unit 3 inventors and inventions grammar and using language

(共40张PPT)
Grammar and using language
unit3
n. adj.
cube
base
fancy
mercy
stain
care
caution
poision
cubic
basic
fanciful
merciful
stainless
careless
cautious
poisonous
v. n.
expect
relax
produce
reduce
identify
satisfy
expectation
relaxation
production
reduction
identification
satisfaction
adj. v.
strong
long
freezing
disappoint
ing
strengthen
lengthen
freeze
disappoint
2 Replace the underlined parts with words
that have the same meaning. Rewrite the
sentence when necessary.
1. The greengrocer at the corner is probably
the easiest and nearest to reach.
2. If you want to apply for a credit card, you
must provide officially acceptable identification.
most convenient
valid
3. You need to approach that animal with
great care as it may bite.
4. She accepts everything during meetings and
does not contribute to discussions at all.
5. I found his phone number in the directory
and tried to telephone him last night, but there
was no reply. Later I found I dialed the wrong
number.
caution
is passive
call/ring him up
6. I don’t think of my hometown very much,
only sometimes.
7. Luckily the rainfall stopped suddenly before
I left.
8. In a courtroom it is sometimes difficult to
recognize who is innocent and who is guilty.
now and then
abruptly
distinguish
3 Complete the passage using the
correct form of the words or phrase
below.
file abruptly valid product seize
perfume criterion set about
When I first applied for a patent I was very
puzzled by the _______. I had produced a new
type of lily. I was amazed when my application
was ________ refused. The patent officer
dealing with my ____ explained to me that a
new plant variety is not a _______ invention
as it is a result of adjusting growth scientifically.
criteria
abruptly
file
valid
However, she suggested that I should produce
a ________ from my new lily. With her
encouragement, I decided to ______ the
opportunity to make a real invention, so
I _________ my studies on developing my
________, for which I hope I will succeed in
applying for a patent.
set about
seize
perfume
product
1. 及物动词的过去分词作表语，与句子主语是被动关系，表示主语的状态，既表示被动，又表示完成。
(1) The cup is broken. 茶杯破了。
2. 不及物动词的过去分词作表语，与句子主语是主动关系，表示主语的状态，只表示动作的完成。
(2) He is retired. 他已退休。
3. 有些过去分词作表语时，构成的谓语很接近被动结构。
(3) The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 这座城市三面环山。
过去分词作表语
过去分词作定语
作定语用的过去分词相当于形容词，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词。及物动词的过去分词作定语，既表被动又表完成；不及物动词的过去分词作定语，只表完成。
1. 过去分词用作定语，如果是单个的，常置于其所修饰的名词之前。
We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions.
2. 过去分词短语用作定语时，一般置于其所修饰的名词之后，其意义相当于一个定语从句，但较从句简洁，多用于书面语中。
The concert given by their friends was a success.
3.过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语，前后常有逗号。
(1)The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero.
4. 用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物，这种过去分词在形式上虽不直接修饰人，但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关。
(2) The boy looked up with a pleased expression.
过去分词作宾语补足语
1. 表示感觉或心理状态的动词。如：see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等。
(1) I heard the song sung in English.
(2) He found his hometown greatly changed.
2. 表示“致使”意义的动词。如：have, make, get, keep, leave等。过去分词所表示的动作一定和宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系
(1) I’ll have my hair cut tomorrow.
(2) He got his tooth pulled out yesterday.
(3) Don’t leave those things undone.
(4) He had his leg broken.
过去分词作状语
1. 过去分词作状语过去分词作状语表示被动的和完成的动作。
(1) Written in a hurry, this article was not so good!
有些过去分词因来源于系表结构，作状语时不表被动而表主动。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有 lost(迷路)；seated(坐): hidden(躲); stationed (驻扎)； lost / absorbed in (陷入/被吸引)； born (出身于)；dressed in (穿着)； tired of (厌烦)。
(2) Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didn’t hear the sound.
如果过去分词作状语时，前面再加逻辑主语，主句的主语就不再是分词的逻辑主语，这种带逻辑主语的过去分词结构实际上属于独立主格结构。
(1) The signal given, the bus started.
(2) Her head held high, she went by.
2. 过去分词作状语来源于状语从句。
(1) Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. (2) Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.
(3) When given a medical examination, you should keep calm.
(4) He stood there silently, moved to tears. = Moved to tears, he stood there silently.
“with ＋宾语＋过去分词”结构
“with ＋宾语＋过去分词”结构中，过去分词用作介词 with的宾语补足语。这一结构通常在句中作时间、方式、条件、原因等状语。例如：
(1) The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. （表方式）
(2) With water heated, we can see the steam.
(3) With the matter settled, we all went home. （表原因）
(4) She stood in front of him, with her eyes fixed on his face.
(5) He stood for an instant with his hand still raised.
Telephones become part of our life. But do you know who invented the telephone
A British inventor called Alexander Graham Bell.
Lead-in
How useful is his invention to human society
Pre-reading
Read the passage quickly and find out the main idea of it.
It mainly talks about the life of Alexander Graham Bell and how he made the great inventions.
Scanning
para.1
para.2
para.3
para.4
para.5
para.6
para.7
A. Bell is a continuing searcher
B. Bell’s life information, and especially interest
C. Bell’s curiosity
D. Bell’s invention of the telephone
E. The importance of his invention-- telephone
F. Bell’s first telephone message
G. Bell’s new discoveries in other areas of invention
Fast reading for general ideas of each paragraph
Para. 1. What was his interest when he was young And why
He became interested in helping deaf people communicate and in education. Because his mother was entirely deaf.
He believed that his curiosity was the key to his success.(… one should always be curious…)
Para.2. What did he think was the key to his success as an inventor
Reading for details:
Para.3.How was the telephone invented
aim :
wanted to improve…
designed a machine…
experimented with…
noticed…
suddenly had a flash of inspiration:
invented…
In searching to improve the telegraph, Bell invented the first telephone!
By chance
Para.4-7 What is the importance of his invention
Friends will talk to each other without leaving home.
What was his new discovery
The tetrahedron shape.
Why will he always be known as the inventor of the telephone
Because it was a very popular invention and the patent made the most money ever.
be curious about sth
every time
be certain to do
follow it/sth up
set out to do
a moving electrical current
be aware of
a man to rest
A flash of inspiration
对…感到好奇
每次
肯定
把…追究到底
开始做
运动的电流
知道；意识到
闲着的人
灵机一动
Phrases:
Translation
1. He found that by pressing his lips against his mother’s forehead, he could make the bones move in such a way that she could understand what he was saying
他发现当他把嘴唇放在母亲的前额上，他就会让骨头以一种能让他母亲明白的话的方式运动。
2. You will have something worth thinking about to occupy your mind.
你就会发现某种值得思考的东西占据着你的头脑。
3 It was this exploring around problems that led to his most famous invention—the telephone in 1876.
4. Bell never set out to invent the telephone and what he was trying to design was a multiple telegraph.
正是这种对问题的探索造就了他那最著名的发明—1876年的电话.
贝尔并非一开始就想要发明电话的,他本来想设计的东西是多路电报.
This interest led him to invent the microphone.
5. One day as he was experimenting with a straw joined to a deaf man’s ear, bell noticed that when he spoke into the ear, the straw drew sound waves on a piece of smoked glass.
6. In searching to improve the telegraph, Bell invented the first telephone!
有一天做实验,他把一根干草的一端和一个聋子的耳鼓膜连接起来，贝尔注意到干草烟熏过的玻璃上产生声波振动．
在探求改进电报的过程中，贝儿发明了第一台电话机！
Leave the beaten track occasionally and dive into the woods.
7. Bell was fully aware of the importance of his invention.
8. Being very stable, it has proved invaluable in the design of bridges.
9. Bell was an inventor all his life. He made his first invention at eleven and his last at the advanced age of seventy-five years old. Although he will always be known for his invention of the telephone, he was in truth a continuing searcher after practical solutions to improve the quality of everybody’s life.
贝尔完全懂得这项发明的重要性．
(四面体)十分稳定牢固, 在桥梁设计领域的价值难以估量。
贝尔的一生都在发明创造．他１１岁时就有了第一项发明，而他的最后一项发明则是在他７５岁高龄的时候．虽然他一直以发明电话闻名于世, 但是他的确是一个永不停息的探索者, 不断寻求着改善人们生活质量的可行方法。
Listening
and
speaking
Zhou Rui has decided to do a project on a living British inventor called James Dyson. So he telephoned Dyson’s company in England to interview one of its engineers about the great man’s ideas.
Situation
1. Listen to the tape and tick the
words you hear.
□ washing machine □ drum
□ refrigerator □ court
□ carpet cleaner □ bicycle
√
√
√
√
Object The Problem James Dyson’s improvement
Washing machine
Washing machines at that time do not clean the clothes as well as by hand.
He invented a machine using two half drums which move in opposite directions.
2. Listen again and make notes on
James Dyson’s invention.
GOOD DESIGN IS PRACTICAL
Zhou Rui made a phone call to Dr Smith, an engineer who works for James Dyson, a famous British inventor. Now Dr Smith is ringing him back.
DS: Hello. Can I speak to Zhou Rui, please This is Dr Smith.
ZR: Gook morning, Dr Smith. How kind of you to ring me back! Would you mind if I asked you a few questions about James Dyson’s inventions
Listening text
DS: Not at all. I’d be happy to talk about our company and our founder, James Dyson. He is an inventor who takes everyday products, like washing machines, and makes them work better.
ZR: I see. Why did he improve the washing machine
DS: He found that clothes were not as clean from a washing machine as those washed by hand.
ZR: Really Is that true
DS: Yes, because most machines have one large drum and the clothes go round and round in it.
ZR: So what did he do to improve that
DS: This is the clever part. James Dyson invented a system with two drums in the same machine. Together they are the same size as the old drum but they work differently. One drum goes in one direction and the other goes in the other. So it’s more like hand-washing and the clothes come out cleaner.
ZR: Was it easy to design
DS: No. It took many working models before Mr Dyson was satisfied.
ZR: How long did it take him
DS: I’m not sure. But I do know that inventing a new carpet cleaner took five years before he was happy with it.
ZR: Wow! I didn’t realize that it took that long.
DS: And of course he had to apply for patents for all of the new parts he ‘d designed. You must do that to protect your ideas.
ZR: Has that been a problem
ZR: Did he won
DS: Yes, in the end that company had to pay us a lot of money.
ZR: What new ideas does James Dyson have
DS: I’m sorry but you’ll just have to wait and see!
ZR: Thank you very much and I’m afraid I shall have to ring off now. Goodbye.
DS: Goodbye.
DS: Well, in the early years, James Dyson found that a large company making carpet cleaners in America was coping his idea. He had to go to court to protect his invention.
Dear Mr Dyson,
My name is Liu Xi and _____________
_____________________________ (我要申请捕蛇者的职位）.
Every now and then，I’m not satisfied with being an ordinary person. I have always wanted to do something different ________________________
__________（来使自己与同龄人有所不同）.I am living in the suburb where snakes are a major threat. I deeply understand that______________________
_________________________________ (居民们要是能给专业人员打电话，就太方便了），if they need help clearing out the invading snakes in their back gardens.
I would like to
apply for the post of snake-catcher
my peers
to distinguish myself from
it will be very convenient
for the residents to call up professionals
So______________________________________
_________________(这就是为什么我要抓住这个机会来申请这个职位）. I would like to do what I can to help them. _____________________________ (只有这样做，我们才能够) provide the citizens with a better and safer environment to live in. _____________________________（我渴望尽快开始我的工作）and I’m willing to put my heart into it. I would be grateful if you would consider employing me.
Yours sincerely,
Liu Xi
I’m eager to set about my job soon
that’s why I want to seize the opportunity to
apply for this post
Only by doing so can we be able to
The eyewitness-a greengrocer proved in court that the driver was innocent of the terrible accident, which caused a traffic jam that lasted for several hours.
I could not bear living in a city with so much rainfall even though it is good for my skin.
Helicopters and jeeps are widely used in current wars.
My associate checked the telephone directory and found the number to dial the after-sales service department when his refrigerator broke down.
The little girl bumped her head on a corner of the desk and it left a mark like a triangle on her forehead.
The identification of the correct route was difficult as it was so foggy early in the morning.
Even though he couldn’t swim, he dived into the river to save the little girl.
In summer, farmers like to wear straw hats while working in the fields.
Workbook translation
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