高考语法考点突破6:名词(含解析)

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高考语法考点突破6
名词
【语法精讲】
考点解读:
1.给出名词提示词,考查名词的数;
2.
给出其他词性形式(通常为动词、形容词)的提示词,填写名词
考点一
      名词的数
名词按其词汇意义可分为专有名词和普通名词。普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有单数和复数之分,
不可数名词没有复数形式。
一、可数名词复数的变化规则
1.可数名词复数的规则变化
一般情况下在词尾直接加?s
books,
horses,
beds,
pages
以?s,
?x,
?sh,
?ch结尾的名词,在词尾加?es
glasses,
boxes,
brushes,
watches
(例外:stomach→stomachs)
以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,把y变为i再加?es;以元音字母+y结尾的名词,直接加?s
cities,
countries,
factories,
boys,
toys,
holidays
以?o结尾的名词,常在词尾加?s
radios,
photos,
pianos,
zoos(例外:heroes,
tomatoes,
potatoes)
以?f或?fe结尾的名词,常把f或fe变成v,再加?es;少数词尾加?s
half→halves,
leaf→leaves,
knife→knives(例外:roofs,
chiefs,
gulfs,
beliefs,
proofs)
2.可数名词复数的不规则变化
单复数同形
deer,
sheep,
Chinese,
means(方式,方法),
series,
species
词形变化
man→men,
woman→women,
child→children,
tooth→teeth,
foot→feet,
mouse→mice
合成名词
的复数
将主体名词变为复数:passer?by→passers?by,
looker?on→lookers?on
无主体名词时通常在最后一个词后加复数词尾。grown?up→grown?ups,
stand?by→stand?bys
名词前有
man或
woman修饰
man/woman和中心词都要变为复数形式。如:woman
doctor→women
doctors,man
waiter→men
waiters
疑难点
(1)常以复数形式出现的名词:thanks,
congratulations,
shoes,
trousers,
works(著作;工厂),
manners(礼貌),
spirits(情绪),
instructions(操作说明),
directions(用法说明),
papers(试卷,文件),
times(时代)等。
(2)一些固定短语中的名词只用复数形式,常见的有take
turns
to
do
sth.,
in
high
spirits,
make
friends
with,
shake
hands
with,
make
preparations
for,make
both
ends
with,
take
pains
to
do等。
 二、不可数名词
1.常考的不可数名词
一般来说,物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的,因此没有复数形式,一般也不能用a或an修饰。通常只用作不可数的名词有:milk,
music,
homework,
housework,
weather,
news,
butter,
information,
bread,
advice,
progress,
equipment,
fun,
luggage,
luck,
work(工作),
traffic,
furniture,
wealth,
word(消息),
room(空间),
man(人类)等。
疑难点:word意为“消息”,room意为“空间”,man意为“人类”时通常不带任何修饰词。 
2.抽象名词的具体化
具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时,可以与不定冠词连用,常考到的有:
抽象名词(不可数)
具体化(表达个体概念时,是可数名词)
in
surprise惊讶地
a
surprise一件令人惊讶的事
win
success获得成功
a
success一个(件)成功的人(事)
win
honour赢得荣誉
an
honour一个(件)值得尊敬的人(事)
failure失败
a
failure一个(件)失败的人(事)
by
experience靠经验
an
experience一次经历
with
pleasure乐意
a
pleasure一件乐事
[即时演练]——单句语法填空
—Where
did
you
two
have
your
stomachs(stomach)
examined?
—At
the
doctor’s.
We
were
examined
by
two
famous
Germans(German).
考点二
      
名词的格
1.’s所有格
主要用于表示有生命的人或物的名词,其变化方法如下:
构成
例词
一般是名词词尾加’s
John’s
home
约翰的家
以?s或?es结尾的复数名词,只在词尾加’
students’
textbooks
学生们的课本
词尾不带?(e)s的复数名词,仍加’s
children’s
game
孩子们的游戏
2.of所有格
表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系;名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。
◆the
title
of
the
article 文章的标题
◆the
name
of
the
girl
over
there 那边那位女孩的名字
3.双重所有格
双重所有格的构成为:“名词+of+名词’s”

“名词+of
+名词性物主代词”。表示“其中之一”

“其中一部分”,名词前可用a,
any,
some,
a
few,
two,
this,
that,
these,
those等修饰,但不能用the。
◆a
picture
of
my
mother’s 我母亲(拥有)的一张照片
◆this
little
cat
of
your
sister’s 你妹妹的这只小猫
疑难点:
(1)表示时间、距离、重量、地方等无生命的事物的名词也可以借助’s
表示所有关系。
a
week’s
holiday    
 一周的假
thirty
minutes’
ride 
三十分钟的车程
(2)表示店铺或某人的家时,名词所有格之后的shop,
house,
home等常省去。
at
the
doctor’s
(office)   
在医生的诊所里
at
Mr.Green’s
(house) 
在格林先生家 
[即时演练]——单句语法填空
Last
night
we
went
to
the
barber’s,
where
I
met
a
friend
of
my
brother’s(brother).                                            
【解题技巧】
判断词性,确定名词单复数
1.根据题干的语法结构,特别是设空处前的限定词判断词性:冠词、代词、数词、量词、形容词和介词后应接名词形式。
2.根据句法结构判断词性:如果所填词在句中作主语、宾语、同位语时,一般用所给词的名词形式。
3.确定词性为名词后,根据常用的前后缀将所给词转换成适当的形式;然后再根据名词本身确定可数与不可数,如果名词可数,则需根据其前限定词及谓语动词的形式来确定名词的单复数形式。
(1)表示时间、距离、重量、地方等无生命的事物的名词也可以借助’s
表示所有关系。
a
week’s
holiday    
 
一周的假
thirty
minutes’
ride 
三十分钟的车程
(2)表示店铺或某人的家时,名词所有格之后的shop,
house,
home等常省去。
at
the
doctor’s
(office)   
在医生的诊所里
at
Mr.Green’s
(house) 
在格林先生家 
3.双重所有格
双重所有格的构成为:“名词+of+名词’s”

“名词+of
+名词性物主代词”。表示“其中之一”

“其中一部分”,名词前可用a,
any,
some,
a
few,
two,
this,
that,
these,
those等修饰,但不能用the。
◆a
picture
of
my
mother’s 我母亲(拥有)的一张照片
◆this
little
cat
of
your
sister’s 你妹妹的这只小猫
2.抽象名词的具体化
具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时,可以与不定冠词连用,常考到的有:
word意为“消息”,room意为“空间”,man意为“人类”时通常不带任何修饰词。 
【走进高考】
1.
【2019·江苏卷
】26.Nowadays
the
___________
for
travelling
is
shifted
from
shopping
to
food
and
scenery.
A.
priority
B.
potential
C.
proportion
D.
pension
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意:当今,旅行的重点从购物转变成了品尝美食和欣赏风景。A.
priority优先;优先权;B.
potential潜在的,可能的;C.
proportion比例,占比;D.
pension退休金,抚恤金。故选A。
2.
【2018·江苏】Try?to?understand?what’s?actually
happening
instead
of
acting
on
the
_______
you’ve
made.
A.
assignment
B.
association
C.
acquisition
D.
assumption
【答案】D
【解析】考查名词,词义辨析及语境理解。
句意:试着去理解实际发生的事情,而不是按照你所做的假设行事。A.
assignment
分配;
B.
association
交往;
C.
acquisition
获得;D.
assumption
假设。故选D。
3.
.【2019·天津卷
】7.We
can
observe
that
artificial
intelligence
has
already
made
a(n)
___________on
our
lives
in
many
ways.
A.
statement
B.
impact
C.
impression
D.
judgment
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意:我们能够看到人工智能在许多方面已经对我们的生活产生了强烈的影响。
statement“陈述说明”;
impact“强烈的影响,冲击力”;
impression“印象,感想”;
judgement“判断力判断”。故选B。
4.【2018·天津】6.
The__________
that
there
is
life
on
other
planets
in
the
universe
has
always
inspired
scientists
to
explore
the
outer
space.
A.
advice
B.
order
C.
possibility
D.
invitation
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。句意:宇宙中其它星球上存在生命这种可能性总是激励科学家们去探索外部空间。A.
advice建议;B.
order命令;C.
possibility可能性;D.
invitation邀请。故选C。
5.
【2018·江苏】32.
Try?to?understand?what’s?actually
happening
instead
of
acting
on
the
_______
you’ve
made.
A.
assignment
B.
association
C.
acquisition
D.
assumption
【答案】D
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意:尝试理解实际发生的事情,而不是按照你所做的假设行事。
6.
【2018·新课标卷I·语法填空】Two
of
the
authors
of
the
review
also
made
a
study
published
in
2014
that/which
showed
a
mere
five
to
10
minutes
a
day
of
running
reduced
the
risk
of
heart
disease
and
early
deaths
from
all
67
(cause).
【答案】causes
【解析】考查名词复数。一项研究表明,仅仅每天5到10分钟的跑步,就能减少各种原因的心脏病和早亡。根据句意用复数形式。故填causes。
7.
【2018·浙江卷
】Few
people
I
know
seem
to
have
much
desire
or
time
to
cook.
Making
Chinese
56
(dish)
is
seen
as
especially
troublesome.
【答案】dishes
【解析】考查名词。此处指中国菜,表示泛指应该用名词复数,故填dishes。
8.
【2018·浙江卷
】F
Researchers
have
found
that
there
is
a
direct
link
between
the
increase
in
food
eaten
outside
the
home
and
the
rise
in
64
(weigh)
problems.
【答案】weight
【解析】考查名词。此处指体重问题,用名词修饰problems,故填weight。
9.
【2018·天津】The
_______
that
there
is
life
on
other
planets
in
the
universe
has
always
inspired
scientists
to
explore
the
other
space.
A.
advice
B.
order
C.
possibility
D.
invitation
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。句意:宇宙中其他星球上存在生命这种可能性总是激励科学家们去探索外部空间。A.
advice
建议;
B.
order命令;
C.
possibility
可能性;
D.
invitation
邀请。
故选C。
10.
【2016·天津】The
weather
forecast
says
it
will
be
cloudy
with
a
slight
_____
of
rain
later
tonight.
A.
effect
B.
sense
C.
change
D.
chance
【答案】D
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意:天气预报说今天会是多云,后半夜可能有雨。A.影响;B.感觉;C.改变;D.机会,可能性。故选D。
11.
【2016·浙江】It
is
important
to
pay
your
electricity
bill
on
time
,
as
late
payments
may
affect
your
______.
A.
condition
B.
income
C.
credit
D.
status
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意:准时付电费很重要,因为付晚了会影响你的信用。condition
条件;income收入;credit学分,信用(卡)。
根据句意故选C。
12.
【2016·江苏】—
Can
you
tell
us
your______
for
happiness
and
a
long
life?

Living
every
day
to
the
full,
definitely.
recipe
B.
record
C.
range
D.
receipt
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。名词recipe秘诀,食谱,药方;record记录;range范围;receipt收据,收条;句意:----你能告诉我你对幸福长寿的秘密吗?----当然是尽情享受每一天。根据句意可知A项意思,与上下文相符。
13.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Two
of
the
authors
of
the
review
also
made
a
study
published
in
2014
which
showed
a
mere
five
to
10
minutes
a
day
of
running
reduced
the
risk
of
heart
disease
and
early
deaths
from
all
?????
(cause).
答案:causes
解析:all
修饰可数名词复数。
(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)This
switch
has
decreased
?????
(pollute)
in
the
country’s
major
lakes
and
reservoirs
and
made
drinking
water
safer
for
people.
答案:pollution
解析:
作动词decrease
的宾语,用名词形式。
15.
(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)This
development
was
only
possible
with
the
???
(introduce)
of
electricpowered
engines
and
lifts.3.
introduction
16.(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)This
trend,
which
was
started
by
the
medical
community(医学界)
as
a
method
of
fighting
heart
disease,
has
had
some
unintended
side
(effect)
such
as
overweight
and
heart
disease—the
very
thing
the
medical
community
was
trying
to
fight.
16.答案:effects
解析:此处用some
修饰,用名词复数。
17.
(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)In
1863
the
first
underground
passenger
railway
in
the
world
opened
in
London.
It
ran
for
just
under
seven
kilometers
and
allowed
people
to
avoid
terrible
???
(crowd)
on
the
roads
above
as
they
travelled
to
and
from
work.
答案crowds
解析:crow
是可数名词,需要用复数。
18(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)The
nursery
team
switches
him
every
few
(day)
with
his
sister
so
that
while
one
is
being
bottlefed,
the
other
is
with
mum—she
never
suspects.
18答案:days
解析:few
修饰可数名词复数。
【高考模拟】
单句语法填空
1.(2019·江西新余期中)Sometimes
there’s
so
much
work
for
you
to
deal
with
and
you
feel
it’s
beyond
your
ability
to
fulfill
it.
Actually,
you
can
take
(measure)
to
help
yourself.
2.(2019·河南中原名校联考)It
thinks
that
Singlish
may
hurt
people’s
(able)
to
speak
standard
English
and
make
it
hard
for
them
to
communicate
with
foreigners.
3.(2019·浙江五校联考)In
order
to
understand
the
role
and
function
of
belief
in
our
society,
one
way
is
to
compare
the
(different)
between
a
society
with
belief
and
a
society
without
it.
4.(2019·河北衡水中学联考)After
several
(day),
I
got
my
watch
back
and
it
was
still
working.
5.(2019·洛阳统一考试)Once
I
broke
a
(neighbor)
window.
Seeing
nobody
around,
I
ran
away
immediately.
6.(2019·湖北七校联考)Even
though
there
weren’t
(leaf)
on
the
trees,
yet
I
could
still
hear
birds
singing
songs
of
spring.
7.(2019·河南豫北名校联考)There
is
also
new
evidence
that
green
tea
can
help
to
destroy
bacteria
in
our
bodies.
It
is
especially
effective
at
ridding
bacteria
of
your
(tooth)
and
keep
them
healthy!
8.(2019·河南豫西南部分示范高中月考)There
are
(style)
of
music
that
can
drive
you
unquestionably
crazy.
9.(2019·山东烟台期中)Firstly,
these
countries
have
highly
diversified
groups
of
residents
from
different
cultural
(background).
10.(2019·山东滕州一中检测)Traditional
Chinese
Medicine(TCM)
is
an
important
part
of
Chinese
culture.
Great
(success)
have
been
made
in
many
areas
through
TCM
cures.
答案与解析
1.答案measures 
解析:句意:有时候,你有太多的工作要处理,而你觉得完成它超出了你的能力。事实上,你可以采取措施来帮助自己。measure作“措施,方法”讲时,为可数名词,take
measures
to
do
sth.为固定搭配,意为“采取措施做某事”,故此处应用复数形式。
2.答案ability 
解析:句意:它认为新加坡式的英语可能会伤及人们说标准英语的能力,使他们很难与外国人交流。设空处前有名词所有格people’s修饰,应用名词。
3.答案differences 
解析:句意:为了理解信念在我们社会中的作用和功能,一个方法就是比较一个有信念的社会和一个无信念的社会的差异。设空处前有定冠词修饰,应用名词;根据句意,此处指不止一个差异,应用名词复数形式。
4.答案days 
解析:句意:几天后,我把手表拿回来了,它还在运转。day为可数名词,其前有several修饰,应用复数形式。
5.答案neighbor’s 
解析:考查名词所有格形式。此处用名词所有格形式作定语,修饰名词window。
6.答案leaves 
解析:句意:虽然树上没有树叶,但我仍然能够听到鸟儿在唱春天的赞歌。leaf作“叶子”讲时,为可数名词,根据该句中的weren’t可知,此处应用复数形式。
7.答案teeth 
解析:句意:也有新的证据表明绿茶可以帮助消灭我们体内的细菌。它在去除牙齿上的细菌,保持牙齿健康方面尤其有效!根据常识可知,人的牙齿有很多颗,故空格处用所给名词的复数形式。
8.答案styles 
解析:此处表示有一些音乐风格无疑能让你疯狂。There
be句型中,主语为be后面的名词,此处be动词为are,故空格处应用所给名词的复数形式。
9.答案backgrounds 
解析:句意:首先,这些国家有来自不同文化背景的高度多元化的居民群体。background作“出身背景”讲时,为可数名词,由句中different可知,此处指“不同的文化背景”,故填所给名词的复数形式。
10.答案successes 
解析:句意:中医是中国文化的重要组成部分。中医疗法在许多领域已经取得了巨大的成功。success在此处为抽象名词具体化,表示成功的事物,为可数名词。根据空后的have可知,此处应用所给名词的复数形式。
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