Module 3 The Violence of Nature Grammar,Cultural Corner and Writing

(共46张PPT)
Grammar
&
Cultural Corner
The past perfect passive
过去完成时被动语态
What can you see from the following sentences
1. By the time the tornado ended, more
than 700people had been killed.
2. Coghlan travelled back to Canada after
he had been buried in Texas.
动作在过去某一时刻之前已经完成, 且谓语动词与发出这一动作的主语存在被动关系。句中常用by, before, until, when等词引导时间状语。
过去完成时
1) 概念：表示过去的过去 ----|-------|-----|---->
那时以前　 那时　现在　　　　　　 其构成是had+过去分词构成。
2) 用法 　a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等
动词后的宾语从句。
She said (that) she had never been to
Paris.　
b. 状语从句 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示 “原本…，未能…”
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn’t.　
3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by,
until, when, after, once, as soon as。 e.g.: 1. He said that he had learned some
English before. 　 2. By the time he was twelve, Edison
had began to make a living by
himself. 　 3. Tom was disappointed that most
of the guests had left when he
arrived at the party.
被动语态
被动语态表示主语为动作的承受者。只有及物动词才有被动语态，被动语态的具体用法如下所表示：
用法 例句
不清楚动作的执行者时候 The Parthenon was built during this period.
(2) His bike was stolen.
没有必要或不想指出谁是动作的执行者 Paper was first made in
China.
(2) Do you know when the building was built
强调或突出动作的承受者 Paris is visited by more
than eight million tourists every year.
(2) This painting was painted.
直接引语:直接引用别人的话,把它放在引号内。(direct speech)
间接引语:用自己的话转述别人的话 (indirect speech)
I am a beautiful girl.
仔细观察A、B、C三组句子，注意总结它们的变化规则。
A. 1. He said, “I lost the bag.”
2. He said that he had lost the bag.
B. 1. “Do you want to take part in the
sports meeting ” asked the teacher.
2. The teacher asked me if / whether I
wanted to take part in the sports
meeting.
C. 1. “When will you go fishing ” Jane
asked her father.
2. Jane asked her father when he
would go fishing.
【总结归纳】
上面三组句子中的第一句是直接引语，第二句是间接引语，它们可以相互转化，转化后的间接引语常常是宾语从句，引导词有如下特征：
组别 直接引语 间接引语引导词
A 陈述句 that(可省略)
B 一般疑问句 if / whether
C 特殊疑问句 wh- / how
I. 直接引语变间接引语的方法
1). 直接引语为陈述句时, 变为间接引语,
要用that引导的宾语从句。
如：
“The storm was extremely violent,” said a local man.
A local man said that the storm had been extremely violent.
2). 直接引语为一般疑问句变为间接引语,
要用if/whether 引导宾语从句, 并将原来
的疑问语序变为陈述语序。
如：
The teacher asked, “is every body here
today ”
The teacher asked if every body was here that day.
3). 直接引语为特殊疑问句, 变为间接引语,
用原来的疑问词引导从句, 并将疑句语序
变为陈述语序。
如：
“What shall I do next ” the girl wondered.
The girl wondered what she should do next.
4). 直接引语为祈使句, 变为间接引语, 一般 用以下结构：order/tell/ask sb. (not) to do
如：
The headmaster said, “don’t litter the floor with scraps of paper.”
The headmaster told us not to litter the floor with scraps of paper.
5). 直接引语变为间接引语时, 宾语从句中的人称、时态、代词、时间状语和地点状语等都要作相应变化。
① 人称的变化：
遵循一主、二宾、三不变的原则。即：直接引语中的第一人称在变成间接引语时，要和原句中的主语保持一致；
直接引语中的第二人称在变成间接引语时, 要和原句中的宾语保持一致; 直接引语中的第三人在变成间接引语时, 保持不变。
变化项目 直接引语 间接引语
时态变化 一般现在时
现在进行时
现在完成时
一般过去时
过去完成时
一般将来时
过去进行时
一般过去时
过去完成时
过去完成时
过去将来时
过去完成时
II. 时态的变化
变化项目 直接引语 间接引语
指示代词 this
these
时间状语 now
today, tonight
this week/month…
that
those
then
that day, that night
that week/month…
III. 指示代词/时间状语/地点状语等的变化
yesterday
ten days/weeks…ago
tomorrow/next year..
地点状语 here
方向性
动词 come
bring
the day before
ten days…before
the next day/year..
there
go
take
【温馨提示】
1. 当直接引语强调的是客观事实或真理，变为间接引语时，从句中的时态不变。如：
Mr. Wang said, “The earth travels around the sun.” →
Mr. Wang said (that) the earth travels around the sun.
2. 当直接引语中有表示过去的具体的时
间状语时，变为间接引语时，从句中
的谓语时态可以不变。如：
She said, “I was born in 1995.” →
She said (that) she was born in 1995.
另外，如果在当地或者当天转述，时间状语、地点状语、动词需不需要发生变化，这要看当时的语境来确定。
I. 将下列直接引语转换为间接引语。
1. Linda said, “I’m meeting David for
dinner.”
Linda said (that) she ____ ________
David for dinner.
2. Bill said, “I forgot to pay my
electricity bill.”
Bill said (that) he _______ __ to pay
his electricity bill.
was meeting
forgot to
3. I asked Jack, “Do you know the caller’s
name ”
I asked Jack _______ __ _____ ____
_______ ______.
4. The teacher asked him, “Why were you
late yesterday ”
The teacher asked him ____ ____ ____
___ ____ ____ _______.
whether he knew the
caller’s name
why he was
late the day before
5. “Don’t make so much noise, boys,” the teacher said.
The teacher told the boys ___ __ _____ so much noise.
not to make
Volcanic eruption don’t happen very often on the island.
A scientist said that _____________
2. No one was on the island during the volcanic eruption.
A local journalist said that _________
II. Rewrite the sentences using the
reporting expressions.
3. The thunderstorm will put out the fires. Local people said that ___________
4. The residents can go back to their homes. The governor said that _________
5. Several eruption have taken place in the last twenty years. A local radio station said that _______
Answers:
1. …Volcanic eruption didn’t happen very often on the island.
2. …no one was /had been on the island during the volcanic eruption.
3. …the thunderstorm would put out the fires.
4. …the residents could go back to their
homes.
5. …several eruptions had taken place in the
previous twenty years.
III. 用括号内所给动词的适当时态和语态
填空。
1. Nothing _______ (leave) after the
terrible fire which _________ (cause) by
someone smoking in bed.
2. When I _____ (get) home I _____ (find)
that one of my suitcases ___________
(disappear).
got
found
disappeared
was left
was caused
3. Everything he had _________ (take)
away from him before he ________
(return) to his hometown.
4. —Did he decide to take part in the
competition？
—Yes, of course. He ______________
(encourage) to.
was taken
returned
was encouraged
the California earthquake
Read the passage and answer the questions.
1. Where was the worst Chinese earthquake
It was in Hua County in Shaanxi Province.
2. What was the most dangerous thing about the California Earthquake
The fires caused by the earthquake.
Find the useful words and phrases used to describe the earthquakes.
Hua County California
terrible earthquakes
occur
affect
cover
be killed
in all
lose one’s life
the worst earthquake
the fires
burn
destroy
be killed
be made homeless
cause…deaths
Language points
1. active adj. 活跃的; (思想上)充满活力的；积极的
【例句】
Mr. Brown was active at the party yesterday.
布朗先生在昨天的聚会上很活跃。
My little brother has a very active imagination.
我小弟弟想象力十分丰富。
Students should take an active part in school activities.
学生应该积极参加学校的活动。
【链接】
actively adv. 积极地; 活跃地
activity n. 活动
activist n. 积极分子
2. The California Earthquake of the 18th of April 1906 is the worst earthquake that has ever happened in the United States.
【点拨】 本句是一个复合句。that has ever happened in the United States为定语从句修饰先行词earthquake, 由于先行词被形容词最高级修饰，所以关系代词用that; of the 18th of April 1906为介词短语做后置定语修饰The California Earthquake。
【句意】
（发生于）1906年4月18日的加利福尼亚大地震是在美国发生过的最强烈的一场地震。
What should you do if there is an earthquake in your town
2. In order to help people who lost their families in the earthquake in Wenchuan, what did you do
Discussion
All of you have witnessed the earthquake in Wenchuan. Now discuss the following questions with your partner.
Read the eye-witness account of a violent natural event and answer the questions.
Writing
1. Where did this happen
2. What happened to the trees
3. Where did the person have to stay
4. For how long
Near the beach.
Begin to move from side to side.
In their rooms.
About two days.
2. Write a short passage about a natural disaster you have experienced.
Suggestions:
1). Give a description of the disaster.
2). Write down your feeling about that.
Can you use the expressions in your writing
be in ruins
in a flash
as a result
become homeless
what’s worse
lose one’s life
take action
变成废墟
顷刻间
结果
无家可归
更糟糕的是
丧生
采取行动
donate money
raise/collect money
call on sb. to do
share pains and sorrows with...
in a short time
make contributions to
捐钱
筹集资金
号召某人做
与…分担痛苦与伤悲
在短时间里
为…做出贡献
Some useful sentences for writing：
They call on people to do anything in their power to help those in need.
Many people are doing their part to help poor people out.
What we can do will make much difference to our society.
I am firmly convinced that they will overcome their difficulty and build a new future with the help of us.