译林牛津版八下Unit 1 Past and Present知识点讲解（77张PPT）
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| 名称 | 译林牛津版八下Unit 1 Past and Present知识点讲解（77张PPT） |  | |
| 格式 | ppt | ||
| 文件大小 | 497.5KB | ||
| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 牛津译林版 | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2020-06-26 16:53:16 | ||
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牛津英语8 B U1知识讲解
Comic strip
1.past and present.（P 6）
① past
n. 过去，以前；in the past “在过去”
adj. 过去的，以前的；in the past few years 在过去的几年里
prep. 经过 walk past the post office走过邮局
② present
adj. 现在的; 目前的; 出席的
n. 现在; 礼物; at present 现在 ； a present for you给你的礼物
24、I’ve just eaten it..（P 6）
just作副词，表示“刚刚，刚才”，通常与现在完成时连用。
Mr Wang has just left our classroom,王老师刚刚离开我们的教室。
I've just heard the news.我刚听到这个消息。
[拓展]①just副词，还可意为“正好，恰好;仅仅，只是”，起加强语气的作用。
This jacket is just my size.这件夹克衫正合我的尺码。
He is just a child他仅仅是一个孩子。
I just want to talk to you.我只是想和你谈谈。
just now意为“刚才”相当于a moment ago，通常和一般过去时连用。
例如：I have just heard the news.
He left just now.
③just then意为“就在那时”。
Just then, someone knocked at the door.就在那时，有人敲门。
I'm not hungry because I have ______had lunch.
A.ever B. never C. just D. still
解析:我们可用“前后照应法”解答此题。ever"曾经”;never“从不” ;just“刚才，刚刚”;sill还;仍”。由主句句意“我不饿”可推知从句句意应为“因为我刚吃过午饭”
2.Why?为什么? (教材第6页)
这是一个省略问句，其完整形式是"Why did you cat my food?。why引导的特殊疑问句用来询问原因，通常用because (因为)引导的句子来回答。
一I didn't go to the cinema last night.昨晚我没去看电影。- Why? 为什么?
--- Because I lost my ticket.因为我的票丢了。
-Why didn't you come to the meeting yesterday?你昨天 为什么没来参加会议?
一Because I had a bad cold.因为我患了重感冒。
3 You've changed, Eddie.埃迪，你变了。(教材第6页)
change此处用作不及物动词，意为“变化”。change into意为“变成”。
In England, the weather changes very often.在英格兰，天气时常变化。
The place changed into a beautiful park last year.这个地方去年变成了一个漂亮的公园。
[拓展]①change还可用作及物动词，意为“交换;改变;换乘”。
Can I change seats with you?我可以和你换一下座位吗?
At last, he changed his mind.最后，他改变了主意。
I stopped in Moscow just to change planes.我为了转机才在莫斯科停留的。
②change还可用作可数或不可数名词，意为“改变，变化，转变”;用作不可数名词时，还可意为“零钱;找头”
Can you tell me something about the change to the city?你能告诉我有关这个城市的变化吗?
Let's go out to a restaurant for a change!咱们到饭店去换换口味吧!
I have no change with me.我没带零钱。
25、You used to share food with me.（P 6）你过去常常与我分着吃食物的!
① used to do sth. “过去常常做某事”，暗含“现在不再”之意，后接动词原形，疑问形式可以直接将used提到句首，或者借助助动词did；否定式可以直接在used后面加not，或者用didn’t。
used to do sth. “过去常常做某事”
I used to go to school by bus.
be/get used to doing sth. “习惯于做某事”
I am used to living here now.
be used to do/for sth. “被用来做某事”
② share 及物动词，意为“共享，共用”，常用结构为share sth. with sb.“与某人共享某物”。
例如： He shares a room with his twin brother.
26、You used to share food with me!你过去常常与我分着吃食物的! (教材第6页)
(1)used to 意为“曾经，过去常常”，暗含“现在不再”之意,后接动词原形。
My elder sister used to be very shy.我姐姐过去很害羞。
[拓展]①used to结构在变为否定形式时有两种变法:一是在used后面加not,即used not to do sth.;二是在used前面加didn't,并将used改为动词原形use,即didn't use to do sth.。在口语中常用后一种形式。
My sister didn't use to have short hair. (= My sister used not to have short hair. )我姐姐以前不留短发。
②used to结构在变为-般疑问句时也有两种形式:一是将used提到主语前，即"Used +主语+to do sth.?";二是在主语前加助动词did,并将used改为动词原形use,即“Did+主语+use to do sth.?”。在口语中常用后一种形式。
Did you use to go to the movies? (= Used you to go to the movies?)你过去常常去看电影吗?
③含有used to结构的句子在变为反意疑问句时，构成肯定的疑问可用did或used,构成否 三定的疑问可用didn't或usedn't。
---- The mother used to be angry with her children, didn’t/usedn't she?
这位母亲过去经常生孩子们的气，是吗?
----- Yes, she did. /No, she didn't.是的，她经常生孩子们的气。/不，她不经常生孩子们的气。
中考●链接
He______look at the stars every night, but:now he does not.
A. had better B. used to C. ought to D. had to
解析:我们可用“联系上下文法”解答此题。had better do sth." 最好做某事”; used to do sth.“过去常常做某事”;ought to do sth.“应该做某事”;have to do sth.“不得不做某事”。由下文句意“但是他现在不了”可知，上文句意为“他过去每天晚上都看星星”，
(2)share及物动词， 意为“共用，分享”。share..with sb.意为“与某人分享/共用....”
Mary and I share a room.我和玛丽合住一个房间。
She shares her lunch with her friend.她与她的朋友分享她的午饭。
[拓展] share 还可用作名词，意为“~份，份额”。
Here is your share of the cake.这是你的一份蛋糕。
中考●链接
根据汉语意思完成句子Would you like to _______(分享)experiences with us?
解析:share意为“分享，共用”;would like to do sth." 想要做某事”，为固定搭配，故用动词原形。 答案: share
5.You used to be so kind to me.你过去对我那么好。(教材第6页)
(1 )so 副词，意为“如此;那么;那样”，修饰形容词或副词，表示程度。so..that.. 为固定句式，意为“如此...以至.....”
My father walks so quickly.我父亲走得如此快。
The boy is so strong that he can lift the heavy box.这个男孩如此强壮以至于他能提起那个重箱子。
[拓展] kind还常作可数名词，意为“种类”
There are all kinds of flowers in the garden.花园里有各种各样的花。
一言辨异
We should be kind to all kinds of animals.我们应该善待各种动物。
Welcome to the unit
1.I used to go to school by bike.我过去骑自行车去上学。(教材第7页)
by bike 介词短语，意为“骑自行车”，常在句中作方式状语，可换成on one s/the/a bike。
Do you go to school by bike or on foot?你是骑自行车去上学还是步行去上学?
注意go to.y bike/on one's (或the, a)bike = ride the/a /one's bike to...意为“骑自行车,....”
[拓展]表示交通方式常用的表达方法:
①by+表示交通工具的名词，泛指乘某种交通工具，在句中作状语。
by water/sea/ship乘船/由水路
by underground 乘地铁by land 经陆路 by train 乘火车
by bus 乘公共汽车 by air/plane 乘坐飞机
②in/on+冠词/形容词性物主代词/名词所有格+表示交通工具的名词，在句中作状语。
He often goes to school in his father's car on Tuesday.在周二他常坐他父亲的车去上学。
My teacher likes to travel on a plane.= My teacher likes to travel by plane.我的老师喜欢坐飞机旅行。
③take+a/the+表示交通工具的名词，在句中作谓语
He takes the train to Nanjing every year.他每年都乘火车去南京。
I usually take the subway to go home.我通常乘地铁回家。
④on foot“步行”，是介词短语，在句中作状语。
My dad goes to work on foot every day.= My dad walks to work every day. 我爸爸每天步行去上班。
中考●链接
My son lives a little far from his office, so he always goes to work_____bus.
A.on B. by C. with D. in
解析:我们可用“语法分析法”解答此题。结合选项可知句意:我儿子住得离他的办公室有点儿远，因此他总是乘公共汽车去上班。by 后接交通工具表示“乘坐某种交通工具”，by bus意为“乘坐公共汽车”。故选B。答案:B
11、Why didn’t you take a bus?（P 7）
take+a/the+表示交通工具的名词，在句中作谓语。by+表示交通工具的名词，或者介词in/on+表示交通工具的名词，在句中作状语。
例如：He takes a bus to school.= He goes to school by bus..
12、Well, there were always too many people on the bus and it took a long time to wait for the next one. （P 7）
① too many意为“太多”，中心词是many,修饰可数名词复数。too much,中心词是much,同样表示“太多的”，修饰不可数名词。太多，常修饰动词，在句中作状语 。much too意为“太”，中心词是too，用来修饰形容词和副词，表示程度。
例如：There are too many books in the box.
I have too much homework to do today.
It’s much too hot today.
② take可用来表示“花费”，常用结构为“It takes/took (sb). some time to do sth.”意为“花费（某人）多长时间做某事”，it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式。
例如：It took me three hours to finish the housework.
③ wait for sb./sth. “等待某人/某物”，wait to do sth.“等待做某事”，can’t wait to do sth. “迫不及待做某事”。
例如：They are waiting for the bus.
The children can’t wait to open the present box.
(2)one此处用作代词， 泛指上文提到的同类人或事物中的一个，指代单数名词。其复数形式为ones,泛指上文提到的同类人或事物中的一些，指代复数名词。
This coat is too small. Do you have a bigger one?
这件外套太小了,你有大一点儿的吗? (one 此处指代coat)
I don't like the coloured envelopes. I like the white ones.我不喜欢彩色信封，我喜欢白色的。( ones在此指代envelopes )
[拓展] one还可用作数词，意为“一”，表示数量。
I have only one apple.我只有一个苹果。
辨析:one与it
one泛指上文提及的同类人或事物中的一个
I lost my pen. I must buy one .我丢了我的钢笔，我必须买一支。
it特指上文提到的同一事物
The coat is hers. It's very beautiful.这件外套是她的，它非常漂亮。
Reading
1、...so Millie is interviewing him to get some information.（P 8）
interview 作及物动词，表示“采访” interview sb. “采访某人”；interview还可以作名词，表示“采访某人”时，后面加上介词with，have an interview with sb. “采访某人”
例如： The interview with the famous writer is great.
2、I’ve lived here since I was born. （P 8）我自出生以来就一直住在这里。
since作连词，表示“自……以来”，引导时间状语从句时，从句用一般过去时，主句用现在完成时。且谓语动词必须是延续性的，不能用终止性动词。
例如：He has worked in this company since he graduated from college.
since也可以用作介词，后面加上表示过去的时间点，同样和现在完成时连用。
例如：The family have lived here since three years ago.
[拓展] since用作连词时，还可意为“既然，由于”，引导原因状语从句，语气比because弱。
Since the rain has stopped, let's go for a walk.既然雨停了，我们出去散散步吧。
结构“It has been/is+时间段+since+一般过去时”表示“自从……已经多长时间了”。
例如：It has been/is five years since they got married.
3、Have you ever moved house? （P 8）你曾搬过家吗?
① ever作副词，意为“曾经”。常位于助动词之后，实义动词之前。
例如：---Have you ever thought of changing a job?你曾想过换一份工作吗?
--- No, never.没有，从未想过。
[拓展]
①ever副词， 还可意为“从来，在任何时候”，通常用于否定句或疑问句中。
Nothing bad ever happens in this village.这个村子里从来没有发生过任何不好的事情。
②ever副词，还可意为“以前，以往任何时候’，通常与比较级连用，置于than之后。
She hated him more than ever when she got his letter.她收到他的信时，就比以前更恨他了。
(2) move此处用作及物动词， 意为“移动,搬动;迁移，搬家”。
He moved the sofa to the left.他把沙发移到了左边。He moved his computer to a smaller house.他把他的电脑搬到一所小一些的房子里去了。
[拓展]①move还可用作不及物动词,意为“移动,离开;迁居，搬家”。
He was too tired to move any further.他累得一点儿也走不动了。
They moved to Shanghai last year.去年他们搬到了上海。
4、I first lived in the northern part of town with my parents. （P 8）我最初和我的父母一起住在城镇的北部
(1 )live 此处用作不及物动词，意为“居住”。若表示“住在某地”,通常与介词in连用，后接表示地点的名词。
--- -Where do you live?你住在哪里?-I live in Shanghai我住在上海。
[拓展] live 作不及物动词时，还可意为“生活，生存，活着”，这时live后面通常没有地点状语。
We eat to live, but do not live to eat.我们吃饭是为了活着，但活着不是为了吃饭。
It is hard for a man to live to 120 years old.一个人很难活到120岁。
① in the northern part of town=in the north of town“在城镇的北部”，northern 形容词，意为“北方的，北部的”，其名词形式为north,意为“北方;北部”。表示东西南北的方位名词加上“ern”构成形容词。
[拓展] 在方位名词后加-ern可构成表示方位的形容词:
east (n.东方)+-ern =eastern (adj. 东方的)
west (n.西方)+ern =western (adj. 西方的)
south (n. 南方) +-ern→southern (adi南方的)
north (n.北方)+ern - + northern (adj. 北方的)
② 英语中表示两地位置关系时，in表示“在范围之内”，on表示“两地接壤”，to表示“两地相望，中间有间隔”。
B is in the east of A.
C is on the east of A.
C is to the east of B.
5、When I got married in 1965, my wife and I moved two blocks away and we’ve lived in this area since then. （P 8）当我1965年结婚时，我和妻了搬到了两个街区以外,此后我们一直住在这里。
① get married“结婚”，表示动作，married 形容词，意为“已婚的，结婚的”。be married表示状态，因此get married不可以和一段时间状语连用，be married可以和一段时间状语连用。
例如：They have been married for ten years.
② marry可以做及物动词，意为“嫁给某人，把……嫁给……”。
例如：She married a rich man.
He married her daughter to a foreigner.
③ be/get married to sb.“与某人结婚”
例如：Will you get married to him?
2) away 副词，意为“(在时间或空间上)远离，离开”。
Tom's father is away from home.汤姆的父亲离家在外。
My birthday is two days away.离我的生日还有两天。
[拓展] away构成的常见短语:put away放好，把...收拾起来 take away拿走，带走 throw away扔掉run away逃走 pass away去世
3)since 此处用作介词，意为“....以来”，后接表示过去的时间点。since then意为“从那时起”。
We've known about it since May.我们从5月份起就知道这件事了。
We haven't seen each other since then.从那以后我们没有见过面。
注意
如果说明某一动作或状态持续了多长时间，用“for+一段时间”
We have stayed in Shanghai for 3 days.我们在上海已待了3天。
6、Has the town changed a lot over the years?（P 8）近几年间这个城镇变化大吗?
(1)a lot 此处用作副词短语, 意为“很，非常”，常修饰动词、感叹词或形容词/副词的比较级等，在句中作程度状语。
It usually rains a lot in this area.
这个地区经常下很多雨。( 修饰动词rains )
Thanks a lot for the coffee = Thank you very much for the cofee.多谢你请我喝咖啡。(修饰感叹词thanks)
Your room is a lot bigger than mine.
你的房间比我的大得多。(修饰形容词比较级bigger)
He runs a lot faster.
他跑得快多了。( 修饰副词比较级faster )
[拓展]
①a lot意为“许多，大量”，在句中作主语、宾语或表语，其后可有动词不定式(短语)作后置定语。
Sometimes we have very little snow, but some times there's a lot.有时我们这儿雪很少，有时却又很多。(作主语)
You know a lot about English names.
你知道许多有关英文名字的情况。(作宾语)That’s a lot.那真多。(作表语)
②a lot of= lots of,意为“许多的，大量的" ,都可修饰可数名词复数或不可数名词。
There is a lot of/lots of water in the river.河里有很多水。
(2)over此处用作介词， 意为“在....期间”.over the years,意为“在这几年间”。
He has grown into a big boy over the years.几年间他已经长成了一个大男孩。
We are away over the New Year.新年期间我们不在家。
[拓展] over 用作介词时，还有以下用法:
①多于,超过，相当于more than。
His grandfather is over 70 years old.他爷爷70多岁了。
②在......上方.
They held a large umbrella over her.他们给她撑起一把大伞。
over the years意为“在这几年间”，over这里作介词，表示“在……期间”，相当于during。
例如：He has learned a lot in the company over the years.
7、 Now the government has turned part of the town centre into a new park.（P 8）现在政府已把城镇中心的部分改建成了 一个新公园
turn……into“把…变成…”，turn为及物动词，意为“使改变”。turn into“变成，成为，转变成....” 此处turn为不及物动词。。
例如：Farmers turn wasteland into fields.
They want to turn the place into a new school.
turn的用法拓展
① turn表示“转动、翻转”
例如： Turn your body back.
② turn作系动词，表示“变得”，后面常接形容词作表语。
例如：Leaves turn yellow in autumn.
③ turn还可以作可数名词，意为“轮流，依次”，take turns to do sth.“轮流做某事”。
例如：The students take turns to answer the teacher’s questions.
7.Was pollution a problem then? 那时污染是一个问题吗? (教材第9页)
1 ) pollution不可数名词， 意为“污染”。
常见的短语有: water pollution水污染，noise pollution 噪污染。背染，air pollution 空气污染，
I think noise pollution can drive people mad.我认为噪音污染会让人发疯
2)辨析: problem。question
两者都可用作可教名间，那有“同题“之意，但有区别,具体如下:
problem
着重指难以解决 的“问题”“难题” 或麻烦事
The government is trying to solve the problem, 政府正在努力解决这一 问题。
question
指提出并有待回答的“问题”或“疑问”
Can you answer this question ? 你能回答这个问题吗?
8、There was once a steel factory near the Sunshine River.阳光河附近曾有一家钢铁厂 （P 9）
(1)there be句型表示“某时/某处有某物/某人”，表示存在关系。be 动词后面的名词是主语,，两者必须在数.上保持一致。若有两个或两个以上的名词作主语时，谓语动词与靠近它的那个名词一致，此原则被称为“就近原则”。
There is a book on the desk.书桌上有一本书。
There is a pen and two pencils in the box.盒子里有一支钢笔和两支铅笔。
[拓展]
①there be句型中可以有情态动词。
There may be an important meeting here tomorrow.明天这儿可能有一个重要的会议。
②there be句型可以有各种时态。
一般现在时: There is/are...
一般过去时There was/were...
一般将来时: There will be/ There is going to be
现在完成时: There have/has been...
There was a dead dog on the road just now.刚才路上有条死狗。
There is going to be a birthday party tomorrow明天有一个生日聚会。
注意
一般将来时不可写成There will have..或There is/are going to have...
once此处用作副词，意为“一度，曾经”。另外，once还可以表示“一次”。
例如：They once lived abroad.
He goes swimming once a week.
中考●链接Look! There ______a photo of our English teacher in today's newspaper!
A.is B. are C. have D. has
解析:我们可用“语法分析法”解答此题。分析句子结构可知，本句是一个there be句型。There be句型中，be动词在数.上与后面的主语保持一致。A photo 是单数形式，所以be动词用is。 故选A。句意:看!在今天的报纸上有一张我们英语老师的照片! 答案:A
(2 )once此处用作副词， 意为“一度;以前;曾经”
They once lived in Hong Kong.他们以前住在香港。
[拓展]
①once作副词，还可意为“~次”。
Sarah goes swimming once a week.萨拉每周去游泳一次。
②once还可用作连词，意为“一旦;一一....就....”用于引导时间状语从句，相当于as soon as.
Once she starts , she will never give up.她一旦开始，就不会放弃。
9、They often put the waste into the river. （P 9）他们经常把废物排入河中
① put……into“把……放进……”
例如：You shouldn’t put so much salt into the dish.
put构成的相关短语
①put on穿上，戴上，上演(戏剧)。
My father put on his coat and left the room.我父亲穿上外套，离开了房间。
put up张贴，举起??
The boy put up his hand and asked some questions. 那个男孩举起手问了一些问题。
Could you put up the picture? 你把这幅画贴上好吗？
put out扑灭????
The firemen came and put out the fire. 消防员来把火扑灭了。
④put in安装。
My father once put in a light in my bedroom.我父亲曾在我卧室里安装了一盏灯。
put off推迟?????????
The meeting will be put off because of the weather. 会议因为天气将被推迟。?????
put away放好???
Jim, put away your books. 吉姆，把你的书收起来。????
put down记下，放下
He put down his pen and began to listen to the teacher. 他放下钢笔开始听老师讲课。
Put down my telephone number please. 请记下我的电话号码。
put back放回
Please put the books back when you finish them. 书读完后，请放回去。
???
2) waste 此处用作不可数名词，意为“废料，废品，废物”
You should keep the waste in a special place.你应当把这些废物放在一个专门的地方。
[拓展]
①waste用作名词时还可意为“浪费”，可以和a连用,a waste of..“浪费....”。常用结构为“it is a waste of time/money to do sth.”表示“做某事是浪费时间或金钱”。
例如：It is a waste of time to argue with him.
It is a waste of money to buy that kind of thing.买那种东西是浪费钱。
②waste可以用作形容词，意为“废弃的，无用的”如waste water“废水”；waste paper“废纸”
He thought it was waste paper and threw it into the rubbish bin.他认为那是废纸，把它扔进了垃圾箱。
③waste可以用作及物或不及物动词，意为“浪费”。
You should turn off the tap. The water is wasting.你应当把水龙头关掉，水白白浪费掉了。
Time is money. You shouldn't waste it.时间就是金钱，你不应该浪费它。
10、Later the government realized the problem and took action to improve the situation. （P 9）后来政府意识到了这个问题并采取措施改善了情况
(1 )realize (= realise )此处用作及物动词,意为“意识到”，其后可接名词或从句作宾语。
Have you realized the pollution here?你意识到这里的污染了吗?
Suddenly I realized that he was not married.突然我意识到他没有结婚。
take action“采取行动”。take action to do sth. “采取行动做某事”。
例如：We must take action to protect the wild animal..
[拓展] take 构成的常见短语:
take a look看一看 take a message捎个口信take notes记笔记 take exercise锻炼take away拿走 take care保重,当心；take care of照顾 take down拿下
take out拿出 takeoff脱下;(飞机)起飞take place发生，举行 take part in参加
(3)improve此处用作及物动词， 意为“改进，改善”,其名词形式为improvement (改善,改进)。
I want to improve my English.我想提高我的英语水平。
(4)situation用作可数名词， 意为“形势，情况”。
In a situation“--的形势下”。He is in a difficult situation.他处境困难。
The man can speak differently in different situations.这个人在不同情况下会说不同的话。
11、Now the river is much cleaner. （P 9）现在这条河干净多了
much用来修饰比较级，意为“……得多”，much cleaner意为“干净得多”。常见的修饰比较级的程度副词有much, even, any, a lot, far, rather, a little, a bit等。
能够修饰形容词副词比较级的词短语有：
①a little bit意为“一点儿，稍微”
Can you com a little bit earlier下次你能稍早一点儿来吗?
②even意为“甚至，更”。
This time he did it even worse.这次他做得甚至更糟糕。
中考.链接I felt much______ after I told the problems to my close friend.
A. good B. well C. better D. best
12、Well, in some ways it is.（P 9）嗯，在某种程度上是这样的。
in some ways意为“在某种程度上，在某些方面”。
例如：In some ways he is a good student because he is helpful.
way的相关短语总结
on the way在路上 in many ways从很多方面来说
in the way挡路 in no way绝不，无论如何都不
by the way顺便问一下
on the/one’s way to在去……的路上
in this/that way用这种/那种方式
lose one’s way迷路
13、It’s really nice to have a beautiful modern town.拥有一座美丽的现代化城镇的确很好。（P 9）
形式主语it的用法。
在英语中，当动词不定式或者that从句作主语时，常用it作形式主语，把真正的主语动词不定式或者that从句置后。It处于主语的位置，但不是真正的主语，因此英语中称之为形式主语。常用的结构为：It is+形容词/名词短语+to do/that从句。
e.g: 1. It is important to learn English well.
2.It is a hard job that he cleans the street day and night.
注意：“It is+形容词/名词短语+to do”结构中，可在不定式前面加上一个for或者of引出动词不定式的逻辑主语。其中作表语的形容词是important,necessary, easy，difficult等描述事物特征的形容词时，用for引起的短语;
作表语的形容词是kind,clever, foolish, polite等描述人的性格、品质的形容词时，则用of引起的短语。
e.g: It is kind of you to help me a lot.
It is difficult for us to solve the problem.
② 形式宾语it的用法。
在英语中，当动词不定式或者that从句作宾语且后面接宾语补足语时，常用it作形式宾语，把真正的宾语动词不定式或者that从句置后。It处于宾语的位置，但不是真正的宾语，因此英语中称之为形式宾语。常用的结构为：think/feel/find/consider、make+it+形容词/名词短语+to do/that从句。
e.g:1. I find it pleasant to work with him.
2. She thinks it her duty to help us.
14 However , most of my old friends have moved away.然而我的大多数老朋友都搬走了。( 教材第9页)
however 副词，意为“然而”,可位于句首、句中或句末。位于句首时,其后用逗号;位于句中时，其前后均用逗号;位于句末时，其前用逗号。
However, this does not always happen.然而，这样的情况并不总是发生。
She falls ill. She goes to work, however, and stay sup late.她病了,然而她仍旧去上班并且还熬夜。
辨析: however与but
however 副词,意为“然而”，转折的意味较弱, 可位于句首、句中或句末,常用逗号与句子分开
but 连词 意为“但是”，转折的意味较强, 位于分句的句首 后面一般不用逗号.
He likes music. However，his wife doesn't.他喜欢音乐，然而他的妻子不喜欢。
He likes music, but his wife doesn't.他喜欢音乐，但是他的妻子不喜欢。
15.It has become impossible for us to see each other as often as before.对于我们来说再像以前那样经常互相见面是不可能了。(教材第9页)
( 1 ) impossible 形容词，意为“不可能的”。impossible是由形容词possible加否定前缀im-构成的。在英语中，形容词的否定前缀有un-, in-, im-,ir-,dis-等。有些形容词加上相应的否定前缀，就构成其反义词,这种构词法称为派生法。
①大多数形容词加前缀un-构成反义词。necessary- unnecessary (不必要的)friendly- unfriendly (不友好的)pleasant-一unpleasant (让人不愉快的)
②以c或e开头的形容词通常加前缀in-构成反 义词。correct- incorrect(不正确的 )
Expensive-- inexpensive (不昂贵的)
③以p开头的形容词通常加前缀im-构成反义词。
Proper-- improper (不合适的 polite--- impolite (不礼貌的)
④以r开头的形容词通常加前缀ir-构成反义词。
Regular-- irregular (不规则的)
⑤有些形容词加前缀dis- 构成反义词。
honest- dishonest (不诚实的)
注意：含加否定前缀构成的形容词的句子不属于否定句。在改为反意疑问句时，附加问句部分仍用否定形式。
He is unhappy today, isn't he?他今天不高兴，是吗?
(2)as..as... 意为.......”中间用形容词或副词原级。as..as.... 的否定形式是not as/so...s...,意为“不如....”
My younger sister is as tall as me.我妹妹和我一样高。
Tom doesn't sing as/so well as Lucy.汤姆唱歌不如露西唱得好。
中考.链接Daniel is______his twin brother. They are both 1.75 metres tall.
A. taller than B. shorter than C.as tall as D. so tall as
解析:我们可用“前后呼应法”解答此题。taller than意为“比.... (个子)更高”; shorter than意为“比....个子)更矮";as tall as意为与...样高”;so tall as一般用于否定句。根据后句句意“他们两个都是1.75 米高”可知，此句意为:丹尼尔与他的双胞胎兄弟一样高。故选C。 答案:C
3) before 此处用作副词，意为“以前，过去”。 as...as before意为“和以前一.....
He hasn't worked in the factory before.他以前没在这家工厂工作过。
We went to help the old man as often as before.我们像以前一样经常去帮助那位老人。
[拓展]①before还可用作连词，意为“在...以前”,后接从句。
You could see a lot of waste in the place before people turned it into a park.在人们把它变成一个公园之前，你在这个地方能看到很多废料。
②before还可用作介词，意为“在....以前”，后接名词(短语)、代词或动名词。
I used to take a shower before having breakfast.我过去常常在吃早饭前洗个澡。
15、Now I feel a bit lonely from time to time..现在我时不时会觉得有点儿孤独（P 9）
两者都意为“有点儿”，用法既有相同点，也有不同点，具体如下:
①二者都是表程度的副词短语,修饰形容词、副词原级或比较级时，意义相同，意为“一点儿，有些”。
The pollution here is a bit/little serious.这里的污染有点儿严重。
He walked a bit little slowly.他走路有点儿慢。
②二者都可以作名词短语，充当主语或宾语。
A bit/little is enough for me.我有一点儿就够了。
I know only a bit/little about her.我对她的情况只了解一点儿。
③a little可直接修饰不可数名词,a bit后须加of才可以修饰不可数名词。
There is a little water in the bottle. =There is a bit of water in the bottle.瓶子里有一点儿水。
(2)辨析: lonely与alone
Living in a big city can make people feel lonely sometimes 生活在大城市有时会让人感到寂寞。She lives in a lonely mountain village她生活在一个偏僻的山村。
I never feel lonely when I am alone.我一个人时从不感到寂寞。
The old man lives alone on the hill.那个老人独自一人在山上居住。
--- -I know Old Joe lives________.
----- We are supposed to visit him from time to time. Then he won't feel__________.
A. alone; alone B. lonely; lonely C. lonely; alone D. alone; lonely
lonely
形容词
“寂寞的，孤单的”
强调人内心的感受， 可以作表语或定语
“偏僻的，荒凉的，人迹罕至的”
只能在名词前作定语
alone
形容词 或副词
“单独，独自
作形容词时，通常用形容词 作表语或宾语补足语，不能作前置定语
作副词时，常修饰动词作状语
(3) from time to time 意为“不时，有时，偶尔”,相当于sometimes或at times.
She has to work at weekends from time to time.周末她偶尔得上班。
He tells a joke from time to time to make us laugh他时不时地讲个笑话让我们大笑。
[拓展]与time相关的常见短语:
At a time依次
in time及时
on time按时
at any time随时
in no time立刻，马上
all the time -直
at the same time同时
at times有时
17. Anyway, it's good to see the amazing changes in the town.不管怎样,看到城镇这些令人惊叹的变化，还是不错的。(教材第9页)
(1)anyway副词， 意为“尽管，即使这样”，常用作让步状语，相当于anyhow,可用在句首或向末。
Anyway, you should try.无论如何，你应该试一试。It's too late now, anyway.无论怎样，现在太迟了。
(2) amazing 形容词，意为“令人吃惊的，惊叹的”通常说明物本身所具有的特征，可作表语或定语。
It is amazing that there is so much waste here.这儿有那么多废料，真让人吃惊。
This movie has some amazing actions.这部电影里有一些让人惊叹的动作。
[拓展]
amazed形容词，意为“惊奇的，惊讶的”,通常说明人的感受，常作表语。be amazed at/by.意为“对大为惊讶”。
I?was?amazed?at?her knowledge?of?English?literature.
她对英国文学的了解让我大为惊讶。
16、not happy because of being alone.因为独自一人而不高兴（P 10）
because of意为“因为，由于”，后跟名词短语。在句中常和because引导的原因状语从句连用，不过because后面跟句子。
例如： We can’t go out because it rains heavily.
=We can’t go out because of the heavy rain.
辨析: because of与because 两者都意为“因为”，但用法不同。
①Because of 介词短语 后跟名词、代词或动名词(短语)等
②because连词 后跟从句
He has poor eyesight because of working too much in front of the computer.由于长期在电脑前工作,他视力很差。
He didn't go to school because he was ill. 他因生病而没去，上学。
注意
在句中，有时because of..可以和because引导的原因状语从句进行同义转换。
I had to stay at home because of the heavy rain yesterday.
= I had to stay at home because it rained heavily yesterday.
昨天因为下大雨，我只好待在家里。
17、Amazing changes have taken place in Sunshine Town.在阳光城发生了令人惊叹的变化。（P 10）
take place意为“发生，举行”，与happen意思相近，但略有区别。take place常指经过安排而发生的事情，happen常指偶然发生，它们都是不及物的。它们都不能用于被动语态。
例如： The World Cup takes place every four years.
An accident happened in the street just now.
[拓展]
①take place还可意为“举行”，相当于hold,但hold可用于被动语态。
The World Cup takes place every four years.= The World Cup is held every four years.世界杯每四年举行一次。
②take sb.'s place或take the place of sb.意为“代替某人”
The man was ill in hospital and his friend took his place.那个人生病住院了， 他朋友代替了他。
20. Tell me more about your interview with Mr Chen, Millie.米莉，告诉我更多有关你对陈先生的采访的内容。( 教材第11页)
interview 此处用作可数名词，意为“采访;访谈”，还可意为“会见”。have an interview with sb.意为“采访某人”。
John gave an interview to Tom.约翰接受了汤姆的采访。
The reporter is having an interview with the film star.那位记者正在采访那位电影明星。
[拓展]interview还可用作及物动词，意为“采访”。
This morning I interviewed Danny S grandpa.今天早上我采访了丹尼的爷爷。
21. Has he lived in Sunshine Town all his life?他-一生都住在阳光城吗? ( 教材第11页)
all one's life意为“一生”。
I've known Jack all my life.我从小就认识杰克。
18、What was the town like in the past?过去这个城镇是什么样子?（P 11）
What's sb./sth. like?意为“某人 是个什么样的人?/某物怎么样?”，一般用来询问某人的性格或某物的特征。也可询问人的外貌或物品的外部特征。
一What's Tom like?汤姆是个什么样的人?---- He is very shy.他很害羞。
[拓展] What does sb. /sth. look like? 意为“某人长什么样?/某物是个什么样子?”，一般用来询问某人的外貌或某物的外部特征。
----What does Mary look like?玛丽长什么样子?一She is tall and thin.她又高又瘦。
23. Luckily ,the government took action to improve the (4) situation later.幸运的是,后来政府采取措施改善了(4)情况。( 教材第11页)
luckily副词， 意为“幸运地" ,通常位于句子开头作状语，后面用逗号与句子隔开。反义词是unluckily。
Luckily, I didn't hurt myself.幸运的是，我没有伤到自己。
I hope the present will bring you good luck.我希望这件礼物能带给你好运。
中考●链接
There was a car accident on Xinhua Road yesterday._______,nobody was hurt.
A. Lucky B. Luckily C. Unlucky D. Unluckily
解析:我们可用“句意分析法”解答此题。lucky形容词，意为“幸运的”; luckily副词，意为“幸运地”;unlucky形容词，意为“不幸的”;unluckily副词，意为“不幸地”。由前句句意“昨天在新华路上发生了一起车祸”及空格后句意“没有人受伤”可知答题空处应表示“很幸运”，且此处应用副词作状语,故选B。 答案:B
现在完成时（1）
1.现在完成时的用法
A. 表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止，可能仍然在进行。常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。
如：Mike borrowed the book two days ago. (两天前借了书，但是现在有没有还不知道)
Mike has kept the book for two days. (借了这本书两天，这本书还在麦克那里)
He has taught here since 1981. （可能还要继续教）
I haven't seen her for four years. （我已经四年没有见过她了。）
B．表示过去某时发生的行为对主语目前产生的影响。即用过去发生的某个行为来说明现在的某种情况。
如：She has gone.
(她走了，这里可看出”走“的动作时过去发生的，而对现在造成的结果她不在这里了。)
We are good friends. (现在的情况）
I knew him in 1997.（过去的动作）
We have known each other since 1997.（现在完成时把过去动作和现在联系起来并着眼于现在）
(3)表示到现在为止多次发生的动作。
He has watched the film twice.这部电影他已经看过两遍了。
My grandfather has told me the story several times.我爷爷已经把这个故事给我讲了好几遍了。
2.现在完成时的构成
(1)肯定句:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词+其他.
I have cleaned the blackboard.我擦了黑板了。
(2)否定句:主语+haven't/hasn't+动词的过去分词+其他.
I haven't cleaned the blackboard.我没有擦黑板。
注：有时not可以用never代替，表示“从来没有”的意思。
(3)- 般疑问句: Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词+其他?
肯定回答: Yes,主语+have/has. 否定回答: No,主语+haven't/hasn't.
-Have you cleaned the blackboard?你擦黑板了吗?
-Yes,I have.是的,我擦了。---No,I haven't没有，我没擦。
注意：当句中有否定词not, hardly（几乎不）, never的时候，在改为反意疑问句时，附加部分用肯定形式。
例如：You have never come to our school, have you? 你以前从来没有来过我们学校，是吗？
[拓展] 主语是第三人称单数时用has,其他人称用have。
Tom has heard from his father twice this month.汤姆这个月已收到了他爸爸的两次来信。
We have already cleaned our classroom.我们已经打扫了教室。
4.动词的过去分词的构成
(1)规则动词过去分词的构成。
a.一般动词，在词尾加-ed。如:play-played, finish- finished
b.以e结尾的动词，在词尾加-d。如:live lived, like liked
C.以据音字母加y结尾的动间，变y为i，再加-ed。如: carry-- carried, hurry-- hurried
d.以“一个元音字母+一个辅音字母”结尾的重读闭音节动词，双写该辅音字母,然后加-ed。如: stop- -stopped, mop mopped
(2)不规则动词的过去分词，可逐个背诵记忆。当然，也可从不规则中找到一些规则。
a.没有变化的: come -come ，cut --cut
b.改变元音字母: begin- -begun, swim-- swum
c.改变辅音字母: build built, lend- -lent
d.元音和辅音均改变的: tell- told, teach taught
e.添加部分字母: be -been draw- -drawn
f.其他: have -had, fly- - flown
4.与现在完成时连用的时间状语
a.用副词already和yet
already一般用于肯定句中，yet一般用于否定句和疑问句中。 yet用于疑问句，表示“已经”；用于否定句，表示“还”。
如：We have already finished our homework.我们已完成作业了。
They haven’t finished their homework yet.他们还没有完成作业。
Have you finished your homework yet? 你已经完成你的家庭作业了吗？
b.用ever 和never。多用于否定或疑问句中，表示“曾经”或“从未“等。
如：---Have you ever been to the Great Wall?
---I have never been to the Great Wall.
c.用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语，如recently, just, before, up to now, the past few years等
I have seen her before, but I can not remember where.
He has been there three times the last few days.
I haven’t eaten Guangdong food before．我以前没吃过广东菜。
d.用包括“现在”在内的时间状语，如：now, today, this morning (month, year, term)等。
如：--Have you met him today? -No, I haven’t.
How many times have you been there this year?
5.现在完成时的句型
a. It is the first / second/… time that+从句（从句用现在完成时）
It is the first time that she has visited the city. 这是她第一次参观这座城市。
b.This is the +形容词最高级+名词 that +从句（从句用现在完成时）
This is the best film that I’ve (ever) seen. 这是我曾看过的最好电影。
I must say that it's the best model I have ever seen. 这是我玩过的最有趣的游戏。
c. It’s +一段时间+since从句(或It has been +一段时间+since从句).
自从某事发生已有一段时间了。
It is /has been two years since my brother joined the army.
It’s over twenty years since we last met.
It’s a long time since our last vacation.
6.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
现在完成时与一般过去时都表示“动作已经发生”，但不同点在于：
现在完成时强调这一动作与现在的关系，即对现在产生的结果、影响等，
而一般过去时只表示过去的事实，不表示和现在的关系。
He has learned French for three years.他学法语已经三年了。
He learned French for three years.他曾经学过三年法语。
Who has taken my bag? I couldn’t find it.谁拿走了我的包？我找不到了？
He cleaned the house yesterday.他昨天打扫过房间。
The room is clean, for he has cleaned it already.房间很干净，因为他已经打扫过了。
现在完成时不可与表示过去的时间副词连用，而一般过去时则可以。
He has done some washing.
He did some washing yesterday. 他昨天洗衣服了。
Grammar
19、I have already read this book many times. 这本书我已经读过许多遍了。（P 12）
time此处表示“次数”,是可数名词。英语中“一次”用once表达，“两次”用twice表达，从三次开始用“基数词+times”表达。
例如：We watch TV four times a week.
[拓展] time还可用作不可数名词，意为“时间”。
I don't have enough time.我没有足够的时间。
注意
“一次”用once表示，“两次”用twice表示，从三次开始用“基数词+times”表示。
2. They have finished their homework already.他们已经完成了家庭作业。( 教材第14页)
finish此处用作及物动词， 意为“结束，完成”，后接名词、代词或动名词。它也可以作不及物动词。
Have you finished doing your homework yet?你做完家庭作业了吗? ( 及物动词)
Classes start at eight and finish at half past eleven.8点开始上课,11点半结束。(不及物动词)
3 John has never visited China.约翰从未到访过中国。(教材第14页)
never 副词，意为“从未;决不;从不”,本身县有否定意义。通常置于实义动词之前，连系动词be、助动词或情态动词之后。
The husband has never realized his mistake.这位丈夫从没意识到他的错误。
Lily never tells jokes.莉莉从不讲笑话。
[拓展]
①never可以放在表“命令”的祈使句的句首。
Never tell lies.永远不要说谎。
②never表示的否定意味比not强。
She never goes to work late.她上班从不迟到。
中考.链接
Bob dislikes coffee，so he almost_______drinks it.
A. often B. always C. never D. ever
20、My parents haven’t come back yet. （P 14）
yet 副词，意为“还，仍;已经”，常用在否定句或疑问句中，通常位于句末。yet 常用于现在完成时，表示某事还未发生或某种情况还没有开始出现，或询问某种情况是否已经发生。
The young man hasn't got married yet.这个小伙子还没结婚呢。
Has the factory improved the situation yet?这家工厂已经改进了那种情况吗?
[拓展] already副词，意为“已经”，常用于助动词之后、实义动词之前，也可用于句末。常用于肯定句。有时也可用于疑问句句末，表示惊讶。
He has already written two novels.他已经写了两本小说。
Have you received his letter already?你已经收到他的信了?
5(1)Have you seen any films recently, Sandy?桑迪，你最近(1)看过电影吗?(教材第14页)
recently副词， 意为 自意“近来， 最近”。recently一般不用于一般现在时的句子中recently常用于现在完成时的句子中，指最近的一段时间。
I haven't seen his teacher recently.我最近没看到他的老师。
[拓展] recent 形容词，意为“最近的”。
Can you say anything about your recent work?你能说一下你最近的工作情况吗?
6. It's about the changes in Beijing over the past century.它是关于上世纪北京的变化的。( 教材第14页)
past此处用作形容词， 意为“过去的”，在名词前作定语。
in past years在过去的岁月
over the past ten years在过去的10年间?
[拓展]①past作名词，意为“过去”。in the past意为“在过去，以前”。
We lived in an old house in the past.在过去,我们住在一所旧房子里。
②past作介词，意为“经过”。
We walked past a post office.我们走过了一家邮局。
③past作介词，意为“晚于; .....之后”。
It is half past ten.现在是10点半。
④past作副词，意为“(从旁边)经过”。
I heard her singing in the room when I walked past.我经过时听到她正在房间里唱歌。
7 From this film, I (3) have learnt more about Beijing's past and present.从这部影片中我(3)了解了更多北京的过去和现在。(教材第14页)
present 此处用作不可数名词，意为“现在，目前”。at present意为“目前，现在”。
I have known something about his present, but I don't know anything about his past.我已经知道了他的现在，但我不知道任何有关他过去的情况。I hope that everything goes well at present.我希望目前一切顺利。
[拓展]
①present还可用作可数名词，意为“礼物”。
The husband has given his wife a beautiful present.丈夫已经给了妻子一个漂亮的礼物。
②present还可用作形容词，意为“目前的，现在的”，在名词前作定语。
We have realized that the present situation is very good.我们已经认识到现在的形势很好。
21、Oh, I think I have heard about the film. 哦，我想我(4)听说过这部电影。（P 14）
hear about意为“听说（关于某人或某物）”，hear of“听说”，hear from“收到……的来信”相当于receive a letter from。
例如：I have never heard about him.
Do you hear of the movie star?
I hear from my mother every month.
22、Do you plan to see it?（P 14）
plan ( planning, planned, planned ) 此处用作及物动词，意为“计划，打算”,plan to do sth.意为“打算做某事”
Do you plan to go to the party?你打算去那个聚会吗?
[拓展] plan还可用作可数名词，意为“计划”make a plan for...意为“制订一个....的计划”。
Have you made your weekend plan?你做周末计划了吗?
中考，链接
We only planned______ the play for an hour,but in the end,we stayed for three hours
A.Watch B.watches C. to watch D.watched
解析:我们可用“固定搭做某事”解答此题，答案: C
10 .Yes,I’d like to是的，我想看。(教材第14页)
would like 意为“想要”，在意思上相当于want,但在语气上比want委婉，常用于口语中。would 是情态动词，没有人称和数的变化。
Would like主要有以下用法:
①would like sth.想要某物。
I would like some apples.我想要些苹果。
②would like to do sth.想要做某事。
The reporter wanted to have an interview with the famous singer.
那名记者想采访那位著名的歌手。
③would like sb. to do sth.想要某人做某事。
The wife would like her husband to improve his heath妻子想让她的丈夫改善他的健康状况。
[拓展]
①"Would you like sh?"的肯定回答常用"Yes, please.",否定回答常用“No, thanks."
一Would you like some iced tea?你想喝点儿冰茶吗?Yes, please./ No, thanks.
好的，请来一点儿。不，谢谢。
Integrated skills
1 Transport交通工具(教材第15页)
transport此处用作不可数名词，意为“交通车辆,运输工具”。
They had no transport then. 他们那时没有交通工具。
[拓展]常见的交通工具有:
bus公共汽车 plane飞机 train火车
ship轮船 car汽车 bike自行车
underground地铁 taxi出租车
21、Today I borrowed a book about Starlight Town’s past and present.（P 16）今天，我借了-本关于星光城的过去和现在的书
borrow表示“借进来”，常用结构为“borrow sth. from sb.”“向某人借某物”；lend和borrow相对，表示“借出去”常用结构为“lend sb. sth.或者lend sth. to sb.”表示“借给某人某物”。
例如： He borrowed a car from his friend. 他从他朋友那里借了辆车。
Can you lend me some money?
=Can you lend some money to me? 你能借我些钱吗？
辨析: borrow, lend与keep
三者都可用作及物动词，含有“借”之意，但用法不同。
助记
borrow, lend与keep用“借”有规则，先看执行者。“借入”用borrow,“借出”用lend。如果用keep,表示“借多久”。
borrow
非延续性动词
意为“借，借来”，表示主语向某人或从某处借来某物
borrow sth. from...从...借来某物
lend
非延续性动词
意为“借出，借给”，表示主语将某物借给某人
lend sb. sth. = lend sth to sb.借给某人某物
keep
延续性动词
表示“借”时,指“借来并保存”
keep sth for ...借某物多长时间
3.I hope I can visit again我希望我能再次梦观座城镇。(较材第16页)
hope此处用作及物动调，意为“看望，常见用法有:
①"hope that从句”意为“希.....
I hope that you will join us tomorrow.我希望明天你会加入我们。
2.hope to do sth.意为“希望做某事”。
We hope to move to the northern part of the city.我们希望搬到城北。
注意
①hope不能接动词不定式作宾语补足语，即不能说hope sb to do sth.。
②若hope后接的宾语从句的主语与主句主语一致，可改为hope to do sth.这一结构。
We hope we can find a parking space.= We hope to find a parking space.我们希望能找到一个停车位。
③I hope so.(希望如此)/I hope not.(但愿不会)用于应答。
----Do you think the condition will become worse?你觉得情况会更糟糕吗?-I hope not.但愿不会。
一Will you be back before dark? 天黑前你能回来吗?一I hope so.希望如此。
22、She’s just returned from the USA.（P 16）
这里的return表示“返回”，相当于go back,后面接表示地点的名词时要加介词to；return from...意为“.....回来”;return to +地点名词”意为“回到某地”，若接地点副词，则要去掉介词to。另外return还可以作及物动词，表示“归还”，return sth. to sb.“归还某人某物”。
例如：He returned home late last night.
Please return the book to the library on time.
注意： return不可与back连用。
At last, he returned to his hometown.最后，他回到了他的家乡。
He returned home from work at 6 p. m. yesterday.他昨天下午6点下班回家。
23、When did you last see each other.你们上次见面是在什么时候? （P 16）
last 此处用作副词，意为“最近，上一次”。last既可位于实义动词之前，也可位于实义动词之后。
I last went to the factory five years ago.= I went to the factory last five years ago.我上次是5年前到那家工厂去的。
[拓展]①last用作形容词，意为“刚过去的;最后的”。
The man got married last week.那个人上周结的婚。
Do you know the last person to get to the finishing line?你认识那个最后到达终点的人吗?
②last用作名词，意为“最后来的人或发生的事”。
He is always the last to get to school.他总是最后一个到学校。
③last用作不及物动词，意为“持续，延续”。
The hot weather lasted until September.炎热的天气一直持续到了9月份。
4、She went abroad with her parents.她与父母一起出国了（P 16）
abroad是副词，意为“在国外，到国外”，前面不加介词。
be/go/live/travel abroad在国外/出国/居住在国外/到国外旅行
She used to work abroad for a year.她曾在国外工作了一年。
16、So how do you keep in touch with each other?那你们是如何保持联系的呢?（P 16）
keep in touch意为“保持联系”。keep in touch with sb.“和某人保持联系”，还可用stay in touch ( with.. )来表达。get in touch with sb.“同某人取得联系”。
例如： Did you get in touch with him?
17、We mainly communicate by email我们主要通过电子邮件交流。（P 16）
communicate 此处用作不及物动词，意为“交流，交际”，communicate with sb."与某人交流”。
If you have time, you can communicate with him.如果你有时间，你可以跟他交流一下。
[拓展]①communicate还可用作及物动词,意为“传送;传达(新闻、意见或情感等)”,后接名词或代词。
The little boy can't communicate his ideas clearly.这个小男孩表达不清自己的观点。
②communicate的名词形式是communication, 意为“交流，交际”。have communication with sb.意为“与某人交流”。
Teenagers should have communication with their parents.青少年应该和父母交流。
9. The Internet makes communication much easier.互联网使交流更方便了。(教材第16页)
make sth./sb. + adj. 意为“使某物/某....”此处形容词作宾语补足语。
The condition there made their life more difficult.那儿的情况让他们的生活更困难。
10. Exactly.-点儿不错。(教材第16页)
exactly用作副词， 意为“正是，没错”，多用于答语。
一The primary school is very beautiful.这所小学很漂亮。
Study skills
9、The new shopping mall is a good place to have fun.（P 17）
① have fun“玩得开心”，have fun (in)doing sth.“做某事很开心”。
例如：My mother often have fun (in) cooking.
[拓展]“玩得高兴”还可用have a good/great/象 wonderful time，enjoy oneself等来表达。
The children had fun in the park.
= The children had a great time in the park.
= The children enjoyed themselves in the park.孩子们在公园里玩得很高兴。
(2)动词不定式短语作定语句中动词不定式短语 to have fun作定语，修饰place。动词不定式短语作后置定语，可修饰名词、复合不定代词等。
Simon is always the first student to clean the room.西蒙总是第一个打扫房间的学生。
I have something to tell you.我有一些事情要告诉你。
例如：She is always the first student to come to school.
2、A river runs through the centre of town.一条河流穿过城镇中心。（P 17）
through 此处用作介词，意为“穿过，通过”,through着重指从空间内部穿过；across强调从表面穿过。
例如：The sunshine comes in through the window.
He is running across the road.
[拓展] through 用作介词，还可意为“自始至终,从头到尾”。
We all know that frogs sleep through the winter.我们都知道青蛙冬眠。
3 The new park in the town centre looks beautiful.城镇中心的新公园看起来很漂亮。(教材第17页)
look 此处用作连系动词，意为“看起来”，后面常接形容词作表语。
The girl looks very lonely. No one plays with her.女孩看上去很孤独，没有人跟她玩。
[拓展]
①与look用法类似的连系动词还有smell ( .....气味)， taste ( .....味道)，sound (听起来) ,feel (摸起来，感到) ,它们后接形容词作表语。
The music sounds wonderful.这音乐听起来真美妙。
②look还可用作不及物动词，意为“看”， look at意为“看....
Please look at the blackboard.请看黑板。
中考.链接
The pizza looks________ . It is my favourite.
A.lovely B.sweetly C. softly D. healthily
4 Life is getting better in some ways.在某种程度上生活变得更好了。(教材第 17页)
get 此处用作连系动词，意为“变得”，后接形容词作表语。
Winter is coming. It is getting cold.冬天来了。天气变冷了。
His uncle got angry.他的叔叔变得生气了。
[拓展]
①get作及物动词，意为“买”，相当于buy。
I must get some fruit in the market.我得在市场上买些水果。
②get作及物动词，意为“获得，取得”。
I'll get something to eat before I go out.我出去之前要找点儿东西吃。
③get作及物动词，意为“患(病) ,得(病)”。
He has got a bad cold.他得了重感冒。
④get作及物动词，意为“取来;处理”。
Don't answer the telephone. I'll get it.别接电话,我来接。
⑤get作不及物动词，意为“到达，抵达”。常用短语get home到家，get here到这里，get there到那里。若跟名词，则用“get to+地点”。
She got there at six.她6点钟到了那里。
When we got to the station, the bus was waiting.当我们到达车站时，公共汽车正在等着
⑥get构成的常见短语:
get on上(车) get off下(车)
get up起床 get back拿回，取回
get married结婚 get away逃跑，离开
get lost迷路 get dressed穿衣服
get angry生气 get ready for为...作准备
5.It is not easy to get used to the changes of life quickly.很快适应生活的变化不容易。(教材第17页)
辨析:be used to do sth.get/be used to (doing sth, used to do
get/be used to (doing sth,
习惯于(做)某事，适应(做)某事
to为介词，后接名词、代词或v ing形式
used to do
过去常常做某事，曾经做某事，含有现在不做的意思
Used to 后接动词原形
be used to do sth
被用来做某事，此为被动结构
与be used for doing sth 同意
3、Now I go to school by bus on my own.现在我独自乘公共汽车去上学。（P 17）
on one's own 意为“独自;独立”，通常在句中作状语，相当于by oneself或alone。
He went abroad on his own. = He went abroad by himself/alone.他独自去了国外。
Sandy worked out the problem on her own.
= Sandy worked out the problem by herself/alone.桑迪自己解决了这个问题。
[拓展]
①own用作形容词，意为“自己的”。
This is my own computer. My father bought it yesterday这是我自己的电脑，父亲昨天买的。
②own用作及物动词，意为拥有"Tony owns a big factory.托尼拥有一家大工厂。
③own常构成短语of one’s own,意为“某人自己的”。
I want to have a car of my om = I want to have my own car.我想拥有我自己的车。
④owner名词，意为“物主，所有人”Are you the owner of the car?你是这辆车的主人吗?
22、I have to spend more time on my homework than before.我不得不花费比以前更多的时间来做作业（P 17）
spend一般用某人来作主语，表示“（某人）花费…，付出…”，也能指花费时间或金钱，指时间时常与in doing sth搭配，in常常省略。指金钱时常与on搭配。例如：
We spent two days (in) repairing this machine.
Mr. Lee spends $20 on books every month.
辨析:spend, cost, take与pay
spend(s)+时间+ on主语是人
①spend+时间+on sth./ ( in )doing sth. 花费时间
?spend(s)+金 钱+on sth./ (on ) doing sth.
cost主语是物 Sth. cost(s) ( sb. ) some money. 花费金钱
take 主语通常是it It takes sb. some time to do sth. 花费时间
Pay 主语是人①pay for sth. 为某物支付钱
②pay sb. for sth. 付金钱给某人买某物
[拓展] spend 用作及物动词时,还意为“度过”,spend time with sb.“与某人共度时光”。
I want to spend more time with my family.我想和家人度过更多时光。
中考链接 根据句意或句子的语法要求，用括号中所给单词的适当形式填空。
Millie spends about two hours______( finish )her homework every day.
解析:我们可用“固定搭配法”解答此题。two hours为时间, spend some time ( in) doing sth. :意为“花费时间做某事”，故填finishing。答案: finishing
Task
1、large open spaces 很大的空地（P 18）
open 此处用作形容词，意为“开阔的，未围上的”。open space意为“开阔的空地”
the open fields空旷的田野the open sea公海 in the open air在户外。
例如：
the open country 开阔的乡村
另外，open作形容词，还可以表示“开着的”，动词close的形容词形式是closed“关闭的”。
例如：
The door is open. Please close it.
[拓展] open还可用作动词，意为“开，打开”。
Jack opened the window.杰克打开了窗户。
2、green trees on both sides （P 18）
on both sides of the road表示“在路的两边”，on each/either side of the road“在路的每一边”，这里要注意side的单复数问题。
例如：
There are a lot of buildings on each/either side of the road.
Now people are enjoying a comfortable life.现在人们正享受舒适的生活。(教材第18页)
(1)enjoy此处用作及 物动词，意为“享受，喜欢”，后常接名词或代词作宾语，表示“享受/喜.....”enjoy doing sth. 意为“喜欢做某事”。enjoy oneself意为“玩得高兴”，相当于have a good time。注意enjoy后的反身代词应在人称和数上与enjoy的主语保持致。
They enjoy Chinese food very much.他们非常喜欢中国食物。
The concert was wonderful. They all enjoyed it.音乐会非常精彩,他们都很喜欢(它)。
中考●链接
Some people enjoy______out their messages in bottles when they travel on the sea.
A.to send B. send C. sending D. sent
( 2 ) enjoy a/an..life 意为“享受...的生活”。
The husband and his wife were enjoying a happy life after they got married.这夫妻俩婚后正过着幸福的生活。
[拓展] live a/an..life意为“过着...的生活”。
My grandfather used to live a poor life.我爷爷过去过着贫穷的生活。
3、Moreover, mobile phones make communication easier now. 此外，现在(10)手机使交流更容易了（P 19）
这里的moreover是副词，表示“而且，再者”。
例如：
The price of the house is too high; moreover, it is too old.
The man likes communicating with others. More-over, he often keeps in touch with others through the Internet.这个人喜欢跟别人交流，而且，他经常通过网络与别人保持联系。
Comic strip
1.past and present.（P 6）
① past
n. 过去，以前；in the past “在过去”
adj. 过去的，以前的；in the past few years 在过去的几年里
prep. 经过 walk past the post office走过邮局
② present
adj. 现在的; 目前的; 出席的
n. 现在; 礼物; at present 现在 ； a present for you给你的礼物
24、I’ve just eaten it..（P 6）
just作副词，表示“刚刚，刚才”，通常与现在完成时连用。
Mr Wang has just left our classroom,王老师刚刚离开我们的教室。
I've just heard the news.我刚听到这个消息。
[拓展]①just副词，还可意为“正好，恰好;仅仅，只是”，起加强语气的作用。
This jacket is just my size.这件夹克衫正合我的尺码。
He is just a child他仅仅是一个孩子。
I just want to talk to you.我只是想和你谈谈。
just now意为“刚才”相当于a moment ago，通常和一般过去时连用。
例如：I have just heard the news.
He left just now.
③just then意为“就在那时”。
Just then, someone knocked at the door.就在那时，有人敲门。
I'm not hungry because I have ______had lunch.
A.ever B. never C. just D. still
解析:我们可用“前后照应法”解答此题。ever"曾经”;never“从不” ;just“刚才，刚刚”;sill还;仍”。由主句句意“我不饿”可推知从句句意应为“因为我刚吃过午饭”
2.Why?为什么? (教材第6页)
这是一个省略问句，其完整形式是"Why did you cat my food?。why引导的特殊疑问句用来询问原因，通常用because (因为)引导的句子来回答。
一I didn't go to the cinema last night.昨晚我没去看电影。- Why? 为什么?
--- Because I lost my ticket.因为我的票丢了。
-Why didn't you come to the meeting yesterday?你昨天 为什么没来参加会议?
一Because I had a bad cold.因为我患了重感冒。
3 You've changed, Eddie.埃迪，你变了。(教材第6页)
change此处用作不及物动词，意为“变化”。change into意为“变成”。
In England, the weather changes very often.在英格兰，天气时常变化。
The place changed into a beautiful park last year.这个地方去年变成了一个漂亮的公园。
[拓展]①change还可用作及物动词，意为“交换;改变;换乘”。
Can I change seats with you?我可以和你换一下座位吗?
At last, he changed his mind.最后，他改变了主意。
I stopped in Moscow just to change planes.我为了转机才在莫斯科停留的。
②change还可用作可数或不可数名词，意为“改变，变化，转变”;用作不可数名词时，还可意为“零钱;找头”
Can you tell me something about the change to the city?你能告诉我有关这个城市的变化吗?
Let's go out to a restaurant for a change!咱们到饭店去换换口味吧!
I have no change with me.我没带零钱。
25、You used to share food with me.（P 6）你过去常常与我分着吃食物的!
① used to do sth. “过去常常做某事”，暗含“现在不再”之意，后接动词原形，疑问形式可以直接将used提到句首，或者借助助动词did；否定式可以直接在used后面加not，或者用didn’t。
used to do sth. “过去常常做某事”
I used to go to school by bus.
be/get used to doing sth. “习惯于做某事”
I am used to living here now.
be used to do/for sth. “被用来做某事”
② share 及物动词，意为“共享，共用”，常用结构为share sth. with sb.“与某人共享某物”。
例如： He shares a room with his twin brother.
26、You used to share food with me!你过去常常与我分着吃食物的! (教材第6页)
(1)used to 意为“曾经，过去常常”，暗含“现在不再”之意,后接动词原形。
My elder sister used to be very shy.我姐姐过去很害羞。
[拓展]①used to结构在变为否定形式时有两种变法:一是在used后面加not,即used not to do sth.;二是在used前面加didn't,并将used改为动词原形use,即didn't use to do sth.。在口语中常用后一种形式。
My sister didn't use to have short hair. (= My sister used not to have short hair. )我姐姐以前不留短发。
②used to结构在变为-般疑问句时也有两种形式:一是将used提到主语前，即"Used +主语+to do sth.?";二是在主语前加助动词did,并将used改为动词原形use,即“Did+主语+use to do sth.?”。在口语中常用后一种形式。
Did you use to go to the movies? (= Used you to go to the movies?)你过去常常去看电影吗?
③含有used to结构的句子在变为反意疑问句时，构成肯定的疑问可用did或used,构成否 三定的疑问可用didn't或usedn't。
---- The mother used to be angry with her children, didn’t/usedn't she?
这位母亲过去经常生孩子们的气，是吗?
----- Yes, she did. /No, she didn't.是的，她经常生孩子们的气。/不，她不经常生孩子们的气。
中考●链接
He______look at the stars every night, but:now he does not.
A. had better B. used to C. ought to D. had to
解析:我们可用“联系上下文法”解答此题。had better do sth." 最好做某事”; used to do sth.“过去常常做某事”;ought to do sth.“应该做某事”;have to do sth.“不得不做某事”。由下文句意“但是他现在不了”可知，上文句意为“他过去每天晚上都看星星”，
(2)share及物动词， 意为“共用，分享”。share..with sb.意为“与某人分享/共用....”
Mary and I share a room.我和玛丽合住一个房间。
She shares her lunch with her friend.她与她的朋友分享她的午饭。
[拓展] share 还可用作名词，意为“~份，份额”。
Here is your share of the cake.这是你的一份蛋糕。
中考●链接
根据汉语意思完成句子Would you like to _______(分享)experiences with us?
解析:share意为“分享，共用”;would like to do sth." 想要做某事”，为固定搭配，故用动词原形。 答案: share
5.You used to be so kind to me.你过去对我那么好。(教材第6页)
(1 )so 副词，意为“如此;那么;那样”，修饰形容词或副词，表示程度。so..that.. 为固定句式，意为“如此...以至.....”
My father walks so quickly.我父亲走得如此快。
The boy is so strong that he can lift the heavy box.这个男孩如此强壮以至于他能提起那个重箱子。
[拓展] kind还常作可数名词，意为“种类”
There are all kinds of flowers in the garden.花园里有各种各样的花。
一言辨异
We should be kind to all kinds of animals.我们应该善待各种动物。
Welcome to the unit
1.I used to go to school by bike.我过去骑自行车去上学。(教材第7页)
by bike 介词短语，意为“骑自行车”，常在句中作方式状语，可换成on one s/the/a bike。
Do you go to school by bike or on foot?你是骑自行车去上学还是步行去上学?
注意go to.y bike/on one's (或the, a)bike = ride the/a /one's bike to...意为“骑自行车,....”
[拓展]表示交通方式常用的表达方法:
①by+表示交通工具的名词，泛指乘某种交通工具，在句中作状语。
by water/sea/ship乘船/由水路
by underground 乘地铁by land 经陆路 by train 乘火车
by bus 乘公共汽车 by air/plane 乘坐飞机
②in/on+冠词/形容词性物主代词/名词所有格+表示交通工具的名词，在句中作状语。
He often goes to school in his father's car on Tuesday.在周二他常坐他父亲的车去上学。
My teacher likes to travel on a plane.= My teacher likes to travel by plane.我的老师喜欢坐飞机旅行。
③take+a/the+表示交通工具的名词，在句中作谓语
He takes the train to Nanjing every year.他每年都乘火车去南京。
I usually take the subway to go home.我通常乘地铁回家。
④on foot“步行”，是介词短语，在句中作状语。
My dad goes to work on foot every day.= My dad walks to work every day. 我爸爸每天步行去上班。
中考●链接
My son lives a little far from his office, so he always goes to work_____bus.
A.on B. by C. with D. in
解析:我们可用“语法分析法”解答此题。结合选项可知句意:我儿子住得离他的办公室有点儿远，因此他总是乘公共汽车去上班。by 后接交通工具表示“乘坐某种交通工具”，by bus意为“乘坐公共汽车”。故选B。答案:B
11、Why didn’t you take a bus?（P 7）
take+a/the+表示交通工具的名词，在句中作谓语。by+表示交通工具的名词，或者介词in/on+表示交通工具的名词，在句中作状语。
例如：He takes a bus to school.= He goes to school by bus..
12、Well, there were always too many people on the bus and it took a long time to wait for the next one. （P 7）
① too many意为“太多”，中心词是many,修饰可数名词复数。too much,中心词是much,同样表示“太多的”，修饰不可数名词。太多，常修饰动词，在句中作状语 。much too意为“太”，中心词是too，用来修饰形容词和副词，表示程度。
例如：There are too many books in the box.
I have too much homework to do today.
It’s much too hot today.
② take可用来表示“花费”，常用结构为“It takes/took (sb). some time to do sth.”意为“花费（某人）多长时间做某事”，it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式。
例如：It took me three hours to finish the housework.
③ wait for sb./sth. “等待某人/某物”，wait to do sth.“等待做某事”，can’t wait to do sth. “迫不及待做某事”。
例如：They are waiting for the bus.
The children can’t wait to open the present box.
(2)one此处用作代词， 泛指上文提到的同类人或事物中的一个，指代单数名词。其复数形式为ones,泛指上文提到的同类人或事物中的一些，指代复数名词。
This coat is too small. Do you have a bigger one?
这件外套太小了,你有大一点儿的吗? (one 此处指代coat)
I don't like the coloured envelopes. I like the white ones.我不喜欢彩色信封，我喜欢白色的。( ones在此指代envelopes )
[拓展] one还可用作数词，意为“一”，表示数量。
I have only one apple.我只有一个苹果。
辨析:one与it
one泛指上文提及的同类人或事物中的一个
I lost my pen. I must buy one .我丢了我的钢笔，我必须买一支。
it特指上文提到的同一事物
The coat is hers. It's very beautiful.这件外套是她的，它非常漂亮。
Reading
1、...so Millie is interviewing him to get some information.（P 8）
interview 作及物动词，表示“采访” interview sb. “采访某人”；interview还可以作名词，表示“采访某人”时，后面加上介词with，have an interview with sb. “采访某人”
例如： The interview with the famous writer is great.
2、I’ve lived here since I was born. （P 8）我自出生以来就一直住在这里。
since作连词，表示“自……以来”，引导时间状语从句时，从句用一般过去时，主句用现在完成时。且谓语动词必须是延续性的，不能用终止性动词。
例如：He has worked in this company since he graduated from college.
since也可以用作介词，后面加上表示过去的时间点，同样和现在完成时连用。
例如：The family have lived here since three years ago.
[拓展] since用作连词时，还可意为“既然，由于”，引导原因状语从句，语气比because弱。
Since the rain has stopped, let's go for a walk.既然雨停了，我们出去散散步吧。
结构“It has been/is+时间段+since+一般过去时”表示“自从……已经多长时间了”。
例如：It has been/is five years since they got married.
3、Have you ever moved house? （P 8）你曾搬过家吗?
① ever作副词，意为“曾经”。常位于助动词之后，实义动词之前。
例如：---Have you ever thought of changing a job?你曾想过换一份工作吗?
--- No, never.没有，从未想过。
[拓展]
①ever副词， 还可意为“从来，在任何时候”，通常用于否定句或疑问句中。
Nothing bad ever happens in this village.这个村子里从来没有发生过任何不好的事情。
②ever副词，还可意为“以前，以往任何时候’，通常与比较级连用，置于than之后。
She hated him more than ever when she got his letter.她收到他的信时，就比以前更恨他了。
(2) move此处用作及物动词， 意为“移动,搬动;迁移，搬家”。
He moved the sofa to the left.他把沙发移到了左边。He moved his computer to a smaller house.他把他的电脑搬到一所小一些的房子里去了。
[拓展]①move还可用作不及物动词,意为“移动,离开;迁居，搬家”。
He was too tired to move any further.他累得一点儿也走不动了。
They moved to Shanghai last year.去年他们搬到了上海。
4、I first lived in the northern part of town with my parents. （P 8）我最初和我的父母一起住在城镇的北部
(1 )live 此处用作不及物动词，意为“居住”。若表示“住在某地”,通常与介词in连用，后接表示地点的名词。
--- -Where do you live?你住在哪里?-I live in Shanghai我住在上海。
[拓展] live 作不及物动词时，还可意为“生活，生存，活着”，这时live后面通常没有地点状语。
We eat to live, but do not live to eat.我们吃饭是为了活着，但活着不是为了吃饭。
It is hard for a man to live to 120 years old.一个人很难活到120岁。
① in the northern part of town=in the north of town“在城镇的北部”，northern 形容词，意为“北方的，北部的”，其名词形式为north,意为“北方;北部”。表示东西南北的方位名词加上“ern”构成形容词。
[拓展] 在方位名词后加-ern可构成表示方位的形容词:
east (n.东方)+-ern =eastern (adj. 东方的)
west (n.西方)+ern =western (adj. 西方的)
south (n. 南方) +-ern→southern (adi南方的)
north (n.北方)+ern - + northern (adj. 北方的)
② 英语中表示两地位置关系时，in表示“在范围之内”，on表示“两地接壤”，to表示“两地相望，中间有间隔”。
B is in the east of A.
C is on the east of A.
C is to the east of B.
5、When I got married in 1965, my wife and I moved two blocks away and we’ve lived in this area since then. （P 8）当我1965年结婚时，我和妻了搬到了两个街区以外,此后我们一直住在这里。
① get married“结婚”，表示动作，married 形容词，意为“已婚的，结婚的”。be married表示状态，因此get married不可以和一段时间状语连用，be married可以和一段时间状语连用。
例如：They have been married for ten years.
② marry可以做及物动词，意为“嫁给某人，把……嫁给……”。
例如：She married a rich man.
He married her daughter to a foreigner.
③ be/get married to sb.“与某人结婚”
例如：Will you get married to him?
2) away 副词，意为“(在时间或空间上)远离，离开”。
Tom's father is away from home.汤姆的父亲离家在外。
My birthday is two days away.离我的生日还有两天。
[拓展] away构成的常见短语:put away放好，把...收拾起来 take away拿走，带走 throw away扔掉run away逃走 pass away去世
3)since 此处用作介词，意为“....以来”，后接表示过去的时间点。since then意为“从那时起”。
We've known about it since May.我们从5月份起就知道这件事了。
We haven't seen each other since then.从那以后我们没有见过面。
注意
如果说明某一动作或状态持续了多长时间，用“for+一段时间”
We have stayed in Shanghai for 3 days.我们在上海已待了3天。
6、Has the town changed a lot over the years?（P 8）近几年间这个城镇变化大吗?
(1)a lot 此处用作副词短语, 意为“很，非常”，常修饰动词、感叹词或形容词/副词的比较级等，在句中作程度状语。
It usually rains a lot in this area.
这个地区经常下很多雨。( 修饰动词rains )
Thanks a lot for the coffee = Thank you very much for the cofee.多谢你请我喝咖啡。(修饰感叹词thanks)
Your room is a lot bigger than mine.
你的房间比我的大得多。(修饰形容词比较级bigger)
He runs a lot faster.
他跑得快多了。( 修饰副词比较级faster )
[拓展]
①a lot意为“许多，大量”，在句中作主语、宾语或表语，其后可有动词不定式(短语)作后置定语。
Sometimes we have very little snow, but some times there's a lot.有时我们这儿雪很少，有时却又很多。(作主语)
You know a lot about English names.
你知道许多有关英文名字的情况。(作宾语)That’s a lot.那真多。(作表语)
②a lot of= lots of,意为“许多的，大量的" ,都可修饰可数名词复数或不可数名词。
There is a lot of/lots of water in the river.河里有很多水。
(2)over此处用作介词， 意为“在....期间”.over the years,意为“在这几年间”。
He has grown into a big boy over the years.几年间他已经长成了一个大男孩。
We are away over the New Year.新年期间我们不在家。
[拓展] over 用作介词时，还有以下用法:
①多于,超过，相当于more than。
His grandfather is over 70 years old.他爷爷70多岁了。
②在......上方.
They held a large umbrella over her.他们给她撑起一把大伞。
over the years意为“在这几年间”，over这里作介词，表示“在……期间”，相当于during。
例如：He has learned a lot in the company over the years.
7、 Now the government has turned part of the town centre into a new park.（P 8）现在政府已把城镇中心的部分改建成了 一个新公园
turn……into“把…变成…”，turn为及物动词，意为“使改变”。turn into“变成，成为，转变成....” 此处turn为不及物动词。。
例如：Farmers turn wasteland into fields.
They want to turn the place into a new school.
turn的用法拓展
① turn表示“转动、翻转”
例如： Turn your body back.
② turn作系动词，表示“变得”，后面常接形容词作表语。
例如：Leaves turn yellow in autumn.
③ turn还可以作可数名词，意为“轮流，依次”，take turns to do sth.“轮流做某事”。
例如：The students take turns to answer the teacher’s questions.
7.Was pollution a problem then? 那时污染是一个问题吗? (教材第9页)
1 ) pollution不可数名词， 意为“污染”。
常见的短语有: water pollution水污染，noise pollution 噪污染。背染，air pollution 空气污染，
I think noise pollution can drive people mad.我认为噪音污染会让人发疯
2)辨析: problem。question
两者都可用作可教名间，那有“同题“之意，但有区别,具体如下:
problem
着重指难以解决 的“问题”“难题” 或麻烦事
The government is trying to solve the problem, 政府正在努力解决这一 问题。
question
指提出并有待回答的“问题”或“疑问”
Can you answer this question ? 你能回答这个问题吗?
8、There was once a steel factory near the Sunshine River.阳光河附近曾有一家钢铁厂 （P 9）
(1)there be句型表示“某时/某处有某物/某人”，表示存在关系。be 动词后面的名词是主语,，两者必须在数.上保持一致。若有两个或两个以上的名词作主语时，谓语动词与靠近它的那个名词一致，此原则被称为“就近原则”。
There is a book on the desk.书桌上有一本书。
There is a pen and two pencils in the box.盒子里有一支钢笔和两支铅笔。
[拓展]
①there be句型中可以有情态动词。
There may be an important meeting here tomorrow.明天这儿可能有一个重要的会议。
②there be句型可以有各种时态。
一般现在时: There is/are...
一般过去时There was/were...
一般将来时: There will be/ There is going to be
现在完成时: There have/has been...
There was a dead dog on the road just now.刚才路上有条死狗。
There is going to be a birthday party tomorrow明天有一个生日聚会。
注意
一般将来时不可写成There will have..或There is/are going to have...
once此处用作副词，意为“一度，曾经”。另外，once还可以表示“一次”。
例如：They once lived abroad.
He goes swimming once a week.
中考●链接Look! There ______a photo of our English teacher in today's newspaper!
A.is B. are C. have D. has
解析:我们可用“语法分析法”解答此题。分析句子结构可知，本句是一个there be句型。There be句型中，be动词在数.上与后面的主语保持一致。A photo 是单数形式，所以be动词用is。 故选A。句意:看!在今天的报纸上有一张我们英语老师的照片! 答案:A
(2 )once此处用作副词， 意为“一度;以前;曾经”
They once lived in Hong Kong.他们以前住在香港。
[拓展]
①once作副词，还可意为“~次”。
Sarah goes swimming once a week.萨拉每周去游泳一次。
②once还可用作连词，意为“一旦;一一....就....”用于引导时间状语从句，相当于as soon as.
Once she starts , she will never give up.她一旦开始，就不会放弃。
9、They often put the waste into the river. （P 9）他们经常把废物排入河中
① put……into“把……放进……”
例如：You shouldn’t put so much salt into the dish.
put构成的相关短语
①put on穿上，戴上，上演(戏剧)。
My father put on his coat and left the room.我父亲穿上外套，离开了房间。
put up张贴，举起??
The boy put up his hand and asked some questions. 那个男孩举起手问了一些问题。
Could you put up the picture? 你把这幅画贴上好吗？
put out扑灭????
The firemen came and put out the fire. 消防员来把火扑灭了。
④put in安装。
My father once put in a light in my bedroom.我父亲曾在我卧室里安装了一盏灯。
put off推迟?????????
The meeting will be put off because of the weather. 会议因为天气将被推迟。?????
put away放好???
Jim, put away your books. 吉姆，把你的书收起来。????
put down记下，放下
He put down his pen and began to listen to the teacher. 他放下钢笔开始听老师讲课。
Put down my telephone number please. 请记下我的电话号码。
put back放回
Please put the books back when you finish them. 书读完后，请放回去。
???
2) waste 此处用作不可数名词，意为“废料，废品，废物”
You should keep the waste in a special place.你应当把这些废物放在一个专门的地方。
[拓展]
①waste用作名词时还可意为“浪费”，可以和a连用,a waste of..“浪费....”。常用结构为“it is a waste of time/money to do sth.”表示“做某事是浪费时间或金钱”。
例如：It is a waste of time to argue with him.
It is a waste of money to buy that kind of thing.买那种东西是浪费钱。
②waste可以用作形容词，意为“废弃的，无用的”如waste water“废水”；waste paper“废纸”
He thought it was waste paper and threw it into the rubbish bin.他认为那是废纸，把它扔进了垃圾箱。
③waste可以用作及物或不及物动词，意为“浪费”。
You should turn off the tap. The water is wasting.你应当把水龙头关掉，水白白浪费掉了。
Time is money. You shouldn't waste it.时间就是金钱，你不应该浪费它。
10、Later the government realized the problem and took action to improve the situation. （P 9）后来政府意识到了这个问题并采取措施改善了情况
(1 )realize (= realise )此处用作及物动词,意为“意识到”，其后可接名词或从句作宾语。
Have you realized the pollution here?你意识到这里的污染了吗?
Suddenly I realized that he was not married.突然我意识到他没有结婚。
take action“采取行动”。take action to do sth. “采取行动做某事”。
例如：We must take action to protect the wild animal..
[拓展] take 构成的常见短语:
take a look看一看 take a message捎个口信take notes记笔记 take exercise锻炼take away拿走 take care保重,当心；take care of照顾 take down拿下
take out拿出 takeoff脱下;(飞机)起飞take place发生，举行 take part in参加
(3)improve此处用作及物动词， 意为“改进，改善”,其名词形式为improvement (改善,改进)。
I want to improve my English.我想提高我的英语水平。
(4)situation用作可数名词， 意为“形势，情况”。
In a situation“--的形势下”。He is in a difficult situation.他处境困难。
The man can speak differently in different situations.这个人在不同情况下会说不同的话。
11、Now the river is much cleaner. （P 9）现在这条河干净多了
much用来修饰比较级，意为“……得多”，much cleaner意为“干净得多”。常见的修饰比较级的程度副词有much, even, any, a lot, far, rather, a little, a bit等。
能够修饰形容词副词比较级的词短语有：
①a little bit意为“一点儿，稍微”
Can you com a little bit earlier下次你能稍早一点儿来吗?
②even意为“甚至，更”。
This time he did it even worse.这次他做得甚至更糟糕。
中考.链接I felt much______ after I told the problems to my close friend.
A. good B. well C. better D. best
12、Well, in some ways it is.（P 9）嗯，在某种程度上是这样的。
in some ways意为“在某种程度上，在某些方面”。
例如：In some ways he is a good student because he is helpful.
way的相关短语总结
on the way在路上 in many ways从很多方面来说
in the way挡路 in no way绝不，无论如何都不
by the way顺便问一下
on the/one’s way to在去……的路上
in this/that way用这种/那种方式
lose one’s way迷路
13、It’s really nice to have a beautiful modern town.拥有一座美丽的现代化城镇的确很好。（P 9）
形式主语it的用法。
在英语中，当动词不定式或者that从句作主语时，常用it作形式主语，把真正的主语动词不定式或者that从句置后。It处于主语的位置，但不是真正的主语，因此英语中称之为形式主语。常用的结构为：It is+形容词/名词短语+to do/that从句。
e.g: 1. It is important to learn English well.
2.It is a hard job that he cleans the street day and night.
注意：“It is+形容词/名词短语+to do”结构中，可在不定式前面加上一个for或者of引出动词不定式的逻辑主语。其中作表语的形容词是important,necessary, easy，difficult等描述事物特征的形容词时，用for引起的短语;
作表语的形容词是kind,clever, foolish, polite等描述人的性格、品质的形容词时，则用of引起的短语。
e.g: It is kind of you to help me a lot.
It is difficult for us to solve the problem.
② 形式宾语it的用法。
在英语中，当动词不定式或者that从句作宾语且后面接宾语补足语时，常用it作形式宾语，把真正的宾语动词不定式或者that从句置后。It处于宾语的位置，但不是真正的宾语，因此英语中称之为形式宾语。常用的结构为：think/feel/find/consider、make+it+形容词/名词短语+to do/that从句。
e.g:1. I find it pleasant to work with him.
2. She thinks it her duty to help us.
14 However , most of my old friends have moved away.然而我的大多数老朋友都搬走了。( 教材第9页)
however 副词，意为“然而”,可位于句首、句中或句末。位于句首时,其后用逗号;位于句中时，其前后均用逗号;位于句末时，其前用逗号。
However, this does not always happen.然而，这样的情况并不总是发生。
She falls ill. She goes to work, however, and stay sup late.她病了,然而她仍旧去上班并且还熬夜。
辨析: however与but
however 副词,意为“然而”，转折的意味较弱, 可位于句首、句中或句末,常用逗号与句子分开
but 连词 意为“但是”，转折的意味较强, 位于分句的句首 后面一般不用逗号.
He likes music. However，his wife doesn't.他喜欢音乐，然而他的妻子不喜欢。
He likes music, but his wife doesn't.他喜欢音乐，但是他的妻子不喜欢。
15.It has become impossible for us to see each other as often as before.对于我们来说再像以前那样经常互相见面是不可能了。(教材第9页)
( 1 ) impossible 形容词，意为“不可能的”。impossible是由形容词possible加否定前缀im-构成的。在英语中，形容词的否定前缀有un-, in-, im-,ir-,dis-等。有些形容词加上相应的否定前缀，就构成其反义词,这种构词法称为派生法。
①大多数形容词加前缀un-构成反义词。necessary- unnecessary (不必要的)friendly- unfriendly (不友好的)pleasant-一unpleasant (让人不愉快的)
②以c或e开头的形容词通常加前缀in-构成反 义词。correct- incorrect(不正确的 )
Expensive-- inexpensive (不昂贵的)
③以p开头的形容词通常加前缀im-构成反义词。
Proper-- improper (不合适的 polite--- impolite (不礼貌的)
④以r开头的形容词通常加前缀ir-构成反义词。
Regular-- irregular (不规则的)
⑤有些形容词加前缀dis- 构成反义词。
honest- dishonest (不诚实的)
注意：含加否定前缀构成的形容词的句子不属于否定句。在改为反意疑问句时，附加问句部分仍用否定形式。
He is unhappy today, isn't he?他今天不高兴，是吗?
(2)as..as... 意为.......”中间用形容词或副词原级。as..as.... 的否定形式是not as/so...s...,意为“不如....”
My younger sister is as tall as me.我妹妹和我一样高。
Tom doesn't sing as/so well as Lucy.汤姆唱歌不如露西唱得好。
中考.链接Daniel is______his twin brother. They are both 1.75 metres tall.
A. taller than B. shorter than C.as tall as D. so tall as
解析:我们可用“前后呼应法”解答此题。taller than意为“比.... (个子)更高”; shorter than意为“比....个子)更矮";as tall as意为与...样高”;so tall as一般用于否定句。根据后句句意“他们两个都是1.75 米高”可知，此句意为:丹尼尔与他的双胞胎兄弟一样高。故选C。 答案:C
3) before 此处用作副词，意为“以前，过去”。 as...as before意为“和以前一.....
He hasn't worked in the factory before.他以前没在这家工厂工作过。
We went to help the old man as often as before.我们像以前一样经常去帮助那位老人。
[拓展]①before还可用作连词，意为“在...以前”,后接从句。
You could see a lot of waste in the place before people turned it into a park.在人们把它变成一个公园之前，你在这个地方能看到很多废料。
②before还可用作介词，意为“在....以前”，后接名词(短语)、代词或动名词。
I used to take a shower before having breakfast.我过去常常在吃早饭前洗个澡。
15、Now I feel a bit lonely from time to time..现在我时不时会觉得有点儿孤独（P 9）
两者都意为“有点儿”，用法既有相同点，也有不同点，具体如下:
①二者都是表程度的副词短语,修饰形容词、副词原级或比较级时，意义相同，意为“一点儿，有些”。
The pollution here is a bit/little serious.这里的污染有点儿严重。
He walked a bit little slowly.他走路有点儿慢。
②二者都可以作名词短语，充当主语或宾语。
A bit/little is enough for me.我有一点儿就够了。
I know only a bit/little about her.我对她的情况只了解一点儿。
③a little可直接修饰不可数名词,a bit后须加of才可以修饰不可数名词。
There is a little water in the bottle. =There is a bit of water in the bottle.瓶子里有一点儿水。
(2)辨析: lonely与alone
Living in a big city can make people feel lonely sometimes 生活在大城市有时会让人感到寂寞。She lives in a lonely mountain village她生活在一个偏僻的山村。
I never feel lonely when I am alone.我一个人时从不感到寂寞。
The old man lives alone on the hill.那个老人独自一人在山上居住。
--- -I know Old Joe lives________.
----- We are supposed to visit him from time to time. Then he won't feel__________.
A. alone; alone B. lonely; lonely C. lonely; alone D. alone; lonely
lonely
形容词
“寂寞的，孤单的”
强调人内心的感受， 可以作表语或定语
“偏僻的，荒凉的，人迹罕至的”
只能在名词前作定语
alone
形容词 或副词
“单独，独自
作形容词时，通常用形容词 作表语或宾语补足语，不能作前置定语
作副词时，常修饰动词作状语
(3) from time to time 意为“不时，有时，偶尔”,相当于sometimes或at times.
She has to work at weekends from time to time.周末她偶尔得上班。
He tells a joke from time to time to make us laugh他时不时地讲个笑话让我们大笑。
[拓展]与time相关的常见短语:
At a time依次
in time及时
on time按时
at any time随时
in no time立刻，马上
all the time -直
at the same time同时
at times有时
17. Anyway, it's good to see the amazing changes in the town.不管怎样,看到城镇这些令人惊叹的变化，还是不错的。(教材第9页)
(1)anyway副词， 意为“尽管，即使这样”，常用作让步状语，相当于anyhow,可用在句首或向末。
Anyway, you should try.无论如何，你应该试一试。It's too late now, anyway.无论怎样，现在太迟了。
(2) amazing 形容词，意为“令人吃惊的，惊叹的”通常说明物本身所具有的特征，可作表语或定语。
It is amazing that there is so much waste here.这儿有那么多废料，真让人吃惊。
This movie has some amazing actions.这部电影里有一些让人惊叹的动作。
[拓展]
amazed形容词，意为“惊奇的，惊讶的”,通常说明人的感受，常作表语。be amazed at/by.意为“对大为惊讶”。
I?was?amazed?at?her knowledge?of?English?literature.
她对英国文学的了解让我大为惊讶。
16、not happy because of being alone.因为独自一人而不高兴（P 10）
because of意为“因为，由于”，后跟名词短语。在句中常和because引导的原因状语从句连用，不过because后面跟句子。
例如： We can’t go out because it rains heavily.
=We can’t go out because of the heavy rain.
辨析: because of与because 两者都意为“因为”，但用法不同。
①Because of 介词短语 后跟名词、代词或动名词(短语)等
②because连词 后跟从句
He has poor eyesight because of working too much in front of the computer.由于长期在电脑前工作,他视力很差。
He didn't go to school because he was ill. 他因生病而没去，上学。
注意
在句中，有时because of..可以和because引导的原因状语从句进行同义转换。
I had to stay at home because of the heavy rain yesterday.
= I had to stay at home because it rained heavily yesterday.
昨天因为下大雨，我只好待在家里。
17、Amazing changes have taken place in Sunshine Town.在阳光城发生了令人惊叹的变化。（P 10）
take place意为“发生，举行”，与happen意思相近，但略有区别。take place常指经过安排而发生的事情，happen常指偶然发生，它们都是不及物的。它们都不能用于被动语态。
例如： The World Cup takes place every four years.
An accident happened in the street just now.
[拓展]
①take place还可意为“举行”，相当于hold,但hold可用于被动语态。
The World Cup takes place every four years.= The World Cup is held every four years.世界杯每四年举行一次。
②take sb.'s place或take the place of sb.意为“代替某人”
The man was ill in hospital and his friend took his place.那个人生病住院了， 他朋友代替了他。
20. Tell me more about your interview with Mr Chen, Millie.米莉，告诉我更多有关你对陈先生的采访的内容。( 教材第11页)
interview 此处用作可数名词，意为“采访;访谈”，还可意为“会见”。have an interview with sb.意为“采访某人”。
John gave an interview to Tom.约翰接受了汤姆的采访。
The reporter is having an interview with the film star.那位记者正在采访那位电影明星。
[拓展]interview还可用作及物动词，意为“采访”。
This morning I interviewed Danny S grandpa.今天早上我采访了丹尼的爷爷。
21. Has he lived in Sunshine Town all his life?他-一生都住在阳光城吗? ( 教材第11页)
all one's life意为“一生”。
I've known Jack all my life.我从小就认识杰克。
18、What was the town like in the past?过去这个城镇是什么样子?（P 11）
What's sb./sth. like?意为“某人 是个什么样的人?/某物怎么样?”，一般用来询问某人的性格或某物的特征。也可询问人的外貌或物品的外部特征。
一What's Tom like?汤姆是个什么样的人?---- He is very shy.他很害羞。
[拓展] What does sb. /sth. look like? 意为“某人长什么样?/某物是个什么样子?”，一般用来询问某人的外貌或某物的外部特征。
----What does Mary look like?玛丽长什么样子?一She is tall and thin.她又高又瘦。
23. Luckily ,the government took action to improve the (4) situation later.幸运的是,后来政府采取措施改善了(4)情况。( 教材第11页)
luckily副词， 意为“幸运地" ,通常位于句子开头作状语，后面用逗号与句子隔开。反义词是unluckily。
Luckily, I didn't hurt myself.幸运的是，我没有伤到自己。
I hope the present will bring you good luck.我希望这件礼物能带给你好运。
中考●链接
There was a car accident on Xinhua Road yesterday._______,nobody was hurt.
A. Lucky B. Luckily C. Unlucky D. Unluckily
解析:我们可用“句意分析法”解答此题。lucky形容词，意为“幸运的”; luckily副词，意为“幸运地”;unlucky形容词，意为“不幸的”;unluckily副词，意为“不幸地”。由前句句意“昨天在新华路上发生了一起车祸”及空格后句意“没有人受伤”可知答题空处应表示“很幸运”，且此处应用副词作状语,故选B。 答案:B
现在完成时（1）
1.现在完成时的用法
A. 表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止，可能仍然在进行。常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。
如：Mike borrowed the book two days ago. (两天前借了书，但是现在有没有还不知道)
Mike has kept the book for two days. (借了这本书两天，这本书还在麦克那里)
He has taught here since 1981. （可能还要继续教）
I haven't seen her for four years. （我已经四年没有见过她了。）
B．表示过去某时发生的行为对主语目前产生的影响。即用过去发生的某个行为来说明现在的某种情况。
如：She has gone.
(她走了，这里可看出”走“的动作时过去发生的，而对现在造成的结果她不在这里了。)
We are good friends. (现在的情况）
I knew him in 1997.（过去的动作）
We have known each other since 1997.（现在完成时把过去动作和现在联系起来并着眼于现在）
(3)表示到现在为止多次发生的动作。
He has watched the film twice.这部电影他已经看过两遍了。
My grandfather has told me the story several times.我爷爷已经把这个故事给我讲了好几遍了。
2.现在完成时的构成
(1)肯定句:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词+其他.
I have cleaned the blackboard.我擦了黑板了。
(2)否定句:主语+haven't/hasn't+动词的过去分词+其他.
I haven't cleaned the blackboard.我没有擦黑板。
注：有时not可以用never代替，表示“从来没有”的意思。
(3)- 般疑问句: Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词+其他?
肯定回答: Yes,主语+have/has. 否定回答: No,主语+haven't/hasn't.
-Have you cleaned the blackboard?你擦黑板了吗?
-Yes,I have.是的,我擦了。---No,I haven't没有，我没擦。
注意：当句中有否定词not, hardly（几乎不）, never的时候，在改为反意疑问句时，附加部分用肯定形式。
例如：You have never come to our school, have you? 你以前从来没有来过我们学校，是吗？
[拓展] 主语是第三人称单数时用has,其他人称用have。
Tom has heard from his father twice this month.汤姆这个月已收到了他爸爸的两次来信。
We have already cleaned our classroom.我们已经打扫了教室。
4.动词的过去分词的构成
(1)规则动词过去分词的构成。
a.一般动词，在词尾加-ed。如:play-played, finish- finished
b.以e结尾的动词，在词尾加-d。如:live lived, like liked
C.以据音字母加y结尾的动间，变y为i，再加-ed。如: carry-- carried, hurry-- hurried
d.以“一个元音字母+一个辅音字母”结尾的重读闭音节动词，双写该辅音字母,然后加-ed。如: stop- -stopped, mop mopped
(2)不规则动词的过去分词，可逐个背诵记忆。当然，也可从不规则中找到一些规则。
a.没有变化的: come -come ，cut --cut
b.改变元音字母: begin- -begun, swim-- swum
c.改变辅音字母: build built, lend- -lent
d.元音和辅音均改变的: tell- told, teach taught
e.添加部分字母: be -been draw- -drawn
f.其他: have -had, fly- - flown
4.与现在完成时连用的时间状语
a.用副词already和yet
already一般用于肯定句中，yet一般用于否定句和疑问句中。 yet用于疑问句，表示“已经”；用于否定句，表示“还”。
如：We have already finished our homework.我们已完成作业了。
They haven’t finished their homework yet.他们还没有完成作业。
Have you finished your homework yet? 你已经完成你的家庭作业了吗？
b.用ever 和never。多用于否定或疑问句中，表示“曾经”或“从未“等。
如：---Have you ever been to the Great Wall?
---I have never been to the Great Wall.
c.用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语，如recently, just, before, up to now, the past few years等
I have seen her before, but I can not remember where.
He has been there three times the last few days.
I haven’t eaten Guangdong food before．我以前没吃过广东菜。
d.用包括“现在”在内的时间状语，如：now, today, this morning (month, year, term)等。
如：--Have you met him today? -No, I haven’t.
How many times have you been there this year?
5.现在完成时的句型
a. It is the first / second/… time that+从句（从句用现在完成时）
It is the first time that she has visited the city. 这是她第一次参观这座城市。
b.This is the +形容词最高级+名词 that +从句（从句用现在完成时）
This is the best film that I’ve (ever) seen. 这是我曾看过的最好电影。
I must say that it's the best model I have ever seen. 这是我玩过的最有趣的游戏。
c. It’s +一段时间+since从句(或It has been +一段时间+since从句).
自从某事发生已有一段时间了。
It is /has been two years since my brother joined the army.
It’s over twenty years since we last met.
It’s a long time since our last vacation.
6.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
现在完成时与一般过去时都表示“动作已经发生”，但不同点在于：
现在完成时强调这一动作与现在的关系，即对现在产生的结果、影响等，
而一般过去时只表示过去的事实，不表示和现在的关系。
He has learned French for three years.他学法语已经三年了。
He learned French for three years.他曾经学过三年法语。
Who has taken my bag? I couldn’t find it.谁拿走了我的包？我找不到了？
He cleaned the house yesterday.他昨天打扫过房间。
The room is clean, for he has cleaned it already.房间很干净，因为他已经打扫过了。
现在完成时不可与表示过去的时间副词连用，而一般过去时则可以。
He has done some washing.
He did some washing yesterday. 他昨天洗衣服了。
Grammar
19、I have already read this book many times. 这本书我已经读过许多遍了。（P 12）
time此处表示“次数”,是可数名词。英语中“一次”用once表达，“两次”用twice表达，从三次开始用“基数词+times”表达。
例如：We watch TV four times a week.
[拓展] time还可用作不可数名词，意为“时间”。
I don't have enough time.我没有足够的时间。
注意
“一次”用once表示，“两次”用twice表示，从三次开始用“基数词+times”表示。
2. They have finished their homework already.他们已经完成了家庭作业。( 教材第14页)
finish此处用作及物动词， 意为“结束，完成”，后接名词、代词或动名词。它也可以作不及物动词。
Have you finished doing your homework yet?你做完家庭作业了吗? ( 及物动词)
Classes start at eight and finish at half past eleven.8点开始上课,11点半结束。(不及物动词)
3 John has never visited China.约翰从未到访过中国。(教材第14页)
never 副词，意为“从未;决不;从不”,本身县有否定意义。通常置于实义动词之前，连系动词be、助动词或情态动词之后。
The husband has never realized his mistake.这位丈夫从没意识到他的错误。
Lily never tells jokes.莉莉从不讲笑话。
[拓展]
①never可以放在表“命令”的祈使句的句首。
Never tell lies.永远不要说谎。
②never表示的否定意味比not强。
She never goes to work late.她上班从不迟到。
中考.链接
Bob dislikes coffee，so he almost_______drinks it.
A. often B. always C. never D. ever
20、My parents haven’t come back yet. （P 14）
yet 副词，意为“还，仍;已经”，常用在否定句或疑问句中，通常位于句末。yet 常用于现在完成时，表示某事还未发生或某种情况还没有开始出现，或询问某种情况是否已经发生。
The young man hasn't got married yet.这个小伙子还没结婚呢。
Has the factory improved the situation yet?这家工厂已经改进了那种情况吗?
[拓展] already副词，意为“已经”，常用于助动词之后、实义动词之前，也可用于句末。常用于肯定句。有时也可用于疑问句句末，表示惊讶。
He has already written two novels.他已经写了两本小说。
Have you received his letter already?你已经收到他的信了?
5(1)Have you seen any films recently, Sandy?桑迪，你最近(1)看过电影吗?(教材第14页)
recently副词， 意为 自意“近来， 最近”。recently一般不用于一般现在时的句子中recently常用于现在完成时的句子中，指最近的一段时间。
I haven't seen his teacher recently.我最近没看到他的老师。
[拓展] recent 形容词，意为“最近的”。
Can you say anything about your recent work?你能说一下你最近的工作情况吗?
6. It's about the changes in Beijing over the past century.它是关于上世纪北京的变化的。( 教材第14页)
past此处用作形容词， 意为“过去的”，在名词前作定语。
in past years在过去的岁月
over the past ten years在过去的10年间?
[拓展]①past作名词，意为“过去”。in the past意为“在过去，以前”。
We lived in an old house in the past.在过去,我们住在一所旧房子里。
②past作介词，意为“经过”。
We walked past a post office.我们走过了一家邮局。
③past作介词，意为“晚于; .....之后”。
It is half past ten.现在是10点半。
④past作副词，意为“(从旁边)经过”。
I heard her singing in the room when I walked past.我经过时听到她正在房间里唱歌。
7 From this film, I (3) have learnt more about Beijing's past and present.从这部影片中我(3)了解了更多北京的过去和现在。(教材第14页)
present 此处用作不可数名词，意为“现在，目前”。at present意为“目前，现在”。
I have known something about his present, but I don't know anything about his past.我已经知道了他的现在，但我不知道任何有关他过去的情况。I hope that everything goes well at present.我希望目前一切顺利。
[拓展]
①present还可用作可数名词，意为“礼物”。
The husband has given his wife a beautiful present.丈夫已经给了妻子一个漂亮的礼物。
②present还可用作形容词，意为“目前的，现在的”，在名词前作定语。
We have realized that the present situation is very good.我们已经认识到现在的形势很好。
21、Oh, I think I have heard about the film. 哦，我想我(4)听说过这部电影。（P 14）
hear about意为“听说（关于某人或某物）”，hear of“听说”，hear from“收到……的来信”相当于receive a letter from。
例如：I have never heard about him.
Do you hear of the movie star?
I hear from my mother every month.
22、Do you plan to see it?（P 14）
plan ( planning, planned, planned ) 此处用作及物动词，意为“计划，打算”,plan to do sth.意为“打算做某事”
Do you plan to go to the party?你打算去那个聚会吗?
[拓展] plan还可用作可数名词，意为“计划”make a plan for...意为“制订一个....的计划”。
Have you made your weekend plan?你做周末计划了吗?
中考，链接
We only planned______ the play for an hour,but in the end,we stayed for three hours
A.Watch B.watches C. to watch D.watched
解析:我们可用“固定搭做某事”解答此题，答案: C
10 .Yes,I’d like to是的，我想看。(教材第14页)
would like 意为“想要”，在意思上相当于want,但在语气上比want委婉，常用于口语中。would 是情态动词，没有人称和数的变化。
Would like主要有以下用法:
①would like sth.想要某物。
I would like some apples.我想要些苹果。
②would like to do sth.想要做某事。
The reporter wanted to have an interview with the famous singer.
那名记者想采访那位著名的歌手。
③would like sb. to do sth.想要某人做某事。
The wife would like her husband to improve his heath妻子想让她的丈夫改善他的健康状况。
[拓展]
①"Would you like sh?"的肯定回答常用"Yes, please.",否定回答常用“No, thanks."
一Would you like some iced tea?你想喝点儿冰茶吗?Yes, please./ No, thanks.
好的，请来一点儿。不，谢谢。
Integrated skills
1 Transport交通工具(教材第15页)
transport此处用作不可数名词，意为“交通车辆,运输工具”。
They had no transport then. 他们那时没有交通工具。
[拓展]常见的交通工具有:
bus公共汽车 plane飞机 train火车
ship轮船 car汽车 bike自行车
underground地铁 taxi出租车
21、Today I borrowed a book about Starlight Town’s past and present.（P 16）今天，我借了-本关于星光城的过去和现在的书
borrow表示“借进来”，常用结构为“borrow sth. from sb.”“向某人借某物”；lend和borrow相对，表示“借出去”常用结构为“lend sb. sth.或者lend sth. to sb.”表示“借给某人某物”。
例如： He borrowed a car from his friend. 他从他朋友那里借了辆车。
Can you lend me some money?
=Can you lend some money to me? 你能借我些钱吗？
辨析: borrow, lend与keep
三者都可用作及物动词，含有“借”之意，但用法不同。
助记
borrow, lend与keep用“借”有规则，先看执行者。“借入”用borrow,“借出”用lend。如果用keep,表示“借多久”。
borrow
非延续性动词
意为“借，借来”，表示主语向某人或从某处借来某物
borrow sth. from...从...借来某物
lend
非延续性动词
意为“借出，借给”，表示主语将某物借给某人
lend sb. sth. = lend sth to sb.借给某人某物
keep
延续性动词
表示“借”时,指“借来并保存”
keep sth for ...借某物多长时间
3.I hope I can visit again我希望我能再次梦观座城镇。(较材第16页)
hope此处用作及物动调，意为“看望，常见用法有:
①"hope that从句”意为“希.....
I hope that you will join us tomorrow.我希望明天你会加入我们。
2.hope to do sth.意为“希望做某事”。
We hope to move to the northern part of the city.我们希望搬到城北。
注意
①hope不能接动词不定式作宾语补足语，即不能说hope sb to do sth.。
②若hope后接的宾语从句的主语与主句主语一致，可改为hope to do sth.这一结构。
We hope we can find a parking space.= We hope to find a parking space.我们希望能找到一个停车位。
③I hope so.(希望如此)/I hope not.(但愿不会)用于应答。
----Do you think the condition will become worse?你觉得情况会更糟糕吗?-I hope not.但愿不会。
一Will you be back before dark? 天黑前你能回来吗?一I hope so.希望如此。
22、She’s just returned from the USA.（P 16）
这里的return表示“返回”，相当于go back,后面接表示地点的名词时要加介词to；return from...意为“.....回来”;return to +地点名词”意为“回到某地”，若接地点副词，则要去掉介词to。另外return还可以作及物动词，表示“归还”，return sth. to sb.“归还某人某物”。
例如：He returned home late last night.
Please return the book to the library on time.
注意： return不可与back连用。
At last, he returned to his hometown.最后，他回到了他的家乡。
He returned home from work at 6 p. m. yesterday.他昨天下午6点下班回家。
23、When did you last see each other.你们上次见面是在什么时候? （P 16）
last 此处用作副词，意为“最近，上一次”。last既可位于实义动词之前，也可位于实义动词之后。
I last went to the factory five years ago.= I went to the factory last five years ago.我上次是5年前到那家工厂去的。
[拓展]①last用作形容词，意为“刚过去的;最后的”。
The man got married last week.那个人上周结的婚。
Do you know the last person to get to the finishing line?你认识那个最后到达终点的人吗?
②last用作名词，意为“最后来的人或发生的事”。
He is always the last to get to school.他总是最后一个到学校。
③last用作不及物动词，意为“持续，延续”。
The hot weather lasted until September.炎热的天气一直持续到了9月份。
4、She went abroad with her parents.她与父母一起出国了（P 16）
abroad是副词，意为“在国外，到国外”，前面不加介词。
be/go/live/travel abroad在国外/出国/居住在国外/到国外旅行
She used to work abroad for a year.她曾在国外工作了一年。
16、So how do you keep in touch with each other?那你们是如何保持联系的呢?（P 16）
keep in touch意为“保持联系”。keep in touch with sb.“和某人保持联系”，还可用stay in touch ( with.. )来表达。get in touch with sb.“同某人取得联系”。
例如： Did you get in touch with him?
17、We mainly communicate by email我们主要通过电子邮件交流。（P 16）
communicate 此处用作不及物动词，意为“交流，交际”，communicate with sb."与某人交流”。
If you have time, you can communicate with him.如果你有时间，你可以跟他交流一下。
[拓展]①communicate还可用作及物动词,意为“传送;传达(新闻、意见或情感等)”,后接名词或代词。
The little boy can't communicate his ideas clearly.这个小男孩表达不清自己的观点。
②communicate的名词形式是communication, 意为“交流，交际”。have communication with sb.意为“与某人交流”。
Teenagers should have communication with their parents.青少年应该和父母交流。
9. The Internet makes communication much easier.互联网使交流更方便了。(教材第16页)
make sth./sb. + adj. 意为“使某物/某....”此处形容词作宾语补足语。
The condition there made their life more difficult.那儿的情况让他们的生活更困难。
10. Exactly.-点儿不错。(教材第16页)
exactly用作副词， 意为“正是，没错”，多用于答语。
一The primary school is very beautiful.这所小学很漂亮。
Study skills
9、The new shopping mall is a good place to have fun.（P 17）
① have fun“玩得开心”，have fun (in)doing sth.“做某事很开心”。
例如：My mother often have fun (in) cooking.
[拓展]“玩得高兴”还可用have a good/great/象 wonderful time，enjoy oneself等来表达。
The children had fun in the park.
= The children had a great time in the park.
= The children enjoyed themselves in the park.孩子们在公园里玩得很高兴。
(2)动词不定式短语作定语句中动词不定式短语 to have fun作定语，修饰place。动词不定式短语作后置定语，可修饰名词、复合不定代词等。
Simon is always the first student to clean the room.西蒙总是第一个打扫房间的学生。
I have something to tell you.我有一些事情要告诉你。
例如：She is always the first student to come to school.
2、A river runs through the centre of town.一条河流穿过城镇中心。（P 17）
through 此处用作介词，意为“穿过，通过”,through着重指从空间内部穿过；across强调从表面穿过。
例如：The sunshine comes in through the window.
He is running across the road.
[拓展] through 用作介词，还可意为“自始至终,从头到尾”。
We all know that frogs sleep through the winter.我们都知道青蛙冬眠。
3 The new park in the town centre looks beautiful.城镇中心的新公园看起来很漂亮。(教材第17页)
look 此处用作连系动词，意为“看起来”，后面常接形容词作表语。
The girl looks very lonely. No one plays with her.女孩看上去很孤独，没有人跟她玩。
[拓展]
①与look用法类似的连系动词还有smell ( .....气味)， taste ( .....味道)，sound (听起来) ,feel (摸起来，感到) ,它们后接形容词作表语。
The music sounds wonderful.这音乐听起来真美妙。
②look还可用作不及物动词，意为“看”， look at意为“看....
Please look at the blackboard.请看黑板。
中考.链接
The pizza looks________ . It is my favourite.
A.lovely B.sweetly C. softly D. healthily
4 Life is getting better in some ways.在某种程度上生活变得更好了。(教材第 17页)
get 此处用作连系动词，意为“变得”，后接形容词作表语。
Winter is coming. It is getting cold.冬天来了。天气变冷了。
His uncle got angry.他的叔叔变得生气了。
[拓展]
①get作及物动词，意为“买”，相当于buy。
I must get some fruit in the market.我得在市场上买些水果。
②get作及物动词，意为“获得，取得”。
I'll get something to eat before I go out.我出去之前要找点儿东西吃。
③get作及物动词，意为“患(病) ,得(病)”。
He has got a bad cold.他得了重感冒。
④get作及物动词，意为“取来;处理”。
Don't answer the telephone. I'll get it.别接电话,我来接。
⑤get作不及物动词，意为“到达，抵达”。常用短语get home到家，get here到这里，get there到那里。若跟名词，则用“get to+地点”。
She got there at six.她6点钟到了那里。
When we got to the station, the bus was waiting.当我们到达车站时，公共汽车正在等着
⑥get构成的常见短语:
get on上(车) get off下(车)
get up起床 get back拿回，取回
get married结婚 get away逃跑，离开
get lost迷路 get dressed穿衣服
get angry生气 get ready for为...作准备
5.It is not easy to get used to the changes of life quickly.很快适应生活的变化不容易。(教材第17页)
辨析:be used to do sth.get/be used to (doing sth, used to do
get/be used to (doing sth,
习惯于(做)某事，适应(做)某事
to为介词，后接名词、代词或v ing形式
used to do
过去常常做某事，曾经做某事，含有现在不做的意思
Used to 后接动词原形
be used to do sth
被用来做某事，此为被动结构
与be used for doing sth 同意
3、Now I go to school by bus on my own.现在我独自乘公共汽车去上学。（P 17）
on one's own 意为“独自;独立”，通常在句中作状语，相当于by oneself或alone。
He went abroad on his own. = He went abroad by himself/alone.他独自去了国外。
Sandy worked out the problem on her own.
= Sandy worked out the problem by herself/alone.桑迪自己解决了这个问题。
[拓展]
①own用作形容词，意为“自己的”。
This is my own computer. My father bought it yesterday这是我自己的电脑，父亲昨天买的。
②own用作及物动词，意为拥有"Tony owns a big factory.托尼拥有一家大工厂。
③own常构成短语of one’s own,意为“某人自己的”。
I want to have a car of my om = I want to have my own car.我想拥有我自己的车。
④owner名词，意为“物主，所有人”Are you the owner of the car?你是这辆车的主人吗?
22、I have to spend more time on my homework than before.我不得不花费比以前更多的时间来做作业（P 17）
spend一般用某人来作主语，表示“（某人）花费…，付出…”，也能指花费时间或金钱，指时间时常与in doing sth搭配，in常常省略。指金钱时常与on搭配。例如：
We spent two days (in) repairing this machine.
Mr. Lee spends $20 on books every month.
辨析:spend, cost, take与pay
spend(s)+时间+ on主语是人
①spend+时间+on sth./ ( in )doing sth. 花费时间
?spend(s)+金 钱+on sth./ (on ) doing sth.
cost主语是物 Sth. cost(s) ( sb. ) some money. 花费金钱
take 主语通常是it It takes sb. some time to do sth. 花费时间
Pay 主语是人①pay for sth. 为某物支付钱
②pay sb. for sth. 付金钱给某人买某物
[拓展] spend 用作及物动词时,还意为“度过”,spend time with sb.“与某人共度时光”。
I want to spend more time with my family.我想和家人度过更多时光。
中考链接 根据句意或句子的语法要求，用括号中所给单词的适当形式填空。
Millie spends about two hours______( finish )her homework every day.
解析:我们可用“固定搭配法”解答此题。two hours为时间, spend some time ( in) doing sth. :意为“花费时间做某事”，故填finishing。答案: finishing
Task
1、large open spaces 很大的空地（P 18）
open 此处用作形容词，意为“开阔的，未围上的”。open space意为“开阔的空地”
the open fields空旷的田野the open sea公海 in the open air在户外。
例如：
the open country 开阔的乡村
另外，open作形容词，还可以表示“开着的”，动词close的形容词形式是closed“关闭的”。
例如：
The door is open. Please close it.
[拓展] open还可用作动词，意为“开，打开”。
Jack opened the window.杰克打开了窗户。
2、green trees on both sides （P 18）
on both sides of the road表示“在路的两边”，on each/either side of the road“在路的每一边”，这里要注意side的单复数问题。
例如：
There are a lot of buildings on each/either side of the road.
Now people are enjoying a comfortable life.现在人们正享受舒适的生活。(教材第18页)
(1)enjoy此处用作及 物动词，意为“享受，喜欢”，后常接名词或代词作宾语，表示“享受/喜.....”enjoy doing sth. 意为“喜欢做某事”。enjoy oneself意为“玩得高兴”，相当于have a good time。注意enjoy后的反身代词应在人称和数上与enjoy的主语保持致。
They enjoy Chinese food very much.他们非常喜欢中国食物。
The concert was wonderful. They all enjoyed it.音乐会非常精彩,他们都很喜欢(它)。
中考●链接
Some people enjoy______out their messages in bottles when they travel on the sea.
A.to send B. send C. sending D. sent
( 2 ) enjoy a/an..life 意为“享受...的生活”。
The husband and his wife were enjoying a happy life after they got married.这夫妻俩婚后正过着幸福的生活。
[拓展] live a/an..life意为“过着...的生活”。
My grandfather used to live a poor life.我爷爷过去过着贫穷的生活。
3、Moreover, mobile phones make communication easier now. 此外，现在(10)手机使交流更容易了（P 19）
这里的moreover是副词，表示“而且，再者”。
例如：
The price of the house is too high; moreover, it is too old.
The man likes communicating with others. More-over, he often keeps in touch with others through the Internet.这个人喜欢跟别人交流，而且，他经常通过网络与别人保持联系。