高考英语二轮专题复习：完形填空 课件（38张PPT）

(共38张PPT)
Welcome
to
My
Class
in
This
Poetic
Spring!
Why
is
cloze
test
so
tough?
Problems
in
cloze
tests:
1.词汇、词组缺乏
2.长难句不会分析
3.不能正确把握文章主旨
4.难以排除迷惑项
How
can
we
solve
the
problems?
完形填空题的定义
完形填空题是一种集知识和能力为一体，立意新、要求高的综合性语言测试题。它是一种高难度的障碍性阅读题，此题旨在测试学生的综合应用语言能力，同时又检测学生的分析判断能力和连贯性思维能力。
（一）完形填空题的题型特点
1.
首句完整
“完形填空”
所选短文一般无标题，但首句通常不设空，目的是让考生迅速进入主题，熟悉语言环境，建立正确的思维导向。
2.
语境选择
近几年的高考完形填空题主要考查考生对上下文的理解，要求考生通过语境来作出选择。
“语境能力型”
试题具有相当难度，因为完形填空所给的四个选项往往在语法方面都能成立，错误选项多半可以和空前、空后文字形成某种搭配，极具干扰和迷惑作用。做完形填空题，需要我们立足语篇环境，树立全局观念，瞻前顾后，连贯思维，从语境角度来选择答案。
例如：
(1)
Japan
is
an
island
country
and
its
___________
go
all
over
Japan.
(2)
Japan
is
an
island
country
and
its________
go
all
over
the
Pacific
looking
for
fish
to
catch.
(3)
Japan
is
an
island
country
and
its_____
go
on
the
Pacific
looking
for
the
missing
people.
(4)Japan
is
an
island
country
and
its_______
go
all
over
Japan,
sending
people
to
and
from
work.
选择项：A.
fishing
boats
B.
lifeboats
C.
planes
D.
trains
A,
B,
C,
D
A
B
D
例(1)无语境限制，A,
B,
C,
D皆可。
例(2)只有fishing
boats能够到太平洋捕鱼，故选A。
例(3)在太平洋上寻找失踪人员的应是lifeboats,
选B。
例(4)接送人们上下班的不会是fishing
boats
和lifeboats,
用planes也有
违常理，故选
D。
3.
动名为主
完形填空所给的选项一般是同一词类，或属同一范畴。测试点往往集中于某些词类。高考完形填空题考查动词（5—8个）、名词（4—6个）、然后是形容词，副词等。而介词、连词、冠词等虚词则相对考得较少。这是因为现在的完形填空主要考察语境，而在通常情况下只有实词才能较好地体现语境。
4.
难处暗示
难选之处前后多有暗示。这种暗示多为后面暗示前面，也就是说前面的填空从当时的情况来看，或是线索不清，或是语境不明，无法填出，但只要我们继续往下读，我们就会发现此空在后面的某个地方有暗示。
5.
选材适中
近几年来的高考完型填空题材多为具有一定故事情节的记叙文或具有一定哲理和教育意义，夹叙夹议，以叙为主的议论文。词数在200--300之间。设空距离为10个词左右。短文内容结构严谨，逻辑性强，层次分明。材料难度与高三教材相当，所选短文的英语语言符合高中学生的实际水平。
近年高考完形填空题型特点
1.
以叙为主,
叙议结合;
2.
篇章短小,
意义完整;
3.
首句完整,
主题明确;
4.
结构清晰,
层次分明;
5.
考查语境,
侧重辨析;
6.
实词为主,
虚词为辅;
7.
逻辑推理,
隐于语篇;
8.
常识语法,
每年出现。
(二)
完型填空题解题步骤
1.
细读首句，预测主题
“完形填空”
所选短文一般无标题，但首句通常不设空，目的是让考生迅速进入主题，建立正确的思维导向。同时也不可忽视尾句前后呼应的作用。
2.
跳读与通读全文结合，领会大意，试选答案
要学会跳读技巧。借助首尾句所给启示，跳过难的空格，把短文从头到尾通读一遍，进一步从整体上理解短文大意。这是正确选择的基础，也是做题的关键。切忌急于求成，看一句填一空。若一开始就忙于填空，势必无法掌握文章中心，造成顾此失彼，错误百出的不良结果。这是因为完形填空主要考察对语境的理解，若是在没有弄清短文大意的情况下就去选择填空，可能会因备选项的干扰而偏离主题，一错到底。
在这个过程中把所给四个选项分别套入空格所在的句子中试填，初步完成空格。试填选项时，一定要注意在语境理解上下功夫，要抓住上下文的内容联系和逻辑关系。在阅读全文时，不要忽略连接词、代词、插入语、转折语等的作用。因为这些词往往是改变语境的关键词，具有因果、让步、递进、转折、指代、列举、承上启下的特殊功能。如：but,
yet,
however,
whereas,
while
等表示转折或对比；besides,
moreover,
what
is
more等表示信息增加;
so,
so
that,
therefore,
as
a
result等表示推理结果。平时练习中要注意分辨这类词的细微差别，这样才有利于保证选项的准确性。要弄清空格处待填的是什么词、起何作用，同时也要注意习惯表达法，语法知识等，从而筛选出符合文意的选项。
3.
细读文章，推敲难题
有些空格在初步完形时就可以定局，可部分空格答案还不明朗。做到这一步，我们已能将短文中被挖去的词“复位”了一些，对语境的了解更清晰，更准确了。我们要充分利用这一有利条件，联系上下文意，根据常识，运用逻辑推理，结合语境和已选答案所提供的信息，对候选项再次进行仔细推敲，缜密考虑，选出最佳答案。若有些答案实在难以确定，可采用“排除法”，首先排除在语法或内容上明显不符合要求的答案，然后再比较、定夺。可按空格所在位置，从词语搭配、上下文意、习惯用法、词义辨析和语法结构等方面，耐心细致地逐项分析，以求对应。可先读所要填词的句子，复读上一句，兼顾下一句，即“瞻前顾后”，确保答案的准确无误
英语完形填空之解题基本技巧
1.从上下文关键词着手；
2.从上下文逻辑着手；
3.从固定搭配着手；
4.从词义辨析着手；
5.从生活常识着手；
6.从语法知识着手。
1.从上下文关键词着手
　　充分利用文章的上下文和前后句，找到对选有提示作用的词或句，结合语境答题。
Mrs.
Black
would
ask
me
for
my
1
.
She
wanted
to
know
how
I
thought
we
should
handle
things.
At
first
I
had
no
idea
how
to
answer
because
I
know
2
about
stage
design!
1.A.opinion
B.
impression
C.
information
D.
intention
2.A.
anything
B.
something
C.
nothing
D.
everything
　　
2)
Some
parts
of
the
water
are
very
shallow.
But
in
some
places
it
is
very
＿＿＿＿＿.
A.
deep
B.
high
C.
cold
D.
warm
　　
3)
Mrs
O’Neill
asked＿＿＿＿＿questions
and
she
didn’t
scold
us
either.
A.
no
B.
certain
C.
many
D.
more
　　
shallow
But
and
either
didn’t
4)
The
words,
so
small,
didn’t
seem
____
enough
to
hold
my
new
life.
A.
good
B.
simple
C.
big
D.
proper
small
n’t
　2.从上下文逻辑着手　　
1)
It
has
been
many
years
since
I
was
last
in
London,
＿＿
I
still
remember
something
that
happened
during
that
visit.
A.
and
B.
for
C.
but
D.
as
2)
If
he
did
not
know
them,
he
would
greet
them
with
a
few
words
about
the
weather,
______
he
did,
he
would
ask
about
their
family
and
then
B.
and
so
C.
even
if
D
but
if
　　这类题主要考查考生对上下文逻辑关系的理解，如
转折、让步、因果、递进关系等，并结合语境选答案。
If
he
did
he
would
he
did
he
would
still
　2.从上下文逻辑着手　　
3)
They
were
clearly
long-standing
customers,
and
I
_____
they
must
have
stayed
faithful
to
him
_____
he
had
promised
to
sell
good
quality
fruit.
------
he
called
every
woman
“madam”
for
a
start,____
those
who
clearly
were
not,
but----　
6.
A.
wish
B.
insist
C.
declare
D.
suppose
7.
A.
when
B.
if
C.
because
D.
though
8.
A.
yet
B.
only
C.
just
D.
even
　　这类题主要考查考生对上下文逻辑关系的理解，如
转折、让步、因果、递进关系等，并结合语境选答案。
7
6
8
stayed
faithful
to
him
every
woman
those
2)
The
happiest
people
don't
necessarily
have
the
best
of
everything;
they
just
____
the
best
of
everything
they
have.
A.
learn
B.
make
C.
favor
D.
try
1)I
have
to
finish
work
tonight.
I
doubt
if
I'll
be
able
to
____
it
on
time.
A.
reach
B.
keep
C.
take
D.
make
　3.从固定搭配着手　　
　　注意固定的搭配，包括动词与介词的搭配、动词与名词的搭配以及形容词与名词的搭配等，同时结合语境选择正确的短语。
√
√
make
it
做成某事
make
the
best
of
充分利用，好好珍惜
3)
（06江苏试卷）
The
chance
passed
and
I
didn’t
1
it.
I
take
the
exam
the
next
day
and
I
won.
I
didn’t
2
to
cheat
,
but
I
was
still
cheating
anyhow.
1.
A.
take
B.
have
C.
lose
D.
find
2.
A.
remember
B.
learn
C.
mean
D.
pretend
　3.从固定搭配着手　　
　　注意固定的搭配，包括动词与介词的搭配、动词与名词的搭配以及形容词与名词的搭配等，同时结合语境选择正确的短语。
√
√
4.从词义辨析着手　
　　注意四个选项的差别，结合语境确定答案。
1)
With
her
slow
and
clumsy
reactions,
she
would
surely
____
her
team.
hold
on
B.
hold
out
C.
hold
over
D.
hold
up
2)
My
____
raced
back
more
than
thirty
years
to
the
dark
days
of
1941.
A.
minds
B.
memories
C.
thoughts
D.
brains
　
坚持；不挂断
伸出
拖延
阻碍
slow
and
clumsy
reactions
★
★
raced
back
头脑；智力
记忆
思想；想法
大脑；头脑
4.从词义辨析着手　
　　注意四个选项的差别，结合语境确定答案。
3)
Soon
I
heard
a
＿＿
like
that
of
a
door
burst
in.
A.
sound
B.
cry
C.
voice
D.
shout　　
★
声音
哭，大叫
嗓音
叫，喊
5.从生活常识着手　
　　了解生活常识，结合语境，确定相关答案。
I
___
the
balloon
to
the
wall.
A.
placed
B.
tied
C.
laid
D.
contributed
　
B
2)(Immediately)the
officers
jumped
into
their
cars
and
rushed
to
the___
hospital.
A.
animal
B.
biggest
C.
plant
D.
nearest　
5.从生活常识着手　
　　了解生活常识，结合语境，确定相关答案。
在这样的紧急情况下，人们的第一个反应是到最近的医院就医，因此答案为D。
3）The
rail
will
expand（膨胀）
when
it
gets
___.
A.
wet
B.
cold
C.
hot
D.
dry
运用“热胀冷缩”原理，应选C。
Immediately
jumped
rushed
6.从语法知识着手　
了解不同寻常的语法结构，结合语境，选出唯一答案。
She
was
French
---
perhaps
from
that
place
___
he
usually
spent
his
holidays.
A.
where
B.
when
C.
which
D.
how
2)
The
instructor
then
___
that
we
find
ways
to
make
apologize
to
people.
A.
expected
B.
suggested
C.
told
D.
said　
3)
I
realized
that____
I
had
done
that,
I
would
have
lost
a
new
friend.
A.
before
B.
if
C.
while
D.
as
6.从语法知识着手　
4)
As
my
father,____worked
three
jobs,once
told
me,
…
A.he
B.
that
C.
who
D.whoever
了解不同寻常的语法结构，结合语境，选出唯一答案。
Summary
完形填空高分技巧
1．研读首尾——抓主题
一般来说,很多文章会按照“总—分—总”的思路来写。首先提出主题,接着对主题进行分析、叙述,最后进行归纳、总结,得出结论或提出建议。因此,一般根据文章的首句及尾句就能抓住文章的主题。
2.
左顾右盼——找搭配
3.
思前想后——觅逻辑
语境分析——辨词义
集中精力——破难题
回读检查——补漏洞
Practice
makes
perfect.
Homework:
Finish
another
cloze
test
on
your
paper
一显身手
Methods
上下文语境（context)
常识背景（common
sense）
习惯搭配（phrases
&
idioms）
词义辨析
（comparison）
语法分析（grammar
analysis)
逻辑分析
(logical
analysis
)
解题技巧
1.上下文语境法
1.Many
Africans
are
very
(　)
and
so
they
can’t
afford
to
eat
much
meat.
A
healthy
B.
poor
C.
rich
D
.weak
2.
Many
old
people
don’t
have
good
(　)
.They
can’t
watch
TV,
but
they
can
listen
to
the
music.
A.
hearing
B.
health
C.
eyesight
D.
time
3.
1.Travelling
west,
you
set
your
clock（　）
Traveling
east,
you
set
it
ahead.
A.
back
B.
forward
C.
ahead
D.behind
利用上下文语境解题
[
例2
]
(06全国I)
On
a
hot
summer
day
in
late
August,
I
sought
shade
and
a
cool
drink
at
a
waterfront
café
on
a
Greek
island.
Over
a
hundred
degrees
in
36
air.
Crowded.
Temper
of
both
the
tourists
and
waiters
had
risen
to
meet
the
situation.　
36.
A.
fresh
　B.
cool
　C.
still
　D.
thin
[
例1
]
（08全国I）After
the
birth
of
my
second
child,
I
got
a
job
at
a
restaurant.
Having
worked
with
an
experienced
36
for
a
few
days,
I
was
37
to
wait
tables
on
my
own.
36.
A.
manager
B.
assistant
C.
cook
D.
waitress
37A.
promised
B.
invited
C.
allowed
D.
advised
1)
In
the
summer
vacation
of
1997
,
I
was
fixed
with
a
job
.
I
worked
as
a(n)
(
)
at
Mr.
Breen’s
fruit
shop.
A
.operator
B
.
assistant
C
.waiter
D.
secretary
2.常识背景法
The
ring
had
been
damaged
in
the
great
(
)
of
the
fire.
A.
pile
B.heat
C.
power
D.pressure
2)
利用常识背景法解题
[例1]
…the
mother
was
holding
their
baby
daughter,
Ally.
The
little
girl
had
some
food
stuck
in
her
throat,
and
could
hardly
breathe.
Mr.
White
drove
them
to
2
.
The
ambulance
was
running
very
fast
along
the
road.
2.
A.
the
best
hospital
B.
the
biggest
hospital
C.
the
nearest
hospital
D.
the
Children’s
Hospital
[例2]
（2000全国）And
there
on
a
well-made
bed
sat
Amy,
my
new
roommate,
dressed
neatly.
Greeting
me
with
a
nod
,she
said
in
a
soft
voice,
“Hi,
you
must
be
Cori.”
Then
,she
45
the
music
and
looked
over
at
my
father.
“And
of
course,
you’re
Mr.
Faber,”
she
said….
45.A.
turned
on
B.
turned
down
C.
played
D.
enjoyed
3.习惯搭配法
[例1]
So
I
tried
hard
with
my
writing
and
went
to
college
.
My
first
novel
______
while
I
was
at
college.
A.
came
on
B.
came
in
C.
came
out
D.
came
back
[例2]
They
spend
millions
of
dollars
yearly
______
newspapers
and
magazines…
A.
in
B.
to
C.
on
D.
for
1)
Soon
I
heard
a
41
like
that
of
a
door
burst
in,
and
then
a
climb
of
feet.
41.
A.
sound
B.
cry
C.voice
D.
shout
2)
（NMET
1996）When
the
papers
were
______
,
she
discovered
that
twelve
boys
had
made
exactly
the
same
mistakes
throughout
the
test.
A.
examined
B.
completed
C.
marked
D.
answered
4.词义辨析法
根据逻辑分析法解题
1)
It
was
taking
up
a
great
deal
of
my
time,
and
the
headmaster
of
my
school
gave
me
a
choice
;
stay
in
school
47
leave
to
work
on
my
magazine.
47.
A.
besides
B.
but
C.
and
D.
or
2)
…
and
the
officers
then
began
to
eat
their
meal
,
saying
that
the
mushrooms
had
a
very
strange
38
quite
pleasant
taste.
38.
A.
besides
B.
but
C.
and
D.
or
四大要素
逻辑
词汇
常识
语法
+
一个主题
+
语境