. A. Human B. Animals C. Insects D. Fish
( ) 4. A. are B. grow C. go D. make
( ) 5. A. make B. eat C. keep D. have
( ) 6. A. Although B. However C. So D. But
Ⅸ Read the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words. The first letters are given.
Sea level rise
Global warming may make the sea level become (1) h________. Why Well, warmer weather makes glaciers(冰川) (2) m________. A glacier is a large block of ice that moves very, very (3) s________. Some melting glaciers add more water to the ocean. Warmer temperatures also make water expand(膨胀)。 When water expands in the ocean, it takes up more space and the level of the sea (4) r________.
Sea level may rise between several inches and as much as 3 feet during the next century. This will affect (5) b________ natural systems and man-made structures(构筑物) along coastlines. Coastal flooding(沿岸泛滥) could cause salt water to（6）f________ into areas with harmful salt, threatening plants and animals in those areas. For example, an increase in the salt content(含量)of the Delaware(美国特拉华州) and Chesapeake( 切萨皮克市) bays is thought to have decreased the number of oysters(牡蛎) able to live in those waters.
上海版牛津英语 9B 第二章 学习辅导材料 （2011 02—06）
学习新词语
recommend v. 推荐；介绍 例如：
I recommend the book to all my friends. 我向我所有的朋友推荐这本书。
She was recommended for the post by a classmate. 她被同事推荐到这个岗位。
【注意】：recommend 作“推荐”解释时，可以跟双宾语。常见的搭配如下：
1. recommend sth. 推荐某事物 例如：
Could you recommend a quiet restaurant 你能推荐一家安静的餐厅吗？
2. recommend A for (doing) B 为(做)某事(B)而推荐(A) 例如：
What would you recommend for removing ink spots 你看用什么方法可去除墨迹？
She was strongly recommended for the position. 她被大力推荐担任这个职务。
3. recommend A as B 推荐某人担任某职务 例如：
I can recommend him as an extremely good accountant. 我推荐他一定能当个好会计。
4. recommend sth. to / for sb. 为某人推荐某物 例如：
Can you recommend a website to / for me 你能给我推荐一个网站吗？
5. recommend sb. sth. 给某人推荐某物 例如：
Can you recommend me a good novel 你能给我推荐一本好的小说吗？
tip n. 建议；提示 例如：
She gave me some useful tips on how to pass the exam.
他给了我一些关于如何通过考试的有用的建议。
tip 作为名词的时候，还有其他的意思：
(1) 尖端 the tips of your fingers 手指尖
(2) 小费 He gives the waiter a generous tip. 他给了服务员很多小费。
(3) 垃圾、脏乱处
常用短语： on the tip of your tongue 话在嘴边上（却一时想不起来）
the tip of the iceberg (问题的)冰山一角
completely adv. 彻底地；完全地 例如：
I’ve completely forgotten her name. 我完全把她的名字给忘了。
The explosion completely destroyed the building. 爆炸彻底毁掉了那栋大楼。
【同根词】：complete adj. 完整的 v. 完成
【近义词】：totally adv. 完全；全部地；整个地
designer adj. 由著名设计师设计的；名牌的 ， 例如：
He had trendy haircut and wore designer clothes. 他理了个时髦发型，还穿着名牌服装。
designer 作名词解释为“设计师”
【同根词】：design v. 设计 n. 图样；设计
satisfied v. 满意的 例如：
The teacher was not satisfied with my work. 老师对我的功课不满意。
【同根词】：satisty v. 使……满意；使……满足
satisfying adj. 令人满意的；令人满足的
【句型】：be satisfied with … 对……感到满意 例如：
I am satisfied with your grades. 我对你的成绩感到满意。
意思相近于：I am pleased with your grades
horrible adj. 十分讨厌的 例如：
The coffee tasted horrible. 这种咖啡难喝极了。
I’ve got a horrible feeling she lied to me. 我感到很不愉快，她对我说了谎。
【近义词】：terrible adj. 非常讨厌的；可怕的 awful adj. 很坏的；极讨厌的
常用词组：
hot tip 最新内幕消息；热门建议 例如：
Has he really got a hot tip on the stock market.
他真的获知了一条有关股市的最新内幕消息吗？
shopping mall n. 大型购物中心 例如：
In a shopping mall, there are many shops and restaurants. People can walk in a shopping mall, but cars are not allowed.
大型购物商场中有许多商店和饭店,人们可以在大型购物商场里走动,但汽车是不可以的。
ahead of （时间、空间）在前面 例如：
I had to wait half an hour to get my lunch at the school canteen because there were so many people ahead of me.
我不得不在学校食堂等半小时才等到了午饭，因为我前面的人太多了。
Ahead of us lay ten days of intensive training. 我们还要进行十天的强化训练。
feel good 感到愉快，感到有信心 例如：
It makes me feel good to know my work is appreciated.
得知我的工作得到赏识，我感到很高兴。
get a view of 观看 例如：
You can get a view of the whole bridge from here. 从这里可以看到大桥的全貌。
for sale 待售；供出售 例如：
I’m sorry. It’s not for sale. 抱歉，这个不卖。
They’re put their house for sale. 他们的房子现在出售。
【近义词组】：on sale 是“打折销售”，例如：
All video equipment is on sale today and tomorrow. 所有录像设备今明两天降价销售。
课文参考译文
现在是2040年8月。花园城的人们正从互联网上的QuickBuy.com 购买旅游产品、房子和汽车。以下就是这个网站的内容。
2040年8月的热门消息度假信息：魔法酒店花园城的水下酒店拥有很多一半在水下的房间，但是魔法酒店却完全是在水下的。它拥有50个水下房间、一个电脑游戏厅和一家销售知名品牌服饰的大型购物中心。哪里还有一个恐龙动画中心，在那里孩子们可以和恐龙一起玩耍。满意的顾客：阿普里尔·庞女士：“我们住在魔法酒店时，我的孩子们就会观察房间玻璃窗外的鱼儿游泳，太有意思了。当我还是个小孩子时，我们见不到像今天这么多的鱼。我们现在正在保护鱼类。“房屋信息：肯尼迪路26号这幢房子是“绿色环保”的。它的周边有一层玻璃。这幢房子能储存热能，因为它位于玻璃之下。储存的热能会当作能量用来驱动屋内的机器。所有的墙面都是用玻璃制成的，且可以移动，因此你可以将房间任意分割成你所希望的大小。这房子也是“智能”的。药柜里有一台电脑，它与你医生的电脑联网。厨房里的冰箱也有电脑，它与超级市场的电脑联网。当你需要增添食品时，它会告诉超市的电脑。它只会订购你所喜欢的食物。满意的顾客：大卫·于先生: “当我们住在旧房子里时，生活艰难得多，而且开销也更大。现在我们舒适地住在和肯尼迪路这幢类似的房子里，我愿意将它推荐给每一个人。”汽车信息：长江3号长江3号是一辆氢动力汽车。氢动力汽车可减少花园城的空气污染。氢气和来自空气中的氧气混合产生电能，而电能驱动了引擎。长江3号还拥有卫星导航功能，因此你可以通过挡风玻璃上的电子地图看清你所在的位置，同时你也可以看到前方道路的交通情况。它还拥有互联网链接，因此司机可以在车上获取关于天气的信息，甚至直接预订酒店。满意的顾客： 杰克·胡先生: “当我驾驶那辆旧车时，我总是感到内疚，因为我在污染城市。但驾驶长江3号时，我感觉很棒。”
语法知识 过去进行时
一. 过去进行时是表示过去某一时刻或某一时间内正在进行或发生的动作。可以从两个方面来理解：
1. 过去某一时刻正在进行或发生的动作。例如：
They were playing football at ten o’clock yesterday morning.
My mother was cooking when I got home.
I was washing my clothes at this time yesterday.
2. 过去某阶段持续进行的动作。例如：
What were you doing during the holiday
另外，在复合句中，若主要动作和背景动作是同时发生的，那么主句和从句都可以用过去进行时。例如：
Jenny was reading while Danny was writing.
二. 过去进行时的结构是助动词be的过去形式was / were +v-ing. 其句式变化仍然要在be上做文章。例如：
We were working in class.
We weren’t working in class.
Were you working in class
三. 过去进行时常与过去某一特定时间的状语连用，如 last night, at that time, at noon yesterday, last Sunday 等。有时没有时间状语，要通过上下文的暗示来确定用过去进行时。例如：
The students all worked hard. Everyone knew what he was working for.
四. 做题时常见错误如下：
（一）易把be+现在分词记成be+过去分词 例如：
　　He was talked to his mum at that time. 正确答案：was talking
解析：过去进行时与现在进行时结构上的区别体现在助动词be上。
（二）丢掉助动词be或忘记把动词变成现在分词 例如：
(1) I watching TV when he came in.
(2) They were play games at 5:00 p.m. yesterday.
　正确答案：1 was watching 2 were playing
解析：现在进行时中“be+现在分词,缺一不可”的规律也可应用于过去进行时。
（三）对动词或动词词组提问时丢掉doing 例如：
　 We were flying kites at 5:00 p.m. yesterday. (对划线部分提问)
What were you at 5:00 p.m. yesterday
正确答案：What were you doing at 5:00 p.m. yesterday
　解析：现在进行时中“What……doing……” 句式同样适用于过去进行时。
（四）易与现在进行时弄混 例如：
　　My mother is cooking when I got home. 正确答案：was cooking
　解析：这两种时态的共同点是都表示动作正在进行，但现在进行时前提是现在，而过去进行时前提是过去，由when I got home可看出前提是过去。
（五）易与一般过去时弄混 例如：
要翻译：昨晚我在读一本故事书。
　 I read a story book yesterday evening.是错误的，正确答案：was reading
　 昨晚我读了一本故事书。应说成：
I read a story book yesterday evening.（言下之意已经读完了。）
解析：这两种时态的共同点是都用于表示过去发生的动作。但过去进行时强调动作正在进行，而一般过去时则表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，它表示的动作往往已经完成。但因为强调的是在过去某一时间段或某一时刻，故不用完成时态。
　另外，在宾语从句中当主句为过去时，从句若是现在进行时，需变成过去进行时。例如：He said that he was drawing a cat at noon yesterday.
语法相关练习题
一. 选择正确的答案：
1. What ______ from three to four yesterday afternoon
　　A. have you done B. had you done C. did you do D. were you doing
2. — I call you yesterday evening, but there was no answer.
　 — Oh., I’m sorry. I _____ dinner at my friend’s home.
　　A. home B. had C. was having D. have had
3. My mother _____ while my father _____ TV.
　　A. cooked; was watching B. was cooking; was watching
　　C. was cooked; watched D. cooked; watched
4. When I got home, my son _____ the music.
　　A. am listening to B. listened to C. was listening to D. was listening
5. We heard a cry when we ______ TV last night.
　　A. were watching B. would watch C. watch D. watched
6. She asked him whether he _____ back for lunch.
　　A. come B. was coming C. came D. had come
7. Could you tell me when ______
　　A. she is coming B. she was coming C. will be come D. is he coming
8. The teacher _____ when I came into the classroom.
　　A. is drawing B. draws C. has drawn D. was drawing
9. The pizza ______ by my mother. Would you like to have some
　　A. makes B. was making C. made D. was made
10. Nobody noticed what she ______ at that moment.
　　A. will do B. was doing C. has done D. had done
11. Was it raining hard when you _____ this morning
　　A. left B. leaves C. was leaving D. would leave
答案：1 D 2 C 3 B 4 C 5 A 6 B 7 A 8 D 9 D 10 B 11 A
　　
二. 填空：
1. ______ they______ (feed) the animals at 5:00 yesterday afternoon
2. Mrs. Green _____ _____ (not wash) clothes at this time yesterday.
3. Grandpa ______ ______ (mend) his clock when I reached home.
4. As I _____ (walk) in the park, I saw some children playing games.
答案：1 were feeding 2 wasn’t washing 3 was mending 4 was walking
课后练习题
Ⅰ Choose the best answer.
1. In our neighbourhood, she is ________ honest girl who wins everyone’s heart.
A. an B. a C. the D. /
2. Many young office workers are fond of playing ________ tennis at weekends.
A. / B. a C. the D. an
3. A friend of ________ told the guide that he enjoyed his trip to Hong Kong very much.
A. me B. my C. mine D. myself
4. Don’t tell Jenny _________ to do next. Let her work out a plan herself.
A. why B. what C. who D. how
5. ________ warm and rainy weather it was last November in Shanghai!
A. What a B. How C. What the D. What
6. After a terrible flood, the whole village was ________ underwater.
A. awful B. completely C. extremely D. terribly
7. I met Jane at a dinner party last night. She looked nice ________ her blue dress.
A. with B. on C. in D. of
8. You ________ tell him the sad news right now. He will soon make a speech at the meeting.
A. needn’t B. shouldn’t C. couldn’t D. don’t need
9. When I got up early the next morning, John and his wife ________ breakfast fro everyone.
A. made B. are making C. make D. were making
10. Tom ran ________ than any other runners. And he won the first prize.
A. far quickly B. far more quickly C. more quick D. more far quickly
11. The GPS machine enables you to know ________ you are on the electronic map on the screen.
A. when B. what C. where D. how
12. From 9 a.m. to 10 a.m. last Saturday, Judy and I ________ a model plane.
A. are making B. were making C. made D. had made
13. I ________ the newspaper while my brother ________ TV.
A. has read; was watching B. was reading; watched
C. was reading; was watching D. read; watched
14. Don’t tell ________. It’s between you and me.
A. someone else B. else someone C. anyone else D. else anyone
15. Several ________ people live in the small town.
A. thousand B. thousands of C. thousand of D. thousands
16. There is also a computer in the fridge, ________ to the market.
A. to link B. linked C. linking D. link
17. Yao Ming has ________ lots of NBA games since 2002.
A. joined B. been in C. taken part in D. attended
18. After ________ from the university, Rick became a teacher.
A. graduate B. graduation C. graduating D. graduated
19. — Have you got any scholarship — ________ But I got a student loan(贷款) from a bank.
A. Yes, I have. B. Sure. C. Not really. D. Not yet.
20. — Please put me through to Mr. Li’s office. — ________
A. Hang up, please. B. Answer the phone, please.
C. I’m sorry I’ve got the wrong number D. Hold on, please. I’ll connect you.
Ⅱ Complete the sentences with the given words in their proper forms.
1. What is she called I’ve _______ forgotten her name. (complete)
2. She’s never ________ with what she got. (satisfy)
3. He was such a kind man and thanked all of us ________. ( polite)
4. I liked John but I don’t find him ________ physically. (attract)
5. No, I ________. I don’t think it would be the right thing to do. (agree)
6. Jackie is on IT ________. He is quite good at computer animation(动画). (engine)
7. Scientists all believe that hydrogen cars will cause ________ air pollution in the future. (little)
8. A hydrogen car can mix hydrogen and oxygen from the air to produce ________ to drive itself. (electric)
Ⅲ Choose the word or expression which is the closest in meaning to the underlined part in each sentence.
A. in front of B. clever C. totally D. customer E. introduce F. windscreen
( ) 1. Can you recommend a good restaurant
( ) 2. Three young men were standing ahead of us.
( ) 3. It is important that you keep the glass at the front of your car that you look through clean so that the driver can see the traffic clearly.
( ) 4. A smart computer system can think for itself and make changes without being told.
( ) 5. This place is completely destroyed by wars.
Ⅳ Rewrite the sentences as required.
1. If there was no air, animals and plants on the Earth would die. (保持句意基本不变)
________ animals ________ plants would die if there was no air.
2. The new job led her to success. (改为一般疑问句)
________the new job ________ her to success
3. Alice has been a secretary for about 5 years. (保持句意基本不变)
Alice has ________ ________ a secretary for about 5 years.
4. They decided that they wouldn’t have the picnic because of the bad weather. (改为简单句)
They decided ________ ________ have the picnic because of the bad weather.
5. Dick was so short that he couldn’t reach the top of the bookshelf. (保持句意基本不变)
Ⅴ True and False.
In an experiment in Canada, ten-year-old children were put in classes of four sizes: 16, 23, 30 and 37 children in each class. Their teachers said that the smaller classes would result in(导致) more individual(特别) attention(注意) and better marks. However, when the children were tested, those in smaller classes did not get higher marks than the others, except in Maths. Moreover(此外，而且), pupils in the larger classes said they liked school just as much.Perhaps the most surprising result was the difference between what teachers expected and the real results received. More than 90 % of the teachers expected the smaller classes to do well. After teaching these smaller classes, over 80 % of the teachers thought the pupils had done better. However, according to the researchers(研究者), nothing of the sort happened. Class size seemed to make a difference only to the teacherˊs own attitudes(态度，想法) and not to the results they received.There may be three reasons for this. First, teachers may be used to teaching large classes and may not know how to get the best results from small classes. Secondly, the results of teaching pupils in small classes may take a year to show. Thirdly, even a class containing(包含) sixteen pupils is really a large class, and real improvements can only be made with classes of fewer than a dozen(十二个)pupils.
( ) 1.The results of children in larger classes were much better than those of children in smaller classes.
( ) 2. Children in smaller classes generally like school much better than those in larger classes.
( ) 3. Children in smaller classes were better at Maths than those in larger classes.
( ) 4. Most teachers of smaller classes did not think that their pupils had done better than those in larger classes.
( ) 5. Researchers thought that smaller classes produced better results than larger classes.
( ) 6. The writer thinks that even he smallest of the four classes taking part in the experiment was really a large class.
( ) 7. A class with fewer than twelve students may be good for individual improvements.
Ⅵ Choose the best answer.
Today’s fashions, such as high-heeled(高跟的) shoes, tight-fitting(紧身的) jeans and cute(漂亮的) hand-held purses, may took fashionable but may not be all that great for your body. These tips will help you stay fashionable and comfortable. 1. Wear high heels, but bring along a pair of flats to change into should your feel start screaming in pain. 2. If shoes are comfortable when you stand, they’re likely to feel even worse when you walk. The wrong shoes can affect the body’s centre of gravity(重心). 3. While sitting for a long time, sometimes take standing breaks in order to relax your nervous body. 4. If you like tight clothes, choose items that allow you to perform daily tasks without difficulty. These days, such clothes are mostly made of comfortable clothes. 5. When taking a bag in your hand, exchange sides often to avoid placing the weight on only one side of your body. 6. Empty junk(废物) and other unnecessary things — old receipts(收条), bussiness cards(商务卡), some waste paper, etc. — from your bag to make it lighter. 7. If you’re driving or sitting for long periods, take out your wallet or card holder(名片夹) from your back pocket.
( ) 1. The underlined word ‘tip’ in the first paragraph means ________.
A. extra money you pay for a waiter’s service B. suggestion on something
C. thin pointed ends of something D. small parts of a machine
( ) 2. What kind of fashions does the writer talk about in these tips
A. Shoes, jeans and watches. B. Shoes, clothes and watches.
C. Shoes, jeans and wallets. D. Shoes, rings and wallets.
( ) 3. What WON’T happen to you if you wear high heels
A. My feet will start screaming in pain. B. I will feel even worse when I walk.
C. It can affect the body’s centre of gravity. D. I am very comfortable while I am walking.
( ) 4. Which of the following is allowed as middle school students、
A. We should wear thin high-heeled shoes to have PE lessons.
B. It is beautiful and fashionable for me to have tight clothes.
C. Lucy has many kinds of things in her desk — many waste paper, money and ID cards.
D. As for us, it’s comfortable to wear pairs of flats or sports shoes.
( ) 5. What is the best title of this passage
A. Today’s fashions B. How to stay fashionable and comfortable
C. What clothes fit you D. Problems on today’s fashions
Ⅶ Answer the questions.
Can animals be made to work for us Some scientists think that one day animals may be trained to do some simple jobs that are now done by human beings. Scientists point out that at circus, for example, we may see elephants, monkeys, dogs and other animals doing quite skilful jobs. Perhaps you have seen them on the television or in a film. If you watch them closely, you may notice that the trainer always gives the animals some sugar or a piece of fruit as a reward(奖赏). The scientists say that animals may be trained to do a number of simple jobs if they know they will get a reward after doing them. Of course, as we know, dogs can be used to guard a house, and soldiers in both old and modern times have used geese to give warning by making a lot of noise when an enemy comes near. It may be possible to train animals to work in factories. In Russia, for example, pigeons, which are birds with good eyesight, are being used to watch out for faults(瑕疵) in small steel balls that are being made in one factory. When the pigeon sees a ball which is different from the others, it touches a steel plate with its beak(喙). This turns on a light to warn the people in the factory. At the same time a few seeds are given to the pigeon as a reward. It takes three to five weeks to train the pigeon to do this and one pigeon can inspect(检查) 3,000 to 4,000 balls an hour.
1. Can animals be made to work for humans
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. t animals can we see doing thing s at circus
We can see ____________________________________________and other animals.
3. What does the trainer give the animals as a reward
He gives them ______________________________________________________________.
4. Why are pigeons used to watch out for faults in small steel balls
Because they _______________________________________________________________.
5. What is given to the pigeon when it succeeds in finding faults in small steel balls
__________________________________________________________________________
6. Do you like animals Why
__________________________________________________________________________
Ⅷ Choose the words and expressions to complete the passage.
Dear Mum,Itˊs the high time(好时机) we had a heart-to-heart talk. I donˊt think you understand my life. You think I should be studying (1) ________. I know you want me to find a good job when I (2) ________ and that makes me feel quite pressed(有压力的). I am a teenager and I would like to have a wonderful time too. You never think about (3) ________ things for me to do like music, sports and sightseeing. Two days ago, when I was watching a football game on TV, you asked me to (4) ________ and do my homework. After finishing my homework, still I wasnˊt (5) ________ to read my football magazines. You said I had to go to bed early. That was bad enough, but yesterday was the worst day. I ought some computer games, and put (6) _________ in my bag so that you wouldnˊt see them. I told you I had done my homework. I know it was (7) _________ to lie to you, but you told me that Dad would talk to me later. Mum, I donˊt quite like what you did to me! I really love you, Mum, but I wish you could try not to be so hard on me. Iˊm trying my best to be a good boy. LoveDavid
( ) 1. A. at that time B. all the time C. at one time D. in no time
( ) 2. A. get old B. become big C. grow up D. give up
( ) 3. A. interesting B. hard C. easy D. boring
( ) 4. A. end B. finish C. complete D. stop
( ) 5. A. got B. taken C. allowed D. asked
( ) 6. A. them B. computer C. magazines D. it
( ) 7. A. fair B. right C. wrong D. correct
Ⅸ Read the passage and fill in the blanks with the proper words. The first letters are given.
THANKSGIVING is a special day when people give thanks for all the good things in their lives. On this day, some Americans go to church and give thanks to God and pray(祈祷) for another good year. (1) O________ often say a simple prayer(祷告) before eating a big lunch. They (2) a________ thank other people by saying ‘Thanks’directly to them or writing letters. Children often thank their parents for caring for them and giving them things they need. In their turn, parents thank their children for studying hard and being good.
Itˊs important to remember the good things in life, and you can give thanks any time. When (3) w________ the last time you thanked your mum for making a delicious dinner Have you ever thanked your dad for working hard to give you a good life Give your parents a hug(拥抱) and thank them for (4) e________ they do for you. They will be very happy.
Imagine having (5) n________ to play with. Your school life would be very sad. So, tell your friends, ‘Thank you for being my friend.’They will be happy to know (6) h________ you feel. You may think that your teachers make you work hard. But do you know how hard your teachers work Teaching a big class every day is not easy. If you enjoy a class, say ‘Thank for an interesting lesson’ to your teacher. The look on his or her (7) f________ will make you feel good too.
上海版牛津英语9B U3 学习辅导材料 （2011.02—06）
学习新词语
population n. (地区、国家等的)人口、人口数量 例如：
One third of the world’s population consume two thirds of the world’s resources.
世界上三分之一的人口消耗着全球三分之二的资源。
population常用来指人口的总称，在使用时应注意：
(1) population是一个集合名词，在句中作主语时谓语动词多用单数形式。例如：
The population of Germany is about 81,000,000. 德国大约有8100万人口。
【注意】如果population与分数或百分数连用时谓语动词多用复数形式。例如：
Three fifths of the population in the town are farmers. 该镇五分之三的人是农民。
(2) 表示某国、某城市有多少人口时，还可用“…have / has a population of…”的结构。例如：
The city has a population of 50,000. 那座城市有五万人。
(3) population 是不可数名词，不能用How many 或How much 进行提问，而应用What 或How large。例如：
What is the population of China 中国有多少人口？
How large is the population of Australia 澳大利亚有多少人？
(4) 说明人口或人数的“多”或“少”时，不能用many / few / much / little 修饰population，而用large, big或small, thin修饰。例如：
Dalian has a large population. 大连人口很多。
such pron. 这样的；那样的 例如：
He said he didn’t have time or made some such excuse.
他说他没有时间或别的诸如此类的借口。
【注意】such 一词的用法：
(1) such 修饰单数名词时，放在不定冠词a / an之前，若名词前有one, no, any, some, all, many等修饰时，such 放在这些修饰词之后。例如：
He’s such a man. 他就是这么一个人。
One such table is enough. 这样的桌子，有一张就够了。
There is no such thing. 没有这回事。
(2) such 位于句首时，句子须倒装，谓语动词的单复数根据其后的名词决定。例如：
Such is my hope for the future. 我对未来的希望就是这样。
Such were the facts. 事实就是这样。
(3) Such… that… 与such… as… 这两个句型的区别是：如果从句中不缺任何句子成分，则用that 引导，意为“如此…以至于”；如句子中缺少某些句子成分，则用as引导，意为“像…一样的；像…”。例如：
He had such long arms that he could almost touch the calling.
他的胳膊很长，以至于几乎能碰到天花板。
She is such a good teacher just as we expect. 正如我们所料，她是一位好老师。
(4) 用于某些固定搭配的短语中，如such as 表示列举，有“例如；诸如”等意思,as such 则是“作为一个…；本身”等意思;such and such 表示“某某;这种那种的”等意思。例如：
I like drinks such as tea and soda. 我喜欢诸如茶和汽水之类的饮料。
Wealth, as such doesn’t matter much. 财富本身算不了什么。
Such and such results follow from such and such causes.
这样那样的原因就产生这样那样的结果。
Teenager n. (13至19岁之间的)青少年，青少年男女。例如：
This is a magazine aimed at teenagers. 这是一本以青少年为对象的杂志。
（还可以是adj.十几岁青少年的）
【注意】teenager 一词来源于thirteen, fourteen…nineteen 这些以-teen 结尾的数词。
couple n. 几个（人或事物） 例如：
We went there a couple of years ago. 我们几年前去过那里。
【注意】couple 还有以下两个常见含义：
(1) 两个；两件事物 例如：
I saw a couple of men get out. 我看见有两个男人出去了。(= I saw two men get out.)
(2) (人)一对；(尤指)夫妻，情侣 例如：
The couple was /were married in 1976. 这对夫妇与1976年结婚。
(3) 短语：a couple of 几个；一些 例如：
I’ve seen her a couple of times before. 我以前见过她两次。
(= I’ve seen her two times before.)
常 用 词 组
ballroom dancing 交际舞；交谊舞 例如：
His two hobbies in those days were football and ballroom dancing.
那时，他有两个爱好，踢足球和跳交谊舞。
【注意】ballroom dancing 是合成词，ballroom 是“舞厅；跳舞场”的意思。
roller skate 滑旱冰；溜旱冰 例如：
Don’t skateboard or roller skate on the road. 不要在路上玩滑板或滑旱冰。
【注意】roller skate 也可以作名词，意思是“（四轮）旱冰鞋；滚轴溜冰鞋；轮式溜冰鞋”
for a while 一会儿 例如:
Would you please wait for me for a while 你等我一会儿好吗？
【注意】for a while 也可以表示“（持续）一段时间” 例如：
You must be off aspirins for a while. 你必须停服一段时间的阿司匹林。
pay a visit 参观 （=visit） 例如：
How I wish to pay a visit to London! 我是多么希望去伦敦观光啊！
课文参考译文
度 假
2月18日
亲爱的康妮：
我现在终于到上海了。我和我父母是昨晚从北京飞往上海的。
我们这一天太累了！在宾馆吃完丰盛的早餐之后，我们沿着南京路——上海最重要的道路——步行。（上海的天气要比北京暖和。天气晴朗，蔚蓝的天空万里无云。
我们不久就来到了人民广场，一个很大的休闲场所。我们绕着美丽的喷泉走了一圈。那里的氛围很好。一些老年人正在跳交谊舞，孩子们正在放风筝。青少年在滑旱冰，还有人正在舞剑。我们看了一会儿，就进了上海博物馆。我们在那里花了几个小时参观展品。
接下来我们一直走到了外滩，这一带历史悠久，有众多欧式风格的老建筑。外滩素有“万国建筑博览”之誉。外滩是一个巨大的金融中心，拥有很多银行和公司。
我们沿着滨水路前行，仰望黄浦江对岸的东方明珠电视塔。我读到过这样一种说法：设计这者的灵感来自中国的一句古诗“大珠小珠落玉盘”。浦东的大型金融贸易区就位于东方明珠电视塔后。爸爸十五年前去过那里。他很惊叹浦东的变化。
然后我们就离开了黄浦江，在一些小巷中穿行，到达了城隍庙地区。那里有很多工艺品商店，一些艺人正在做着剪纸之类的事情。那里还有一个湖，湖中央是个亭子。我们可以走过九曲桥来到亭子里，欣赏周围的风景。之后，我们在附近的一家老饭店里饱餐一顿。最后，我们走进了豫园。它太漂亮了。我喜欢那些绵延于围墙顶上的长龙图案。
这时我们实在太累了，所以坐出租车回宾馆歇歇脚!我给你画了一幅地图，你就知道我们今天去过哪儿了，我还会附上几张照片。上海正棒！我希望我们可以在这里多待上一阵。
向每个人都带去我的问候
温迪
语法知识 过去完成时
一、 什么叫过去完成时？它是怎样构成的？过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，也可能是早已完成或结束，即“过去的过去”;也可以指过去的动作延续到过去的某个时刻。过去完成时由“had +动词的过去分词”构成，had通常用于任何人称。
二、 过去完成时有哪些用法？
过去完成时主要有以下几点用法：
1. 表示过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作或存在的状态。句中常by, before, when, until等词引导的时间状语。它是以过去某一时间为起点，所以过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是“过去的过去”。只有和过去某时间或某动作相比较时才能用到它。例如：
Most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
当他到达晚会时，他发现大多数客人已经离开了。
2.过去完成时还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或持续下去，常与for, since等词连用。例如：
When Jack arrived, he learned Mary had been away for almost an hour.
当杰克到时，他得知玛丽已经离开快一个小时了。
3. 用于并列句：一个并列句用的是过去式，如果另一个并列句表示的动作早于过去式这一动作，这时需用过去完成时。例如：
Tom flew home, but his father had already died.
汤姆乘飞机回家，他的父亲却已经去世了。
4. 某些动词的过去完成时表示过去未实现的希望、计划或打算。常用的动词有 hope, expect, suppose, think, want, wish等。例如：
They had hoped to be able to arrive before ten. 他们本来打算能在10点之前到达。
5. 在before， after， as soon as等引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间先后，所以可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。例如：
三、 一般过去时和过去完成时用法有哪些不同？
1. 在主从复合句中的用法不同
（1） 用在宾语从句中
在主句谓语为一般过去时的宾语从句中，既可用一般过去时，也可用过去完成时。但两种时态的意义明显不同。试比较下列两组句子：
She said she was a doctor. 她说她是位医生。（说话时仍为医生）
She said she had been a doctor.她说她曾当过医生。（说话时已不是）
She said she had been a doctor for twenty years.她说她当过20年的医生。
（主要强调说话时已当过20年医生，此状态可能已经结束，也可能还没有）
但是，如果从句中有表示具体时间的状语，则常用一般过去时。例如：
He said he was born in 1986. 他说他是 1986年出生的。
（2）在含有after的主从复合句中，一般在从句中使用过去完成时，主句中使用一般过去时。例如：
After he had done his homework, he went out to play football.
因连词after本身能明确表示时间的先后关系，因而多数的主句和从句均使用一般过去时。例如：
After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.
（3）用在含有before的主从复合句中,一般在从句中使用一般过去时,主句中使用过去完成时。例如：
Lily had written some letters before she went out shopping.
有时,也可以在从句中用过去完成时,主句中用一般过去时,这样就可使描述更为生动 试比较：
We got to the station before the train had left. 火车尚未开动之前，我们就到了车站。
We had got to the station before the train left. 火车开出之前，我们就已经到了车站。
像after一样， before本身就能明确地表示时间的先后关系,故多数主从句均使用一般过去时,而无需使用过去完成时。例如：
Many people left for home before the film ended.电影尚未放完，许多人就起身回家了。
（4） 用在含有when的主从复合句中，由于when本身不能明确表示时间的先后关系，故
先发生的动作应用过去完成时，后发生的动作只需用一般过去时。这样用过去完成时的可能是主句，也可能是从句。例如：
When all his money had been used up, Peter had to turn to a friend for help.
当他的钱全都用光时,彼得只好转而求助于一个朋友。
有时，主句和从句的谓语动词的先后关系十分明确,两个动作紧接着发生,前一动作导致后一动作，这时两者均用一般过去时即可。例如：
When the meeting was over, we left the hall. 散会后，我们就离开了大厅。
2. 叙述几个连续的动作用法不同 在叙述两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用and, but, so或then等连接并按时间发生的先后顺序叙述时，只需用一般过去时。例如：
She entered the room, turned on the light and found everything stolen.
I lost my pen but soon found it.
She lost her pen, so I lent her mine.
但是，如果两个先后发生的动作不是按时间的顺序排列或叙述时，为明确动作发生的先后顺序，先发生的动作就得用过去完成时。例如：
The farmers were in high spirits because they had got another good harvest.
农民们兴高采烈，因为他们又获得了一次好收成。
3. 表示与过去还是现在相反的