高考语法考点突破11：主谓一致（含解析）

高考语法复习
11主谓一致
【语法精讲】
题型
典题试做
考点解读
语法填空
(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)While
running
regularly
can’t
make
you
live
forever,
the
review
says
it
is(be)
more
effective
at
lengthening
life
than
walking,
cycling
or
swimming.
(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)When
fat
and
salt
are
removed(remove)
from
food,
the
food
tastes
as
if
it
is
missing
something.
(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Fast
food
is(be)
full
of
fat
and
salt;
by
eating
more
fast
food
people
will
get
more
salt
and
fat
than
they
need
in
their
diet.
(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Leaving
the
less
important
things
until
tomorrow
is(be)
often
acceptable.
(全国卷Ⅱ)This
cycle
goes(go)
day
after
day：The
walls
warm
up
during
the
day
and
cool
off
during
the
night
and
are
thus
always
a
timely
offset(抵消)
for
the
outside
temperatures.
近几年高考对主谓一致的考查主要在语法一致和意义一致，就近一致相对来说考查较少，并且高考常常将主谓一致与动词的时态、语态结合起来进行综合考查
主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上和主语一致，一般遵循三个原则，即语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。
考点一
　　　　　　
语法一致原则
主语的单复数决定了谓语动词的单复数。
1．动名词、动词不定式、从句、不定代词作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。
◆(湖南卷)All
the
scientific
evidence
shows
that
increasing
use
of
chemicals
in
farming
is
damaging
our
health.
所有的科学证据都表明，在农业中使用越来越多的化学品正在危害着我们的健康。
◆What
he
said
is
far
from
the
truth.
他的话与事实相差太远了。
2．主语后接介词短语或其他插入语，如with,
together
with,
as
well
as,
like,
but,
except,
along
with,
rather
than,
including,
in
addition
to等，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。
◆The
leader
and
artist
as
well
as
some
of
our
English
teachers
was
given
a
chance
to
go
abroad
last
year.
那位领导兼艺术家和我们的一些英语老师一样去年得到了一次出国的机会。
◆I
think
Tom,
rather
than
you
is
to
blame
for
the
accident.
我认为是汤姆而不是你该为这起事故负责任。
3．and,
both...and...连接两个不同的主语，谓语动词用复数形式；但是如果由and连接的两个名词表示同一概念，兼具身份或匹配出现时，谓语动词用单数形式。
◆Her
teacher
and
her
friends
are
in
the
sitting?room.
她的老师和朋友们都在客厅。
◆The
poet
and
writer
has
produced
many
works.
这位诗人兼作家写出了许多作品。
4．定语从句中关系代词作主语时，从句中的谓语动词要与先行词保持一致。
◆My
friend
showed
me
around
the
town,
which
was
very
kind
of
him.
我的朋友真是太好了，他带我参观了这个小镇。
5．“many
a/more
than
one＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。each,
every,
no所修饰的名词作主语时，即使有and连接，谓语动词仍用单数。
◆Many
a
parent
has
had
to
go
through
this
same
painful
process.
很多父母都被迫经历了这一段痛苦的过程。
◆Every
boy
and
every
girl
wishes
to
attend
the
party
held
on
Sunday.
每个男生和女生都希望参加周日的聚会。
[对点演练]——单句语法填空
1．(湖南卷)Listening
to
loud
music
at
rock
concerts
has(have)
caused
hearing
loss
in
some
teenagers.
考点二
　　　　　　意义一致原则
意义一致原则指不管主语的形式是单数还是复数，主语的意义决定了谓语动词的单复数。
1．集体名词作主语时，若被看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式；若被看作是构成集体的一个个成员，谓语动词用复数形式。常见的集体名词有family,
class,
team,
group,
public,
committee,
government,
audience等。
◆The
whole
class,
which
is
made
up
of
twenty
boys
and
fifteen
girls,
were
told
to
stay
behind
after
school
to
have
an
important
meeting
yesterday.
这个班由20个男生和15个女生组成，昨天全班学生被告知放学后留下开一个重要的会。
形式为单数但意义为复数概念的集合名词(如people,
police等)作主语时，谓语动词用复数。　
2．“分数/百分数/the
majority＋of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数以及其表示的意义；all,
some,
half,
most,
the
rest等作主语时，谓语动词单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。
◆About
one
third
of
the
books
are
worth
reading.
这些书中大约有1/3值得一读。
◆Altogether
more
than
70
percent
of
the
surface
of
the
earth
is
covered
by
water.
总共有超过70%的地球表面被水覆盖。
3．“the＋形容词”表示一类人在句中作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
◆The
sick
have
been
cured
and
the
lost
have
been
found.
病人已被治愈，失踪的人也都找到了。
4．a
quantity
of后既可接不可数名词，也可接可数名词复数；谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数以及其表示的意义。quantities
of后无论是可数名词还是不可数名词，谓语动词均用复数形式。
◆A
quantity
of
time
has
been
wasted
on
the
project.＝Quantities
of
time
have
been
wasted
on
the
project.
大量的时间被浪费在了这个项目上。
5．“a
number
of＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式，“the
number
of＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
◆The
number
of
people
invited
was
one
hundred,
but
a
number
of
them
were
absent
for
different
reasons.
收到邀请的总共有100人，但很多人因为各种原因缺席了。
6．表示时间、距离、重量、金额等复数名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式。
◆Three
thousand
dollars
is
quite
a
lot
of
money
for
a
boy.
对于一个男孩来说，3
000美元是一笔大数目。
[对点演练]——单句语法填空
1．(山东卷)The
number
of
foreign
students
attending
Chinese
universities
has(have)
been
rising
steadily
since
1990.
2．(湖南卷)We
live
day
by
day,
but
in
the
great
things,
the
time
of
days
and
weeks
is(be)
so
small
that
a
day
is
unimportant.
考点三
　　　　　　就近一致原则
就近一致原则指谓语动词的单复数形式取决于离它最近的主语的单复数。
1．由or,
either...or...,
neither...nor...,
not
only...but
(also)．..,
not...but...等连接的并列主语，谓语动词的数常与最近的主语保持一致。
◆Not
only
John
and
Tom
but
also
their
sister,
Mary,
takes
great
interest
in
the
piano
lessons.
不仅是约翰和汤姆，就连他们的妹妹玛丽，也对钢琴课有极大的兴趣。
◆(湖南卷)Either
you
or
one
of
your
students
is
to
attend
the
meeting
that
is
due
tomorrow.
你或者你的一名学生应该出席明天的会议。
2．在there
be句型中，若有n个并列成分作主语，谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。
◆There
are
three
books
and
a
pen
on
the
desk.
桌子上有三本书和一支钢笔。
[对点演练]——单句语法填空
1．(2019·南昌重点中学段考)It
is
not
I
but
you
who
are(be)
the
first
to
run
to
the
goal
in
that
competition.
2．(2019·广东七校联考)Neither
he
nor
I
am(be)
willing
to
go
shopping
with
you
today
because
of
so
much
work
to
do.
正确判断主谓一致
分析句子成分，找准句子主语，判断句子主语是单数还是复数。再根据主谓一致的三个原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则及就近一致原则判断谓语动词的单复数。
[例]　(福建卷)The
famous
musician,
as
well
as
his
students,
(invite)
to
perform
at
the
opening
ceremony
of
the
2012
Taipei
Flower
Expo.
[分析]　was
invited主语后还有as
well
as
连接的成分时，谓语动词应和主语保持人称和数的一致，故谓语动词应与The
famous
musician在数上保持一致，故用第三人称单数形式；且musician与invite之间为被动关系，再根据句中标志词at
the
opening
ceremony...Expo可知，应使用一般过去时的被动语态，故填was
invited。　　　。
【走进高考】
1.【2019·江苏卷·单项填空】
22.The
musician
along
with
his
band
members
___________
ten
performances
in
the
last
three
months.
A.
gives
B.
has
given
C.
have
given
D.
give
【答案】B
【解析】考查现在完成时与主谓一致。句意：在过去的三个月里，这名音乐家与他的乐队成员已经完成了十场演出。由“in
the
last
three
months”可知，这句话的时态为现在完成时，故排除AD选项。本句主语为the
musician，为第三人称单数形式，句中的“along
with
his
band
members”是附加成分，故谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。故选B。
【高考模拟】
1．(2019·甘肃兰州一中月考)Each
student
(learn)
a
foreign
language,
mostly
English,
from
Day
One
of
their
compulsory
education.
2．(2019·湖南益阳箴言中学模拟)He
has
donated
some
money
to
those
who
live
in
poverty,
which
(be)
of
great
help.
3．(2019·四川部分名校联测)At
the
foot
of
the
mountain
(lie)
an
old
village
which
has
a
beautiful
view.
4．(2019·湖北八校第一次联考)The
publication
of
Great
Expectations,
which
(be)
both
widely
reviewed
and
highly
praised,
strengthened
Dickens’
status
as
a
leading
novelist.
5．(2019·浙江金丽衢十二校联考)She
took
the
lift
to
the
eleventh
floor,
and
the
secretary
showed
her
where
her
desk
and
her
computer
(be)．
6．(2019·吉林长春外国语学校质检)What
they
need
most
(be)
money
while
what
we
need
most
(be)
textbooks.
7．(2019·湖南怀化一模)More
than
one
doctor
(be)
involved
in
the
rescue
that
took
place
after
the
earthquake.
8．(2019·湖南师大附中月考)Professor
James
will
give
us
a
lecture
on
Western
culture,
and
he
as
well
as
his
assistants
(be)
to
arrive
by
air.
9．(2019·河南部分重点中学联考)A
survey
of
the
opinions
of
experts
(show)
that
three
hours
of
outdoor
exercise
a
week
(be)
good
for
one’s
health.
10．(2019·河北武邑中学第二次调研)There
(be)
a
dog
and
three
ducks
in
the
yard,
in
the
middle
of
which
(be)
two
tall
trees
with
great
shade.
【答案与解析】
1.learns　解析：主语是each
student，故谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
2.is　解析：句意：他给那些生活贫困的人捐了一些钱，这帮了大忙。which引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语，指代前面主句的内容，故从句谓语动词应用单数；根据空前的has
donated可知此处应用一般现在时。故填is。
3.lies　解析：当介词短语置于句首时，句子应用完全倒装，去除修饰部分which
has
a
beautiful
view后，还原成正常语序为：An
old
village
(lie)
at
the
foot
of
the
mountain.。句意：山顶上坐落着一间能一览全城美景的古老小屋。结合定语从句的时态可以判断，此处应用一般现在时，故填lies。
4.was　解析：句意：受到广泛好评和高度称赞的《远大前程》的出版巩固了狄更斯作为一名杰出小说家的地位。分析句子结构可知，which引导定语从句，其先行词是Great
Expectations，这是一本书，所以定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式，另根据strengthened可知，此处应用一般过去时，故用was。
5.were　解析：在where引导的宾语从句中，主语是her
desk
and
her
computer，谓语动词须用复数形式。
6.is;
are　解析：what引导的从句作主语时，若主句谓语部分是系表结构，主句谓语动词的数通常要与作表语的名词/代词的数保持一致，money为不可数名词，textbooks为可数名词复数，故第一空用is，第二空用are。
7.was　解析：句意：许多医生都加入到了震后的营救工作中。“more
than
one＋可数名词单数”作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。根据从句用一般过去时可知，主句也应用一般过去时。故填was。
8.is　解析：句意：詹姆斯教授将给我们做一次关于西方文化的演讲，他和他的助理将乘飞机到达。as
well
as连接并列成分时，谓语动词的单复数形式要与前面主语保持一致。
9.shows；is　解析：主句主语是A
survey，故主句谓语用单数，第一空填shows；第二空前的three
hours
of
outdoor
exercise
a
week表示整体概念，故从句谓语动词用单数形式。
10.is；are　解析：在there
be句式中，谓语动词的数取决于最靠近be的名词(短语)，由题干中的a
dog可知，第一空用is。第二空用are,
two
tall
trees
with
great
shade表示复数概念，作表语的介词短语提前构成了倒装。
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