高考语法考点突破2：定语从句（含解析）

高考语法考点2
定语从句
【语法精讲】
题型
典题试做
考点解读
语法填空
(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Two
of
the
authors
of
the
review
also
made
a
study
published
in
2014
that/which
showed
a
mere
five
to
10
minutes
a
day
of
running
reduced
the
risk
of
heart
disease
and
early
deaths
from
all
causes.
(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The
Chinese
Ministry
of
Agriculture
finds
that
between
2005—when
the
government
started
a
soiltesting
program
that/which
gives
specific
fertilizer
recommendations
to
farmers—and
2011,
fertilizer
use
dropped
by
7.7
million
tons.
(2018·浙江卷6月)Many
westerners
who/that
come
to
China
cook
much
less
than
in
their
own
countries
once
they
realize
how
cheap
it
can
be
to
eat
out.
(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)But
Sarah,
who
has
taken
part
in
shows
along
with
top
models,
wants
to
prove
that
she
has
brains
as
well
as
beauty.
(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)But
my
connection
with
pandas
goes
back
to
my
days
on
a
TV
show
in
the
mid1980s,
when
I
was
the
first
Western
TV
reporter
permitted
to
film
a
special
unit
caring
for
pandas
rescued
from
starvation
in
the
wild.
关系代词的基本用法；
关系副词的基本用法；
“介词＋关系代词”的用法
考点一
　　　　　　关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词
关系代词
先行词
句法功能
who
人
主语、宾语
whom
人
宾语
which
物
主语、宾语
that
人或物
主语、宾语、表语
whose
人或物
定语
as
人或物
主语、宾语、表语
关系代词that和which的用法区别
只用that的情况
先行词是all,
few,
little,
much,
something,
anything,
nothing等不定代词时
先行词被the
only,
the
very,
the
same,
all等修饰时
先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时
先行词既有人又有物时
关系代词that和which的用法区别
只用which的情况
引导非限制性定语从句时
关系代词指物，且前有介词时
关系代词as和which的用法区别　
as引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句前、中、后，as常译为“正如……，正像……”。从句的谓语动词多为see,
know,
expect,
say,
mention,
report等
which引导非限制性定语从句修饰前面整个句子时，只能置于主句后，常译为“这一点，这件事”等，which引导的从句与主句之间常含有并列或因果关系
◆(2018·北京卷)She
and
her
family
bicycle
to
work,
which
helps
them
keep
fit.
她和她的家人骑自行车上班，这有助于他们保持健康。
◆(2017·北京卷)The
little
problems
that
we
meet
in
our
daily
lives
may
be
inspirations
for
great
inventions.
我们在日常生活中遇到的小问题可能是伟大发明的灵感。
◆(2017·天津卷)My
eldest
son,
whose
work
takes
him
all
over
the
world,
is
in
New
York
at
the
moment.
我大儿子的工作需要他奔波于世界各地，他现在在纽约。
◆(全国卷Ⅰ)“You
can’t
judge
a
book
by
its
cover，”
as
the
old
saying
goes.
正如老话说的那样：“人不可貌相。”
(1)whom,
which,
that在从句中作宾语时可省略；但介词提前时不能省略，也不能用that；
(2)as用在限制性定语从句中时，常用于下列句式：such＋名词＋as(像……一样的，像……之类的)；the
same＋名词＋as(和……同样的)。
◆Such
machines
as
are
used
in
our
workshop
are
made
in
China.
像在我们车间使用的机器是中国制造的。　
[对点演练]——单句语法填空
1．(2018·天津卷)Kate,
whose
sister
I
shared
a
room
with
when
we
were
at
college,
has
gone
to
work
in
Australia.
2．(福建卷)China
Today
attracts
a
worldwide
readership,
which
shows
that
more
and
more
people
all
over
the
world
want
to
learn
about
China.
3．(江苏卷)The
number
of
smokers,
as
is
reported,
has
dropped
by
17
percent
in
just
one
year.
考点二
　　　　　　关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词
先行词
句法功能
when
时间名词
时间状语
where
地点名词或抽象名词(situation,
point,
activity,
case,
stage等)
地点状语
why
the
reason
原因状语
◆(天津卷)The
days
are
gone
when
physical
strength
was
all
you
needed
to
make
a
living.
完全靠体力谋生的时代已经一去不复返了。
◆(福建卷)Students
should
involve
themselves
in
community
activities
where
they
can
gain
experience
for
growth.
学生们应该参与社团活动，在这些活动中他们可以获得成长的经验。
◆Do
you
know
the
reason
why
he
didn’t
attend
the
meeting
yesterday?
你知道他昨天没参加会议的原因吗？
way后定语从句的引导词
(1)当先行词是way时，若定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语，即way在从句中作状语时，则从句用in
which或that引导，引导词也可省略。
(2)如果way作先行词，定语从句中缺少主语、宾语或表语，则用which或that引导该从句。若先行词在定语从句中作宾语，which或that也可省略。　
[对点演练]——单句语法填空
1．(2018·江苏卷)Selfdriving
is
an
area
where
China
and
the
rest
of
the
world
are
on
the
same
starting
line.
2．(陕西卷)As
the
smallest
child
of
his
family,
Alex
is
always
longing
for
the
time
when
he
should
be
able
to
be
independent.
考点三
　　　　　　“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
构成
句法功能
用法
the＋名词＋of＋关系代词(whom/which)
主语
可转化为“whose＋名词”结构
数词(形容词最高级)＋of＋关系代词
主语
数词还可以用some,
many,
most,
each等不定代词替换
介词(短语)＋关系代词
状语
关系代词只能用which或whom且不能省略，但可与关系副词互换
介词＋关系代词＋名词
状语
关系代词常用which
和whose
介词＋关系副词
状语
有时为了表达清楚，还可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from或to
◆(2016·浙江卷6月)Scientists
have
advanced
many
theories
about
why
human
beings
cry
tears,
none
of
which
has
been
proved.
科学家们提出了很多关于人类为什么哭泣时流泪的理论，这些理论尚未得到证实。
◆(2016·江苏卷)Many
young
people,
most
of
whom
were
welleducated,
headed
for
remote
regions
to
chase
their
dreams.
很多年轻人都去了偏远地区追求他们的梦想，他们中大部分都受过良好的教育。
◆(江苏卷)The
newlybuilt
café，
the
walls
of
which(＝whose
walls)
are
painted
light
green,
is
really
a
peaceful
place
for
us,
especially
after
hard
work.
这家新建成的咖啡馆，墙被刷成了浅绿色，对我们来说，真是一个安静的地方，特别是在辛苦工作后。
◆(辽宁卷)He
may
win
the
competition,
in
which
case
he
is
likely
to
get
into
the
national
team.
他可能会赢得这场比赛，如果这样的话他就可能进入国家队。
[对点演练]——单句语法填空1．The
house,
whose
door
often
stays
open
until
late
at
night,
works
as
a
home
for
the
guards,
some
of
whom
are
from
the
countryside.
2．—Thank
you
for
your
assistance,
without
which
I
might
have
been
in
danger.
—That’s
all
right,
anyone
in
my
place
would
have
done
the
same
thing.
解题指导
“缺什么，补什么”，准确选用关系词
1．如果先行词指人，定语从句中缺少主语，限制性定语从句中用who/that；非限制性定语从句中用who。
2．如果先行词指人，定语从句中缺少宾语，限制性定语从句中用who/that/whom；非限制性定语从句中用whom。
3．如果先行词指物，定语从句中缺少主语或宾语，限制性定语从句中用which/that；非限制性定语从句中用which。
4．如果先行词指时间或地点，定语从句中缺少时间状语或地点状语，定语从句中用when/where;
如果从句中缺少的是主语或宾语，则用that/which。
5．不论先行词指人还是物，只要关系词在定语从句中作定语就用whose。
6．如果先行词指人，“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中的关系词用whom；如果先行词指物，“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中的关系词用which。　　　　　　　　　　　
【走进高考】
1.(2019·全国卷II，62)
Now
Irene
Astbury
works
from
9
am
to
5
pm
daily
at
the
pet
shop
in
Macclesfield，_____she
opened
with
her
late
husband
Les.
答案which
【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：现在艾琳·阿斯特伯里每天上午9点到下午5点在麦克莱斯菲尔德的宠物店工作，她和她已故的丈夫莱斯一起开业。句中先行词为Macclesfield
，在从句中作宾语
，故用which
。
2.(2019·全国卷III)In
the
cafe,customers
will
enjoy
themselves
in
the
historical
environment_______is
created
for
them.
答案that/which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：在咖啡馆里，顾客将享受为他们创造的历史环境。句中先行词为
environment
，在从句中作主语
，故用
that/which
。
3.（2019
江苏卷，21
）We
have
entered
into
an
age
_______
dreams
have
the
best
chance
of
coming
true.
答案when
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：句中先行词为age，在从句中作状语
，故用when
。
4.（2019·天津卷，11）
Their
child
is
at
the
stage______
she
can
say
individual
words
but
not
full
sentences.
答案where
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：句中先行词为
stage，在从句中作状语
，故用
where
。
(2019·新课标III卷)They
were
well
trained
by
their
masters
__
___
had
great
experience
with
caring
for
these
animals.
答案
who
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：句中先行词为masters
，在从句中作主语
，故用
who
。
6.
(2019·北京卷)The
students
befitting
most
from
college
are
those
___
___
are
totally
engaged(参与)in
academic
life.
答案
who/that
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：句中先行词为
，在从句中作
，故用
。
7.【2018·北京】She
and
her
family
bicycle
to
work,
_________
helps
them
keep
fit.
A.
which
B.
who
C.
as
D.
that
【答案】A
【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：她和家人骑自行车去上班，这有助于她们保持健康。“____
helps
them
keep
fit”是非限制性定语从句，该从句修饰整个主句，引导词在从句中做主语，故该从句应用关系代词which引导。A选项正确。
8.【2018·天津】Kate,
________sister
I
shared
a
room
with
when
we
were
at
college,
has
gone
to
work
in
Australia.
A.
whom
B.
that
C.
whose
D.
her
【答案】C
【解析】考查定语从句关系词。句意：凯特已经去澳大利亚工作了。我们在大学的时候，我和她的姐姐共住一室。分析句子，句中先行词为Kate，在非限定性定语从句中作名词sister的定语，故用关系代词whose。故选C.
9.【2018·江苏】Self-driving
is
an
area
_______
China
and
the
rest
of
the
world
are
on
the
same
starting
line.
A.
that
B.
where
C.
which
D.
when
【答案】B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：自动驾驶是一个中国和世界其它国家都在同一起跑线的领域。句中先行词为area，在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where，相当于in
which。故选B。
10.【2017·北京】The
little
problems
______
we
meet
in
our
daily
lives
may
be
inspirations
for
great
inventions.
A.
that
B.
as
C.
where
D.
when
【答案】A
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我们在日差生活中遇到额小问题可能就是伟大发明的灵感。此句是定语从句，从句缺少宾语，先行词是problems，用that.
11.【2017·江苏】In
1963
the
UN
set
up
the
World
Food
Programme,
one
of
______
purposes
is
to
relieve
worldwide
starvation.
A.
which
B.
it’s
C.
whose
D.
whom
【答案】C
【解析】考查定语从句。先行词是“the
World
Food
Programme”，“世界粮食项目”的目的之一是……，whose在定语从句中作定语，这里限定purposes，故选C。句意：1963年联合国建立了世界粮食计划署，其目的之一就是为了缓解世界范围内的饥饿问题。
12.【2017·天津】My
eldest
son,
_______
work
takes
him
all
over
the
world,
is
in
New
York
at
the
moment.
A.
that
B.
whose
C.
his
D.
who
【答案】B
【解析】句意：我的最大的儿子，他的工作带着他去全世界，现在在纽约。本句是一个非限定性定语从句，先行词是My
eldest
son,根据句意和空后名词，确定引导词做定语，在定语从句中有引导词whose修饰名词做定语，意思为：……的。故选Ｂ。
13.【2016·北京】I
live
next
door
to
a
couple
________
children
often
make
a
lot
of
noise.
A.
whose
B.
why
C.
where
D.
which
【答案】A
【解析】考查定语从句的关系词。a
couple是先行词，这对夫妻的孩子很吵，children和couple是所属关系，故用whose作定语，whose
children相当于the
children
of
whom，故选A。
14.【2016·江苏】Many
young
people,
most
______were
well-educated,
headed
for
remote
regions
to
chase
their
dreams.
A.
of
which
B.
of
them
C.
of
whom
D.
of
those
【答案】C
【解析】考查定语从句。本题定语从句的先行词是Many
young
people，关系代词whom指代先行词，在定语从句中作为介词of的宾语。句意：很多年轻人都前往偏远地区追求他们的梦想，其中大部分人都是受过良好教育的。故选Ｃ。
15.【2016·浙江】Scientists
have
advanced
many
theories
about
why
human
beings
cry
tears
,
none
of
______
has
been
proved.
A.
whom
B.
which
C.
what
D.
that
【答案】B
【解析】句意：关于人类为什么哭的时候会流泪，科学家已经提出了很多理论，没有一个被证明了。使用定语从句，先行词是theories，指物，定语从句中用代词＋介词＋关系代词which引导，故选Ｂ。
16.【2016·天津】We
will
put
off
the
picnic
in
the
park
until
next
week,
______
the
weather
may
be
better.
A.
that
B.
where
C.
which
D.
when
【答案】D
【解析】句意：我们将把公园的野餐推迟到下个星期，那时天气可能会更好。使用定语从句，先行词是next
week，定语从句中不缺少主宾表，缺少时间状语。故选D。
【高考模拟】
1．(2019·河南中原名校联考)I
have
made
a
habit
of
saying“Thank
you”
to
those
offer
their
seats
to
the
fellow
passengers
on
public
transport.
2．(2019·山西晋商四校联考)Finally,
after
four
hours,
they
arrived
at
the
campsite
their
parents
were
waiting.
3．(2019·江西重点中学联盟联考)At
Pets
Corner,
we
have
always
tried
to
apply
an
honest
and
moral
approach
to
everything
we
do.
4．(2019·潍坊实验中学模拟)At
16,
I
left
home
to
do
parttime
jobs,
made
me
understand
“East
or
west,
home
is
the
best”
better.
5．(2019·甘肃兰州一中期中)By
the
way,
it’s
my
sincere
hope
that
you
can
spare
some
time
for
a
visit
to
Tianjin
again,
has
changed
a
lot
since
2019.
6．(2019·福建六校联考)Get
yourself
familiar
with
local
laws
and
customs
of
the
countries
to
you
are
travelling.
7．(2019·河南天一大联考)Beijing
Opera
has
a
history
of
200
years
origin
can
be
seen
as
old
local
operas,
especially
Anhui
Opera.
8．(2019·河南洛阳第一次统考)It
was
a
time
my
family
was
going
through
financial
difficulties.
9．(2019·福建龙岩质检)This
is
such
a
place
all
the
people
across
the
world
are
dreaming
of
visiting.
10．(2019·天津十二区县重点中学联考)You
may
search
on
the
Internet
for
professors
and
their
courses
about
the
university
may
interest
you.
答案与解析
1.who　解析：句意：我已经习惯对那些在公共交通工具上把座位让给同车的乘客的人说声“谢谢”。设空处引导定语从句，先行词为those，指人，且关系词在从句中作主语，故填who。
2.where　解析：句意：最后，在4个小时之后他们到达了营地，他们的父母正在那里等着他们。先行词为campsite，将先行词代入定语从句后可知先行词在定语从句中作地点状语，故填where。
3.that　解析：句意：在宠物角，我们总是试图去将一种诚实和道德的方法运用到我们做的所有事上。此处先行词为不定代词everything，且关系词在定语从句中作宾语，故用关系代词that。
4.which　解析：
第二个逗号后面为非限制性定语从句，引导词作主语且代替前面的整个句子，故用which引导。
5.which　解析：
分析句子结构可知，句中含有一个非限制性定语从句，先行词为Tianjin，指物，关系词在定语从句中作主语，应用关系代词which引导。
6.which　解析：句意：熟悉一下你要去旅行的国家的当地的法律和风俗。分析句子结构可知，本句含“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，先行词为countries，指物，故填which。
7.whose　解析：空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Beijing
Opera，并在定语从句作定语，故填whose。
8.when　解析：句意：那段时间，我的家庭正经历财政困难。根据句意以及句子结构可知空处引导定语从句，a
time为先行词，空处在从句中作时间状语，故用关系副词when。
9.as　解析：句意：这是一个全世界所有的人都梦想游览的地方。定语从句的先行词为a
place，其前有such修饰，应用关系代词as引导。
10.that　解析：句意：你可以在网上搜索这所大学中你可能感兴趣的教授和他们的课程信息。分析句子结构可知，设空处引导定语从句，先行词为professors
and
their
courses，既有人又有物，且关系词在从句中作主语，故用that引导。