高考语法考点突破8：形容词与副词（含解析）

高考语法考点突破8
形容词和副词
【语法精讲】
考点一
　　　　　　形容词和副词的基本用法
一、形容词的基本用法
形容词在句中可作定语、表语、宾语补足语、主语补足语、状语等。
◆(2018·江苏卷)Despite
the
poor
service
of
the
hotel,
the
manager
is
reluctant
to
invest
in
sufficient
training
for
his
staff.
尽管这家旅馆服务差，但是经理却不愿投资对员工进行足够的培训。
形容词作状语主要表示原因、结果或伴随等，其逻辑主语必须与句子主语保持一致。
◆(安徽卷)Lighthearted
and
optimistic,
she
is
the
sort
of
woman
to
spread
sunshine
to
people
through
her
smile.
她无忧无虑、积极乐观，是那种用微笑给别人带来快乐的人。
以ly结尾的形容词。常见的有friendly,
lovely,
lively,
lonely,
elderly,
deadly
等。　
二、副词的基本用法
1．副词主要用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子，表示时间、地点、程度、方式等。
◆(2015·安徽卷)They
gave
money
to
the
old
people’s
home
either
personally
or
through
their
companies.
他们要么是亲自要么是通过公司给敬老院钱。
有些副词，如fortunately,
luckily,
surprisingly,
honestly,
actually,
personally等作评注性状语，往往修饰整个句子，而且它们常位于句首，且有逗号与后面的句子分开。
◆Thankfully,
I
managed
to
get
through
the
game
and
the
pain
was
worth
it
in
the
end.
谢天谢地，我终于打完比赛了，所有的辛苦最终都是值得的。
　
2．常考的连接性副词：though“然而，可是”(用于句末)；meanwhile“在此期间”；therefore/thus/consequently“因此，所以”；moreover/furthermore“此外”；besides“另外，还有”；however“然而”；instead“相反，代替”；anyway/anyhow“尽管，即使这样”；otherwise“否则”。
◆(天津卷)The
young
man
couldn’t
afford
a
new
car.
Instead,
he
bought
a
used
one.
那个年轻人买不起新车，相反，他买了一辆二手的。
◆(江西卷)The
house
was
too
expensive
and
too
big.
Besides,
I’d
grown
fond
of
our
little
rented
house.
这个房子太贵、太大了，而且，我已经越来越喜欢我们租的这间小屋了。
易用错的几类副词
beside在旁边
besides
此外，而且
late迟的，晚的
later多久以后
latest
最近的，最新的
ago以前(以现在为起点)
before以前(以过去为起点)
somewhere某处
everywhere到处
high
在高处；高
highly
高度地；很；非常
wide广阔地；充分地
widely广泛地；普遍地
deep深深地
deeply深刻地；深沉地
free免费地
freely自由地；畅通地
close接近；紧挨着
closely仔细地；紧密地
hard努力地
hardly几乎不
near在附近
nearly几乎，差不多
　
[对点演练]——单句语法填空
1．More
than
2，000
years
ago,
the
brave
and
hardworking
people
of
Eurasia
explored
and
opened
up
several
routes
of
trade
and
cultural(culture)
exchanges
that
linked
the
major
civilizations
of
Asia,
Europe
and
Africa.
2．Surprisingly(surprise),
when
I
got
home,
I
found
a
wet
U．S.
$20
bill
stuck
to
the
ground.
3．(2019·银川模拟)English
is
widely(wide)
used
in
governments,
markets,
service
centers
and
other
fields.
4．(2019·宁夏模拟)The
other
two
had
run
away,
but
they
followed
the
big
man
closely(close)
and
caught
him.
考点二
　　　　　　形容词和副词的比较等级
一、比较级和最高级的构成
1．规则变化
词形分类及变化构成
原级
比较级
最高级
单音节词和少数双音节词
一般加er或est
tall
taller
tallest
long
longer
longest
以e结尾的，只加r或st
nice
nicer
nicest
fine
finer
finest
以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的，先双写该辅音字母再加er或est
big
bigger
biggest
hot
hotter
hottest
fat
fatter
fattest
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的，先变y为i再加er或est
happy
happier
happiest
easy
easier
easiest
其他双音节词和多音节词　
在前面加more或most
difficult
more
difficult
most
difficult
beautiful
more
beautiful
most
beautiful
(1)有少数几个双音节以及ow,
er,
le结尾的词，既可以加er和est,
又可以加more和most构成比较级和最高级。常考的词：common，quiet,
stupid,
shallow,
narrow,
clever,
tender,
simple,
gentle,
noble等。
(2)表示“最高程度”的形容词，如excellent,
extreme,
perfect,
favorite，wonderful等，没有最高级，也不能用比较级。有些词不与than连用也可用于比较，如be
senior
to等。　
2．不规则变化
原级
比较级
最高级
good/well
better
best
bad/ill
worse
worst
many/much
more
most
old
older/elder
oldest/eldest
little
less
least
far
farther(具体)
farthest(具体)
further(抽象)
furthest(抽象)
二、比较等级的用法
1．同级比较
(1)as＋adj./adv.(原形)＋as...和……一样；not
as/so＋adj./adv.(原形)＋as...和……不一样
◆(2019·河南中原名校联考)Since
people
are
fond
of
humor,
it
is
as
welcome
in
conversation
as
anywhere
else.
因为人们喜欢幽默，所以在谈话中或其他任何地方它都是受欢迎的。
(2)当as...as结构中有名词时，可用以下结构：
①as＋形容词原级＋a(n)＋n.＋as...
②as＋many＋可数名词复数＋as...
③as＋much＋不可数名词＋as...
◆I’m
not
a
little
tired
today
after
giving
the
room
a
thorough
cleaning
and
I
have
never
had
as
tiring
a
day
as
today.
今天对房间进行了大扫除之后我很累，我从来没有过比今天更累的一天了。
2．比较级
“形容词/副词比较级＋than”表示“两者中一方比另一方更……”。“less＋形容词/副词原级＋than”结构，表示“一方不及另一方……”。
◆To
them,
life
is
a
competition—they
have
to
do
better
than
their
peers
to
be
happy.
对他们来说，生活已经变成了一场竞赛——他们不得不比同龄人做得更好才能获得快乐。
修饰比较等级的副词：much,
even,
still,
far,
a
little,
a
lot,
rather
等。more,
very等副词不可修饰比较级，这是短文改错常出现的错误之一。　
3．最高级
(1)表示三者或三者以上的比较，常见的结构：“the＋最高级＋表示比较范围的短语或从句”，表示“……是……中最……的”。
◆(四川卷)Andy
is
content
with
the
toy.
It
is
the
best
he
has
ever
got.
安迪很满意这个玩具。这是他所得到的最好的玩具。
(2)one
of＋形容词最高级＋名词复数
◆Shanghai
is
one
of
the
biggest
cities
in
our
country.
＝Shanghai
is
among
the
biggest
cities
in
our
country.
上海是我国最大的城市之一。
(3)序数词＋形容词最高级＋名词
◆Africa
is
the
second
largest
continent
in
the
world.
非洲是世界上第二大洲。
(4)最高级的其他表达法：
①否定词＋比较级
②比较级＋than＋any
other＋单数名词
③比较级＋than＋all
the
other＋复数名词
④比较级＋than＋any
of
the
other＋复数名词
⑤比较级＋than
anything/anyone
else
◆Your
story
is
perfect；I’ve
never
heard
a
better
one
before.　你的故事太完美了，我以前从来没有听过比这更好听的故事。
◆The
Yangtze
River
is
longer
than
any
other
river/all
the
other
rivers/any
of
the
other
rivers
in
China.
长江比中国的其他任何一条河都长。
4．含有比较等级的特殊句型
(1)the＋adj./adv.er,
the＋adj./adv.er
　　　　　　　　　越……，越……
(2)adj./adv.er＋and＋adj./adv.er
越来越……
(3)the＋adj.er＋of
the
two＋名词
某人或某物是两者中较……的那个
(4)no
more
than
仅仅
not
more
than
至多；不超过
(5)more...than...
与其说……倒不如说……
(6)no＋比较级＋than
和……一样不……
(7)not＋比较级＋than
不比……更……
(8)倍数句型
①A
is＋倍数＋比较级＋than＋B
②A
is＋倍数＋as＋原级＋as＋B
③A
is＋倍数＋the＋名词(size,
length,
height等)＋of＋B
◆(天津卷)The
more
interaction
the
robot
has
with
humans,
the
more
it
learns.
机器人与人类互动得越多，它学会的就越多。
◆(江苏卷)The
electronic
waste
stream
is
increasing
three
times
faster
than
traditional
garbage
as
a
whole.
总的来说，电子废弃物正以比传统垃圾快三倍的速度增加。
[对点演练]——单句语法填空
1．The
harder
you
work
in
the
company,
the
greater(great)
progress
you
will
make.
2．(2019·长沙模拟)Road
safety
has
aroused
wider(wide)
attention
of
the
public
than
before.
3．(2019·南阳模拟)Secondly,
if
you
don’t
want
to
waste
time,
divide
the
group
task
among
all
group
members
to
make
the
job
easier(easy)．
4．(2019·天一大联考模拟)During
the
end
of
the
19th
century
and
the
beginning
of
the
20th
century,
Beijing
Opera
finally
formed
and
became
the
biggest(big)
of
all
operas
in
China.
看到四种情况，想到比较等级
1．看到与than连用，要想到用比较级
[例1]　(新课标全国卷Ⅰ)Finally,
that
hard
work
paid
off
and
now
the
water
in
the
river
is
(clean)
than
ever.
[分析]　cleaner　根据后面的than可知此处要用比较级，因此要填cleaner。
[例2]　After
a
few
months,
we
all
felt
that
we
had
been
able
to
build
much
strong
relationships
with
the
family
than
we
had
before.
[分析]　strong→stronger　根据句中的比较级标志词than可知，本句应用比较级，表示几个月后的情况与之前的情况进行比较，much用于修饰比较级。故将strong改为stronger。
2．看到and,
but,
or等连词前或后用的比较等级形式，要想到用比较等级
[例3]　
(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)They
were
also
the
best
and
worse
years
in
my
life.
[分析]　worse→worst　由并列连词and前面的“the
best”可知，and后应用形容词的最高级形式，故填worst。
3．看到语境中暗含的比较含义，要想到用比较级(两者之间)或最高级(三者及以上)
[例4]　(广东卷)After
our
plane
landed,
we
went
to
the
hotel.We
had
made
our
reservation
six
months
(early),
but
the
man
at
the
front
desk
said
there
had
been
a
mistake.
[分析]　earlier　由had
made可知该动作发生在到达旅馆之前，故应该是早在六个月之前我们就已经预订了，故填比较级earlier。
4．看到下列固定搭配，要想到用比较等级
(1)the＋比较级．..,
the＋比较级．..
[例5]　(辽宁卷)The
(hard)
you
try
to
beat
him,
the
more
likely
you
will
get
hit.
[分析]　harder　分析句子结构可知此句为“the＋比较级．..,
the＋比较级．..”句型，表示“越……，就越……”。故填harder。
(2)the＋最高级＋标志性词语或从句
[例6]　(陕西卷)My
mum
makes
the
better
biscuits
in
the
world,
so
I
decided
to
ask
her
for
help.
[分析]　better→best　此处前面有the，后面有表示范围的“in
the
world”，所以应该用形容词的最高级。故将better改为best。　　　　　
【走进高考】
1.【2018·江苏】Despite
the
poor
service
of
the
hotel,
the
manager
is
_______
to
invest
in
sufficient
training
for
his
staff.
A.
keen
B.
reluctant
C.
anxious
D.
ready
【答案】B
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析及语境理解。句意：尽管旅馆服务不好，经理还不愿投入为员工提供足够的培训。A.
keen敏锐的；be
keen
to渴望；B.
reluctant不情愿的；be
reluctant
to不情愿做；C.
anxious渴望的；be
anxious
to急于；D.
ready准备好的；be
ready
to乐意。故选B。
2.【2017·江苏】Only
five
years
after
Steve
Jobs’
death
,smart
–phones
defeated
_______
PCs
in
sales.
A.
controversial
B.
contradictory
C.
confidential
D.
conventional
【答案】D
【解析】考查形容词的辨析。A.
controversial有争议的；
B.
contradictory对立的，相互矛盾的；C.
confidential机密的，秘密的；D.
conventional
传统的。智能手机在销量上打败了传统的个人电脑，故选D
.句意：就是在乔布斯死后的五年，智能手机在销售上击败了传统的个人电脑。
3.【2017·江苏】The
disappearance
of
dinosaurs
is
not
necessarily
caused
by
astronomical
incidents.
But
_______
explanations
are
hard
to
find.
A.
alternative
B.
aggressive
C.
ambiguous
D.
apparent
【答案】A
【解析】考查形容词的辨析。A.
alternative可供替代的；B.
aggressive好斗的，有进取心；C.
ambiguous有野心的，耗时的；D.
apparent显而易见的。句意：恐龙的消失未必是由天体灾害引起的，但是也很难找到其它的解释。故选A。
4.【2017·天津】—I
want
to
see
Mr.
White.
We
have
an
appointment.
—I’m
sorry,
but
he
is
not
________
at
the
moment,
for
the
meeting
hasn’t
ended.
A.
busy
B.
active
C.
concerned
D.
available
【答案】D
【解析】考查形容词。句意：---我想见怀特先生，我们有约。---对不起，他现在没空，因为会议还没有结束。A.忙碌；B.积极，活跃；C.关心；D.有空。根据语境，故选D。
5.【2016·江苏】His
comprehensive
surveys
have
provided
the
most__________statements
of
how,
and
on
what
basis,
data
are
collected.
A.
explicit
B.
ambiguous
C.
original
D.
arbitrary
【答案】A
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。形容词explicit明晰的，清楚的；ambiguous模棱两可的，含糊不清的；original原始的，最初的；arbitrary任意的，专制的；句意：对于如何以及在什么基础上收集数据，他的综合调查提供了最清晰的说明。故A正确。
6.【2016·江苏】His
comprehensive
surveys
have
provided
the
most__________statements
of
how,
and
on
what
basis,
data
are
collected.
A.
explicit
B.
ambiguous
C.
original
D.
arbitrary
【答案】A
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。形容词explicit明晰的，清楚的；ambiguous模棱两可的，含糊不清的；original原始的，最初的；arbitrary任意的，专制的；句意：对于如何以及在什么基础上收集数据，他的综合调查提供了最清晰的说明。故A正确。
7.【2016·浙江】In
this
article
,
you
need
to
back
up
general
statements
with
________
examples.
A.
specific
B.
permanent
C.
abstract
D.
universal
【答案】A
【解析】考查形容词辨析。句意：在文章中，你需要用具体的例子来支持总的观点。A.具体，明确的；B.永久的；C.抽象的；D.全球的，共通的。故选A。
【2019模拟题】
1．(2019·衡阳模拟)The
festival
is
one
of
the
four
(large)
ice
and
snow
festivals
in
the
world!
2．(2019·福建厦门一中考试)It
is
an
(attract)
place
full
of
ancient
bridges,
traditional
hotels
and
restaurants
all
built
around
an
amazing
water
network
that
is
part
of
the
Beijing—Hangzhou
canal,
the
(long)
canal
in
the
world.
3．(2019·安徽合肥六中模拟)It
was
(amaze)
that
our
class
won
the
second
place.
Our
efforts
paid
off!
4．(2019·山东、安徽名校联考)Thinking
his
key
was
controversial，I
devoted
myself
to
the
problem
heart
and
soul,
trying
to
figure
it
out
in
a
different
way.
Twenty
minutes
(late),
I
succeeded
in
finding,
in
my
opinion,
the
right
key.
5．(2019·湖北四地七校联考)Admittedly,
we
have
the
right
to
do
whatever
we
want.
，
violating
others’
rights
is
unacceptable.
6．(2019·广东湛江调研)The
more
support
you
win
from
others,
the
(fast)
you
will
move
toward
your
goal.
7．(2019·沈阳监测)We
felt
safe
for
the
next
half
hour
so
we
decided
to
go
even
(far)．
8．(2019·山东潍坊期中)It
is
obvious
that
the
wide
spread
and
recognition
of
Western
holidays
is
(harm)
to
our
traditional
value.
9．(2019·广东七校联合体第二次联考)I
was
scanning
the
restaurant,
waiting
to
sit
at
the
first
table
that
was
(convenient)
than
others.
10．(2019·安徽滁州中学模拟)
(obvious),
a
good
habit
can
help
us
to
speed
up
to
reach
our
destinations.
1.largest　解析：考查比较等级。此处表示四个最大的冰雪节之一，故填largest。
2.attractive；longest　解析：第一个空修饰place，故应用形容词attractive，表示“吸引人的”。第二个空前面有the，空后有比较范围in
the
world，故应填最高级longest，表示“最长的”。
3.amazing　解析：此处It为形式主语，真正的主语为that引导的主语从句。系动词be后跟形容词，此处意为“令人感到吃惊的”故填amazing。
4.later　解析：
句意：由于认为他的答案有争议，我全心全意地研究这一问题，试图用不同的方法把它解出来。二十分钟以后，我找到了自己认为正确的答案。late
表示“迟，晚”，later
表示“后来，以后”。
5.However　解析：
句意：无可否认，我们有权利做任何我们想做的事。然而，侵犯他人权利是不可接受的。根据语境可知，前后为转折关系，故填However。
6.faster　解析：句意：你赢得别人的支持越多，就会越快地接近你的目标。此处为“the＋比较级，the＋比较级”结构，意为“越……越……”。因此，设空处应用比较级。故填faster。
7.farther　解析：考查比较级。根据该句中的“even”可以判断，此处表示“我们决定走得更远一点”，故填far的比较级。
8.harmful　解析：句意：很明显，西方节日的广泛传播和认可对我们传统的价值观有害。设空处填形容词作表语，故填harmful，表示“有害的”。
9.more
convenient　解析：考查形容词的比较级。根据该句中的“than”可知，空处用形容词的比较级。10.Obviously　解析：句意：很明显，一个好习惯能够帮助我们加速抵达目的地。设空处修饰逗号后面的句子，作状语，应用副词。故填Obviously。