(共30张PPT)
专题(一)
名
词
第二篇 语法专题突破
考点一 可数名词
1.可数名词的复数形式
(1)规则变化
情况
构成方法
例词
一般情况
加-s
map→maps bag→bags
book→books
以s,
x,
sh,
ch等结尾的词
加-es
bus→buses watch→watches
wish→wishes box?boxes
(特例:stomach→stomachs)
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词
去y,再加-ies
baby→babies city→cities
（续表）
情况
构成方法
例词
以“元音字母+y”结尾的词
加-s
monkey→monkeys
holiday→holidays
以“辅音字母+o”结尾的词
表示无生命的词,加-s
photo→photos piano→pianos
表示有生命的词,加-es
Negro→Negroes
hero→heroes
potato→potatoes
tomato→tomatoes
【巧学妙记】黑人英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿。
（续表）
情况
构成方法
例词
以“元音字母+o”结尾的词
加-s
zoo→zoos radio→radios
kangaroo→kangaroos
video→videos
以f或fe
结尾的词
大多数变f或fe为ve,
再加-s
shelf→shelves thief→thieves
knife→knives leaf→leaves wolf→wolves
【巧学妙记】
名词变复数变f/fe为ve,再加-s的单词:
树叶(leaf)半数(half)自己(self)黄,
妻子(wife)拿刀(knife)去杀狼(wolf),
架(shelf)后小偷(thief)逃命忙。
(2)不规则变化
类别
构成方法
例词
复合
名词
将主体名词变为复数
girl
friend→girl
friends
boy
student→boy
students
looker-on(旁观者)→lookers-on
man
和woman作定语修饰另一个名词时,两部分都变为复数
man
doctor→men
doctors
woman
teacher→women
teachers
sport修饰名词时,无论主体词是单数还是复数,sport通常用复数形式
a
sports
club
sports
shoes
（续表）
类别
构成方法
例词
特殊
名词
改变单数名词中的元音字母
foot→feet tooth→teeth
man→men
woman→women
mouse→mice
(特例:boot的复数形式为boots)
词尾加-en或-ren
ox→oxen(公牛)
child→children
单复数形式相同
sheep→sheep deer→deer
spacecraft→spacecraft
只有复数形式
trousers glasses(眼镜)
clothes pants jeans
scissors
（续表）
类别
构成方法
例词
特殊
名词
表示“某国人”的名词的单、复数形式
单复数同形
Chinese→Chinese
Japanese→Japanese
变词尾的man为men
Englishman→Englishmen
Frenchman→Frenchmen
词尾加-s
German→Germans
Roman→Romans
American→Americans
Canadian→Canadians
【巧学妙记】中日不变,英法变,
其他后面加-s
2.集体名词的数
(1)集体名词以单数形式出现,但实为复数,如people(人们),
police(警察)。如果要表达单数形式则要用其他名词。
一名警察
a
police(×)
a
policeman/policewoman(√)
一个人
a
people(×)
a
person(√)
(2)集体名词以单数形式出现,
但实为复数,如family,
class,
team等,它们作主语,强调整体时谓语动词用单数形式,强调整体中的各个成员时谓语动词则用复数形式。
[注意]
以s结尾但仍为单数的名词,如maths,
politics,
physics等学科名词(不可数名词),news(不可数名词)和the
United
States等。以复数形式出现的书名、剧名、报纸名、杂志名等也视为单数。
考点二 不可数名词
1.不可数名词的量化表达:不可数名词是不能用数量计算的名词,没有复数形式,前面不能用不定冠词a/an或数词表示量。
(1)表示不定数量时,一般用some,
much,
a
little,
a
lot
of,
lots
of,
plenty
of等来表示。
一些水
some
water;一点儿牛奶
a
little
milk
(2)表示确定数量时,一般用“数词+量词+of+不可数名词”结构。当数词大于1时,后面的量词要用复数形式。
一片面包
a
piece
of
bread;两杯水
two
glasses
of
water;三袋米
three
bags
of
rice
[注意]
a
lot
of,
lots
of,
some,
plenty
of等既能修饰可数名词复数,又能修饰不可数名词。
[归纳]常见的不可数名词见下表:
类别
例词
液体类
water,
milk,
juice,
orange,
coffee,
tea,
Coke,
rain,
wine
肉类
meat,
fish,
chicken,
beef,
pork,
mutton
语言类
Chinese,
Japanese,
English,
French,
German
材料类
paper,
glass,
grass,
bamboo,
silk,
cotton,
wood,
plastic,
hair
其他类
snow,
ice,
weather,
music,
money,
homework,
housework,
information,
rubbish
2.既可数又不可数的名词
有些名词既能用作可数名词又能用作不可数名词,但意义不同。
词语
可数名词意义
不可数名词意义
chicken
鸡
鸡肉
glass
玻璃杯
玻璃
work
作品
工作
room
房间
空间
time
次数
时间
experience
经历
经验
（续表）
词语
可数名词意义
不可数名词意义
fruit
各种水果
水果
food
各种食物
食物
paper
试卷;论文
纸
exercise
练习
锻炼
考点三 名词所有格
1.名词所有格用于表示名词之间的所有关系,有两种形式:
一种是词尾加's;另一种是介词of后加名词。
2.名词所有格的构成规则如下
类别
构成方法
举例
有生命的名词
一般在词尾加“'s”
the
boy's
bag
男孩的书包
以-s,-es结尾的复数名词在词尾加“'”
Teachers'
Day
教师节
不以-s,-es结尾的复数名词在词尾加“'s”
Women's
Day妇女节
如果两个名词并列,且分别有“'s”,则表示“分别所有”;若只在后一个名词后有“'s”,则表示“共有”
Kate's
and
Mary's
rooms凯特和玛丽各自的房间(两个房间)
Kate
and
Mary's
room凯特和玛丽共有的房间(一个房间)
（续表）
类别
构成方法
举例
有
生
命
的
名
词
双重所有格的两种形式:of+名词所有格;of+名词性物主代词
a
friend
of
my
sister's
我姐姐的一个朋友
a
friend
of
mine我的一个朋友
“'s”可表示店铺或某人的家,其后的名词一般可省略
at
the
doctor's
在诊所
at
Li
Lei's
在李雷家
somebody,everybody等不定代词与else连用时,“'s”加在else后面
somebody
else's
book
别人的书
（续表）
类别
构成方法
举例
无生命
的名词
表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的事物的名词,也可加“'s”或“'”来构成所有格
two
days'
holiday
两天的假期
用“名词+of+名词”的结构来构成所有格
the
title
of
the
song
歌曲的名字
考点四 名词的功能
1.作主语
My
sister
likes
reading
and
traveling,
and
I
like
swimming.
我姐姐喜欢阅读和旅行。我喜欢游泳。
Two
hours
is
enough
for
me
to
finish
the
homework.
对我来说两个小时已经足够完成作业了。
2.作定语
(1)名词作定语,一般用单数形式,如computer
game电脑游戏,
country
music乡村音乐
(2)个别名词作定语,要用复数形式,如clothes
store服装店,
sports
meeting运动会
(3)复合名词作定语,其结构为“数词+连字符+名词单数”,也可以用“数词+名词所有格”形式,如a
three-day
holiday=three
days'
holiday
为期三天的假期
考点五 名词构词法——派生法
后缀
表达意义
例词
-er
从事某事的人
singer歌手,
teacher老师
-or
从事某事的人
visitor游客,
actor演员,
inventor发明家
-ese
某地人
Chinese中国人,
Japanese日本人
-ian
精通……的人
musician音乐家,
magician魔术师
-ist
专业人员
artist艺术家,
scientist科学家
-ment
性质,状态
development发展,
apartment公寓
（续表）
后缀
表达意义
例词
-ness
性质,状态
kindness善良,
sadness悲哀
-tion
动作,过程
relation联系,
protection保护
-ing
物品,事情
meeting会议,
building建筑物
Ⅰ.单项填空
1.[2019·安徽]You
can
see
the
in
our
faces
when
we
talk
about
the
great
achievements
in
the
past
70
years.?
A.doubt
B.pride
C.regret
D.ability
2.[2018·安徽]—What
is
the
of
your
excellent
spoken
English??
—Practice
makes
perfect!
A.result
B.influence
C.duty
D.secret
B
D
3.[2017·安徽]The
New
Silk
Road
will
offer
a
good
for
more
nations
to
communicate.?
A.chance
B.habit
C.question
D.price
4.[2016·安徽]Cathy
has
such
a
good
that
she
won
many
prizes
in
singing
competitions
last
year.?
A.sleep
B.idea
C.voice
D.time
A
C
5.[2015·安徽]—How
can
I
get
some
about
the
2016
Olympic
Games??
—Why
not
search
the
Internet?
A.information
B.experience
C.practice
D.success
6.[2014·安徽]—More
and
more
people
come
to
visit
Mount
Huangshan.
—That's
true.
It
has
become
the
of
Anhui.?
A.pride
B.effort
C.praise
D.courage
A
A
7.[2019·芜湖一模]Amazing
China,
a
film
about
China's
achievements,
is
a
great
and
makes
more
people
proud
of
our
country.?
A.doubt
B.success
C.result
D.decision
8.[2019·合肥一模]
James
took
the
magazines
off
the
little
table
to
make
for
the
television.?
A.fun
B.time
C.room
D.noise
B
C
9.[2019·合肥一模]Riding
a
bike
is
a
kind
of
sport
that
uses
much
,but
it
keeps
people
healthy.?
A.trouble
B.stress
C.energy
D.support
10.[2018·马鞍山一模]When
an
earthquake
happens,
I
think
the
most
important
safety
is
to
keep
calm.?
A.rule
B.doubt
C.condition
D.project
C
A
Ⅱ.单词拼写
根据首字母及汉语提示,完成下列单词的拼写,使句意明确,语言通顺。
1.Dickinson's
poems
are
very
popular
with
r (读者)
even
today.?
2.Suddenly,
he
kicked
the
football
out
of
the
f
(场地).?
3.Some
paper
books
were
huge
ones
with
thousands
of
p (页).?
4.[2019·芜湖一模]She
has
lost
the
p (能力)
of
speech
since
the
accident.?
5.We
were
invited
to
give
our
o (观点)
about
how
the
work
should
be
done.?
eaders
ield
ages
ower
pinions
6.[2019·安徽联考]Your
tiny
help
may
bring
much
w (温暖)
to
people
in
trouble.?
7.The
teachers
in
our
school
are
excellent
and
their
teaching
m (方法)
are
changeable
and
useful.?
8.There
are
a
lot
of
s (绵羊)
eating
grass
beside
the
river.?
9.There
are
several
l (图书馆)
in
the
city.And
two
of
them
are
open
24
hours
a
day.?
10.[2019·阜阳模拟]One
of
the
famous
n (小说)
that
I
have
read
is
Little
Women.?
armth
ethods
heep
ibraries
ovels专题01 名词
语法综合演练
Ⅰ.单项填空
1.[2019·益阳改编]Look
at
the
two
over
there.
They
are
teaching
the
girls
to
play
the
guitar.?
A.women
teachers
B.woman
teachers
C.woman
teacher
D.women
teacher
2.[2019·郴州改编]—I
know
little
about
this
product.
—Surf
the
Internet,
and
you
will
get
much
about
it.?
A.information
B.message
C.suggestion
D.education
3.[2019·孝感]—Everyone
should
stick
to
his
dream.
—Yes.
A
life
without
a
dream
is
like
a
bird
without
,
which
can't
fly.?
A.wings
B.water
C.clouds
D.food
4.[2019·百色]I'd
like
some
and
.?
A.banana;
tomato
B.bananas;
tomato
C.bananas;
tomatoes
D.banana;
tomatoes
5.[2019·河池]June
1st
is
Day.
My
sister
is
happy
on
that
day
every
year.?
A.Women's
B.Fathers'
C.Teachers'
D.Children's
6.[2019·连云港]On
April
24,
Xie
Wenjun
raced
to
gold
in
the
110-meter
hurdles
at
the
Asian
Athletics
Championships
in
Qatar.?
A.man
B.men
C.men's
D.mens'
7.[2019·天水]After
playing
football
for
more
than
half
an
hour,
the
students
took
rest.?
A.a
few
minute's
B.a
little
minute's
C.a
few
minutes'
D.a
little
minutes'
8.[2019·江西]My
daughter
helps
me
cook,
but
she
isn't
old
enough
to
be
left
alone
in
the
.?
A.bedroom
B.classroom
C.lab
D.kitchen
9.[2019·黄石]—More
and
more
foreigners
come
to
visit
the
Great
Wall.
—That's
true.
It
is
the
of
China.?
A.praise
B.pride
C.effort
D.courage
10.[2019·泰州]My
mother
has
a
poor
of
direction,
so
she
is
always
afraid
to
go
out
alone.?
A.scene
B.silence
C.service
D.sense
11.[2019·河南]For
his
son's
birthday,
Steven
is
taking
him
to
the
new
movie
as
a
.?
A.task
B.treat
C.choice
D.visit
12.[2019·武威]—Here
is
my
family
.
We
took
it
last
year.?
—What
a
happy
family!
A.member
B.name
C.photo
D.house
13.[2019·眉山]Food
safety
is
a
serious
in
many
countries.
People
should
try
to
solve
it.?
A.subject
B.program
C.problem
D.opinion
14.[2019·宜昌]—Time
past
can
not
be
called
back
again.
—Yes.
Wasting
time
is
a
.?
A.pressure
B.fairness
C.choice
D.shame
15.[2019·襄阳]—She
is
leaving
to
take
part
in
the
final
poem
competition.
—I'm
proud
of
her.
I
wish
her
a
great
.?
A.speed
B.method
C.pressure
D.success
Ⅱ.单词拼写
根据首字母及汉语提示,完成下列单词的拼写,使句意明确,语言通顺。
1.[2019·贵港]We
will
have
a
wonderful
s (夏天)
vacation
as
soon
as
junior
high
school
days
are
over.?
2.[2019·贺州]She
has
two
c (孩子),
a
son
and
a
daughter.?
3.[2019·贺州]I
like
F (星期五)
because
the
next
day
is
Saturday.?
4.Mr.
Green
gave
us
some
k (小刀)
to
cut
the
apples.?
5.[2019·海南]Bob
is
interested
in
dancing.
His
dream
job
is
to
be
a
d (舞蹈者).?
6.When
swimming,
you
should
put
s (安全)
first.?
7.Many
people
like
to
go
out
to
have
a
drink
of
c (咖啡)
in
summer
evenings.?
8.There
will
be
two
football
m (比赛)
tonight.?
9.The
first
s (步骤)
of
making
friends
is
trust.?
10.[2019·日照]The
manager
made
no
r (答复)
to
the
questions.?
【参考答案】
Ⅰ.1.A 考查名词复数。两个女老师,teacher应变为复数形式teachers;另外,当man和woman用于名词前作定语时,若其后被修饰的名词为复数形式,则man和woman也要用复数形式。故选A。
2.A 3.A 4.C 5.D
6.C 此处名词man作定语要用复数加's的形式,故选C。
7.C 考查名词所有格。minute是可数名词,要用a
few修饰,排除选项B、D;
a
few后的名词要用复数形式,minutes的所有格形式是minutes',故选C。
8.D 9.B
10.D 考查名词辨析。根据后半句语境“因此她总是害怕独自出去”确定前半句为“方向感差”,sense“感觉”。故选D。
11.B 考查名词辨析。根据上文的“为了他儿子的生日”可知,此处指“史蒂文打算带他去看一部新电影作为款待”,故选B。
12.C 13.C
14.D 考查名词辨析。根据语境可知“浪费时间是一件可耻的事情”,shame符合句意。故选D。
15.D 考查名词辨析。联系前句“她要去参加诗歌决赛”推知后句句意:我以她为荣。我希望她成功。故选D。
Ⅱ.1.summer 2.children 3.Friday
4.knives 5.dancer 6.safety 7.coffee
8.matches 9.step 10.reply
3
