高考英语二轮专题复习：句子成分 课件（35张PPT）

(共35张PPT)
句
子
成
分
Members
of
a
Sentence
句子成分由词或词组充当
英语的基本成分有七种：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________和_________________________
主语（subject）、
谓语（predicate）、
表语（predicative）、
宾语（object）、
定语（attribute）、
状语(adverbial)
补语（complement）。
英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。
掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。
一：
Ｓ
Ｖ
（主＋谓）
二：
Ｓ
Ｖ
Ｐ
（主＋系＋表）
三：
Ｓ
Ｖ
Ｏ
（主＋谓＋宾）
四：
Ｓ
Ｖ
ｏ
Ｏ
（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
五：
Ｓ
Ｖ
Ｏ
Ｃ
（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
基本句型
一：Ｓ
Ｖ
（主＋谓）
主语：可以作主语的成分有名词，主格代词，动词不定式，动名词等等。主语一般在句首。
谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，
如：We
come.
Ｓ
│
Ｖ
（不及物动词）
1.
The
sun│rose.
2.
Who
│cares?
3.
What
he
said
│does
not
matter.
4.
They
│talked
for
half
an
hour.
5.
The
pen
│writes
smoothly
此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词
都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，
后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
基本句型
二：
Ｓ
Ｖ
Ｐ
（主＋系＋表）
此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。
1.表感官的系动词：look,
sound,
taste,
smell,
feel（这些词用形容词作表语）
　　
2.表似乎的系动词seem,
appear
　　
3.表变化的系动词：become,
get,
turn,
grow,
make,
come,
go,
fall,
run
　　
4.表依旧的系动词：remain,
keep,
stay,
continue,
stand,
rest,
lie,
hold
　　
5.可带名词作表语的系动词：become,
make,
look,
sound,
fall,
prove,
remain,
turn（该词后接的单数名词前多不用冠词。如：He
turned
teacher.）
　
Ｓ
│Ｖ（是系动词）│
Ｐ（表语）
1.
This
│is
│an
English-Chinese
dictionary.
2.
The
dinner
│smells
│good.
3.
He
│fell
│in
love.
4.
Everything
│looks
│different.
5.
He
│is
growing
│tall
and
strong.
6.
Our
well
│has
gone
│dry.
7.
His
face
│turned
│red.
There
be
结构：
There
be
表示‘存在有’。这里的there没有实际意义，不可与副词‘there那里’混淆。
此结构后跟名词，表示‘（存在）有某事物’
试比较：There
is
a
boy
there.（那儿有一个男孩。）
前一个there无实意，后一个there为副词‘那里’。
基本句型
三：
Ｓ
Ｖ
Ｏ
（主＋谓＋宾）
此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。
Ｓ
│Ｖ（及物动词）│
Ｏ（宾语）
1.
Who
│knows
│the
answer?
2.
He
│has
refused
│to
help
them.
3.
He
│enjoys
│reading.
4.
He
│said
│"Good
morning."
5.
He
│admits
│that
he
was
mistaken.
基本句型
四：
Ｓ
Ｖ
ｏ
Ｏ
（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，eg：give/pass/bring/show。这两个宾语通常一个指人(间接宾语)；一个指物(直接宾语)。
--Give
me
a
cup
of
tea
please.
--Show
this
house
to
Mr.
Smith.
--Bring
it
to
me,
please.
Ｓ
│Ｖ（及物）│
ｏ（多指人）
│
Ｏ（多指物）
She
│ordered
│herself
│a
new
dress.
2.
He
│brought
│you
│a
dictionary.
3.
I
│showed
│him
│my
pictures.
4.
I
│told
│him
│that
the
bus
was
late.
5.
He
│showed
│me
│how
to
run
the
machine.
基本句型
五：
Ｓ
Ｖ
Ｏ
Ｃ
（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。
宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。可以用作宾语补足语的有名词，形容词，不定式，动名词，分词，介词短语等。
The
war
made
him
a
soldier.
New
methods
make
the
job
easy.
I
often
find
him
at
work.
The
teacher
ask
the
students
to
close
the
windows.
I
saw
a
cat
running
across
the
road.
名词/代词宾格
+
n./adj./
介词短语/动词不定式/分词
Ｓ
│Ｖ（及物）│
Ｏ（宾语）
│
Ｃ（宾补）
1.
They
│painted
│the
door
│green.
2.
This
│set
│them
│thinking.
3.
They
│found
│the
house
│deserted.
4.
He
│asked
│me
│to
come
back
soon.
5.
I
│saw
│them
│getting
on
the
bus.
a，Ｓ
Ｖ
b，
Ｓ
Ｖ
Ｐ
c，Ｓ
Ｖ
Ｏ
d，Ｓ
Ｖ
ｏ
Ｏ
e，Ｓ
Ｖ
Ｏ
Ｃ
1，Pleas
tell
us
a
story._______
2,
She
smiled.______
3.
I
have
a
lot
work
to
do._____
4.
His
job
is
to
train
swimmers._____
5.
He
noticed
a
man
enter
the
room._____
6.
Please
look
at
the
picture._____
d
a
e
b
e
c
但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（adj./adv./num.数词）短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。我们称之为：定语、状语
The
little
boy
needs
a
blue
pen.
一、
定语：
定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，译为‘‘……的’’
定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。
复合不定代词（something/nothing）之后；
不定式/分词短语/从句作定语时要放在被修饰的成分后；
副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。
Two
boys
need
two
pens.
His
name
is
Tom.
The
boy
in
blue
is
Tom.
The
boy
there
needs
a
pen.
The
boy
needs
a
ball
pen.
There
is
nothing
to
do
today.
The
pen
bought
by
her
is
made
in
China.
The
boy
you
will
know
is
Tom.
二、状语：
状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句的句子成分，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等
--The
boy
needs
a
pen
now.
--The
boy
needs
a
pen
very
much.
可用作状语的有副词,不定式，分词，介词短语，
从句等。
In
the
classroom,
the
boy
needs
a
pen.
在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。
（地点状语）
Before
his
mother,
Tom
is
always
a
boy.
在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语)
On
Sundays,
there
is
no
student
in
the
classroom.
星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语)
介词短语作状语：
He
sits
there,
asking
for
a
pen.
他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态）
Having
to
finish
his
homework,
the
boy
needs
a
pen.
因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。（原因状语）
Frightened,
he
sits
there
soundlessly.
（因为）受了惊吓，他无声地坐在那儿。（原因状语）
分词（短语）作状语：
The
boy
needs
a
pen
to
do
his
homework.
男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。（目的状语）
To
make
his
dream
come
true,
Tom
becomes
very
interested
in
business.
为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣.
不定式作状语：
状语从句：
时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、
结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、
让步状语从句、条件状语从句
--We
chatted
as
we
walked
along.
--Even
if
she
laughs
at
him,
he
adores
her.
三、同位语：
同位语
当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分用来说明和解释另一个句子成分，这个句子成分就叫做它的同位语。
We
students
should
study
hard.
(students是we的同位语，都是指同一批‘学生’）
We
all
are
students.
(all是we的同位语，都指同样的‘我们’）
四、独立成分：
与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的独立成分
感叹词：oh,
hello,
aha,
ah,等。
肯定词:yes
否定词:no
称呼语：称呼人的用语。
插入语：一些句中插入的
I
think
,
I
believe,等。
如:
The
story,
I
think,
has
never
come
to
the
end.
我相信,这个故事还远没结束.
一)
挑出下列句中的宾语
①
My
brother
hasn't
done
his
homework.
②
People
all
over
the
world
speak
English.
④
How
many
new
words
did
you
learn
last
class?
⑤
Some
of
the
students
in
the
school
want
to
go
swimming,
how
about
you?
⑥
The
old
man
sitting
at
the
gate
said
he
was
ill.
(二)
挑出下列句中的表语
--
The
old
man
was
feeling
very
tired.
--
The
leaves
have
turned
yellow.
--
Soon
They
all
became
interested
in
the
subject.
(三)
挑出下列句中的定语
1.
What
is
your
given
name?
2.
I
am
afraid
some
people
forgot
to
sweep
the
floor.
3.
The
man
downstairs
was
trying
to
sleep.
4.
I
am
waiting
for
the
sound
of
the
other
shoe!
(四)
挑出下列句中的宾语补足语
①
She
likes
the
children
to
read
newspapers
and
books
in
the
reading-room.
②
He
asked
her
to
take
the
boy
out
of
school.
③
She
found
it
difficult
to
do
the
work.
④
They
call
me
Lily
sometimes.
⑤
I
saw
Mr
Wang
get
on
the
bus.
(五)
挑出下列句中的状语
①
There
was
a
big
smile
on
her
face.
②
Every
night
he
heard
the
noise
upstairs.
③
He
began
to
learn
English
when
he
was
eleven.
④
The
man
on
the
motorbike
was
traveling
too
fast.
⑤
With
the
medicine
box
under
her
arm,
Miss
Li
hurried
off.
⑥
She
loves
the
library
because
she
loves
books.
⑦
I
am
afraid
that
if
you've
lost
it,
you
must
pay
for
it.
⑧
The
students
followed
Uncle
Wang
to
see
the
other
machine.
划分句子成分
You
will
tell
your
friend
that
you’ve
got
to
school.
But
as
the
moon
gave
far
too
much
light,
I
didn’t
dare
open
a
window.
3.
Another
time
five
months
ago,
I
happened
to
be
upstairs
at
dusk
when
the
window
was
open.
4.
The
dark,
rainy
evening,
the
wind,
the
thundering
clouds
held
me
entirely
in
their
power.
1.You
will
tell
（your）
friend
that
you’ve
got
to
school.
2.
But
[as
the
moon
gave
far
too
much
light],
I
didn’t
dare
open
a
window.
3.
[Another
time
five
months
ago],
I
happened
to
be
Upstairs
[at
dusk]
(when
the
window
was
open).
4.
The
(dark,
rainy)
evening,
the
wind,
the
thundering
Clouds
held
me
[entirely]
in
their
power.
主语
谓语
间宾
定语
直接宾语
原因状语
主语
谓语
宾语