2020年中考英语语法总复习教案（1-12章）

第一章
名词
一、名词：
名词的概念：名词是指表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词。
2、名词的分类：专有名词：China,
Mike,
English,
the
Great
Wall…
普通名词：可数名词(有单、复数之分,
在可数名词单数之前要用a/an)
table,
life,
tomato…
不可数名词（无复数形式）food,
duty,
news,
knowledge…
3、可数名词复数的构成：
⑴一般情况是在名词后加-s
⑵以s,
x,
sh,
ch结尾的加-es
⑶以辅音字母+
y结尾的，要变y为i再加-es，如：city
--
family
–
以元音字母(Aa
,Ee,
Ii,
Oo,
Uu
)+
y结尾的，加-s,
如：boy--
⑷以f
/fe
结尾的变f/fe为v再加-es，如：half--
self--
shelf--
leaf--
knife--
wife--
life--
⑸以o结尾的，只有tomato和potato是加-es，其余的都加-s，如：photo--
radio--
kilo--
zero--
zoo--
⑹特殊情况：man--
woman--
policeman--
Englishman--
Frenchman--
但：German--
child--
foot--
tooth--
⑺单、复同形：Chinese--
Japanese--
sheep--
⑻形式上是单数，实际上表复数概念：people，police
如：The
people
/
police
are
working
hard.
⑼有两种形式的：fish作“鱼”时，可数，其复数是
fish或fishes
作“鱼肉”时，不可数。
⑽复合名词的复数形式：man
player--men
players
，
woman
doctor--women
doctors
，
apple
tree--apple
trees
4、不可数名词：无复数形式，不能与a
/an或数词连用，必须用a
cup
of…
,
a
piece
of
…,
a
pair
of…
,
some
,
much
,
so
much
,
too
much
,
little
,
a
little
,
a
lot
of
,
lots
of…等表数
量。如：much
work,
a
little
money,
two
bags
of
rice…
注：一条裤子
a
pair
of
trousers
is
…
The
trousers
are
…
一双袜子/鞋子
a
pair
of
socks
/
shoes
is
…
My
new
shoes
are
…
一副眼镜
a
pair
of
glasses
is
…
数杯橘子汁
glasses
of
oranges
数张纸
pieces
of
paper
如果这些短语中需要用形容词，形容词应该放在冠词后。
a
full
bottle
of
milk
ten
big
pieces
of
paper
如果…of
短语后的名词为可数名词时，必须用复数。
a
bag
of
books
a
basket
of
apples
a
box
of
pens
5、名词的所有格：
⑴单数名词的所有格：
①加
’s
the
student’s
book
②以s结尾的单词,
加
’
James’
book
⑵复数名词的所有格：
①以s结尾的,
加
’
the
students’
books
a
few
years’
time
twenty
minutes’
walk
②不以结尾的,加
’s
children’s
dolls
men’s
shoes
⑶以and连接的：
①共同拥有，共同一个
’s
Lily
and
Lucy’s
father
is
②分别拥有，每个名词后加
’s
Li
Lei’s
and
Jim’s
fathers
⑷无生命名词的所有格：
①表时间、距离、重量、世界、国家、城镇等的加’s
或
s’
an
hour’s
walk
,
ten
minutes’
talk
,
China’s
capital
,
(in)
today’s
newspaper
world’s
population
②用of短语。（语序与汉语不一致）
a
picture
of
my
family
,
the
classroom
of
our
school
,
teachers
of
Class
1
⑸双重所有格：
a
friend
of
my
brother’s
a
new
photo
of
mine
an
old
friend
of
Kate’s
some
flowers
of
hers
the
name
of
her
cat
⑹表“在……办公室”“在……店/家”的名词所有格后面的名词常省去：
at
the
doctor’s
in
Uncle
Wang’s
in
the
teachers’
第二章
代词
二、代词：
⑴人称代词、物主代词、反身代词
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
单数
复数
单、复一样
单数
复数
人称
主格
I
we
you
he
/she
/
it
they
代词
宾格
me
us
you
him
/
her
/
it
them
物主
形容词性物主代词
my
our
your
his
/
her
/
its
their
代词
名词性物主代词
mine
ours
yours
his
/
hers
/
its
theirs
反身
myself
ourselves
yourself
himself
themselves
代词
yourselves
herself
/
itself
注：
1）主格作主语，放在句首。如果主语是几个并列代词时，You最前，I最后（你在前，我在后）。如：You,
he
and
I
are
…
但在表抱歉的句子中，I放在前，
如：Sorry,
I
and
Li
Lei
broke
the
glasses.
2）宾格作宾语，放在动词、介词后。放在动、副短语的之间。
如：These
are
your
things.
Please
put
them
away.
3）形容词性物主代词后必须加名词。
4）名词性物主代词后不能加名词，但相当于形容词性物主代词+名词。
如：my
book
=
mine
his
book
=
his
her
book
=
hers
5）反身代词于动词、介词后作宾语。
如：She
teaches
herself
English.
She
learns
English
by
herself.
在句末加强语气，“亲自”。如：You’ll
see
it
yourself.
在主语后作同位语。如：He
himself
did
it.
在固定短语中。如：enjoy
oneself
=
have
a
good
time
=
play
happily
be
alone
=
all
by
oneself
teach
oneself
sth.
=
learn
sth.
(all)
by
oneself
leave
sb.
by
oneself
help
oneself
to
sth.
⑵指示代词：近指
this
→复these
远指
that
→复those
注：
1）打电话时用this
代替自己，that
代替对方。
如：Hello!
This
is
….
Is
that
…speaking?
2）that
/
those可以用来代替前面提到过的人或物。
如：This
story
is
more
interesting
than
that
one.
⑶疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词：
指人：who(主语)
whom(宾语)
whose(谁的)
指物：what
who’s(谁是)
指人/物：which
注：
1）The
bag
on
the
desk
is
Lucy’s.
→Whose
is
the
bag
on
the
desk?
Lucy’s
bag
is
on
the
desk.
→Whose
bag
is
on
the
desk?
2）What也可对人的职业、身份提问：What
do
you
do?
=
What
are
you?
What
does
she
do?
=
What
is
she?
3）对某人的身高胖瘦提问用What：He
is
thin
and
tall.
→What
is
he
like?
⑷不定代词：
some
用于肯定句和表请求、征求意见的疑问句，
如：Could
you
give
me
some…?
Would
you
like
some…?
Why
don’t
you
give
him
some…?
any
用于否定句、疑问句、条件句，
如：If
you
have
any
question
to
ask,
you
will
call
me.
注：something
/
somebody
/
someone
anything
/
anybody
/
anyone用法类似。
②one…the
other…
(一个…另一个…)
○→○
两者中一个…，另一个…
one…the
others…(一个…其余的…)
○→○○○○
多数中的一个…，余下的全部…
some…the
others
(一些…其余的…)
○○→○○○○
一些…，余下的全部…
some…others
(一些…另一些…)
○○→○○○○→○○○→一些…，余下的中的一部分…
another
(另一个，又一个)
○→○→○→
一个一个地连接，后+名单或few/数字+名复如：another
cake
another
two
cakes
=
two
more
cakes
注：1）the
other和other后可加名词
2）the
others和others后不加名词
3）the
other
/
the
others表特定范围内除去一部分后余下的全部。
4）other
/
others
表除去一部分后的另一些，但不是余下的全部。
③each强调个体，+名单(谓动：单)
两个或两个以上的每一个。
each
of
+名复(谓动：单)
如：Each
woman
has
a
book.
=
Each
of
the
women
has
a
book,
every
adj.
强调整体，+名单(谓动：单)三个或三个以上的每一个Every
boy
likes
…
但Every
of
×
everyone
指人
everyone
of
×
every
one
指人，指物
every
one
of
us
注：1)Each
of
us
has
a
room.
=
We
have
a
room
each.
2)each
other
两者互相，于动词后，如：help
each
other
understand
each
other
each
other的所有格each
other’s，如：They
filled
each
other’s
stockings
with
presents.
3)当each放在主语后时，谓动（复），如：
We
each
have
a
book
on
the
desk.
4)one
each
每人一个
④both两者都→否：neither两者都不+名单
Neither
sentence
is
right.
all
三者以上全都→否：none三者以上全都不
both
of
（谓动：复）
Both
of
the
answers
are
right.
neither
of
（谓动：单）Neither
of
the
answers
is
wrong.
Both
A
and
B（谓动：复）
A和B都
Both
you
and
I
are
teachers.
Neither
A
nor
B
（就近一致）A和B都不
Neither
you
nor
I
am
a
student.
Neither
of
the
twins
is
a
university
student.
In
the
past,
none
of
the
buses
were
/
was
air-conditioned.
注：
1）either两个人或物中的任何一个，
如：There
are
some
flowers
on
either
side
of
the
river.
=
There
are
some
flowers
on
both
sides
of
the
river.
2）either表“也”时，于否定句，:如：He
doesn’t
like
it.
She
doesn’t
like
it,
either.
3）Either
A
or
B（就近一致）或者A…或者B…，不是A…就是B…
Either
they
or
Lily
knows
the
good
news.
4）倒装句中：She
likes
apples,
and
so
does
he.
If
you
won’t
go,
neither
/
nor
will
I.
⑤
one
代指单数的人或物
The
apple
is
bigger
than
that
one.
ones代指复数的人或物
The
apples
are
bigger
than
those
ones.
注：it与one
it代指前面提到过的单数的东西，复数用them。
如：I
can’t
find
my
pen.
Have
you
seen
it
anywhere?
指同一样东西。
one代指前面提到过的那一类的单数的东西，复数用ones。
如：I’ve
lost
my
pen.
I
want
to
buy
a
new
one.
同类不同物。
It
is
a
robot.
(指物)
It
is
raining
now,
but
it’ll
be
fine
soon.
(指自然现象)
What
time
is
it
now?
It’s
eight
o’clock.
(指时间)
It
isn’t
far
from
hereto
the
hospital.
(指距离)
It’s
important
(for
us)
to
fight
pollution.
（作形式主语）
⑥
a
lot
of
=
lots
of
=plenty
of
+名复或不可数名词
=
many
+名复或much
+不可数名词
用于肯定句
用于否、疑句
如：She
picked
a
lot
of
oranges.
→She
didn’t
pick
many
oranges.
⑦
too
much与
too
many
⑧some,
any,
no,
every可与one,
body,
thing构成合成不定代词，
这些词作主语时看作三单。
Nobody
is
here.
Everyone
in
our
class
likes…
放在形容词之前。
something
important,
nothing
delicious,
something
nice
指人somebody
someone
指物
something
anybody
anyone
anything
everybody
everyone
everything
nobody
no
one
nothing
注：Is
everyone
here
today?
Yes,
we
are.
⑨
few
little
a
few
a
little
第三章
数词和冠词
三、数词和冠词：
数词：基数词(表数目):
1-12单独记，13-19加teen，整十加ty，几十几之间加-，
hundred后加and.
序数词(表顺序)：
基+th→序
注：
1）基数词变序数词口诀：
基变序，有规律，词尾加上th，
一、二、三，特殊记，词尾字母t和d，(first,
second,
third)
八减t，九去e，f来把ve替，(eighth,
ninth,
fifth,
twelfth)
单词ty作结尾，要把y来变ie，(twenty--twentieth)
若是遇到几十几，只变末位就可以。(thirty-first)
2）分数表达法：基/序，分子大于1时分母+s。
1/5--one
fifth
2/5--two
fifths
两种表达法：1/2：a
half或one
second
1/4：a
quarter或one
fourth
3/4：three
quarters或three
fourths
3）对东西的数量提问用How
many
+名复…?
如：There
is
only
a
bird
in
the
tree.
→
How
many
birds
are
there
in
the
tree?
4）对不可数名词的量提问用How
much
+
不可数名词…?
如：There
is
a
little
milk
in
the
bottle.
→
How
much
milk
is
there
5）对人口的数量提问用What…?
如：The
population
of
China
is
120,000,000.
→
What
is
the
population
of
China?
6）对星期和节日提问用What
day…?
如：Yesterday
was
Women’s
Day
/
Friday.→
What
day
was
yesterday?
7）对日期提问用What
is
/
was
the
date
…?
如：Last
Sunday
was
March
3rd.
→
What
was
the
date
last
Sunday?
8）hundred,
thousand,
million,
billion在表示具体数时，不用复数，
如：three
million.在表概数时用复数+of短语，
如：thousands
of
,
many
thousands
of
9）第6课：Lesson
Six
=
the
sixth
lesson
405房间：Room
405
10）A加B是多少：What
is
four
and
/
plus
seven?
It’s
eleven.
11）序数词的前面一般必须加the，但以下情况不用：
①表“又一”时，
如：There
are
three
flowers,
but
she
wants
a
fourth
one.
②序数词前有形容词性物主代词时，如：This
is
my
fifteenth
birthday.
③序数词作表语时，
如：Who
was
first
in
the
high
jump?
He
is
always
the
first
one
to
come
to
the
school.
I
am
the
second
one
to
get
up
in
my
family.
特别记忆：one
–
first
two
–
second
three
–
third
four
–
fourteen
–
forty
five
–
fifteen
–
fifty
–
fifth
nine
–
nineteen
–
ninety
–
ninth
twelve
–
twelfth
twenty
--
twentieth
冠词
(
Article)
冠词(a,
an,
the)冠词放在名词前：an
invention,
a
useful
invention
①不定冠词(Indefinite
Article)
a
/
an：表泛指，用于不限定的可数名词单数前，a用于辅音前，an用于元音前。
There
is
a
“u”
and
an
“s”
in
the
word
“bus”.
He
is
an
eight-year-old
boy.
(an
eighteen-year-old,
an
eighty-year-old,
an
eleven-year-old)
(
a
one-year-old
boy)
He
is
an
honest
student.
a/
an
用在一些习惯用语中
e.g.
have
a
good
time,
in
a
hurry,
have
a
break,
for
a
while,
a
pair
of,
have
a
look,
with
a
smile,
take
an
active
part
in
…
②定冠词(Definite
Article)
the：表特指，用于特定的单、复数名词前。
the
earth
③定冠词the的用法：
1）第二次提到：I
have
a
cat
and
a
dog.
The
cat
is
white
and
the
dog
is
brown.
2）特指某人或物：The
shirt
on
the
table
is
his?
3）说话双方都知道的人或物：Where
is
the
coat?
--
It’s
behind
the
chair.
4）用在形容词最高级前面：the
healthiest
student
5）用在序数词前面：Our
classroom
is
on
the
third
floor.
6)
宇宙中独一无二的东西：The
sun
is
far
bigger
than
the
earth.
7)
江河、海洋、山脉前：
The
sea
is
blue.
The
Yangtze
River
is
one
of
the
longest
rivers
in
the
world.
8)
方位前：Pudong
is
in
the
east
of
Shanghai.
9)
乐器前面：I
practice
the
piano
every
day.
10)用在某些形容词前表某一类人：Wu
should
help
the
blind.
11)
由普通名词构成的专有名词前：the
Changjiang
River
12)
用在姓的复数形式前表某一家人：The
Greens
are
watching
football
match.
固定短语中：
on
the
other
side
of
…
at
the
bus
stop
the
number
of…
in
the
morning
the
day
after
tomorrow
listen
to
the
radio
at
the
moment
go
to
the
beach
by
the
way
④不用冠词的情况：
专有名词和不可数名词前不用：America,
Australia,
porridge…
名词前已有this,
that,
my,
our,
your,
his,
her
its,
some,
any,
whose,
no,
each,
every
等词时不用：
This
is
our
first
lesson.
Every
boy
has
a
workbook.
星期、月份、季节、节日前不用：on
Sunday
morning,
in
spring,
Teachers’
Day,
Children’s
Day
Women’s
Day
Mid-Autumn
Day
称呼、学科、三餐、球类运动前不用：after
supper
play
volleyball
Mr.Wang
(琴类前要用the
:play
the
piano)
某些固定短语中不用：at
home
by
bus
in
bed
on
time
at
times
第四章
形容词和副词
四、形容词和副词：
形容词①修饰名词，放在名词前。
an
important
thing
②修饰不定代词，放在不定代词后。
something
interesting
to
read
③于系动词后，作表语。
be
beautiful
look
happy
feel
lonely
become
angry
副词：修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或句子。
Maybe
he
knows
the
good
news.
形容词、副词比较等级的构成：
单音节、双音节词：
一般情况+
er,
est：
quick-quicker-quickest
healthy-
以结尾的+
r,
st：
nice-
nicer-
nicest
fine-finer-finest
以辅音字母+y的，变y为i
+
er,
est：
healthy-healthier-
healthiest
双写，再+
er,
est的：
big,
red,
fat,
thin,
hot,
wet,
sad
多音节词和部分双音节词，在单词前+more,
most：
slowly
-
more
slowly
-
most
slowly
quickly
-
more
quickly
-
most
quickly
tired
-
more
tired
-
most
tired
often
–
oftener/more
often
–
oftenest/most
often
expensive
–
more
expensive
–
most
expensive
不规则变化：
good
/
well
–
better
–
best
little
–
less
–
least
bad/badly/ill
–
worse
–
worst
many
/
much
–
more
–
most
far
–
farther
–
farthest
old
–
older
–
oldest
年龄大小
-
further
–
furthest
-
elder
–
eldest
家庭成员的长幼
2、比较级句型：（两者相比，用than表达）
A比B…
A…+比较级than
B
A比B…得多
A…+
much
+比较级than
B
(
much
+比较级:
…得多)
如：
①
The
cake
is
bigger
than
that
one.
The
cake
is
more
delicious
than
that
one.
②
I
get
up
earlier
than
my
father
every
day.
③
These
problems
are
much
easier
than
those
ones.
These
problems
is
much
more
important
than
those
ones.
注：
比较级前可加much,
a
little,
even,
still,
a
bit,
a
lot,
any,
far等，
如：She
is
even
slower
than
before.
She
felt
much
worse.
比较级+
and
+比较级（越来越…），
如：Days
get
longer
and
longer
in
summer.
Our
city
is
becoming
more
and
more
beautiful.
the
+比较级…,
the
+
比较级…（越…越…），
如：The
busier
he
is,
the
happier
he
feels.
The
more
he
reads
the
book,
the
better
he
understand
it.
the
+比较级of
the
two（两者中较…的），
如：He
is
the
taller
of
the
two
boys.
=
He
is
taller
than
the
other
one.
5)
one
of
+
the
最高级+
可数名词的复数形式。
e.g.
Shanghai
is
one
of
the
biggest
cities
in
the
world.
6)
当要表达第几大、或第几长的概念的时候，用“the
+
序数词+
形容词的最高级”构成。
e.g.
He
thought
the
Century
Park
was
the
second
largest
in
Shanghai.
3、最高级句型：（三者以上，用of短语或in短语表达）
A是…中最…的：
A…+（the）+最高级+of
/
in短语
注：1)in表场所或范围，如：in
our
class,
in
their
factory…
of与名复、代词或表具体数量的词连用，如：of
us,
of
all,
of
the
three…
2)形容词最高级前必须加the,而副词最高级前则可不加。
如：Ann
is
the
youngest
in
her
family.
Tom
does
everything
most
carefully
of
the
five.
同级比较：（用as…as或not
as
/
so…as句型）
①A与B一样…
A…+
as
+形、副原形+
as
②A与B不一样…
/
A不如B…
A…+
as
+形、副原形+
as
同义句转换：
变成否定句：
如：A比B高。=
B没有A高。
A
is
taller
than
B.
=
B
isn’t
taller
than
A.
变成反义词：(A与B交换位置)
如：A比B高。=
B比A矮。
A
is
taller
than
B.
=
B
is
shorter
than
A.
将more
+
形、副原形与less
+
形、副原形互换：（A与B交换位置）
如：A
is
more
interesting
than
B.
=
B
is
less
interesting
than
A.
比较级与最高级的互换：A是…中最…。=
A比其他任何一个都…
如：Chinese
is
the
most
useful
subject.
=
Chinese
is
more
useful
than
any
other
subject.
(than
any
other
+名单)
=
Chinese
is
more
useful
than
the
other
subjects.
(than
the
other
+名复)
=Chinese
is
more
useful
than
the
others.
(the
others
=
the
other
+名复)
He
jumps
highest
in
our
class.
=
He
jumps
higher
than
any
other
student
in
our
class.
=
He
jumps
higher
than
the
other
students
in
our
class.
=
He
jumps
higher
than
the
others
in
our
class.
注：1)
Shanghai
is
bigger
than
any
other
city
in
China.
Shanghai
is
bigger
than
any
city
in
the
USA.
Tom
studies
harder
than
any
other
student
in
his
class.
The
father
works
harder
than
any
worker
in
the
factory.
A和B都…
=
A与B一样…
如：A
and
B
are
both
very
important.
=
A
is
as
important
as
B.
形容词、副词的反义词：
形容词、副词的互换：
①一般情况在词尾+
ly,
如：
quick-quickly
slow-slowly
careful-carefully
②以y结尾的，变y为i
+
ly,
如：happy-happily
easy-easily
③以e结尾的：polite-politely
safe-safely
但：true-truly
possible-possibly
④特殊的：good-well
⑤形、副同形的：early,
fast,
straight,
hard…
⑥频度副词always,
sometimes,
often,
usually,
never等放在be动词、情态动词、助动词之后，实义动词之前。
⑦程度副词very,
so,
too,
quite,
rather后+
形、副原形，enough用于名前形、副后。
⑧副词home,
here,
there之前不能加the,
如：the
way
to
the
hospital,
on
one’s
way
home
get
to
the
factory,
get
there
⑨also,
too与either
so与neither
/
nor
⑩already,
yet与ever
五、介词：
1）表时间的介词：
A.
in
用于表示一段时间内或某年、月、星期、季节：
e.g.
in
2002,
in
January,
in
a
week,
in
autumn,
in
the
past
five
fifty
years,
in
half
an
hour,
固定短语：in
the
morning,
in
the
afternoon,
in
the
evening,
in
the
end…
B.
on表某一天或某一天的某部分：
e.g.
on
Women’s
Day,
on
August,3rd,
on
Monday
morning,
on
the
fifth
day,
on
Christmas,
on
a
cold
evening,
on
the
evening
of
September,
22nd…
固定短语：on
time…
sth.
is
/
are
on
the
bed
C.
at
表某一时刻：
at
seven
o’clock,
at
that
time,
at
Christmas,
固定短语：at
first,
at
last,
at
night,
at
noon,
at
the
end
of…,
at
present,
at
the
weekend
D.
for
表时间段：
for
two
months,
for
a
moment,
for
a
long
time…
E.
from…to…
从…到…
from
Tuesday
to
Saturday,
from
morning
to
evening,
from
nine
to
eleven
F.
since
(自从。。。。。。以来)
:
since
three
o’clock,
since
last
Monday
G.
during
(在。。。。。。期间)
:
during
those
days,
during
the
summer
holidays
H.
before
在…之前：
before
breakfast,
before
washing,
before
twelve
o’clock
I.
after
在…之后：
after
lunch,
after
running,
the
day
after
tomorrow,
after
eight
J.
between…and…在…之间
between
nine
and
eleven
K.
past
表超过某时刻（半小时前）：
half
past
five,
twenty-three
past
ten
L.
to
表时间到某时刻差多少：
twelve
to
twelve,
thirteen
to
nine
M.
until
(直到。。。。。。为止)
until
last
Sunday,
until
midnight
2）表示场所、地点、方向的介词：
A.
表示场所、地点：
in
在…内，在大地方：
in
the
gag,
in
bed,
in
Beijing,
in
a
town…
on在…上（面上、线上、点上）：
on
the
earth,
on
the
left,
on
the
hill,
on
a
farm,
on
one’s
way
to
school…
in
□
在…范围内
on
两地相邻
to
□□
两地不相邻
※※
Taiwan
is
_____
the
southeast
of
China,
and
it’s
_____
the
east
of
Fujian.
※※
Sichuan
is
____
the
north
of
Yunnan.
at在…小地方：
at
the
bus
stop,
at
the
foot
of
the
hill,
at
the
school
gate,
at
the
end
of
the
road,
stand
at
the
starting
line
/
at
the
side
of
the
road
beside在…旁边：
beside
the
house
near
在…附近：
near
the
window,
near
sb.
=
next
to
sb.
by
在。。。。。。近旁：
by
the
fire,
by
the
window
behind
在…后面：behind
the
chair,
behind
me
under
在…下面：under
the
table
outside
在…外部：（反：inside）
outside
the
school
gate,
inside
the
park
into
指进入…
go
/
come
into
the
room,
send
up
into
the
sky,
run
into
the
forest
up
向上：
put
up
the
map,
look
up
the
starts
down
向下，顺着…下去：do
down
the
street
in
front
of
在…前面：in
front
of
me,
(a
big
tree)
in
front
of
my
house
in
the
front
of
在…前部：(the
bus-driver)
in
the
front
of
the
bus,
(the
teachers)
in
the
front
of
the
classroom
on
the
tree
在树上（本身长在树上的东西）
in
the
tree
在树上（外来物飞、落到树上）
on
the
wall
在墙上（贴在墙上）
in
the
wall
在墙上（镶嵌在墙上）There
are
two
doors
in
the
wall
of
our
classroom.
between
两者之间，通常构成between…and…：
between
Chengdu
and
Chongqing
She
sits
between
Jim
and
me.
among
三者以上的之间：
We
live
among
the
air.
He
built
a
house
among
the
trees.
Lei
Feng
always
lives
among
us.
on
在…上，两物体接触。
Put
your
eraser
on
your
desk.
over在…的垂直上方：
There
is
a
bridge
over
the
river.
above
在…上方：
The
plane
was
flying
above
the
clouds.
around
（环绕，在周围）
通常表示静态：
around
the
fire,
around
the
lake
round
（环绕，在周围）
通常表示动态：around
the
earth,
round
the
house
about
(到处，在周围)：about
the
town,
about
the
room
B.
表示方向的介词：
into
进入：
He
took
off
his
coat
and
jumped
into
the
water.
out
of
从。。。。。。出来：
Quietly
she
took
her
passport
out
of
her
pocket.
along
/
down
沿着：Go
along
(down)
Huaihai
Road
and
turn
left
at
the
second
crossing.
across
横过，横跨，（平面物体）
通常指过街、河、桥、马路。
动词
+
across
=
cross
go
across
the
street
/
river
/
bridge
/
road
through
穿过，从物体内部穿过，通常指穿过森林，光、空气等透过窗、门洞。
Go
through
the
forest.
The
light
/
The
cold
air
goes
through
the
door.
The
sunshine
does
through
the
window.
throughout
遍及,
贯穿
throughout
the
country
to
到达。。。。。。地点（目的地）或方向：
e.g.
Japan
lies
to
the
east
of
China.
towards
朝。。。。。。方向：We
were
walking
towards
the
village.
for
:
为。。。。。。目的：
Do
you
know
what
you
study
English
for?
from:
从。。。。。。起：How
far
is
it
from
Sheshan
to
Xujiahui?
C.
表示原因的介词
because
of
/
for:
e.g.
Because
of
his
illness,
my
father
had
to
stay
in
bed
for
a
week.
Excuse
me
for
being
late.
其他介词表示原因：at,
from,
with,
of
e.g.
They
were
very
surprised
at
the
news.
The
patient
died
of
cancer.
Are
you
satisfied
with
my
answer?
3）表方式和其他的介词：
by表方式，后直接+交通工具。
by
bus,
by
plane,
by
spaceship,
by
satellite…
=
in
/
on
+冠词或代词+交通工具。on
a
/
the
bus,
on
the
boat,
in
his
car…
in
以。。。。。形式，以。。。。。。方式；用。。。。。。语言；表示衣着，声调的特点
e.g.
He
can
sing
the
new
song
in
English.
She
always
talks
in
a
quiet
voice.
Light
travels
in
straight
lines.
The
man
in
blue
is
our
English
teacher.
With
①
表伴随，在一起，拥有等：with
his
family,
with
a
box
under
his
arm,
with
these
words,
a
boy
with
the
name
of
Bill,
with
one’s
help…
②
表手段或方法：
The
picture
is
drawn
with
a
pen.
=
in
pen
I
can
finish
the
hard
work
easily
with
your
help.
without
无，没有，with的反义词：
without
one’s
help
I
couldn’t
finish
my
homework
without
your
help.
=
I
couldn’t
finish
my
homework
if
you
didn’t
help
me.
We
can’t
live
without
air
or
water.
=
we
can’t
live
if
there
is
no
air
or
water.
about与on
There
is
a
story
about
the
poor
girl.
I
have
a
new
book
on
English
study.
on
表方式，通过。When
my
father
was
young,
he
always
learned
English
on
the
radio.
The
interesting
plays
are
on
Channel
One.
like
如，跟。。。。。。一样.
What
will
the
computer
tomorrow
be
like?
Tom
works
like
an
English
teacher.
(Tom
is
not
an
English
teacher.)
as
作为
Tom
works
as
an
English
teacher
in
our
school.
(Tom
is
an
English
teacher.)
against
靠着，反对
Are
you
for
or
against
the
suggestion?
be
made
of
/
be
made
from
4)
固定词组
for
:
ask
sb.
for
sth.
pay
for
sth.
wait
for
thank
for
look
for
leave
for
apologize
to
sb.
for
sth.
with:
agree
with
go
on
with
do
with
keep
up
with
get
on
well
with
something
wrong
with…
cover
…
with
fill
with
have
a
word
with
about:
talk
bout
think
about
worry
about
walk
about
after
:
look
after
run
after
at
:
arrive
at
shoot
at
knock
at
shout
at
laugh
at
work
at
smile
at
throw
at
from:
come
from
hear
from
borrow
from
be
from
in:
arrive
in
give
in
(让步)
in
one’s
forties
in
great
need
of
in
be
hand
in
do
well
in
in
a
short
while
in
time
be
interested
in
…
into
:
break
into
get
into
change
into
translate
into
come
into
turn
into
of
:
hear
of
think
of
get
rid
of
take
care
of
take
the
place
of
kind
of
off:
get
off
fall
off
set
off
jump
off
turn
off
drink
off
on:
call
on
turn
on
spend
…
on
go
on
depend
on
be
on
sale
get
on
a
talk
on
space
to
:
get
to
belong
to
pay
attention
to
turn
to
to
one’s
surprise
listen
to
Homework:
找出中考考纲所要求的含有介词的词组（共128个左右）
Exercises:
1.
The
little
boy
is
writing
_____
a
pencil.
2.
Lucy
can
sing
the
song
______
Japanese.
3.
He
usually
comes
to
school
____
bus.
4.
He
came
to
school
with
his
friend
_____
a
bus.
5.
Mr.
White
goes
to
work
_____
his
own
car.
6.
We
are
coming
back
_____
a
few
hours.
7.
My
parents
are
going
back
_____
nine
o’clock.
8.
The
foreigners
visited
our
school
______
the
morning
of
May
20th,
2000.
9.
What
do
you
often
do
_____
Sunday
evening?
10.
The
lift
takes
him
up
/
down
_____
the
twelfth
floor.
11.
Jim
lives
_____
the
fifteen
floor.
12.
She
is
ill
_____
bed.
13.
Whose
clothes
are
these
____
the
bed.
14.
What
do
you
think
____
the
film?
---
Very
good.
15.
What
do
you
like
_____
China?
----
The
people
and
the
food.
六、连词：
用来连接词，短语，从句或句子的词叫连词。连词是一种虚词，在句中不能单独使用。连词可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。
1.
并列连词
并列连词用来连接具有并列关系的词，短语或句子。常见的并列连词有：
(1)表并列关系的and,
both…and,
not
only…but
also,
neither…nor等。
(2)表选择关系的or,
either…or等。
(3)表转折关系的but,
while等。
(4)表因果关系的for,
so等。
2.
从属连词
从属连词用来引导从句。常见的从属连词有：
(1)引导时间状语从句的after,
before,
when,
while,
as,
until,
till,
since,
as
soon
as等。
(2)引导条件状语从句的if,
unless等。
(3)引导原因状语从句的because,
as,
since等。
(4)引导目的状语从句的so
that,
in
order
that等。
(5)引导让步状语从句的though,
although,
even
if等。
(6)引导结果状语从句的so
that,
so…that,
such…that等。
(7)引导比较状语从句的than,
as…as,
not
as/
so
…as等。
(8)引导宾语从句的that,
if
,
whether等。
3.
常用连词的用法辨析
（1）
while,
when,
as
这三个连词都可引导时间状语从句，但用法有所不同。
1)
当某事正在进行的时候，又发生了另一件事。也就是主从句动作同时发生可互换。
While,
when,
as
都可用来引导表示“背景”的时间状语从句。例如：
As/When/While
I
was
walking
down
the
street,
I
noticed
a
police
car.
2)
当两个长时间动作同时进行的时候，最常用的是while。例如：
While
mother
was
cooking
lunch,
I
was
doing
my
homework.
3)
当两个动作都表示发展变化的情况时，最常用的是as。例如：
As
children
get
older,
they
become
more
and
more
interested
in
things
around
them.
4)
当两个短时间动作同时发生时，或表示“一边…一边…”时，最常用as。例如：
Just
as
he
caught
the
fly,
he
gave
a
loud
cry.
5)
当从句的动作先于主句的动作时，通常用when。例如：
When
he
finished
his
work,
he
took
a
short
rest.
6)
当从句是瞬间动作，主句是延续性动作时，通常用when。例如：
When
John
arrived,
I
was
cooking
lunch.
Exercises:
_______
got
to
the
cinema,
the
film
had
already
begun.
A.
while
B.
When
C.
As
D.
After
（2）as,
because,
since
,
for
这四个词都可表原因，但用法有区别。
1)
如果原因构成句子的最主要部分，一般用because。因此，because引导的从句往往放在句末。因为（最强的说明原因，是从属连词）例如：
I
stayed
at
home
because
it
rained.
---Why
aren’t
you
going?
---Because
I
don’t
want
to.
2)
since
因为，由于，既然（表示附带的或间接的原因）是从属连词。Since比as稍微正式一点。As因为，由于(多用于口语)，表示听者已知的原因，是从属连词。表示As和since
引导的从句一般放在句子的开头。例如：
As
he
wasn’t
ready,
we
left
without
him.
Since
you
have
finished
the
work,
let’s
go.
3)
for用来补充说明一种理由，因此，for引导的从句可以放后面，并在前加逗号。For引导的句子不放在句子的开头。是并列连词。例如：
I
decided
to
stop
and
have
lunch,
for
I
was
feeling
quite
hungry.
（3）if,
whether
if和whether都可作“是否”讲，在引导宾与从句是一般可互换。例如：
I
wonder
whether
(if)
you
still
study
in
that
school.
I
don’t
know
whether
(if)
he
likes
that
film.
在下列情况下，只能用whether,不能用if：
1)
在不定式前。例如：
I
haven’t
made
up
my
mind
whether
to
go
there
or
not.
2）跟有
or
not
时要用whether.
Can
you
tell
me
whether
or
not
he
will
come
to
our
party?
3)
宾语是介词引导的从句时用whether.
It
all
depends
on
whether
he
has
enough
time.
（4）so…that,
such...that
1)
so…that中的so是个副词，其后只能跟形容词或副词，而such...that中的such是个形容词，后接名词或名词短语。例如：
I’m
so
tired
that
I
can’t
walk
any
farther.
It
was
such
a
warm
day
that
he
went
swimming.
2)
如果在名词之前有many,
much,
little,
few时，用so,不用such。例如：
so
foolish
such
a
fool
so
nice
a
flower
such
a
nice
flower
so
many
/
few
flowers
such
nice
flowers
so
much/
little
money
so
many
people
such
a
lot
of
people
He
has
so
little
education
that
he
is
unable
to
get
a
job.
I
have
had
so
many
falls
that
I
am
black
and
blue
all
over.
（5）either…or…,
neither…nor,
not
only…but
also…,
both…
and…,
as
well
as
这三个连词词组都可连接两个并列成分。当它们连接两个并列主语时，
谓语动词要随相邻的主语变化。例如：
Either
you
or
he
is
wrong.
Neither
he
nor
his
children
like
fish.
Not
only
the
teacher
but
also
the
students
want
to
buy
the
book.
Both
he
and
I
are
teachers.
He
as
well
I
is
interested
in
reading
books.
（6）although/
though,
but
although
只可放在句首，though
可放在句中、句首。
这两个连词不能用在同一个句子中。
例如：我们不能说“Although
he
is
over
sixty,
but
he
works
as
hard
as
others.”
这个句子应改为：Although
he
is
over
sixty,
he
works
as
hard
as
others.
或He
is
over
sixty,
but
he
works
as
hard
as
others.
（7）because,
so
这两个连词同样不能用在同一个句子中。
例如：我们不能说“Because
John
was
ill,
so
I
took
him
to
the
doctor.”
这个句子应改为Because
John
was
ill,
I
took
him
to
the
doctor.
或John
was
ill,
so
I
took
him
to
the
doctor.
(8)
Neither
/
So
在倒装句中的使用
Neither
/
So
+
助动词
+
主语
---
I
didn’t
use
to
wash
hands
before
meals.
---
Neither
did
I.
---
Tom
likes
watching
football
games
very
much.
---
So
do
I.
【实例解析】
1.（2004年北京市中考试题）
---When
will
Mr
Black
come
to
Beijing?
---___________
September
5.
A.
On
B.
To
C.
At
D.
In
答案：A。表示时间的介词的用法。表示某一天用介词on。
2.
(2004年安徽省中考试题)
The
boys
felt
sad
as
they
lost
________
the
girls
in
the
talk
show.
A.
by
B.
in
C.
to
D.
on
答案：C。该题考查的是介词和动词的固定搭配。lose表示输给谁的时候用介词to。应选C。
3.
(2004年吉林省中考试题)
---I
like
riding
fast.
It’s
very
exciting.
---Oh!
You
mustn’t
do
it
like
that,
________
it
may
have
an
accident.
A.
and
B.
or
C.
so
D.
but
答案：B。该题考查的是并列连词的用法。答语的意思是“你不要那样做，否则会发生事故的。”在这四个并列连词中，只有or含有这样的意思，所以应选B。
4.
(2004年天津市中考试题)
John
fell
asleep
________
he
was
listening
to
the
music.
A.
after
B.
before
C.
while
D.
as
soon
as
答案：C。该题考查的是引导时间状语从句的常用从属连词的用法。本句的含义是“约翰在听音乐的时候睡着了。”表示在干某事时发生了某个事情”
通常用while。因此应选C。
【中考演练】
一.
单项填空
1.
We
traveled
overnight
to
Paris
and
arrived
_______
5
o’clock
______
the
morning.
A.
on;
in
B.
at;
in
C.
at;
on
D.
in;
on
2.
Where’s
Lily?
We
are
all
here
_______
her.
A.
beside
B.
about
C.
except
D.
with
3.
She
sent
her
friend
a
postcard
_______
a
birthday
present.
A.
on
B.
as
C.
for
D.
of
4.
Jack
has
studied
Chinese
in
this
school
_______
the
year
of
2000.
A.
since
B.
in
C.
on
D.
by
5.
---What
is
a
writing
brush,
do
you
know?
---It’s
_______
writing
and
drawing.
A.
with
B.
to
C.
for
D.
by
6.
English
is
widely
used
______
travellers
and
business
people
all
over
the
world.
A.
to
B.
for
C.
as
D.
by
7.
______
the
help
of
my
teacher,
I
caught
up
with
the
other
students.
A.
Under
B.
In
C.
With
D.
On
8.
Hong
Kong
is
______
the
south
of
China,
and
Macao
is
______
the
west
of
Hong
Kong.
A.
in;
to
B.
to;
to
C.
to;
in
D.
in;
in
9.
---You’d
better
not
go
out
now.
It’s
raining.
---It
doesn’t
matter.
My
new
coat
can
keep
______
rain.
A.
in
B.
of
C.
with
D.
off
10.
Japan
lies
______
the
east
of
China.
A.
to
B.
in
C.
about
D.
at
11.
---Will
the
foreigners
have
any
problems
talking
with
Chinese
in
2008?
---I
don’t
think
so.
Now
______
the
young
______
the
old
can
speak
some
English.
A.
either…or
B.
not
only…
but
also
C.
neither…nor
D.
both…or
12.
We
didn’t
catch
the
train
_______
we
left
late.
A.
so
B.
because
C.
but
D.
though
13.
Tom
failed
in
the
exam
again
_______
he
wanted
to
pass
it
very
much.
A.
if
B.
so
C.
though
D.
as
14.
I
won’t
believe
that
the
five-year-old
boy
can
read
five
thousand
words
______
I
have
tested
him
myself.
A.
after
B.
when
C.
if
D.
until
15.
The
book
was
so
interesting
that
he
had
read
it
for
three
hours
______
he
realized
it.
A.
when
B.
until
C.
after
D.
before
16.
---This
dress
was
last
year’s
style.
---I
think
it
still
looks
perfect
______
it
has
gone
out
this
year.
A.
so
that
B.
even
though
C.
as
if
D.
ever
since
17.
Hurry
up,
_______
you
will
miss
the
train.
A.
and
B.
so
C.
however
D.
or
18.
The
mountain
was
______
steep
_____
few
people
in
our
city
reached
the
top.
A.
so…as
B.
so…that
C.
as…as
D.
too…to
19.
---Do
you
remember
our
pleasant
journey
to
Xi’an?
---Of
course.
I
remember
everything
______
it
happened
yesterday.
A.
as
soon
as
B.
even
though
C.
rather
than
D.
as
if
20.
______
you
can’t
answer
this
question,
we
have
to
ask
someone
else
for
help.
A.
Although
B.
While
C.
Whether
D.
Since
二.
用适当的介词填空
1.
---How
are
you
going
to
the
train
station
to
meet
your
aunt?
---I’m
going
there
_______
my
car.
2.
Mum,
today
is
Mother’s
Day.
Mike
and
I
want
to
invite
you
to
have
dinner
_____
us
at
Zhonglou
Restaurant.
3.
Hangzhou
is
famous
______
the
West
Lake.
4.
Today
some
newly-produced
mobile
phones
can
take
pictures
______
a
camera.
5.
Could
you
tell
me
if
there
is
a
flight
to
the
capital
______
March,
25th?
6.
We
all
agree
______
you.
Let’s
start
at
once.
7.
There
is
a
big
shop
______
the
other
side
of
the
road.
8.
---Which
necklace
have
you
lost?
---The
one
you
gave
me
_____
my
birthday.
9.
You
should
take
more
exercise.
It’s
good
______
your
health.
10.
It
is
clear
that
fish
cannot
live
_______
water.
三.
用适当的连词填空
1.
______
they
are
brothers,
they
don’t
look
like
each
other
at
all.
2.
The
dress
was
very
expensive,
______
I
didn’t
buy
it.
3.
---Do
you
know
______
I
could
pass
the
exam?
---Sorry,
I’ve
no
idea.
4.
Mr.
Brown
knows
little
Japanese,
______
he
can’t
understand
the
instructions
on
the
bottle
of
the
pills.
5.
The
war
was
over
about
a
year
ago,
______
the
American
soldiers
in
Iraq
are
still
having
a
lot
of
trouble
to
deal
with.
6.
---Is
David
at
school
today?
---No.
He
is
at
home
_______
he
has
a
bad
cold.
7.
_____
Lily
_____
Lucy
may
go
with
you
because
one
of
them
must
stay
at
home.
8.
Study
hard,
_____
you
are
sure
to
have
a
good
result
in
the
exam.
9.
Please
have
a
wash
_______
you
go
to
bed.
10.
The
twins
have
learned
a
lot
______
they
came
to
China.
【练习答案】
一.
1.B
2.C
3.B
4.A
5.C
6.D
7.C
8.A
9.D
10.A11.B
12.B
13.C
14.D
15.D
16.B
17.D
18.B
19.D
20.D
二.
1.in
2.with
3.for
4.like
5.on
6.with
7.on
8.for
9.for
10.without
三.
1.Although/
Though
2.so
3.if/
whether
4.so
5.but
6.because
7.Either…or
8.and
9.before
10.since
第十章
助动词
I.
助动词：
do,
does一般现在时中
did一般过去时中
shall,
will一般将来时中
should,
would过去将来时中
have,
has现在完成时中
had
过去完成时中
助动词：
①变否、疑句时加上的：do,
does,
did
I
do
my
homework
at
night.
→I
don’t
do
my
homework
at
night.
→Do
you
do
your
homework
at
night?
He
does
it
well.
→He
doesn’t
do
it
well.
→Does
he
do
it
well?
They
taught
us
English.
→They
didn’t
teach
us
English.
→Did
they
teach
us
English?
②句中本来就有的：shall,
will
have,
has
had
如：I
shall
have
a
meeting
tonight.
→I
shan’t
have
a
meeting
tonight.
→Will
you
have
a
meeting
tonight?
He
will
buy
a
woollen
sweater,
→He
won’t
buy
a
woolen
sweater.
→Will
he
buy
a
woolen
sweater?
We
have
found
the
lose
book.
→We
haven’t
found
the
lost
book.
→Have
you
found
the
lost
book.
He
has
sung
several
songs.
→He
hasn’t
sung
several
songs.
→Has
he
sung
several
songs?
The
train
had
left
when
I
arrived.→The
train
hadn’t
left
when
I
arrived.
→Had
the
train
left
when
you
arrived?
4）变否、疑句时，找出句中的be动词、情态动词、助动词，在它们后+或将它们提前并大写。若没有以上三类词，则加上do,
does或did构成否定句和疑问句，并将动词还原。
5）肯定句变否、疑句时：some→any
something→anything
somebody→anybody
already→yet
too/
also→either
and→or
如：They
have
already
finished
the
work.
→They
haven’t
finished
the
work
yet.
→Have
they
finished
the
work
yet?
She
can
speak
German
well,
too.
→She
can’t
speak
German
well,
either.
He
always
reads
and
writes
in
the
morning.
→He
never
reads
or
writes
in
the
morning.
II.
Tag
Questions
反意疑问句
Let’s
do
sth.,
shall
we?
Let
us
do
sth.,
will
you?
few,
little,
hardly,
seldom,
never,
nothing等含有否定意义，附加疑问句用肯定式。
e.g.
They
hardly
ever
went
to
the
movies,
did
they?
4.
当前面句子中的主语是everybody,
nobody,
somebody,
everyone,
no
one,
someone时，反意疑问句中的代词用they。当前面句子中的主语为anything,
everything,
nothing,
something时，反意疑问句中的代词用it.
e.g.
No
one
was
hurt
in
the
accident,
were
they?
Everything
seems
all
right,
doesn’t
it?
5.
I’m
late,
aren’t
I
?
6.
复合句中的反意疑问句
e.g.
I
didn’t
think
he
was
happy,
was
he?
I
don’t
suppose
that
he
cares,
does
he?
Note:
You
don’t
think
our
team
will
win
the
match,
do
you?
Tim
doesn’t
think
it
is
a
physical
change,
does
he?
7．You
have
to
stay
and
work,
don’t
you?
你不得不留下来工作，不是吗？
III.
You’d
better
do
sth.
/
You’d
better
not
do
sth.
第十一章
情态动词
Must
1.
must
命令、要求
1)
表示说话人有权命令要求对方做某事，或禁止对方做某事．
You
must
finish
the
job
today.
Note:
1)
must
not
表示说话人禁止对方做某事；need
not
表示说话人允许对方不必做某事．
You
mustn’t
speak
like
that
to
your
parents.
You
needn’t
answer
it
in
English.
2)
must
在疑问句中，回答时，肯定用yes,
sb.
must
；否定用no,
sb.
needn’t/
don’t
have
to
.
must
表示主观意愿；have
to
强调客观需要
A)
-----
Must
I
hand
in
the
report
today?
-----
Yes,
you
must./
No,
you
needn’t
/
No,
you
don’t
have
to.
B)
-----
Must
you
go
now?/
Do
you
have
to
go
now?
-----
Yes,
I
must.
/I
have
to.
2.
must
表示推测，只用于肯定句，否定的推测必须用can’t
,
couldn’t
表示．
must
be
表示对说话时情况的推测，“必定是”，其反意疑问句用与主语相应的be动词反问，绝对不能用原情态动词反问。
You
must
be
a
teacher,
aren’t
you
?
He
must
be
waiting
for
us,
isn’t
he?
3.
must
还表示发生的事情与说话人的愿望相反,有“偏要”，“非要”之意
After
I
gave
her
my
advice,
she
must
go
and
do
the
opposite.
It
was
already
ten
o’clock
in
the
evening,
but
he
must
play
the
violin.
It
is
freezing
cold,
dear.
Must
you
go
outside
plying
with
snow?
May
1.
许可或请求许可。
1)
用于各种人称
表示得到允许可做某事。
I
may
watch
TV
if
I
have
finished
my
homework.
2)
用于第一人称的疑问句表示请求许可May
I
…..?
(口语中也可用Can
I…?）
A)
---
May/
Can
I
use
your
bike?
----Yes,
please
.
/
Sure
,
go
ahead/
Sorry,
please
don’t
/
No,
you
may
not/
you
mustn’t.
B)
----May
I
watch
TV
now?
----
Yes,
you
may.
/
----No,
you
mustn’t.
(绝对不行)
/
No,
you
may
not.
(不可以)
3)
在第二
、三人称疑问句中，寻问听话者是否可以做某事或是否允许他人做某事，只用can
而不用
may。
Can
you
bring
it
into
the
room?
Can
he
be
a
little
late
for
the
meeting?
4)
用于第二、三人称肯定或否定句，表示说话人允许或不允许，
口语中也可用can
。
You
may
/
can
do
it
in
another
way.
Students
may/can
not
bring
dictionaries
into
the
exam
room.
2.
表示对某种情况的推测
1）may
表示推测,语气及把握性比
must
弱,
其结构与must表推测时一致；否定式may
not
表示“可能不…”,“或许不…”，（不可用于疑问句中）。
They
may
be
right.
He
may
not
come
this
afternoon.
Can/
could
1.
表示主语本身具有的能力,
could
只表过去的一般性能力,
如果是经过努力而能够做到某事的能力要用be
able
to
的形式，可以有各种时态。
A.
---
Can
you
work
out
the
problem
by
yourself?
---
Yes,
I
can.
/
No,
I
can’t.
(都要用can回答)。
B.
She
could
speak
English
very
well
at
ten.
C.
Some
people
were
able
to
escape
from
the
fire,
while
others
couldn’t.
D.
Everyone
will
be
able
to
do
it
quite
well
after
taking
a
training.
E.
I’m
sorry
I
haven’t
been
able
to
write
to
you
sooner.
抱歉，我一直
没能给你写信。
2.
表示允许,疑问句和否定句若用could
,则更委婉一些．陈述句还可以用may
　
You
can
(may)
leave
your
bike
here.
----
Yes
you
can./
No,
you
can’t/couldn’t.
3.
表示推测
1)
can’t
表示“不可能…”，Can/Could
…
?
“可能会是…?”
could
的语气较弱，此时不能用mustn’t,
(mustn’t
表示“禁止”，“不允许”之意)
can’t
be
不可能是
I
can’t
find
my
book.
Who
can
have
taken
it?
He
can’t
be
hungry,
he
has
just
eaten
up
10
pieces
of
bread.
Who
is
it
over
there?
Can
it
be
our
teacher?
It
can’t
be
him.
I
saw
him
leave
the
school
just
now.
could
。。。开头的句子不表示过去时，只表示语气的委婉，答句或后面的宾语从句都从现在时范畴的时态考虑。
---
Could
you
help
me
with
my
lessons?
---
Of
course
I
can.
Could
you
tell
me
if
you
have
finished
your
work?
2)can/
could
也可以用于肯定句中表推测，表示客观的逻辑上的可能性，具有一定的偶然性,(may则表示主观的事实上的可能性。)
Anyone
can
make
mistakes.
In
rush
hour,
some
roads
can
be
blocked.
在交通高峰时，有些道路可能会堵。（但也不一定）
It’s
rush
hour
now;
that
road
may
be
blocked.
现在是交通高峰期，那条路可能堵着呢。
Without
a
guide,
you
can
be
lost
in
the
forest.
没有向导你可能会迷路的。
3)在否定，疑问，惊叹句中表示惊异，怀疑，不相信等态度．
No,
no,
this
cant’
be
true.
How
can
you
be
so
careless!
What
can
he
mean?
Should
Should=
ought
to
/
had
better
do
sth.
shouldn’t
=
ought
not
to
do
sth.
/
had
better
not
do
sth.
1.
should
既可表示责任上应该做到的事，也可表示按理说可以做到的事。
2.
should
还有“按常理…该会…”之意
It’s
nearly
half
past
seven;
the
students
should
arrive
soon.
This
reference
book
should
be
in
the
teachers’
reading
room.
Shall
1.用于第一、三人称的疑问句表示说话人征求听话者的意见，建议
或请求指示，(主语是第二人称时用will．)
　Shall
we
….?
Shall
I
…?
Will
1.
表示将来．
2.
用于疑问句表示客气请求，邀请．
　　Will
you….
(please)
?
Won’t
you…
?
3.
用于肯定句，表示意愿，可用于各个人称．此时，will
不是表示将来．
Everyone
will
do
his
best
for
Beijing
Olympic
Games.
　
If
you
will
allow
me,
I’ll
see
you
home.
4.
表示倾向或习惯性的动作．
　
Fish
will
die
without
water.
He
will
talk
for
hours,
if
you
let
him.
The
table
won’t
stand
up
with
a
leg
missing.
Would
1.
表示过去将来时．
2.
表示委婉的请求，建议或看法．表示“愿意”
Would
you
like
to
…..?
Would
you
mind
doing….?
Of
course
not.
When
would
it
be
Ok
for
you
to
come?
3.表示过去习惯性，反复发生的动作．
　Every
morning
she
would
teach
us
to
read.
Need
1.
都可以作情态动词(
只用于否定句和疑问句）
　　need
not
do
sth.
　　need
sb.
do
sth.
?
2.
可以作一般动词：(多用于肯定句，否定句要用助动词do
not/don’t．
疑问句要用助动词
do
need
to
do
sth.
/
do
not
need
to
do
sth
/
Do
sb.
need
to
do
sth.?
1)
need用于情态动词的疑问句时，肯定句用must
,
否定用
needn’t/don’t
have
to
回答。
2)
need
作行为动词用时，除用名词作宾语外，还可以用doing
作宾语，表被动意义
sth.
need
+doing
/
to
be
done.(want,
require
,
be
worth
也可以这样使用)
Used
to过去经常反复发生的动作
e.g.
I
used
to
go
fishing
on
Sundays.
“used
to”也可用于表示过去曾经存在过的状态。
例如：This
river
used
to
be
clean.
1、动词的种类：
1）连系动词：be,
look,
sound,
smell,
feel,
become,
get,
turn,
go
2）情态动词：can/could,
may/might,
must,
need,
have
to
,
shall,
will
3）助动词：
do,
does一般现在时中
did一般过去时中
shall,
will一般将来时中
should,
would过去将来时中
have,
has现在完成时中
had
过去完成时中
4）行为/实义动词：run,
jump,
sing,
watch,
speak…
注：
1）连系动词
+
形容词作表语。
如：How
happy
he
feels!
How
happily
he
lives!
形容词
系动词
副词
动词
2）情态动词后
+
动词原形，如：You
must
go
to
school
tomorrow.
can
(could)表能力：能，会
I
can
help
my
parents
with
housework.
表请求，允许：可以
Can
/
Could
I
ask
you
a
question?
---Yes,
of
course
you
can.
当表示允许某人做某事时，用can回答。Could
I
borrow
your
bike?
---Yes,
you
can.
could是can的过去式，也可表示语气比can更委婉。
如：When
he
was
five
years
old,
he
could
swim
well.
=When
he
was
at
the
age
of
five,
he
could
swim
well.
Could
you
help
me
carry
the
heave
box?
----
Certainly.
Can
you
…?
---
Yes,
I
can.
/
No,
I
can’t.
can与be
able
to：在表能力时，can的过去时态为could。要表其他时态时，用be
able
to，即：can
=
am
/
is
/
are
able
to
+
动原
could
=
was
/
were
able
to
+
动原
We
can
see
it
clearly.
=
We
are
able
to
see
it
clearly.
She
could
do
an
small
operation.
=
She
was
able
to
do
an
small
operation.
将来时中：They
are
going
to
be
able
to
finish
the
building
in
a
year.
=They
will
be
able
to
finish
the
building
in
a
year.
may
(might)表可能性：可能，也许
He
may
be
right.
=
Maybe
he
is
right.
He
may
know
it.
=
Maybe
he
knows
it.
表许可：可以
May
I
go
now?
---
Yes,
of
course.
May
I
…?
---
Yes,
of
course.
/
No,
you
mustn’t.
/
No,
you
can’t.
must表义务、命令：必须，应当，务必。（由主观原因决定）
如：You
must
finish
your
homework
first.
表猜测：一定是，否定句中用can’t。
That
must
be
Ling
Feng.
---
That
can’t
be
Ling
Feng.
The
road
is
wet,
it
must
rain
just
now.
mustn’t
表禁止，不允许：不准，不可以
You
mustn’t
pick
flowers
in
the
park.
Must
I
…?
---
Yes,
you
must.
/
No,
you
needn’t.（不必）
have
to不得不，由客观原因决定
如：Mother
is
ill,
I
have
to
stay
at
home
and
look
after
her.
shall
(should)
应当，要
We
should
speak
English
in
English
class.
表征求意见，……好吗？
Shall
we
/
I
go
shopping
now?
will
(would)愿意，要
I
will
do
my
best
to
help
you.
表征求意见，……好吗？
Will
you
please
open
the
door?
Would
you
sweep
the
floor?
need需要
I
need
some
help.
You
need
read
the
story
in
Chinese.
---
You
needn’t
read
the
story
in
Chinese.
---
Need
I
read
the
story
in
Chinese?
need作实义动词时，用need
to
do
sth.表示。
She
needs
to
water
the
young
trees
every
day.
---She
doesn’t
need
to
water
the
young
trees
every
day.
---Does
she
need
to
water
the
young
trees
every
day?
3）助动词：①变否、疑句时加上的：do,
does,
did
I
do
my
homework
at
night.
→I
don’t
do
my
homework
at
night.
→Do
you
do
your
homework
at
night?
He
does
it
well.
→He
doesn’t
do
it
well.
→Does
he
do
it
well?
They
taught
us
English.
→They
didn’t
teach
us
English.
→Did
they
teach
us
English?
②句中本来就有的：shall,
will
have,
has
had
如：I
shall
have
a
meeting
tonight.
→I
shan’t
have
a
meeting
tonight.
→Will
you
have
a
meeting
tonight?
He
will
buy
a
woollen
sweater,
→He
won’t
buy
a
woolen
sweater.
→Will
he
buy
a
woolen
sweater?
We
have
found
the
lose
book.
→We
haven’t
found
the
lost
book.
→Have
you
found
the
lost
book.
He
has
sung
several
songs.
→He
hasn’t
sung
several
songs.
→Has
he
sung
several
songs?
The
train
had
left
when
I
arrived.→The
train
hadn’t
left
when
I
arrived.
→Had
the
train
left
when
you
arrived?
4）变否、疑句时，找出句中的be动词、情态动词、助动词，在它们后+或将它们提前并大写。若没有以上三类词，则加上do,
does或did构成否定句和疑问句，并将动词还原。
5）肯定句变否、疑句时：some→any
something→anything
somebody→anybody
already→yet
too/
also→either
and→or
如：They
have
already
finished
the
work.
→They
haven’t
finished
the
work
yet.
→Have
they
finished
the
work
yet?
She
can
speak
German
well,
too.
→She
can’t
speak
German
well,
either.
He
always
reads
and
writes
in
the
morning.
→He
never
reads
or
writes
in
the
morning.
第十二章
连系动词（link
v）
类
别
意
义
例
子
例
句
行为动词
含有实在的意义，表示动作或状态，在句中能独立作谓语。
及物动词
后面一定接宾语
open,
visit,
hear
…
He
visited
Gaozhou
yesterday.
不及物动词
后面可以不接宾语
laugh,
cry,
live
…
He
lives
in
Beijing
.
连系动词（link
v）
本身有一定的词义，但不能独立作谓语，必须与表语一起构成谓语。
be,
become（变成）,
get（天气、脾气、健康状况的变化）,
turn（颜色的变化）,
感官：look,
feel,
sound,
smell,
taste,
seem
…
实义动词：look
at
listen
to
see
hear
e.g.
She
looks
happy.
She
looks
happily
at
the
lovely
dog.
The
meat
smells
bad
.He
is
a
student
.
助动词（v.aux.）
本身没有词义，不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示否定、疑问、时态或其他语法形式
do,
does,
did,
am,
is,
are,
have,
has,
had,
shall,
will,
should,
would
…
He
doesn’t
speak
English
.We
are
playing
football
.He
had
gone
to
Beijing
.
情态动词（Modal
Verbs）
本身有一定的意义，但不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。
can,
may,
must,
should,
need,
shall,
will,
have
to
…
She
can
speak
English
.May
I
speak
to
Ann,
please、We
must
go
now
.
动词的时态：
时态
表示内容
谓语动词的构成
常用的时间状语
例句
一般现在时
现阶段经常发生的动作或存在的状态
动词原形（包括第三人称单数形式＋s
/
es）
often、usually、always、sometimes、every
day、in
the
morning
(afternoon
…)等
He
is
often
late
for
school.She
usually
goes
to
work
on
foot.
一般将来时
将要发生的动作或存在的状态
shall
/
will
+
动词原形am
/
is
/
are
going
to
+
动词原形am
/
is
/
are
to
+
动词原形am
/
is
/
are
about
to
+
动词原形am
/
is
/
are
+
动词－ing
tomorrow、next
week、this
month、in
an
hour、the
day
after
tomorrow
等
He
will
go
to
Shanghai
next
week.I
am
going
to
buy
a
book
tomorrow.They
are
to
see
a
film
in
a
hour.She
is
about
to
mend
the
bike
later.I
am
flying
to
Guangzhou
next
week.
一般过去时
过去发生的动作或存在的状态
动词过去式
（一般＋ed
,
特殊见课本不规则表）
yesterday、last
week、three
days
ago、before、
the
day
before
yesterday
等
I
finished
my
homework
yesterday.He
went
to
Gaozhou
three
days
ago.
现在进行时
现在正在进行的动作
am
/
is
/
are
+
动词现在分词
now、It’s
six
o’clock.也可用look、listen
等词提示
They
are
doing
their
homework
now.Look!
The
boy
is
playing
basketball.
过去进行时
过去某个时刻正在进行的动作
was
/
were
+
动词现在分词
at
six
yesterday
morning、this
time
yesterday、也可用when等引导的从句
I
was
sleeping
at
11
last
night
.They
were
cooking
when
the
bell
rang
.
现在完成时
动作发生在过去，已结束，对现在有影响；或者开始在过去一直持续到现在的动作。
have
/
has
+
动词过去分词
（一般＋ed
,
特殊见课本不规则表）
already、ever、never、just
for
three
days、since
1998
、by
the
end
of
this
term、yet
等
I
have
already
finished
my
work
.He
hasn’t
found
out
who
broke
thedoor
.
过去完成时
过去某个时间之前已经完成了的动作
had
+
动词过去分词
By
the
end
of
last
month、when、before等引导的从句
I
had
seen
the
film
when
I
was
in
college.The
meeting
had
begun
before
we
arrived
.
1.动词的时态
　　英语时态用共有十六种时态，其中常用的有8种，它们是：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时、过去进行时、过去完成时和过去将来时。
（1）一般现在时的基本用法
1)
经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。
　
时间状语：
every…,
sometimes,　at…,
on
Sunday
　
I
leave
home
for
school
at
7
every
morning.
2)
客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。
　
The
earth
moves
around
the
sun.
　
Shanghai
lies
in
the
east
of
China.
3)
表示格言或警句中。
　
Pride
goes
before
a
fall.
【注意】此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例：Columbus
proved
that
the
earth
is
round..
4)
现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
　
I
don't
want
so
much.
5)
某些动词如
come,
go,
move,
stop,
leave,
arrive,
be,
finish,
continue,
start
等，在一般现在时句中可用来表示将来肯定会发生的动作。
　　
The
train
comes
at
3
o'clock.
　
6)
在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，一般现在时代替一般将来时。
　　
I'll
help
you
as
soon
as
you
have
problem.
　　
Tell
Xiao
Li
about
it
if
you
meet
him.
（2）一般过去时的用法：
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内所发生的动作或情况，通常一般过去式带有表示动作时间状语的词，词组或从句,如
yesterday,
the
day
before
last,
last
week,
two
days
ago
等,上下文清楚时可以不带时间状语。
　　I
worked
in
that
factory
last
year.
【注意】
1)
过去经常反复发生的动作，也可用used
to或would加动词原形来表达，例如：
I
used
to
go
fishing
on
Sundays.
2)
“used
to”也可用于表示过去曾经存在过的状态。例如：
This
river
used
to
be
clean.
（3）一般将来时的用法
1）表示将来的动作或状态。例如：
　　
I
shall
attend
the
meeting
tomorrow.
2）表示将来反复发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：
He
will
go
to
see
his
mother
every
Saturdays.
　
3）表示将来的意愿，决心，许诺，
命令等时常用will，征求对方意见，主语是第一人称时，常用shall。
　　
I
will
do
my
best
to
catch
up
with
them.
　　
Shall
I
open
the
door?
　
4）be
+
going
+
动词不定式。也是一种将来时句型，表示打算，计划，最近
或将来要作的某事。
　　
I
am
going
to
Beijing
next
week.
　
5）be
+
动词不定式。表示有职责，义务，可能，约定，意图等。
　　
There
is
to
be
a
meeting
this
afternoon.
　　
We
are
to
meet
the
guests
at
the
station.
　
6）be
about
+
动词不定式，表示马上，很快作某事。
　　
They
are
about
to
leave.
（4）现在进行时的用法
　
1)
现在进行时的用法表示说话者说话时正在发生或者进行的动作，
它注重
现在正在进行的动作，而不管动作从什么时间开始，到什么时间结束。
　　
What
are
you
doing
now?
I
am
looking
for
my
key.
　
2)
现在进行时表示目前一段时间内正在进行的动作（但说话时这个动作不一定在进行）。
　　
The
students
are
preparing
for
the
examination.
3)
某些动词的现在进行时可以表示即将发生的动作，这些动词有
arrive,
come,
leave,
start等。
　　
They
are
going
to
Hong
Kong
tomorrow.
【注意】有些动词一般不可以用于进行时态
①表示状态的动词，尤其是静态动词，如：be,
have
②表示认识、知觉和情感的动词，如：know,
think,
hear,
find,
see,
like,
want,
wish,
prefer等。
（5）现在完成时的用法
　
1)
现在完成时表示在说话之前已经完成或刚完成的动作。
　　
I
have
bought
a
ten-speed
bicycle.
　　
They
have
cleaned
the
classroom.
　
2)
现在完成时表示动作从过去开始持续到现在，或者还有可能持续下去的动作或状态。
现在完成时常与for
和
since
引导的短语或从句连用。
　　
We
have
lived
here
since
1976.
　　
They
have
waited
for
more
than
two
hours.
【注意】
一般过去时与现在完成时的区别
　
过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响；一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用。
试比较：
I
saw
this
film
yesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了，不涉及现在）
I
have
seen
this
film.
（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）
（6）过去进行时的用法
表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。例如：
　　I
was
watching
TV
when
she
came
to
see
me.
【注意】
过去进行时和一般过去时都是过去发生的事情，但过去进行时侧重表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或所处的状态，强调动作的连续进行，而一般过去时则表示单纯的过去事实，例如：
They
were
building
a
house
last
month.
（上个月正在建造，建造好与否不知）
They
built
a
new
house
last
month.
（上个月建造好了，动作已经完成）
（7）过去完成时的用法
　　过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或所处的状态，过去完成时常和
by
,
before
等词组成的短语和从句连用。
　　We
had
already
learned
two
thousands
words
by
the
end
of
last
year.
　　When
we
arrived
at
the
station,
they
had
waited
for
more
than
twenty
minutes.
（8）过去将来时的用法
过去将来时表示从过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在地状态，过去将来时较多地被运用在宾语从句中。例如：
They
were
going
to
have
a
meeting.
I
told
him
that
I
would
see
him
off
at
the
station.
2.动词的语态
语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。
主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。
（1）被动语态
1)
被动语态最基本的句型结构是：
be
+及物动词过去分词
2)
被动语态中的谓语动词一定要是及物动词
因为被动句中的主语是动作的承受者，某些短语动词如look
after,
think
of,
take
care
of,
work
out,
laugh
at等，也可用于被动语态。
The
children
were
taken
good
care
of
by
her.
【注意】
短语动词中的介词或副词变成被动语态时不可遗漏。
3)
主动语态变为被动语态要加“to”的情况
若宾语补足语是不带to
的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加"to"。此类动词为感官动词，如：feel,
hear,
help,
listen
to,
look
at,
make,
observe,
see,
notice,
watch等。例如：
The
teacher
made
me
go
out
of
the
classroom.
I
was
made
to
go
out
of
the
classroom
(by
the
teacher).
4)
主动形式表示被动意义
如wash,
clean,
look,
cut,
sell,
read,
wear,
feel,
draw,
write,
sell等动词虽然用做主动形式却表示被动的意义。例如：
The
food
tastes
good.
3.非谓语动词
对非谓语动词的考点是：感官动词后不定式作宾语补足语和动词ing形式作宾语补足语的用法；一些特殊动词的动词不定式作宾语补足语时不带to，但变为被动语态时就要带to；有些动词既可接不定式也可接动词ing形式作宾语，但表达的意思不同。这些都是历年中考的重点。
（1）非谓语动词的形式
非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词，形容词或副词作用的动词形式，而不是作谓语的动词形式。
动词的非谓语形式分为动名词，分词，动词不定式。
（2）不定式作宾语补足语
Father
will
not
allow
us
to
play
on
the
street.　　　　　　　
（3）不定式作目的状语
He
ran
so
fast
as
to
catch
the
first
bus.　
（4）用不定式和分词作补足语都可以的动词
这样的动词有感官动词如：see,
hear,
look,
notice,
observe,
feel等，使役动词如：have,
make,
leave,
keep,
get等。接不定式表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doing
表示动作的连续性，进行性。
　
I
saw
him
work
in
the
garden
yesterday.
　
昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实)
　
I
saw
him
working
in
the
garden
yesterday.（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作）
昨天我见他正在花园里干活。
（5）用不带to不定式的情况
使役动词如：
let,
have,
make等和感官动词如：
see,
watch,
hear,
listen
to,
smell,
feel,
find
等后作宾补，省略to。在被动语态中则to不能省掉。
（6）接动名词与不定式意义不同
1)
stop
to
do　停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。
stop
doing　停止做某事。
　　2)
forget
to
do　忘记要去做某事。　(未做)
　
forget
doing　忘记做过某事。　　(已做)
3)
remember
to
do
记得去做某事　　　　
(未做)
　
remember
doing　记得做过某事　　　
(已做)
4)
try
to
do　　努力，企图做某事。
　
try
doing　
试验，试着做某事。
5)
go
on
to
do　做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。
go
on
doing　
继续做原来做的事。
　
6)
mean
to
do　
打算、想
mean
doing　意味着
4.
容易混淆的常用动词的辨析
(1)
say,
speak,
talk,
tell的用法。
1)
say表示讲话，作为及物动词使用，后跟宾语或宾语从句。
He
said
he
would
go
there.
It's
time
to
leave.
We
have
to
say
goodbye
to
you.
2)speak表示“讲话”，一般作为不及物动词使用，而有时作为及物动词后面跟上各种语言作为宾语。
Do
you
speak
English?
May
I
speak
to
Mr
Pope,
please?
3)
talk表示“谈话”，是不及物动词，与to
,
about,
with等连用，才可以接宾语。
What
are
you
talking
about?
Mr
Jackson
is
talking
with
my
father
in
the
office
now.
4)
tell
表示“告诉，讲述”是及物动词，可以带双宾语或复合宾语。
She
told
us
an
interesting
story
yesterday.
My
teacher
told
me
that
we
would
have
an
English
exam
the
next
month.
(2)
look,
see,
watch和watch的用法。
1)
look强调“看”这个动作，是不及物动词，常与at连用，然后接宾语。
Look!
The
girl
is
swimming
in
the
lake.
Look
at
the
picture
carefully.
Can
you
find
something
unusual?
2)
see
指“看见”某物，强调的是结果。
They
can't
see
the
words
on
the
blackboard.
Does
Lily
often
go
to
see
a
film
on
Sunday?
3)
watch
指的是“观看”，“注视”之意。
The
twins
are
watching
TV
now.
He
will
go
to
watch
a
volleyball
match.
4）read指“看书”、“看报”、“阅读”之意。
Don't
read
in
the
sun.
I
like
to
read
newspapers
when
I
am
free.
(3)
borrow,
lend和keep的区别。
1)
borrow意思为“借入”，常常与from连用，是非延续性动词，表示瞬间即能完成的动作。
Meimei
borrowed
a
book
from
the
library
just
now.
May
I
borrow
your
dictionary?
2)
lend
是“借出”之意，常常与to连用，同borrow一样，是非延续性动词，只表示瞬间即能完成的动作。
Uncle
Wany
has
lent
his
car
to
Mr
Li.
Could
you
lend
us
your
radio,
please?
3)
keep是“保存”的意思，动作可以延续。
How
long
can
the
recorder
be
kept?
The
farmer
kept
the
pat
for
two
weeks.
(4)
bring,
take,
carry
和get的用法。
1)
bring意思为“拿来”、“带来”。指将某物或某人从别处“带来”。
Bring
me
the
book,
please.
May
I
bring
Jim
to
see
you
next
Saturday?
2)
take意思是“拿走”，“带走”，把某物或某人从这里“带来”或“拿到”某处之意。
It
looks
like
rain.
Take
a
raincoat
with
you.
Mother
took
the
little
girl
to
the
next
room.
3)
carry
是“带着、搬运、携带”的意思，指随身携带，有背着、扛着、抱着、提着的含义，不表明来去的方向。
Do
you
always
carry
a
handbag?
The
box
is
heavy.
Can
you
carry
it?
4)
get是去某处将某物拿回来。
Please
go
to
my
office
to
get
some
chalk.
There
is
no
water
in
the
bottle.
Why
not
get
some?
(5)
wear,
put
on和dress的区别
1)
wear是“穿着”“戴着”的意思，可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽子、戴手套、佩戴首饰等，强调“穿着”的状态。
Tom
always
wears
black
shoes.
He
wears
a
raincoat
even
when
it
is
fine.
She
doesn't
like
to
wear
a
red
flowers
in
her
hair.
2)
put
on是“穿上”“戴上”的意思，可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽等。着重于穿戴的动作。
It's
cold.
You'd
better
put
on
your
coat.
He
put
on
his
hat
and
went
out
of
the
room.
3)
dress可以作及物动词和不及物动词，有“穿着”“打扮”的意思。作“穿着”解时，只用于穿衣服，不用于穿鞋、戴帽、戴手套。作为及物动词用时，它的宾语是人，不是衣服。dress
sb.
（给某人穿衣服），而wear作“穿着”用时，也是及物动词，但它的宾语是物，不是人，即wear
sth.（穿着衣物）。
She
always
dresses
well.
Get
up
and
dress
quickly.
Mary
is
dressing
her
child.
(6)
take,
spend
和use的用法。
1)
take指做某事用多少时间，句型是：It
takes/took/
will
take
+
sb.
+some
time
+
to
do
sth.
It
took
me
three
days
to
finish
the
work.
It
will
take
you
a
while
week
to
travel
thought
the
forest.
It
takes
only
one
hour
to
fly
to
Shanghai.
2)
spend指某人在某事（物）上花费时间或钱。句型是：
Someone
spends
+
money/time
+
on
something(in)
doing
sth.
She
spent
more
than
500
yuan
on
that
coat.
He
didn't
spend
much
time
on
his
lessons.
He
spent
much
time
(in)
correcting
students'
exercises.
Mother
spent
her
evenings
(in)
washing
clothes.
3)
use表示使用工具、手段等。
Do
you
know
how
to
use
the
computer?
Shall
we
use
your
car?
(7)reach,
get
和arrive的区别。
1)
reach是及物动词，后面要直接跟表示地点的名词作宾语。
After
the
train
had
left,
they
reached
the
station
We
reached
the
top
of
the
mountain
at
last.
2)
get是不及动词，常与to连用，再接名词，后面接表示地点的副词时，不用to，get
to常用于口语中。
When
the
students
got
to
the
cinema,
the
film
had
begun.
My
sister
was
cooking
when
mother
got
home.
3)
arrive是不及物动词，表示到达一个小地方时，用arrive
at,
到达一个大地方时用arrive
in。
The
soldiers
arrived
at
a
small
village
The
foreigners
will
arrive
in
Shanghai
tomorrow.
动词的基本形式：
原形
三单(一般现在时)
现在分词(进行时)
过去式(一般过去时)
过去分词(完成时)
work
works
working
worked
worked
found
founds
founding
founded
founded
find
finds
finding
found
found
fly
flies
flying
flew
flown
注：1）现在分词表进行，用于进行时，分为现在进行时：be
(am
/
is
/
are)
+
V-ing
过去进行时：be
(was
/
were)+
V-ing
2）过去分词表完成，用于完成时，分为现在完成时：have
/
has
+
P.P
过去完成时：had
+
P.P
动词的基本形式的构成：
1）三单(一般现在时第三人称单数)的构成：
①一般情况+s，如：like-likes
play-plays
enjoy-enjoys…
②以s,
x,
sh,
ch,
o结尾的+
es，如：catch-catches
wash-washes
do-does
go-goes
③辅音字母+y结尾的，变y为i
+
es，如：study-studies
fly-flies
2）现在分词(V-ing)的构成：
①一般情况+ing，如：study-studying
eat-eating
see-seeing
②以不发音的e结尾的，去e
+
ing，如：come-coming
make-making
③重读闭音节，末尾只有一个辅音字母的，双写辅音字母，再+ing，
如：sit-sitting
let-letting
get-getting
forget-forgetting
begin-beginning
run-running
swim-swimming
stop-stopping
drop-dropping
travel-travelling
prefer-preferring
④以ie结尾的，变ie为+y，再+ing，如：die-dying
tie-tying
lie-lying
3）过去式、过去分词(+ed)的构成：
①一般情况+ed，如：help-helped
want-wanted
enjoy-enjoyed
play-plated
②词尾有e的，只+d，如：love-loved
live-lived
hate-hated
③辅音字母+y结尾的，变y为i再+ed，如：carry-carried
fry-fried
worry-worried
④重读闭音节，末尾只有一个辅音字母的，双写辅音字母，再+ed，
如：stop-stopped
drop-dropped
4）不规则动词的过去式、过去分词：(见书附表)
动词的时态：
一般现在时
1）一般现在时的构成：
①be动词的一般现在时：
I
am…
否：I
am
not…
疑：Are
you
…?
He/She/It
is…
He/She/It
isn’t…
Is
he/she/it…?
We/You/They
are…
We/You/They
aren’t…
Are
we/you/they…?
②There
be句型的一般现在时（某地有某物）：
There
is…+地点
否：There
isn’t…
疑：Is
there…?
There
are
some…+地点
There
aren’t
any…
Are
there
any…?
③行为动词的一般现在时（以teach为例）：
I
teach…
否：I
don’t
teach…
疑：Do
you
teach…?
She
teaches…
She
doesn’t
teach…
Does
she
teach…?
2）一般现在时的用法：
①现在的事实或状态：He
lives
in
London.
Miss
Gao
likes
singing.
②现在的习惯、反复的动作：
He
always
comes
to
school
on
time.
Jim
writes
to
his
parents
twice
a
month.
③格言、事实、真理：Summer
comes
after
spring.
Time
is
money.
The
earth
goes
round
the
sun.
④时间状语从句
和
条件状语从句中，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表将来：
when/before/after
if
主将
从现
till/until/as
soon
as
如：We
won’t
go
if
it
rains
tomorrow.
We
will
go
if
it
doesn’t
rain
tomorrow.
Please
tell
him
to
wait
when
he
comes.
Don’t
get
off
the
bus
before
it
stops.
3）一般现在时的时间副词：never,
sometimes,
often,
usually,
always,
once
a
week,
twice
a
year,
every
day,
every
two
days(每隔两天，每三天)…
4）一般现在时的重、难点：
行为动词的一般现在时在变否、疑句时，须加助动词do
(动词是原形时)和does(动
词后有s
/es时)，加了助动词后动词要还原。
一般过去时：
1）一般过去时的构成：
①be动词的一般过去时：
I
/
He
/
She
/
It
was…
否：I
/
He
/
She
/
It
wasn’t…
疑：Was
you
/
he
/
she
/
it…?
We
/
You
/
They
were…
We
./
You
/
They
weren’t…
Were
we
/
you
/
they…?
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