2020届江苏高考英语考前阅读理解解题技巧点拨(教案和学案)

中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
2020届江苏高考英语考前阅读理解解题技巧点拨
《江苏高考英语考试说明》中就阅读理解对考生列出了七个方面的能力要求，在试卷中具体以下列四种题型出现：细节理解题、推理判断题(对文章作者观点态度、对写作意图、对文章结构、文章的出处乃至文章的续写等的推理判断)、词义猜测题(包括对代词的指代意义、词组和句子意义的猜测)。
阅读理解题是先看题目还是先看文章，各有各的长处，没有什么特别的优劣之分。
先文后题：即先浏览文章，然后看问题，最后再通过精读文章来解答问题。这是考生常用的按部就班的阅读方式，其特点是有利于考生把握文章的主旨和作者的态度。但采用这种阅读方式的考生往往阅读速度较慢，因此难以在阅读时积极主动地预测文章内容。先题后文：即先将问题看一遍，然后带着问题去浏览文章，最后答题。其特点是针对性强，节省答题时间，比较适用于解答事实性和细节性的问题，但是解答主旨性和推断性问题的效果不明显。
不管你采用那种方式，一般都有下列两种解题步骤：
①阅读文章→快速读题→标出题眼(题目以及备选项中的关键词)→定位信息→确定答案→复查验证。
②快速读题→标出题眼(题目以及备选项中的关键词)→阅读文章→定位信息→确定答案→复查验证。
解答阅读理解的最基本原则——忠于原文。其蕴含的解题规律是：读文时，要透彻理解文意，充分从文中获取信息，这就是信息检索过程；做题时，要依据题目设问并结合选项，对所检索出来的信息进行整理、分析，这是对信息进行思维加工的过程。通过“检索”找到答题根源，通过“加工”判定正确选项。
细节理解题解题技巧
细节理解题常分为直接信息题和间接信息题。所谓直接信息题就是可以在原文中直接找到答案的细节题，常用who,
what,
when,
where,
why和how等疑问词提问，这类试题主要考查原文中的时间、地点、人物等信息。间接信息题相对于直接信息题要难些，因为此类题目的正确选项都经过了命题人对原文相关信息的语义转换，两者存在表达上的差异。考生不能从原文中直接找出正确答案，而要对原文信息稍加归纳才能得出正确答案。
1.直接信息理解题——题文比对速判定
在解答直接信息题时，考生可以采取“关键词定位法”，即“带着问题找答案”。先从题干中提取关键性词语(题眼)，然后以此为线索，运用略读及寻读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此关键词相关的段落、语句，快速定位该题与哪一段哪一句有关，然后仔细推敲，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定答案。解题流程图如下：
2.间接信息理解题——二次加工慎判定
为了更好地考查考生的思维品质和文化意识，命题人往往会对具体细节信息加以修饰或掩盖，以间接的方式来考查考生。如果说直接信息理解题是直来直去考，那么间接信息理解题则是拐弯抹角考。直接信息理解题检索出信息就可得出答案，而间接信息理解题需对检索出的信息进行二次加工才能得出答案。
推理判断题解题技巧
1.根据特定信息进行推断
　有些简单的推理判断题，可根据题干提供的信息，到原文中去抓关键信息，然后进行分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。
In
yet
another
example,
a
fascination
with
the
new
has
led
people
to
believe
that
the
recent
changes
in
the
technologies
of
communications
and
transportation
are
so
revolutionary
that
now
we
live
in
a
“borderless
world”.
As
a
result,
in
the
last
twenty
years
or
so,
many
people
have
come
to
believe
that
whatever
change
is
happening
today
is
the
result
of
great
technological
progress,
going
against
which
will
be
like
trying
to
turn
the
clock
back.
Believing
in
such
a
world,
many
governments
have
put
an
end
to
some
of
the
very
necessary
regulations
on
cross?border
flows
of
capital,
labour
and
goods,
with
poor
results.
63.
What
has
led
many
governments
to
remove
necessary
regulations?
A.
Neglecting
the
impacts
of
technological
advances.
B.
Believing
that
the
world
has
become
borderless.
C.
Ignoring
the
power
of
economic
development.
D.
Over?emphasizing
the
role
of
international
communication.
2.整合全文/全段信息进行推断
有些推理判断题，很难从某一句话或某几句话推断出其含义，这时就需要在理解全文(段)意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，从而确定最佳结论。
When
the
team
examined
the
results
of
the
experiment
more
closely,
they
noticed
that
the
monkeys
tended
to
underestimate(低估)a
sum
compared
with
a
single
symbol
when
the
two
were
close
in
value
—
sometimes
choosing,
for
example,
a
13
over
the
sum
of
8
and
6.
The
underestimation
was
systematic:
When
adding
two
numbers,
the
monkeys
always
paid
attention
to
the
larger
of
the
two,
and
then
added
only
a
fraction(小部分)of
the
smaller
number
to
it.
34.
What
did
Livingstone’s
team
find
about
the
monkeys?
A.
They
could
perform
basic
addition.
B.
They
could
understand
simple
words.
C.
They
could
memorize
numbers
easily.
D.
They
could
hold
their
attention
for
long.
3.根据上下文的逻辑推断得出结论
逻辑推论是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论。解答这类题的前提是获取文章的主题思想或列举的具体事实，然后按题目的要求进行推断。
If
you
want
to
disturb
the
car
industry,
you’d
better
have
a
few
billion
dollars:
Mom
and
pop
carmakers
are
unlikely
to
beat
the
biggest
car
companies.
But
in
agriculture,
small
farmers
can
get
the
best
of
the
major
players.
By
connecting
directly
with
customers,
and
by
responding
quickly
to
changes
in
the
markets
as
well
as
in
the
ecosystems(生态系统),
small
farmers
can
keep
one
step
ahead
of
the
big
guys.
As
the
co-founder
of
the
National
Young
Farmers
Coalition(NYFC,
美国青年农会)and
a
family
farmer
myself,
I
have
a
front
row
seat
to
the
innovations
among
small
farmers
that
are
transforming
the
industry.
For
example,
take
the
Quick
Cut
Greens
Harvester,
a
tool
developed
just
a
couple
of
years
ago
by
a
young
farmer,
Jonathan
Dysinger,
in
Tennessee,
with
a
small
loan
from
a
local
Slow
Money
group.
It
enables
small-scale
farmers
to
harvest
175
pounds
of
green
vegetables
per
hour—a
huge
improvement
over
harvesting
just
a
few
dozen
pounds
by
hand
—
suddenly
making
it
possible
for
the
little
guys
to
compete
with
large
farms
of
California.
Before
the
tool
came
out,
small
farmers
couldn’t
touch
the
price
per
pound
offered
by
California
farms.
But
now,
with
the
combination
of
a
better
price
point
and
a
generally
fresher
product,
they
can
stay
in
business.
62.
What
does
the
author
want
to
illustrate
with
the
example
in
paragraph
2?
A.
Loans
to
small
local
farmers
are
necessary.
B.
Technology
is
vital
for
agricultural
development.
C.
Competition
between
small
and
big
farms
is
fierce.
D.
Small
farmers
may
gain
some
advantages
over
big
ones.
4.利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断
文章是作者抒发感情、表达观点的一种方式。因此，很多文章，尤其是记叙文和议论文，其语境都有一定的褒贬性，这种褒贬性反映了主人公的特定心理和情绪状态以及作者的写作意图。利用好文章的语境褒贬性就能在把握主旨的基础上对文章进行准确地逻辑判断。找出反映语境褒贬性及变化的标志性词汇或句子，对掌握文章主旨大意、了解主人公的心理特点及发展变化，从而正确地进行逻辑推断很有用处。
During
the
rosy
years
of
elementary
school,
I
enjoyed
sharing
my
dolls
and
jokes,
which
allowed
me
to
keep
my
high
social
status.
I
was
the
queen
of
the
playground.
Then
came
my
tweens
and
teens,
and
mean
girls
and
cool
kids.
They
rose
in
the
ranks
not
by
being
friendly
but
by
smoking
cigarettes,
breaking
rules
and
playing
jokes
on
others,
among
whom
I
soon
found
myself.
32.
What
sort
of
girl
was
the
author
in
her
early
years
of
elementary
school?
A.
Unkind.　　　　　　B.
Lonely.
C.
Generous.
D.
Cool.
5.根据文章体裁和内容推断文章出处
判断文章出处的题目应从文章的体裁和内容着手。一般来说，报纸上的新闻前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称等；广告类文章因其格式特殊，容易辨认；产品说明类文章如器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等；来自网络的文章一般比较新颖，时效性强。
As
data
and
identity
theft
becomes
more
and
more
common,
the
market
is
growing
for
biometric(生物测量)technologies—like
fingerprint
scans—to
keep
others
out
of
private
e?spaces.
At
present,
these
technologies
are
still
expensive,
though.
Researchers
from
Georgia
Tech
say
that
they
have
come
up
with
a
low?cost
device(装置)that
gets
around
this
problem:
a
smart
keyboard
...
It
also
doesn’t
require
a
new
type
of
technology
that
people
aren’t
already
familiar
with.
Everybody
uses
a
keyboard
and
everybody
types
differently.
In
a
study
describing
the
technology,
the
researchers
had
100
volunteers
type
the
word
“touch”
four
times
using
the
smart
keyboard
...
31.
Where
is
this
text
most
likely
from?
A.
A
diary.
B.
A
guidebook.
C.
A
novel.
D.
A
magazine.
6.根据作者的思想倾向和感彩推断观点态度
所谓作者的观点和态度，就是表达作者对某个话题、行为、事件的看法、感觉或判断。作者的观点和态度一般分为三大类：支持、赞同、乐观；客观、中立；反对、批评、怀疑、悲观。作者的这种思想倾向和感彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措词，尤其是表达感彩的形容词或副词。
The
problem
of
robocalls
has
gotten
so
bad
that
many
people
now
refuse
to
pick
up
calls
from
numbers
they
don’t
know.
By
next
year,
half
of
the
calls
we
receive
will
be
scams(欺诈).
We
are
finally
waking
up
to
the
severity
of
the
problem
by
supporting
and
developing
a
group
of
tools,
apps
and
approaches
intended
to
prevent
scammers
from
getting
through.
Unfortunately,
it’s
too
little,
too
late.
By
the
time
these
“solutions”(解决方案)become
widely
available,
scammers
will
have
moved
onto
cleverer
means.
In
the
near
future,
it’s
not
just
going
to
be
the
number
you
see
on
your
screen
that
will
be
in
doubt.
Soon
you
will
also
question
whether
the
voice
you’re
hearing
is
actually
real.
38.
How
does
the
author
feel
about
the
solutions
to
the
problem
of
robocalls?
A.
Panicked.
B.
Confused.
C.
Embarrassed.
D.
Disappointed.
7.理解通篇大意，把握写作意图
　做写作意图题时，考生应对整篇文章有完整、准确的理解，从总体上把握文章的主题，善于抓住文中的关键词或关键句。同时，还应对文章的引申含义进行分析，整合与题目相关的信息，综合起来去把握写作意图，确定最佳结论。
If
you
want
to
disturb
the
car
industry,
you’d
better
have
a
few
billion
dollars:
Mom?and?pop
carmakers
are
unlikely
to
beat
the
biggest
car
companies.But
in
agriculture,
small
farmers
can
get
the
best
of
the
major
players.By
connecting
directly
with
customers,
and
by
responding
quickly
to
changes
in
the
markets
as
well
as
in
the
ecosystems(生态系统),
small
farmers
can
keep
one
step
ahead
of
the
big
guys.As
the
co?founder
of
the
National
Young
Farmers
Coalition(NYFC，美国青年农会)and
a
family
farmer
myself,
I
have
a
front?row
seat
to
the
innovations
among
small
farmers
that
are
transforming
the
industry.
61.
The
author
mentions
car
industry
at
the
beginning
of
the
passage
to
introduce
_______.
A.
the
progress
made
in
car
industry
B.
a
special
feature
of
agriculture
C.
a
trend
of
development
in
agriculture
D.
the
importance
of
investing
in
car
industry
主旨大意题解题技巧
主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生容易失分的题目，因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。此类题型一般在文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。所以，遇到主旨大意题时切勿草率作答，一定要读完读通文章后再做判定，建议考生把此类题放到最后来做。此类题目可分为三大类，即标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。
1.寻找主题句
主题句往往出现在文章的首段或尾段，偶尔也会出现在文章中间的某一段。但是最麻烦的是哪一段都没有出现主题句。不过不用着急，因为每个段落都围绕一个主题来写，我们可以找出每段的主题句，弄清每个段落主要讲了什么内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后对各个段落的主题句进行归纳和提炼，从而概括出文章的主题或中心思想。
Attending
college
can
be
expensive,
and
applying
to
college
can
be
costly
as
well.
With
today’s
college
application
fees
averaging
around
$80,
you
can
expect
to
spend
hundreds
of
dollars
on
college
before
you
are
even
accepted
into
a
school.
One
of
the
easiest
ways
to
save
money
on
college
application
fees
before
you
begin
applying
is
to
narrow
down
your
list
of
schools.
To
save
money,
try
to
limit
the
schools
to
which
you
apply
to
about
2－3
reach
schools
and
2－3
safety
schools.
At
some
schools,
being
a
relative
of
a
graduate
can
secure
you
a
free
application.
If
you
are
applying
to
a
school
where
one
of
your
parents
or
grandparents
is
a
former
graduate,
check
to
see
if
you’re
qualified
for
it.
Research
the
preferred
method
of
applying
for
each
school
on
your
list.
Some
schools
offer
free
online
applications,
yet
charge
a
fee
for
paper
submissions.
This
is
because
online
applications
save
schools
the
cost
of
employing
a
staff
member
to
physically
enter
the
application
information.
Several
states,
such
as
Michigan
and
North
Carolina,
take
part
in
College
Application
Week,
where
many
schools
in
the
participating
states
cancel
their
application
fee
for
the
week.
Be
sure
to
contact
the
schools
to
which
you
are
applying
to
see
if
they
participate
in
College
Application
Week
and
when
the
program
takes
place
in
that
state.
Apply
for
early
admission.
If
you
have
already
decided
on
which
college
is
your
top
choice,
consider
applying
under
an
Early
Action
or
Early
Decision
admission
program.
If
you
are
accepted,
you
won’t
have
to
submit
application
fees
to
other
schools.
For
more
information
regarding
college
applications
and
the
fees
associated
with
them,
contact
your
high
school
advisor
or
the
admissions
department
at
your
school(s)of
interest.
The
passage
is
mainly
written
to
_______.
A.
introduce
famous
universities
in
the
United
States
B.
show
some
practical
ways
to
apply
an
ideal
college
C.
advertise
for
successful
applications
and
advisors
D.
offer
tips
to
save
money
on
college
application
fees
2.梳理故事的主线
记叙文通常讲述一个有趣的故事或是某人一段刻骨铭心的经历。记叙文类文章都有一个主线，全文围绕这个主线组织材料。如果考生能够找到全文的主线，理清故事的人物以及故事发生的时间、地点、经过和最终的结果，就能概括出文章的大意。考生应从分析文章的结构入手，把握全文的主线，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系，最后归纳出文章的主旨大意。
Arriving
in
Sydney
on
his
own
from
India,
my
husband,
Rashid,
stayed
in
a
hotel
for
a
short
time
while
looking
for
a
house
for
me
and
our
children.
During
the
first
week
of
his
stay,
he
went
out
one
day
to
do
some
shopping.
He
came
back
in
the
late
afternoon
to
discover
that
his
suitcase
was
gone.
He
was
extremely
worried
as
the
suitcase
had
all
his
important
papers,
including
his
passport.
He
reported
the
case
to
the
police
and
then
sat
there，lost
and
lonely
in
a
strange
city,
thinking
of
the
terrible
troubles
of
getting
all
the
paperwork
organised
again
from
a
distant
country
while
trying
to
settle
down
in
a
new
one.
Late
in
the
evening,
the
phone
rang.
It
was
a
stranger.
He
was
trying
to
pronounce
my
husband’s
name
and
was
asking
him
a
lot
of
questions.
Then
he
said
they
had
found
a
pile
of
papers
in
their
trash
can(垃圾桶)that
had
been
left
out
on
the
footpath.
My
husband
rushed
to
their
home
to
find
a
kind
family
holding
all
his
papers
and
documents.
Their
young
daughter
had
gone
to
the
trash
can
and
found
a
pile
of
unfamiliar
papers.
Her
parents
had
carefully
sorted
them
out,
although
they
had
found
mainly
foreign
addresses
on
most
of
the
documents.
At
last
they
had
seen
a
half?written
letter
in
the
pile
in
which
my
husband
had
given
his
new
telephone
number
to
a
friend.
That
family
not
only
restored(归还)the
important
documents
to
us
that
day
but
also
restored
our
faith
and
trust
in
people.We
still
remember
their
kindness
and
often
send
a
warm
wish
their
way.
Which
of
the
following
can
be
the
best
title
for
the
text?
A.
From
India
to
Australia
B.
Living
in
a
New
Country
C.
Turning
Trash
to
Treasure
D.
In
Search
of
New
Friends
3.寻找高频词
任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的。当文章中没有明确的主题句时，考生可以从文中的每个段落中寻找反复出现的中心词，即高频词(也叫主题词)。这个高频词往往体现了文章的主旨大意。
If
you
are
a
recent
social
science
graduate
who
has
had
to
listen
to
jokes
about
unemployment
from
your
computer
major
classmates,
you
may
have
had
the
last
laugh.
There
are
many
advantages
for
the
social
science
major
because
this
high?tech
“Information
Age”
demands
people
who
are
flexible(灵活的)and
who
have
good
communication
skills.
Social
science
majors
are
not
only
experiencing
success
in
their
long?term
company
job,
but
they
are
also
finding
jobs
more
easily.
A
study
showed
that
many
companies
had
filled
a
large
percentage
of
their
entry?level
positions
with
social
science
graduates.
The
study
also
showed
that
the
most
sought?after
quality
in
a
person
who
was
looking
for
a
job
was
communication
skills,
noted
as
“very
important”,
by
92
percent
of
the
companies.
Social
science
majors
have
these
skills,
often
without
knowing
how
important
they
are.
It
is
probably
due
to
these
skills
that
they
have
been
offered
a
wide
variety
of
positions.
Finally,
although
some
social
science
majors
may
still
find
it
more
difficult
than
their
technically
trained
classmates
to
land
the
first
job,
recent
graduates
report
that
they
don’t
regret
their
choice
of
study.
What
is
the
text
mainly
about?
A.
The
advantages
of
social
science
majors
have.
B.
Why
social
science
graduates
are
more
popular.
C.
Where
social
science
majors
hold
important
positions.
D.
What
leads
large
companies
to
favor
social
science
majors.
词(句)义猜测题解题技巧
词义猜测题是高考阅读理解必考的题型之一，它可以是对一个单词的意义的推断，也可以是对一个短语或句子的意义的推断；既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的僻意，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，而要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或短语的含义。
1.重述
作者为了使某一复杂难懂的词汇或术语的含义更清楚，通常会使用常用、简明的词或词组对其进行解释，这就是重述。重述部分通过逗号(有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号或括号)与句子的其他部分隔开或用信号词引导。常见的信号词有：or,
namely,
that
is,
in
other
words,
that
is
to
say,
to
be
more
exact,
to
put
in
another
way等。
“China
is
impossible
to
overlook,”
says
Hill.
“Chinese
models
are
the
faces
of
beauty
and
fashion
campaigns
that
sell
dreams
to
women
all
over
the
world,
which
means
Chinese
women
are
not
just
consumers
of
fashion—they
are
central
to
its
movement.”Of
course,
not
only
are
today’s
top
Western
designers
being
influenced
by
China—some
of
the
best
designers
of
contemporary
fashion
are
themselves
Chinese.“Vera
Wang,
Alexander
Wang,
Jason
Wu
are
taking
on
Galliano,
Albaz,
Marc
Jacobs—and
beating
them
hands
down
in
design
and
sales,”
adds
Hill.
What
do
the
underlined
words
“taking
on”
in
paragraph
4
mean?
A.
learning
from　　　
B.
looking
down
on
C.
working
with
D.
competing
against
2.定义
作者有时会通过给某些词汇下定义来帮助读者理解词义，尤其在一些科普类、社科类及与专业内容相关的文章中。此时，常使用的信号词有：i.e.,
is,
are,
is/are
called,
mean,
refer
to,
known
as等。
Some
2,500
years
ago
Greece
discovered
freedom.
Before
that
there
was
no
freedom.
There
were
great
civilizations,
splendid
empires,
but
no
freedom
anywhere.
Egypt
and
Babylon
were
both
tyrannies,
one
very
powerful
man
ruling
over
helpless
masses.
65.What
does
the
underlined
word
“tyrannies”
in
Paragraph
2
refer
to？
A.Countries
where
their
people
need
help
B.Powerful
states
with
higher
civilization.
C.Splendid
empires
where
people
enjoy
freedom.
D.Governments
ruled
with
absolute
power.
3.同义词或近义词
在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的词。因此，考生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外一个词的意思。
Just
at
this
time
NASA
decided
to
test
some
new
high?altitude
cameras
by
taking
photographs
of
Yellowstone.
A
thoughtful
official
passed
on
some
of
the
copies
to
the
park
authorities
on
the
assumption
that
they
might
make
a
nice
blow?up
for
one
of
the
visitors’
centers.As
soon
as
Christiansen
saw
the
photos,
he
realized
why
he
had
failed
to
spot
the
caldera:
almost
the
whole
park—2.2
million
acres—was
caldera.The
explosion
had
left
a
hole
more
than
forty
miles
across—much
too
huge
to
be
seen
from
anywhere
at
ground
level.
At
some
time
in
the
past
Yellowstone
must
have
blown
up
with
a
violence
far
beyond
the
scale
of
anything
known
to
humans.
What
does
the
underlined
word
“blow?up”
in
the
last
paragraph
most
probably
mean?
A.
Hot?air
balloon.　　　
B.
Digital
camera.
C.
Big
photograph.
D.
Bird’s
view.
4.反义词
有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可根据反义词线索猜测词义。表示对比或反义的信号词/词组常见的有：(whether
...)or,
unlike,
but,
yet,
however,
while,
although,
nevertheless,
instead,
rather
than,
in
contrast,
on
the
contrary,
on
the
other
hand等。
If
you’re
tired
of
wandering
around
the
gym
wasting
time
and
becoming
bored,
you
can
attend
an
upbeat
group
fitness
class
that’ll
keep
your
workout
on
track.
The
underlined
word
“upbeat”
in
the
second
paragraph
probably
means
“_______”.
A.cheerful　　
B.average
C.serious
D.temporary
6.代词
在平时的学习中，熟悉代词的含义十分重要。在文章的具体语境中常出现的代词有：it,
this,
that,
he,
them,
they,
one,
those等。一般来讲，it/this/that指代一件事；it/he/them/they/one/those可指代上文提到的人或事。
We
shared
the
belief
that
if
you’re
fortunate
enough
to
have
success,
you
should
put
something
back
—
he
with
his
Newman’s
Own
food
and
his
Hole
in
the
Wall
camps
for
kids
who
are
seriously
ill,
and
me
with
Sundance
and
the
institute
and
the
festival.
Paul
and
I
didn’t
see
each
other
all
that
regularly,
but
sharing
that
brought
us
together.
We
supported
each
other
financially
and
by
showing
up
at
events.
What
does
the
underlined
word
“that”
in
paragraph
3
refer
to?
A.
Their
belief.
B.
Their
care
for
children.
C.
Their
success.
D.
Their
support
for
each
other.
此外我们还可以借助与文中的举例(有时，画线词后会跟有一些具体的例子对画线词进行解释说明，这些例子能帮助考生理解该词的词义。此时常出现的信号词有：such
as,
such
...as,
for
example,
for
instance,
like,
including,
especially等)、根据语法知识、上下文逻辑、构词法、常识或背景知识来猜测词义。
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21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
2020届江苏高考英语考前阅读理解解题技巧点拨
《江苏高考英语考试说明》中就阅读理解对考生列出了七个方面的能力要求，在试卷中具体以下列四种题型出现：细节理解题、推理判断题(对文章作者观点态度、对写作意图、对文章结构、文章的出处乃至文章的续写等的推理判断)、词义猜测题(包括对代词的指代意义、词组和句子意义的猜测)。
阅读理解题是先看题目还是先看文章，各有各的长处，没有什么特别的优劣之分。
先文后题：即先浏览文章，然后看问题，最后再通过精读文章来解答问题。这是考生常用的按部就班的阅读方式，其特点是有利于考生把握文章的主旨和作者的态度。但采用这种阅读方式的考生往往阅读速度较慢，因此难以在阅读时积极主动地预测文章内容。先题后文：即先将问题看一遍，然后带着问题去浏览文章，最后答题。其特点是针对性强，节省答题时间，比较适用于解答事实性和细节性的问题，但是解答主旨性和推断性问题的效果不明显。
不管你采用那种方式，一般都有下列两种解题步骤：
①阅读文章→快速读题→标出题眼(题目以及备选项中的关键词)→定位信息→确定答案→复查验证。
②快速读题→标出题眼(题目以及备选项中的关键词)→阅读文章→定位信息→确定答案→复查验证。
解答阅读理解的最基本原则——忠于原文。其蕴含的解题规律是：读文时，要透彻理解文意，充分从文中获取信息，这就是信息检索过程；做题时，要依据题目设问并结合选项，对所检索出来的信息进行整理、分析，这是对信息进行思维加工的过程。通过“检索”找到答题根源，通过“加工”判定正确选项。
细节理解题解题技巧
细节理解题常分为直接信息题和间接信息题。所谓直接信息题就是可以在原文中直接找到答案的细节题，常用who,
what,
when,
where,
why和how等疑问词提问，这类试题主要考查原文中的时间、地点、人物等信息。间接信息题相对于直接信息题要难些，因为此类题目的正确选项都经过了命题人对原文相关信息的语义转换，两者存在表达上的差异。考生不能从原文中直接找出正确答案，而要对原文信息稍加归纳才能得出正确答案。
1.直接信息理解题——题文比对速判定
在解答直接信息题时，考生可以采取“关键词定位法”，即“带着问题找答案”。先从题干中提取关键性词语(题眼)，然后以此为线索，运用略读及寻读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此关键词相关的段落、语句，快速定位该题与哪一段哪一句有关，然后仔细推敲，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定答案。解题流程图如下：
2.间接信息理解题——二次加工慎判定
为了更好地考查考生的思维品质和文化意识，命题人往往会对具体细节信息加以修饰或掩盖，以间接的方式来考查考生。如果说直接信息理解题是直来直去考，那么间接信息理解题则是拐弯抹角考。直接信息理解题检索出信息就可得出答案，而间接信息理解题需对检索出的信息进行二次加工才能得出答案。
推理判断题解题技巧
1.根据特定信息进行推断
　有些简单的推理判断题，可根据题干提供的信息，到原文中去抓关键信息，然后进行分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。
In
yet
another
example,
a
fascination
with
the
new
has
led
people
to
believe
that
the
recent
changes
in
the
technologies
of
communications
and
transportation
are
so
revolutionary
that
now
we
live
in
a
“borderless
world”.
As
a
result,
in
the
last
twenty
years
or
so,
many
people
have
come
to
believe
that
whatever
change
is
happening
today
is
the
result
of
great
technological
progress,
going
against
which
will
be
like
trying
to
turn
the
clock
back.
Believing
in
such
a
world,
many
governments
have
put
an
end
to
some
of
the
very
necessary
regulations
on
cross?border
flows
of
capital,
labour
and
goods,
with
poor
results.
63.
What
has
led
many
governments
to
remove
necessary
regulations?
A.
Neglecting
the
impacts
of
technological
advances.
B.
Believing
that
the
world
has
become
borderless.
C.
Ignoring
the
power
of
economic
development.
D.
Over?emphasizing
the
role
of
international
communication.
【答案】B
【解析】根据节选段第一句和最后一句可知，随着通信和交通运输技术的发展，许多政府相信人们生活在一个“没有国界的世界”中，所以许多政府取消了一些必要的关于资本、劳动力和商品的跨境流动的法规。故选B。
2.整合全文/全段信息进行推断
有些推理判断题，很难从某一句话或某几句话推断出其含义，这时就需要在理解全文(段)意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，从而确定最佳结论。
When
the
team
examined
the
results
of
the
experiment
more
closely,
they
noticed
that
the
monkeys
tended
to
underestimate(低估)a
sum
compared
with
a
single
symbol
when
the
two
were
close
in
value
—
sometimes
choosing,
for
example,
a
13
over
the
sum
of
8
and
6.
The
underestimation
was
systematic:
When
adding
two
numbers,
the
monkeys
always
paid
attention
to
the
larger
of
the
two,
and
then
added
only
a
fraction(小部分)of
the
smaller
number
to
it.
34.
What
did
Livingstone’s
team
find
about
the
monkeys?
A.
They
could
perform
basic
addition.
B.
They
could
understand
simple
words.
C.
They
could
memorize
numbers
easily.
D.
They
could
hold
their
attention
for
long.
【答案】A
【解析】根据节选段的内容可知，大多数时候，猴子倾向于触摸更高的数值，这表明它们会进行简单的计算，而不仅仅是记住每个数字组合的数值。故选A。
3.根据上下文的逻辑推断得出结论
逻辑推论是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论。解答这类题的前提是获取文章的主题思想或列举的具体事实，然后按题目的要求进行推断。
If
you
want
to
disturb
the
car
industry,
you’d
better
have
a
few
billion
dollars:
Mom
and
pop
carmakers
are
unlikely
to
beat
the
biggest
car
companies.
But
in
agriculture,
small
farmers
can
get
the
best
of
the
major
players.
By
connecting
directly
with
customers,
and
by
responding
quickly
to
changes
in
the
markets
as
well
as
in
the
ecosystems(生态系统),
small
farmers
can
keep
one
step
ahead
of
the
big
guys.
As
the
co-founder
of
the
National
Young
Farmers
Coalition(NYFC,
美国青年农会)and
a
family
farmer
myself,
I
have
a
front
row
seat
to
the
innovations
among
small
farmers
that
are
transforming
the
industry.
For
example,
take
the
Quick
Cut
Greens
Harvester,
a
tool
developed
just
a
couple
of
years
ago
by
a
young
farmer,
Jonathan
Dysinger,
in
Tennessee,
with
a
small
loan
from
a
local
Slow
Money
group.
It
enables
small-scale
farmers
to
harvest
175
pounds
of
green
vegetables
per
hour—a
huge
improvement
over
harvesting
just
a
few
dozen
pounds
by
hand
—
suddenly
making
it
possible
for
the
little
guys
to
compete
with
large
farms
of
California.
Before
the
tool
came
out,
small
farmers
couldn’t
touch
the
price
per
pound
offered
by
California
farms.
But
now,
with
the
combination
of
a
better
price
point
and
a
generally
fresher
product,
they
can
stay
in
business.
62.
What
does
the
author
want
to
illustrate
with
the
example
in
paragraph
2?
A.
Loans
to
small
local
farmers
are
necessary.
B.
Technology
is
vital
for
agricultural
development.
C.
Competition
between
small
and
big
farms
is
fierce.
D.
Small
farmers
may
gain
some
advantages
over
big
ones.
【答案】D
【解析】“By
connecting
directly
with
customers,
and
by
responding
quickly
to
changes
in
the
markets
as
well
as
in
the
ecosystems(生态系统),
small
farmers
can
keep
one
step
ahead
of
the
big
guys.”是主题句，第二段是支撑段落，因此作者以一种收割机为例是为了说明上面的主题，小农场主可能比大农场主获得了一些优势。故选D。
4.利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断
文章是作者抒发感情、表达观点的一种方式。因此，很多文章，尤其是记叙文和议论文，其语境都有一定的褒贬性，这种褒贬性反映了主人公的特定心理和情绪状态以及作者的写作意图。利用好文章的语境褒贬性就能在把握主旨的基础上对文章进行准确地逻辑判断。找出反映语境褒贬性及变化的标志性词汇或句子，对掌握文章主旨大意、了解主人公的心理特点及发展变化，从而正确地进行逻辑推断很有用处。
During
the
rosy
years
of
elementary
school,
I
enjoyed
sharing
my
dolls
and
jokes,
which
allowed
me
to
keep
my
high
social
status.
I
was
the
queen
of
the
playground.
Then
came
my
tweens
and
teens,
and
mean
girls
and
cool
kids.
They
rose
in
the
ranks
not
by
being
friendly
but
by
smoking
cigarettes,
breaking
rules
and
playing
jokes
on
others,
among
whom
I
soon
found
myself.
32.
What
sort
of
girl
was
the
author
in
her
early
years
of
elementary
school?
A.
Unkind.　　　　　　B.
Lonely.
C.
Generous.
D.
Cool.
【答案】C
【解析】观察四个选项可以看出，C项是褒义词，A、B、D三项是贬义词。因此要注意文章中所表现的褒贬色彩。根据节选段第一句“During
the
rosy
years
of
elementary
school(小学),
I
enjoyed
sharing
my
dolls
and
jokes
...”可知，作者上小学时乐于与他人分享，是一个慷慨大方的女孩，故选C项。
5.根据文章体裁和内容推断文章出处
判断文章出处的题目应从文章的体裁和内容着手。一般来说，报纸上的新闻前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称等；广告类文章因其格式特殊，容易辨认；产品说明类文章如器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等；来自网络的文章一般比较新颖，时效性强。
As
data
and
identity
theft
becomes
more
and
more
common,
the
market
is
growing
for
biometric(生物测量)technologies—like
fingerprint
scans—to
keep
others
out
of
private
e?spaces.
At
present,
these
technologies
are
still
expensive,
though.
Researchers
from
Georgia
Tech
say
that
they
have
come
up
with
a
low?cost
device(装置)that
gets
around
this
problem:
a
smart
keyboard
...
It
also
doesn’t
require
a
new
type
of
technology
that
people
aren’t
already
familiar
with.
Everybody
uses
a
keyboard
and
everybody
types
differently.
In
a
study
describing
the
technology,
the
researchers
had
100
volunteers
type
the
word
“touch”
four
times
using
the
smart
keyboard
...
31.
Where
is
this
text
most
likely
from?
A.
A
diary.
B.
A
guidebook.
C.
A
novel.
D.
A
magazine.
【答案】D
【解析】综观全文可知，本文主要介绍了“智能键盘”，根据第二段中的“Researchers
from
Georgia
Tech
say
that
they
have
come
up
with
a
low?cost
device
...”，尤其是其中的关键词researchers,
low?cost
device等可推断，这篇文章是一篇科研报道，最有可能出现在杂志上。故选D项。
6.根据作者的思想倾向和感彩推断观点态度
所谓作者的观点和态度，就是表达作者对某个话题、行为、事件的看法、感觉或判断。作者的观点和态度一般分为三大类：支持、赞同、乐观；客观、中立；反对、批评、怀疑、悲观。作者的这种思想倾向和感彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措词，尤其是表达感彩的形容词或副词。
The
problem
of
robocalls
has
gotten
so
bad
that
many
people
now
refuse
to
pick
up
calls
from
numbers
they
don’t
know.
By
next
year,
half
of
the
calls
we
receive
will
be
scams(欺诈).
We
are
finally
waking
up
to
the
severity
of
the
problem
by
supporting
and
developing
a
group
of
tools,
apps
and
approaches
intended
to
prevent
scammers
from
getting
through.
Unfortunately,
it’s
too
little,
too
late.
By
the
time
these
“solutions”(解决方案)become
widely
available,
scammers
will
have
moved
onto
cleverer
means.
In
the
near
future,
it’s
not
just
going
to
be
the
number
you
see
on
your
screen
that
will
be
in
doubt.
Soon
you
will
also
question
whether
the
voice
you’re
hearing
is
actually
real.
38.
How
does
the
author
feel
about
the
solutions
to
the
problem
of
robocalls?
A.
Panicked.
B.
Confused.
C.
Embarrassed.
D.
Disappointed.
【答案】D
【解析】观察四个选项可以看出这四种态度都是负面的。根据节选段中的“By
the
time
these
‘solutions’(解决方案)become
widely
available,
scammers
will
have
moved
onto
cleverer
means.”可知，作者认为等到这些“解决方案”被广泛使用时，诈骗者就会转向更聪明的手段；由此可推知作者对自动语音电话问题的解决方案感到很失望，故D项“失望的”正确。
7.理解通篇大意，把握写作意图
　做写作意图题时，考生应对整篇文章有完整、准确的理解，从总体上把握文章的主题，善于抓住文中的关键词或关键句。同时，还应对文章的引申含义进行分析，整合与题目相关的信息，综合起来去把握写作意图，确定最佳结论。
If
you
want
to
disturb
the
car
industry,
you’d
better
have
a
few
billion
dollars:
Mom?and?pop
carmakers
are
unlikely
to
beat
the
biggest
car
companies.But
in
agriculture,
small
farmers
can
get
the
best
of
the
major
players.By
connecting
directly
with
customers,
and
by
responding
quickly
to
changes
in
the
markets
as
well
as
in
the
ecosystems(生态系统),
small
farmers
can
keep
one
step
ahead
of
the
big
guys.As
the
co?founder
of
the
National
Young
Farmers
Coalition(NYFC，美国青年农会)and
a
family
farmer
myself,
I
have
a
front?row
seat
to
the
innovations
among
small
farmers
that
are
transforming
the
industry.
61.
The
author
mentions
car
industry
at
the
beginning
of
the
passage
to
introduce
_______.
A.
the
progress
made
in
car
industry
B.
a
special
feature
of
agriculture
C.
a
trend
of
development
in
agriculture
D.
the
importance
of
investing
in
car
industry
【答案】B
【解析】此题要求推断作者在文章开头提及汽车行业的意图。文章开头提到家庭经营的汽车制造商是不可能打败最大的汽车公司的。紧接着提到“But
in
agriculture,
small
farmers
can
get
the
best
of
the
major
players.”但是，在农业方面，小农场主却能击败大的农业公司。此处把汽车行业的特点与农业领域的特点进行对比是为了引出农业的特点：小农场更有优势。故选B。
主旨大意题解题技巧
主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生容易失分的题目，因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。此类题型一般在文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。所以，遇到主旨大意题时切勿草率作答，一定要读完读通文章后再做判定，建议考生把此类题放到最后来做。此类题目可分为三大类，即标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。
1.寻找主题句
主题句往往出现在文章的首段或尾段，偶尔也会出现在文章中间的某一段。但是最麻烦的是哪一段都没有出现主题句。不过不用着急，因为每个段落都围绕一个主题来写，我们可以找出每段的主题句，弄清每个段落主要讲了什么内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后对各个段落的主题句进行归纳和提炼，从而概括出文章的主题或中心思想。
Attending
college
can
be
expensive,
and
applying
to
college
can
be
costly
as
well.
With
today’s
college
application
fees
averaging
around
$80,
you
can
expect
to
spend
hundreds
of
dollars
on
college
before
you
are
even
accepted
into
a
school.
One
of
the
easiest
ways
to
save
money
on
college
application
fees
before
you
begin
applying
is
to
narrow
down
your
list
of
schools.
To
save
money,
try
to
limit
the
schools
to
which
you
apply
to
about
2－3
reach
schools
and
2－3
safety
schools.
At
some
schools,
being
a
relative
of
a
graduate
can
secure
you
a
free
application.
If
you
are
applying
to
a
school
where
one
of
your
parents
or
grandparents
is
a
former
graduate,
check
to
see
if
you’re
qualified
for
it.
Research
the
preferred
method
of
applying
for
each
school
on
your
list.
Some
schools
offer
free
online
applications,
yet
charge
a
fee
for
paper
submissions.
This
is
because
online
applications
save
schools
the
cost
of
employing
a
staff
member
to
physically
enter
the
application
information.
Several
states,
such
as
Michigan
and
North
Carolina,
take
part
in
College
Application
Week,
where
many
schools
in
the
participating
states
cancel
their
application
fee
for
the
week.
Be
sure
to
contact
the
schools
to
which
you
are
applying
to
see
if
they
participate
in
College
Application
Week
and
when
the
program
takes
place
in
that
state.
Apply
for
early
admission.
If
you
have
already
decided
on
which
college
is
your
top
choice,
consider
applying
under
an
Early
Action
or
Early
Decision
admission
program.
If
you
are
accepted,
you
won’t
have
to
submit
application
fees
to
other
schools.
For
more
information
regarding
college
applications
and
the
fees
associated
with
them,
contact
your
high
school
advisor
or
the
admissions
department
at
your
school(s)of
interest.
The
passage
is
mainly
written
to
_______.
A.
introduce
famous
universities
in
the
United
States
B.
show
some
practical
ways
to
apply
an
ideal
college
C.
advertise
for
successful
applications
and
advisors
D.
offer
tips
to
save
money
on
college
application
fees
【答案】D
【解析】由第一段可知，申请上大学也很昂贵。由第二段可知，最简单的省钱方法就是在你开始申请大学之前，减少申请学校的数量。由第三段可知，在一些学校，该校毕业生的亲戚可以免费申请。由第四段可知，一些学校提供免费的在线申请服务。由第五段可知，一些州有“大学申请周”，在“大学申请周”期间，有些学校取消了申请费。由第六段可知，应提前行动或提前决定入学，如被录取，就不必向其他学校交申请费。将第二至六段的大意进行归纳后，可以看出作者的写作目的是告诉读者如何节省申请上大学的费用。最后一段告诉我们如何获取更多关于申请学校的信息。因此本题的最佳答案为D。
2.梳理故事的主线
记叙文通常讲述一个有趣的故事或是某人一段刻骨铭心的经历。记叙文类文章都有一个主线，全文围绕这个主线组织材料。如果考生能够找到全文的主线，理清故事的人物以及故事发生的时间、地点、经过和最终的结果，就能概括出文章的大意。考生应从分析文章的结构入手，把握全文的主线，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系，最后归纳出文章的主旨大意。
Arriving
in
Sydney
on
his
own
from
India,
my
husband,
Rashid,
stayed
in
a
hotel
for
a
short
time
while
looking
for
a
house
for
me
and
our
children.
During
the
first
week
of
his
stay,
he
went
out
one
day
to
do
some
shopping.
He
came
back
in
the
late
afternoon
to
discover
that
his
suitcase
was
gone.
He
was
extremely
worried
as
the
suitcase
had
all
his
important
papers,
including
his
passport.
He
reported
the
case
to
the
police
and
then
sat
there，lost
and
lonely
in
a
strange
city,
thinking
of
the
terrible
troubles
of
getting
all
the
paperwork
organised
again
from
a
distant
country
while
trying
to
settle
down
in
a
new
one.
Late
in
the
evening,
the
phone
rang.
It
was
a
stranger.
He
was
trying
to
pronounce
my
husband’s
name
and
was
asking
him
a
lot
of
questions.
Then
he
said
they
had
found
a
pile
of
papers
in
their
trash
can(垃圾桶)that
had
been
left
out
on
the
footpath.
My
husband
rushed
to
their
home
to
find
a
kind
family
holding
all
his
papers
and
documents.
Their
young
daughter
had
gone
to
the
trash
can
and
found
a
pile
of
unfamiliar
papers.
Her
parents
had
carefully
sorted
them
out,
although
they
had
found
mainly
foreign
addresses
on
most
of
the
documents.
At
last
they
had
seen
a
half?written
letter
in
the
pile
in
which
my
husband
had
given
his
new
telephone
number
to
a
friend.
That
family
not
only
restored(归还)the
important
documents
to
us
that
day
but
also
restored
our
faith
and
trust
in
people.We
still
remember
their
kindness
and
often
send
a
warm
wish
their
way.
Which
of
the
following
can
be
the
best
title
for
the
text?
A.
From
India
to
Australia
B.
Living
in
a
New
Country
C.
Turning
Trash
to
Treasure
D.
In
Search
of
New
Friends
【答案】C
【解析】本文讲述了一个印度家庭初到澳洲的一段难忘的经历。文章按照时间顺序组织材料，通览全文后，可以找到故事的主线：Rashid
arrived
in
Sydney
from
India.→Rashid
found
his
suitcase
gone.→He
reported
the
case
to
the
police.→A
stranger
called
saying
they
had
found
a
pile
of
papers
in
their
trash
can.→Rashid
got
back
his
papers.→That
family
restored
their
faith
and
trust
in
people.对作者及其家人来说，丢失的文件就像是珍宝，对他们非常重要，而对偷窃行李箱的小偷和捡到文件的一家人来说，是没用的东西。正如一句英语谚语“One
man’s
trash,
another
man’s
treasure.”所以说“弃物不一定是废物”。因此本文的最佳标题为C。
3.寻找高频词
任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的。当文章中没有明确的主题句时，考生可以从文中的每个段落中寻找反复出现的中心词，即高频词(也叫主题词)。这个高频词往往体现了文章的主旨大意。
If
you
are
a
recent
social
science
graduate
who
has
had
to
listen
to
jokes
about
unemployment
from
your
computer
major
classmates,
you
may
have
had
the
last
laugh.
There
are
many
advantages
for
the
social
science
major
because
this
high?tech
“Information
Age”
demands
people
who
are
flexible(灵活的)and
who
have
good
communication
skills.
Social
science
majors
are
not
only
experiencing
success
in
their
long?term
company
job,
but
they
are
also
finding
jobs
more
easily.
A
study
showed
that
many
companies
had
filled
a
large
percentage
of
their
entry?level
positions
with
social
science
graduates.
The
study
also
showed
that
the
most
sought?after
quality
in
a
person
who
was
looking
for
a
job
was
communication
skills,
noted
as
“very
important”,
by
92
percent
of
the
companies.
Social
science
majors
have
these
skills,
often
without
knowing
how
important
they
are.
It
is
probably
due
to
these
skills
that
they
have
been
offered
a
wide
variety
of
positions.
Finally,
although
some
social
science
majors
may
still
find
it
more
difficult
than
their
technically
trained
classmates
to
land
the
first
job,
recent
graduates
report
that
they
don’t
regret
their
choice
of
study.
What
is
the
text
mainly
about?
A.
The
advantages
of
social
science
majors
have.
B.
Why
social
science
graduates
are
more
popular.
C.
Where
social
science
majors
hold
important
positions.
D.
What
leads
large
companies
to
favor
social
science
majors.
【答案】A
【解析】这篇文章的每一段都出现了主题词“social
science
major(s)”，因此这篇文章是围绕“social
science
majors”来写的。第一段最后一句“There
are
many
advantages
for
the
social
science
major
because
this
high?tech
‘Information
Age’
demands
people
who
are
flexible(灵活的)and
who
have
good
communication
skills.”表明了作者的中心论点。第二段和第三段陈述了“social
science
majors”的两种优势，为作者的论点提供了有力的支撑。最后一段是结论段，对前文进行了总结，并重申了作者的观点“
...recent
graduates
report
that
they
don’t
regret
their
choice
of
study”。由此可以判断本文的主题是“The
advantages
of
social
science
majors
have.”(文科专业具备的优势)，因此本题的最佳答案为A。
词(句)义猜测题解题技巧
词义猜测题是高考阅读理解必考的题型之一，它可以是对一个单词的意义的推断，也可以是对一个短语或句子的意义的推断；既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的僻意，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，而要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或短语的含义。
1.重述
作者为了使某一复杂难懂的词汇或术语的含义更清楚，通常会使用常用、简明的词或词组对其进行解释，这就是重述。重述部分通过逗号(有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号或括号)与句子的其他部分隔开或用信号词引导。常见的信号词有：or,
namely,
that
is,
in
other
words,
that
is
to
say,
to
be
more
exact,
to
put
in
another
way等。
“China
is
impossible
to
overlook,”
says
Hill.
“Chinese
models
are
the
faces
of
beauty
and
fashion
campaigns
that
sell
dreams
to
women
all
over
the
world,
which
means
Chinese
women
are
not
just
consumers
of
fashion—they
are
central
to
its
movement.”Of
course,
not
only
are
today’s
top
Western
designers
being
influenced
by
China—some
of
the
best
designers
of
contemporary
fashion
are
themselves
Chinese.“Vera
Wang,
Alexander
Wang,
Jason
Wu
are
taking
on
Galliano,
Albaz,
Marc
Jacobs—and
beating
them
hands
down
in
design
and
sales,”
adds
Hill.
What
do
the
underlined
words
“taking
on”
in
paragraph
4
mean?
A.
learning
from　　　
B.
looking
down
on
C.
working
with
D.
competing
against
【答案】D
【解析】分析：画线词汇所在的句子中有破折号，而画线词又位于破折号之前，因此，须特别注意破折号后面的内容。根据第二个破折号后面的内容可知，三位中国最优秀的时装设计者在设计和销量方面击败了三位顶尖西方设计师，据此可推知，take
on在该句中应表示“与……较量”，故选D项。
2.定义
作者有时会通过给某些词汇下定义来帮助读者理解词义，尤其在一些科普类、社科类及与专业内容相关的文章中。此时，常使用的信号词有：i.e.,
is,
are,
is/are
called,
mean,
refer
to,
known
as等。
Some
2,500
years
ago
Greece
discovered
freedom.
Before
that
there
was
no
freedom.
There
were
great
civilizations,
splendid
empires,
but
no
freedom
anywhere.
Egypt
and
Babylon
were
both
tyrannies,
one
very
powerful
man
ruling
over
helpless
masses.
65.What
does
the
underlined
word
“tyrannies”
in
Paragraph
2
refer
to？
A.Countries
where
their
people
need
help
B.Powerful
states
with
higher
civilization.
C.Splendid
empires
where
people
enjoy
freedom.
D.Governments
ruled
with
absolute
power.
【答案】D
【解析】通过画线词后的定义“one
very
powerful
man
ruling
over
helpless
masses”一个有强大权力的人统治着无助的群众，可知，tyrannies应意为“专政，暴君统治”，故正确答案为D项。
3.同义词或近义词
在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的词。因此，考生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外一个词的意思。
Just
at
this
time
NASA
decided
to
test
some
new
high?altitude
cameras
by
taking
photographs
of
Yellowstone.
A
thoughtful
official
passed
on
some
of
the
copies
to
the
park
authorities
on
the
assumption
that
they
might
make
a
nice
blow?up
for
one
of
the
visitors’
centers.As
soon
as
Christiansen
saw
the
photos,
he
realized
why
he
had
failed
to
spot
the
caldera:
almost
the
whole
park—2.2
million
acres—was
caldera.The
explosion
had
left
a
hole
more
than
forty
miles
across—much
too
huge
to
be
seen
from
anywhere
at
ground
level.
At
some
time
in
the
past
Yellowstone
must
have
blown
up
with
a
violence
far
beyond
the
scale
of
anything
known
to
humans.
What
does
the
underlined
word
“blow?up”
in
the
last
paragraph
most
probably
mean?
A.
Hot?air
balloon.　　　
B.
Digital
camera.
C.
Big
photograph.
D.
Bird’s
view.
【答案】
【解析】分析：根据节选段第一句中的“NASA
decided
to
...by
taking
photographs
of
Yellowstone.”和画线词后的“As
soon
as
Christiansen
saw
the
photos
...million
acres—was
caldera.”可知，NASA拍摄了黄石国家公园的照片，Christiansen在照片上看到公园的全景。画线词后面一句中出现了the
photos，定冠词the特指前面提及的事物，即blow?up，两者为近义词，由此可推知，blow?up意为“放大的照片”。故选C。
4.反义词
有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可根据反义词线索猜测词义。表示对比或反义的信号词/词组常见的有：(whether
...)or,
unlike,
but,
yet,
however,
while,
although,
nevertheless,
instead,
rather
than,
in
contrast,
on
the
contrary,
on
the
other
hand等。
If
you’re
tired
of
wandering
around
the
gym
wasting
time
and
becoming
bored,
you
can
attend
an
upbeat
group
fitness
class
that’ll
keep
your
workout
on
track.
The
underlined
word
“upbeat”
in
the
second
paragraph
probably
means
“_______”.
A.cheerful　　
B.average
C.serious
D.temporary
【答案】A
【解析】根据语境可知，upbeat应与上文中的“tired
of”意义相反，故本题正确选项为A项。
6.代词
在平时的学习中，熟悉代词的含义十分重要。在文章的具体语境中常出现的代词有：it,
this,
that,
he,
them,
they,
one,
those等。一般来讲，it/this/that指代一件事；it/he/them/they/one/those可指代上文提到的人或事。
We
shared
the
belief
that
if
you’re
fortunate
enough
to
have
success,
you
should
put
something
back
—
he
with
his
Newman’s
Own
food
and
his
Hole
in
the
Wall
camps
for
kids
who
are
seriously
ill,
and
me
with
Sundance
and
the
institute
and
the
festival.
Paul
and
I
didn’t
see
each
other
all
that
regularly,
but
sharing
that
brought
us
together.
We
supported
each
other
financially
and
by
showing
up
at
events.
What
does
the
underlined
word
“that”
in
paragraph
3
refer
to?
A.
Their
belief.
B.
Their
care
for
children.
C.
Their
success.
D.
Their
support
for
each
other.
【答案】A
【解析】分析：根据节选段第一句“We
shared
the
belief
that
...”可知，我们有着相同的信念，那就是若你足够幸运而成功的话，你应该对这个世界有所回报……尽管我们不常见面，但是正是那种信念让我们聚在了一起。sharing
that与前面的shared
the
belief呼应，由此可知，“that”在此代指前面出现的belief，故本题正确选项为A项。
此外我们还可以借助与文中的举例(有时，画线词后会跟有一些具体的例子对画线词进行解释说明，这些例子能帮助考生理解该词的词义。此时常出现的信号词有：such
as,
such
...as,
for
example,
for
instance,
like,
including,
especially等)、根据语法知识、上下文逻辑、构词法、常识或背景知识来猜测词义。
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