Module 4 Great Scientists学案五Function, Writing & Culture corner
I. Learning goals (Read out aloud):
1. Learn the following words.
best-seller, cosmology, diagnose, motor neurone disease, victim, brilliant, career, brief, partly, physical, graduate, personal, relativity, rocket, millennium, explode, escape, arrow, straight, clear,
2. Learn the following phrases in the text.
1. be known for 2. earn one’s living 3. come into/to power 4. refer to
5. in the twentieth century 6. by accident 7. be at war with 8. be attached to
9. in a straight direction 10. graduate from 11. a variety of 12. transform into
3. Learn about the famous scientists, try writing a short biography of one scientist.
4. Learn the history of rockets.
II. The key points:
1. Master the pronunciation and use of the words.
2. Learn to write a biography.
III. Learning steps:
Step I Learn the pronunciation and spelling of the words.
1． vt.诊断2． n．受害者3． adj.简短的；简洁的
4． adj.个人的→n._________ →n.____________ →adv.___________ →adj.________
5． vi.逃跑；逃避→_______________ n.逃跑 6． vi.(烟雾)消散
7． vi.毕业→______________ n．毕业生→___________________ n. 毕业
8． vi.爆炸→_________________ n．爆炸；爆炸声_____________ adj
9. physical adj. →______________ n. →________________ n.→_________________ adv.
Step II Read the passage and answer the following questions.
1. When were rockets probably invented
A. About 2000 years ago. B. In 1232.
C. Between the 13th and 15th centuries. D. During the Song Dynasty.
2. Who introduced rockets to Europe
A. The Song army. B. The Mongols. C. Wan Hu. D. One Italian scientist.
3. Which countries did not do rockets experiment according to the text
A. China. B. England. C. France. D. America
Step III Learn the following words.
diagnose v. to say exactly what an illness or the cause of a problem is:
Eg. The test is used to diagnose a variety of diseases. /The illness was diagnosed as cancer.
He has recently been diagnosed with angina. /He was diagnosed (as) a diabetic when he was 64.
brilliant adj. extremely clever or highly skilled:
Eg. Her mother was a brilliant scientist. /He gave a brilliant performance./The idea was quite brilliant.
She seemed to have a brilliant career ahead of her (= was likely to be extremely successful).
career n. the job or series of jobs that you do during your working life, especially if you continue to get better jobs and earn more money:
Eg. He's hoping for a career in the police force/as a police officer.
When he retires he will be able to look back over a brilliant career (= a working life which has been very successful).
It helps if you can move a few rungs up the career ladder before taking time off to have a baby.
I took this new job because I felt that the career prospects were much better.
Emy has become a real career woman/girl (= is interested in and spends most of her time on her job).
Judith is very career-minded/-oriented (= gives a lot of attention to her job).
brief adj. 1. lasting only a short time or containing few words:
His acceptance speech was mercifully brief. /I had a brief look at her report before the meeting.
It’ll only be a brief visit because we really haven’t much time.
After a brief spell/stint in the army, he started working as a teacher.
The company issued a brief statement about yesterday’s accident.
2. used to express how quickly time goes past: For a few brief weeks we were very happy.
graduate v. 1. [I] UK to complete a first university degree successfully:
Lorna graduated from the University of London.
Tom has just graduated with first-class honours in psychology.
2. [I or T] US to complete school, college or university correctly:
After he graduated high school, he joined the Army. /This school graduates 2,000 students each year.
explode v. to (cause to) burst violently:
A bomb exploded at one of London’s busiest railway stations this morning. /His anger exploded.
He was driving so fast that his car tire exploded. /The champagne bottle exploded.
We exploded the nuclear bomb. /The boss exploded when he heard of the resignation of the secretary.
escape v. 1. to get free from something, or to avoid something:
Two prisoners have escaped./A lion has escaped from its cage./She was lucky to escape serious injury.
He narrowly (= only just) escaped a fine. /His name escapes me (= I have forgotten his name).
Nothing important escapes her notice/attention. /We escaped to our summer house for a few days.
The convicted murderer escaped from a high security prison. /Gas escaped into the bedroom.
The burglars escaped before the police showed up.
2. SPECIALIZED to press the key on a computer keyboard which allows you to leave a particular screen and return to the previous one or to interrupt a process:
Escape from this window and return to the main menu.
clear v. to become clear or make something clear:
The children enjoyed stirring the mud at the bottom of the pond, then watching the water slowly clear (= become easy to see through) again.
Your skin would clear (= become free of spots) if you had a healthier diet.
After the thunderstorm, the sky cleared (= stopped being cloudy).
The fog is expected to have cleared (away) (= gone) by midday.
Step IV Learn the related information of the words and phrases mentioned in the text.
1．diagnose vt. 诊断
diagnose sth (as sth) diagnose sb. with sth.→(sb. ) be diagnosed with (a disease)
The doctor diagnosed AIDS. 医生诊断出爱滋。
The illness is diagnosed as liver cancer.__________________________________________
2．brilliant adj. 聪颖的；才华横溢的；极好的；优秀的；绝妙的
a brilliant scientist/ musician/ footballer 卓越的科学家/音乐家/足球运动员
She has a brilliant mind. _______________________________。
The play was a brilliant success. 这出戏是一个极大的成功。
3. career ［kˊrI］?n?.经历；生涯
He found it both interesting and instructive to learn about the careers of great men.
他觉得了解伟人的生平既很有趣又有教益.
【同义词辨析】：career，job和work
career指的是终身事业，而job和work指人们为谋生所做的工作。
job主要指有报酬的工作，而work可以指任何需要努力完成的事。
4．brief adj. 简短的；简洁的
a brief conversation/ discussion/ meeting/ visit 短暂的谈话/讨论/会议/访问 in brief 简言之
Please _______ _______________, say what you want to say quickly. 请简短地说。
____ _______________, your work is bad. 总之，你做的不好。
5．partly adv. 部分的；在一定程度上
She was only partly responsible for the accident. 这次事故她只有几分责任。
It was partly her fault. __________________________________。
6．physical adj. 身体的
physical strength 体力physical exercise 体育活动 physical presence 亲临
Playing basketball is one form of physical exercise. 打篮球是体育活动的一种形式。
【考点聚焦】 1）反义词：spiritual 精神的,心灵的，灵魂的 mental精神的，脑力的
2）PE (Physical Education)体育；physical examination 身体检查
3）我们通常记得physical作为“物理的”意思,也要注意其作为“身体的,肉体的”意思。
7．graduate n．毕业生；vi. 毕业 graduation n．毕业
graduate (in sth.) (at/ from sth.) graduate from 从某所学校毕业 graduate in 毕业于(某专业)
graduate in law, history at/ from Oxford 毕业于牛津大学法律系/历史系
①They graduated ________ high school last year.他们去年高中毕业。
②He ________________ ________ law from Beijing University.他毕业于北京大学法律系。
③He’s _____ ______________ _______ Harvard in medicine.他是哈佛大学的医学毕业生。
④After graduation from college，he devotes himself to scientific research.
自从大学毕业后，他致力于科学研究事业。
8. personal adj. 个人的
易混辨析 personal/ private/ individual
personal 指“个人的；本人的；亲自的；人身的”，与“由他人代表的，不涉及个人的”相对立。
private 指“私立的；私人的，私有的”，与“公立的；公有的；公共的”相对立。
individual 强调“个体的，个别的”，与“普通的，集体的”相对立。
He had a ____________________ interview with the general manager. 他和总经理亲自会见过。
He went to Shanghai on some ______________________________ business.他为了私事去了上海。
A teacher should give_________________________ attention to each student in his class.
教师应对班里每个学生予以个别的注意。
9. explode vt. &vi.使爆炸;爆炸;突发 explosion n.爆炸 explosive adj.易爆炸的
explode with/in anger勃然大怒explode into/with laughter放声大笑explode a bomb使一颗炸弹爆炸
People __________ ______________ to celebrate the Spring Festival.人们燃放鞭炮，庆祝春节。
The firework exploded in his hand.那个爆竹在他手里响了。
The engine suddenly exploded into life. _______________________________________。
易混辨析 explode/ burst/ break out/ blow up
explode vi. （炸弹等）爆炸 burst vi. （气球等）爆破
break out （战争等）爆发 blow up （人用炸药）炸毁（楼房等）
They had planned to _________ _____ the bridge but their bombs _________ ____ __________.
他们原本计划炸掉这座桥，但炸弹没有爆炸。
【真题链接】 The bomb ________ at 10：15 a.m
A. exposed B. exploded C. exploited D. exported
10. escape v. n.逃脱 （后常接动名词作宾语）
(1)escape (doing) sth.逃脱(做)某事 escape from/out of... =get away from从……逃跑,逃走
escape one’s attention/notice逃过某人的注意,被某人忽视 escape sb. / sth.被遗忘;未被注意
(2)have a narrow escape九死一生 a fire escape紧急出口，安全门 make one’s escape逃跑
①The fire spread quickly but luckily all the people managed to escape from the burning house.
火势蔓延得很快，但幸运的是所有的人都设法从燃烧的房子里逃出来了。
②She was lucky to escape punishment/being punished. 她逃脱了惩罚真是幸运。
③I’m afraid your name escapes me. 我恐怕记不起你的名字了。
④The party was boring-we couldn’t wait to make our escape.聚会很无聊,我们迫不及待地要溜走.
He _____ ______ ___________ ____________.他九死一生/幸免于难。
辨析：escape和flee
（1）escape“逃脱”，强调逃跑成功。
（2） flee“逃离”，不表示逃跑的结果成功与否。
Her name escaped me. __________________________________________。
Yesterday he ____________ ____________ ______________ at last. 他昨天最终免受处罚。
Time flees away without delay.〔谚语〕时光飞逝不等人。
He fled into the forest.他逃到森林里去了。
11. clear vt.使清澈,使清楚,扫清; vi.变清澈;变晴; (烟雾)消散; adj.清澈的;晴;清晰的;畅通的;透明的
(1)clear the table 收拾桌子 clear snow from the streets 清除街上的积雪
clear one’s mind of doubt 消除心中疑团 clear one’s throat 清清嗓子
clear A of B=clear B from A 从A处移走/清理走B
(2)clear away 把……收拾走，清除掉 clear up (天气)转晴 clear sth.up 整理，使……整洁
(3)make...clear清楚表明，讲清楚
They are helping clear the streets ______ snow. =They are helping clear snow ________ the streets.
①It was a fine day once the mist had cleared. 雾消散后是个晴天。
②The sky cleared after the storm.暴风雨过后，天转晴了。
③They ______________ _____ the misunderstanding and made up.他们消除误会和好了。
④Clear the rubbish，please.请清除垃圾。
⑤To ________ ____________ _______ without using facial expressions can be very difficult.
不借助面部表情就能清楚地表达自己的观点会很难。
【辨析】 clear是“清澈的；明白的”意思；形容词clean是“干净的”意思。
the clear water of a mountain lake山上清澈的湖水clear glass透明的玻璃 a clear sky晴朗的天空
12．earn one’s living = make a/ one's living谋生
联想拓展1）earn可以加双宾语earn sb. sth.“为某人赢得某物”。
2）earn money=make money挣钱(注意make money不是“造钱”)
I earn my living by teaching.
e to power (开始)掌权，执政，上台 come into office就职
in power当权 within /in one’s power为某人力所能及 beyond one’s power 不能胜任,力所不能及
have/ hold power over sth. 对……有控制权 lose power 失去权力 take power 当权;执政
out of/ outside sb.’s power to do sth. 做某事超出某人的能力
①The situation is __________ _____ _________ to control. 这种情形是我们所不能控制的。
②Things became worse since he ________ _______ _________. 自从他上台后情况变得更糟。
【真题链接】1．What political party ________in France currently
A．came to power B．comes into power C．is in power D．was put into power
2．He ________for ten years but she still doesn’t want to leave office.
A．has been in power B．has come to power C．took office D．came into power
【联想拓展】come into +n.表示进入某种状态。注意记忆类似短语：come into notice引起注意
come into operation开始工作/运转；生效 come into service投入使用
14. send ...into ... 把……送入到……
【联想拓展】 send up发射 send ...to ...派…去;送…去… send for派人去请
send sth. out 发出;放出;寄出某物 send sb. to sleep 使某人入睡
send sb./sth. doing 使…猛然或迅速地移动(常指靠外力/外来因素)
Space rockets ______ __________ ________ ______ all the time. 一直都有航天火箭发射。
They send their daughter to the best school in the country.他们把女儿送进全国最好的学校。
The explosion ________ _______ _____________ in all directions. 爆炸让我们四散开来。
15. by accident偶然 =by chance by any chance或许；可能
I found the key ____ ________ when I was cleaning the room.我在打扫房间时,偶然找到了钥匙.
16. keep...doing让……一直做某事
Don't keep the water running all the time. Turn it off. 不要让水老是不停地流，把它关上。
【考点聚焦】 1)同义短语:have...doing使某人做某事
2）常用短语：keep/stop/prevent...from doing阻止某人做某事(stop与prevent短语中from可以省略，意思不变；但keep短语中不可)
keep doing sth.一直做某事（强调动作的延续）
keep on doing sth.反复做某事(强调动作的反复)
17. throw into投入 throw away丢弃 throw light on/upon sth. 阐明某事；使某事显得很清楚
throw sth.／oneself at sb.／sth. 冲向某人／某物，向…扔… throw up呕吐，放弃
【真题链接】 The learned scholar _________ the question raised by audience how life began.
A. make out B. threw lights on C. spoke out D. threw light upon
18. as 的用法小结
prep.作为；当做 As a teacher, I’d like to give you some advice on your study.
as…(A) as…(B) 像…(B)一样…(A) After the work, his legs were as heavy as lead.
the same ..as 和…一样的… I have the same pen as his.
conj. As she grew older she gained in confidence. ____________________________________
They did as I had asked. ___________________________________________________
As he was out, I left a message. _____________________________________________
Smart as she is, she studies hard. ____________________________________________
Child as he is, he knows a lot. ______________________________________________
倍数+as + adj.原级+as
His salary is twice as much as last year because of his good achievement.
As +形容词+(a ) n. +名词+as
She hopes to find as modern a school as the one she has been to in London.
As long as 只要; 和…一样长 He will get a gift as long as he registers.
【真题链接】① We went to Canada to travel and my cousin ______ as our guide.
A. played B. showed C. acted D. performed
② ____ I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting.
A. When B. After C. As D. Since
③ After supper she would sit down by the fire, sometimes for _____ an hour, thinking of her young and happy days.
A. as long as B. as soon as C. as much as D. as many as
④ There at the door stood a girl about the same height ____.
A. as me B. as mine C. with mine D. with me
⑤ I don’t think Frank is _______ engineer as Bill.
A. as able an B. able as an C. as an able D. an as able
19. But _____ __________ wanted to use rockets in battles.但不是每个人都想在战争中使用火箭。
①Not all friends can share in sorrows as well as joys. _________________________________。
②None of the predictions comes true._____________________________________。
③All that glitters is not gold._____________________________________。
④Both of them don’t like drawing.__________________________________。
⑤Neither of them doesn’t like drawing. ________________________________。
Step V Deal with the exercises in the textbook.
补充阅读
1. cosmology
Cosmology is the study of the universe in its totality and by extension man's place in it. Though the word cosmology is itself of fairly recent origin, first used in Christian Wolff's Cosmologia Generalis (1730), the study of the universe has a long history involving science, philosophy, esotericism, and religion.
2. Cambridge
The city of Cambridge is an old English University town and the administrative center of the county of Cambridge shire. It lies approximately 50 miles (80 km) north-northeast of London and is surrounded by a number of smaller towns and villages. It is also at the heart of Silicon Fen, which has a reputation as the leading high-technology center of Britain and is one of the major constituent parts of the Oxford-Cambridge Arc.
3. Oxford
Oxford is a city and local government district in Oxford shire, England, with a population of 134,248 (2001 census). It is home to the University of Oxford, the oldest university in the English-speaking world.
4. relativity
Relativity, physical theory, introduced by Albert Einstein, that discards the concept of absolute motion and instead treats only relative motion between two systems or frames of reference. One consequence of the theory is that space and time are no longer viewed as separate, independent entities but rather are seen to form a four-dimensional continuum called space-time.
5. Research fields of Hawking
Hawking’s principal fields of research are theoretical cosmology and quantum gravity. In 1971, in collaboration with Roger Penrose, he provided mathematical support for the Big Bang theory of the origin of the universe; if the general theory of relativity was correct, the universe must have a singularity, or starting point, in space-time. Hawking also suggested that, after the Big Bang, primordial or mini black holes were formed. He showed that, neglecting quantum mechanical effects, the surface area of a black hole can increase but never decrease derived a limit to the radiation emitted when black holes collide, and that a single black hole cannot break apart into two separate black holes. In 1974, he calculated that black holes thermally create and emit subatomic particles until they exhaust their energy and explode. Known as Hawking radiation, this theory was first to describe a mathematical link among gravity, quantum mechanics, and thermodynamics. In 1981, Hawking proposed that, although the universe had no boundary, it was finite in space-time; 1983 saw his mathematical proof of this theory.
6. Zhang Heng
The Chinese astronomer and geographer Zhang Heng lived from AD 78 to 139.During his life，he studied many fields of science. He is perhaps most famous for his seismograph（地动仪），but he made many other important discoveries and was also an artist. I admire Zhang Heng because he made great contributions to science.?
Zhang Heng made models of the stars in the sky. By describing and explaining what he had observed，he was able to show how the stars move during the different seasons. Zhang Heng was interested in everything around him and loved to think，write and draw pictures of what he saw.
Zhang Heng is my favourite scientist because he makes me want to find out more about the world.In my opinion，a great scientist is a person who can make contributions himself but also encourage others to do like him.I like Zhang Heng because he taught me to understand the ?importance of asking questions.?
【想一想】 We know that Zhang Heng had no modern instruments to do his research,but he achieved a great success in science.What can we do when we want to know something in spite of lacking good instruments ?
Francis Crick(born in 1916)was a British molecular biologist. He graduated from Cambridge in physics, and was a scientist with the navy from 1940-1947. He then returned to Cambridge to work on the structure of molecules using X-ray crystallography. In 1951,with the American J. D. Watson, he started work on trying to describe the chemical structure of DNA. Using X-ray pictures they eventually described it as a double helix. He and Watson were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1962.In 1977,Crick went to work at the Salk Institute in San Francisco.
Albert Einstein was probably the most brilliant scientist of he twentieth century. Born in Ulm, Germany in 1879,he didn’t speak until he was three, but then developed a strong interest in mathematics as a child. He had idea for his theory of relativity at the age of 16,although he didn’t publish it until 1905,after he had studied physics in Zurich, Switzerland.
He became a university teacher in 1905,and published the general theory of relativity in 1915.In 1921 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics.
When Hitler came to power, Einstein left Germany and went to live and work in the USA. He died in 1955.
There goes an old saying: no pains, no gains. In our country as well as all over the world, there are many scientists who spend much of their time and energy doing research work. Though they don't necessarily earn much money, yet they are very happy when they succeed, because they have done something meaningful and have contributed, in a degree, to human beings.
Many people think that scientists are different from ordinary people because of the following characters: First, they show us new ways of looking at the world around us. Second, they explain how things work. Third, they change the way we think. Fourth, they develop theories and technologies that can improve our life. Fifth, they use scientific methods to solve problems. Sixth, they often observe the world around them，make a theory and test the theory to see if it is right.?
According to the characters of those people, what can we learn from scientists
A student from a college: Be curious about the things around us, find out your own interests and try to make full use of them.
A worker from a factory: Learn about the importance of creativity（创造）.
A boy from a junior school: Learn to observe the things around us.
A teacher in a senior school: Believe in what we do, and try to ask why whenever.
My view: __________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.Module 4 Great Scientists学案四 Grammar
I. Learning goals (Read out aloud):
1. Revise the usage of the Passive Voice in different tenses.
2. Master the use of the word “by”.
II. The key points:
1. The passive voice used in different tenses.
2. Some set phrases of the word “by”.
III. Learning steps:
Step I Try doing the following exercises.
1．Hurry up，or tickets ________out by the time we get there.
A．will have sold B．will sell C．have been sold D．will have been sold
2．—Your T- shirt is dirty.
—I know. It ________ for days.
A．hasn’t washed B．didn’t wash C．wasn’t washed D．hasn’t been washed
3．Neither of the young men who had tried to get the job in the company________.
A．has been accepted B．had been accepted C．was accepted D．accepted
4．—Do you like the material
—Yes，it ________very soft.
A．is feeling B．felt C．feels D．is felt
5．What I wanted to know was when and where the meeting________.
A．was holding B．had held C．was to hold D．was to be held
6. Many new buildings _____ in our hometown in recent years.
A. will be set up B. were set up C. are to be set up D. have been set up
7. It is so noisy because a tall building ______.
A. has been built B. is being built C. is going to be built D. is building
8. _________ that Chinese people are hard-working.
A. It must be pointed out B. It has pointed out C. That must be pointed D. As is pointed out
9. After everybody _____, the concert began.
A. was seated B. seated C. is seated D. was sat
10. The vegetables didn’t taste vey good. They ___________ for too long.
A. were cooked B. have been cooked C. should have been cooked D. had been cooked
Step II Study the following grammar points.
1. 被动语态的基本概念
英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：?
They will build a new bridge over the river.（主动）_______________________________________
A new bridge will be built over the river.（被动）_________________________________________
汉语中常用“被”“给”“由”“受” 等词来表示被动，而英语中由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成被动。也可用get/become等代替be用作系动词也构成被动语态。
Many people in the building got trapped in the fire and were killed.
Don’t stand in the sun in summer, or you’ll get burnt.
The river has got polluted by the chemical factory.
注意:”be＋过去分词”结构不一定都是被动语态,有些动词（如 be, feel, look, seem等）后面的过去分词已转化为形容词,用作表语表示状态。例如: The glass is broken. (杯子破了。)
2. 英语中使用被动语态的几种情况：
1）当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不用by短语。
Mr. White, the cup with mixture was broken.怀特先生, 盛着混合物的杯子被打碎了。
（只是告诉老师杯子坏了，不知是谁弄坏的，或不想说出谁弄坏的）?
2）突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by短语。 如：?
These records were made by John Denver.?这些记录都是约翰·丹佛创造的。
3）当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者，也不是动作的承受者时，这时常用“in+名词”作状语，来代替by短语。
15,000 cars will be produced each year in the new factory.这座新厂将会年产一万五千辆小汽车。
3．几种不同时态的被动语态的谓语形式和例句(pp: past participle)
时态 谓语形式 例句
一般现在时 be (am/ is/ are)+pp This kind of bicycle is made in Shanghai.
一般过去时 be (was/ were)+pp That hospital was built last year.
一般将来时 will be +pp The plan will be carried out nest year.
过去将来时 would be +pp The experiment would be done the nest week.
现在进行时 am/ is/ are +being +pp This novel is being translated into French.
过去进行时 was/ were +being +pp At that moment the TV set was being repaired.
现在完成时 have/ has +been +pp The news has already been broadcast.
过去完成时 had +been +pp The problem had been solved before he told me.
将来完成时 will have +been +pp The problem will have been solved by this weekend.
4．有关被动语态，要注意下面几点：
(1) 被动语态的主语，作为动作的承受者，是由主动语态的宾语转换而来。不及物动词，不可跟宾语，因此没有被动语态(由不及物动词+介词、副词构成的短语动词除外)。在英语的五种基本句型中，只有下面三种句型可用于被动语态。
主语+动词+宾语(Wheat is grown by farmers.)
主语+动词+宾语+宾补(She was elected monitor of our class.)
主语+动词+间宾+直宾(The students were asked to write a composition.)
(2) 将主动语态改为被动语态应注意以下三个方面:
①将主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语;
②将主动语态的谓语动词改为”be＋过去分词”结构;③将主动语态的主语改为介词by之后的宾语,放在谓语动词之后（有时可省略）。
(3) 含直接宾语和间接宾语的主动语态改为被动语态时有两种情况:
①把间接宾语改为被动语态的主语,直接宾语仍保留原位;
②把直接宾语改为主动语态的主语,此时,间接宾语前要加介词to或 for。例如:
He gave the boy an apple. →The boy was given an apple.（或An apple was given to the boy.）
Her father bought her a present. →She was bought a present by her father.
（或A present was bought for her by her father.）
(4) 不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的主动语态,改为被动语态时不定式前要加to。例如:
They watched the children sing that morning. →The children were watched to sing that morning.
(5) 带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时,一般把主动语态的宾语改为主语,宾语补足语在被动语态中作主语补足语。例如:
We call him Xiao Wang. →He is called Xiao Wang.
He cut his hair short. →His hair was cut short.
They told him to help me. →He was told to help me.
(6 ) 短语动词是不可分割的整体,改为被动语态时要保持其完整性,介词或副词不可遗漏。例如:
We must take good care of the young trees. →The young trees must be taken good care of.
The plan is being discussed / talked about.
The children in our country are well looked after.
(7) 含有宾语从句的主动结构变为被动结构时,通常用it作为被动结构的先行主语,从句放在句子后面;也可采用另一种形式。可以这样转换为被动结构的动词有know, say, believe, find, think, report等。例如:
People believe that he is ill. →It is believed that he is ill.（或: He is believed to be ill.）
It was reported that a big earthquake happened in that area last week.
= A big earthquake was reported to have happened in that area last week.
It is believed that a new car factory will be built in our city.
= A new car factory is believed to be built in our city.
(8) be+过去分词不一定都是被动语态。因为过去分词有时可作形容词，所以be+过去分词有时是系表结构。它们的区别在于：被动结构强调动作，而系表结构表示状态、性质。
The park is closed at 6 pm.公园在晚上6点钟关门。(被动语态)
The park is closed now.公园已经关门了。(系表结构)
Corn can be prepared in different ways.玉米可用以配制不同的食物。(被动语态)
We are prepared for the meeting.我们已为会议做好准备了。(系表结构)
5.被动句改为主动句要注意的方法
被动语态中介词by后的宾语改为主动语态中的主语（或按题意要求确定主语）,按照这个主语的人称和数以及原来的时态把谓语动词形式由被动语态改为主动语态。注意在主动语态中有的动词要求不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语,此时要把被动语态中的to去掉。被动语态的主语用来作主动语态的宾语。例如:
History is made by the people. →The people make history. （注意单复数变化）
6. 主动形式表示被动含义
(1) 某些动词的主动形式表被动含义
英语中有很多动词,如act, break, catch, cut, clean, drive, draw, let, lock, open, sell, read, write, wash, wear等,当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时,其主动形式常用来表达被动含义。另外,像 owe, beat, cook, bake, print, build, make等,有时可以用主动形式表达被动含义。如:
This kind of radio doesn’t sell well. 这种收音机不太畅销。
The shop opens at eight o’clock. 这个商店八点开门。
The pipe does not draw well. 这烟斗不太通畅。
注意:主动表被动强调的是主语的特征,而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。例如:
The door won’t lock.门锁不上。（指门本身有毛病）
The door won’t be locked.门不会被锁上。（指不会有人来锁门）
His novels sell easily.他的小说销路好。（指小说本身内容好）
His novels are sold easily.他的小说容易销售。（主要强调外界对小说的需求量大）
(2) 某些动名词的主动形式表被动含义
①在need, want, require, deserve和bear等词的后面,动名词用主动形式表示被动含义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。例如:
The house needs repairing（to be repaired）.这房子需要修理。
②形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义,但不能跟动词不定式;而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。
He picture-book is well worth reading. (The picture-book is very worthy to be read.）
这本画册很值得一读。
(3) 注意下列单词或短语
A. Read, write, act ,draw , drive, sell, wash , clean , wear , open, cook, lock , shut , dry +修饰语
This coat dries easily. The pen writes smoothly.
The cloth washes well. Your speech reads well.
B. be to blame
He, rather than you, is to blame = should be blamed
C. need, require, want, deserve, be worth+ doing , doing 必须是及物动词或短语
This matter needs /requires/ wants dealing with.
The song is worth listening to .
7. 不能用于被动语态的情况
（1）某些表示”静态”的及物动词（表示状态而不是动作,而且常常是不可用于进行时态的动词）如have, fit, suit, hold（容纳）,cost, suffer, last（持续）等不能用于被动语态。例如:
They have a nice car.他们有一辆漂亮的汽车。
My shoes don’t fit me.我的鞋不合适。
My brain can’t hold so much information at one time.我的脑子一下子记不住这么多资料。
How much／What does it cost？这值多少钱？
Our holiday lasts 10 days.我们的假期有十天。
This food will last（them） （for）3 days.这食物足够（他们）（吃）三天。
（2）不是所有带介词的动词都能用于被动结构。若是构成成语动词通常有被动态,若不构成成语动词则无被动态。试比较:
They arrived at a decision. →A decision was arrived at.他们作出了决定。
They arrived at the station. 他们到达车站。（不说The station was arrived at.）
He looked into the question. →The question was looked into.他调查了这个问题。
（3）动词leave（离开）,enter（进入）,join（参加）不可用于被动语态。例如:
The car left the road and hit a tree.车子离开了道路,撞上了树。
（4）某些及物动词可作不及物动词用,特别是后加副词（如well, easily等）时。主动语态有被动含义,这类动词常见的有sell, write, wear, wash, cook, open, close, lock, read, record等。例如:
His new novel is selling well.他的新小说很畅销。
This material won’t wear.这种材料不耐穿。
（5）sound, taste, look, feel, smell, appear, seem, remain, stay, keep , go , turn , become, get, fall, grow, prove等由实义动词演变而来的系动词,后接形容词作表语,不可用于被动语态。例如:
Tell me if you feel cold.你要是感到冷就告诉我。
Those roses smell beautiful.那些玫瑰好闻极了。
（6）宾语是不定式或动词的-ing形式时,不可用于被动语态。
Peter hoped to meet her.彼得希望遇见她。
Mr. Smith enjoyed seeing his daughter.史密斯先生喜欢看他的女儿。
（7）宾语是反身代词或相互代词时,不可用于被动语态。例如:
She can dress herself.她可以自己穿衣服。
We could hardly see each other in the fog.在雾中我们彼此几乎看不见。
（8）宾语是同源宾语时,不可用于被动语态。例如:
They live a happy life.他们过着幸福的生活。
（9）不及物动词和动词短语如appear, disappear , remain, happen, occur , last, lie , rise, spread, take place, break out, come true ,come out, agree with(适合), arrive at/in（到达）, succeed in, suffer from, shake hands with, happen to do, take part in, belong to等不能用于被动语态；
Step III Exercises in class
高考链接
1. ---Your job ___ open for your return. (北京)
---Thanks.
A. will be kept B. will keep C. had kept D. had been kept
2. I have to go to work by taxi because my car ____ at the garage. (重庆)
A. will be repaired B. is repaired C. is being repaired D. has been repaired
3. Customers are asked to make sure that they __ the right change before leaving the shop. (重庆)
A. will give B. have been given C. have given D. will be given
4. When he turned professional at the age of 11, Mike ____ to become a world champion by his coach and parents. (上海)
A. expected B. was expecting C. was expected D. would be expected
5. ---I don’t suppose the police know who did it. (江苏)
--- Well, surprisingly they do. A man has been arrested and ____ now.
A. has been questioned B. is being questioned C. is questioning D. has questioned
6. The moment the 28th Olympic Games ____ open, the whole world cheered. (福建)
A. declared B. have been declared C. have declared D. were declared
7. In a room above the store, where a party____, some workers were busily setting the table. (湖南)
A. was to be held B. has been held C. will be held D. is being held
8. It is said that the early European playing---cards ____ for entertainment and education. (辽宁)
A. were being designed B. have designed C. have been designed D. were designed
9. Although the causes of cancer ____, we do not yet have any practical way to prevent it. (山东)
A. are being uncovered B. have been uncovering C. are uncovering D. have uncovered
10. The construction of the two railway lines ____ by now. (陕西)
A. has completed B. have completed C. have been completed D. has been completed
11. As the years passed, many occasions-birthdays, awards, graduations- _____ with Dad’s flowers.
A. are marked B. were marked C. have marked D. had marked
12. I wish you’d do ____ talking and some more work. Thus things well become better.
A. a bit less B. any less C. much more D. a little more
13. Fitness is important in sport , but of at least ____ importance are skills.
A. fair B. reasonable C. equal D. proper
14. Our neighbour has _____ ours.
A. as a big house as B. as big a house as C. the same big house as D. a house the same big as
15. Of all the books on the desk, _ is of any use for the study.
A. nothing B. no one C. neither D. none
16. Customers are asked to make sure that they ___ the right change before leaving the shop.
A. will give B. have been given C. have given D. will be given
17. Do you like this material Yes, it _____ vey soft.
A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt
18. I promise that the matter will ______.
A. be taken care B. be taken care of C. take care D. take care of
19. In some parts of the world, tea ___ with milk and sugar.
A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served
20. This is Ted’s phone. We miss him a lot. He ___ trying to save a child in the earthquake. (全国)
A. killed B. is killed C. was killed D. was killing
21. ---- Have you moved into the new house
---- Not yet, the rooms _____.
A. are being painted B. are painting C. are painted D. are being painting
22. When and where to go for the on-salary holiday ___ yet. （上海春）
A. are not decided B. have not been decided C. is not being decided D. has not been decided
23. The manager entered the office and was happy to learn that four-fifths of the tickets __.（上海春）
A. was booked B. had been booked C. were booked D. have been booked
24．Miss Johnson is an able writer，whose first novel ________when she was still at college.
A．is published B．was published C．has been published D．had published
25．She will stop showing off if no notice ________ her.
A．is taken B．is taken of C．will be taken D．has been taken of
Extra reading comprehension exercises. (附加阅读训练)
A How I Turned to Be Optimistic (2009·北京卷)
I began to grow up that winter night when my parents and I were returning from my aunt’s house, and my mother said that we might soon be leaving for America. We were on the bus then. I was crying, and some people on the bus were turning around to look at me. I remember that I could not bear the thought of never hearing again the radio program for school children to which I listened every morning.
I do not remember myself crying for this reason again. In fact, I think I cried very little when I was saying goodbye to my friends and relatives. When we were leaving I thought about all the places I was going to see—the strange and magical places I had known only from books and pictures. The country I was leaving never to come back was hardly in my head then.
The four years that followed taught me the importance of optimism, but the idea did not come to me at once. For the first two years in New York I was really lost—having to study in three schools as a result of family moves. I did not quite know what I was or what I should be. Mother remarried, and things became even more complex for me. Some time passed before my stepfather and I got used to each other. I was often sad, and saw no end to “the hard times”.
My responsibilities in the family increased a lot since I knew English better than everyone else at home. I wrote letters, filled out forms, translated at interviews with Immigration officers, took my grandparents to the doctor and translated there, and even discussed telephone bills with company representatives.
From my experiences I have learned one important rule: almost all common troubles eventually go away! Something good is certain to happen in the end when you do not give up, and just wait a little! I believe that my life will turn out all right, even though it will not be that easy.
56．How did the author get to know America
A．From her relatives B．From her mother C．From books and pictures D．From radio programs
57．Upon leaving for America the author felt ________.
A．confused B．excited C．worried D．amazed
58．For the first two years in New York, the author ________.
A．often lost her way B．did not think about her future
C．studied in three different schools D．got on well with her stepfather
59．What can we learn about the author from Paragraph 4
A．She worked as a translator B．She attended a lot of job interviews
C．She paid telephone bills for her family D．She helped her family with her English
60．The author believes that ________.
A．her future will be free from troubles B．it is difficult to learn to become patient
C．there are more good things than bad things D．good things will happen if one keeps trying
B
Now, people are choosing to travel by train again. Gas is expensive, and driving is tiring. When you go by air, you have to drive out of town to an airport and wait a long time for your plane. But trains go from one city centre to another.
American trains are very modern and comfortable. Some have restaurants and bars, some have bedrooms. Trains that go through beautiful parts of the country sometimes have glass roofs. You can look all round and enjoy the wonderful forests and mountains.
But there are problems too. Many trains are old. They break down or arrive late. Stations are not always clean and friendly places.
It's the same all over the world. If you pay to go on the best trains, you get the best. If you travel cheaply, you must expect the worst.
36. People are choosing to travel by train again for _________ reasons.
A. one B. two C. three D. many
37. The main sentence of the second paragraph is the _________sentence.
A. first B. second C. third D. last
38. If you travel by plane, you____________.
A. will find it both uncomfortable and dangerous
B. can enjoy the wonderful forests and mountains
C. have to drive out of town to an airport and wait
D. can not have dinner or sleep in the plane
39. The third paragraph mainly tells about___________.
A. strong points of trains B. problems of trains C. some railway stations D. how trains run
40. According to the author' s idea, the ________ you pay to travel, the ________ you get.
A. more ; better B. less; better C. more ; worse D. less ; more
C
The key to success is not information. It’s people. And the kind of people I look for to fill top management positions are the eager doers. These are the guys who try to do more than they’re expected to. They’re always reaching. And reaching out for the people they work with, trying to help them do their jobs better. That’s the way they’re built.
Then there are the other guys, the nine-to-five gang. They just want to get along and be told what to do. They say, “ I don’t want to be in the rat race. It might affect my heartbeat.”
Just because you get involved and excited and really tear into things. It doesn’t mean you’ll die of hypertension next week!
So I try to look for people with that drive. You don’t need many. With twenty-five of these guys, I could run the government of the United States.
People say to me, “You’re a success. How did you do it ” I go back to what my parents taught me. Apply yourself. Get all the education you can, but then, by God, do something! Don’t just stand there, make something happen. It isn’t easy, but if you keep your nose to the grind-stone and work at it, it’s amazing how in a free society you can become as great as you want to be. And, of course, also be grateful for whatever blessings God bestows (给予) on you.
46. The author tries to look for eager doers to _____
A. fill the office B. fill in the top position C. be managers D. give management courses
47. The nine-to-five gang are the guys who __________.
A. try to do more than they are expected to B. keep regular hours but lack drive
C. want to get on well with the other guys D. keep regular hours and are full of drive
48. According to the author, he could run the government of the US with ______.
A. 25 people at least B. about 25 people C. more than 25 D. less than 25 people
49. The author is a success because _______.
A. his parents taught him a lot B. he got all the education he could
C. he worked hard for his ambition full of drive D. he made something happen by God’s blessings
50. What does the word “drive” in the passage mean
A. A way to a higher place. B. A kind of effort while working.
C. A plan to do something. D. A forceful active quality of mind that gets things done.Module 4 Great Scientists学案二reading & language points
I. Learning goals (Read out aloud):
1. Study and master the words and phrases in the text.
2. Study the sentences and understand the usages.
II. The key points:
1. The usage of words.
2. Learn to write the sentences using what is learned in the class.
III. Learning steps:
Step I Write down the following words and phrases. (Have a try)
1. ______________ n生物学 2. _______________ n.植物学 3. ______________ n.遗传学
4. _______________ n.动物学 5. _____________ adj 主要的 6. ____________ n.经济作物
7. _______________ n. 质量 8. _______________ n.突破 9. _______________ n. 出口
10. __________ n.人物 11. ________ vt.出版 12. vt.支持
13. vt.改变;转换14. vt.取代;以…代替15. n. 数量
16. adj.农业的→___________________ n.农业
17. adj.原来的;最初的→__________________ n.起源
18. vi.毕业→_____________________ n.毕业
19. vt.教育→ _________________ n.教育→_________________ n.教育者
1. 因……而出名/闻名2. _____________________ 做某事的关键
3. ______________________赚钱，带进，进入 4. ______________________在20世纪90年代
5. 转变成 6. _______培养；养育
7. ______由于…的结果
Step II Try studying the following explanations and understand the words.
staple n. 1. (usually plural) a necessary commodity for which demand is constant
2. a natural fiber (raw cotton, wool, hemp, flax) that can be twisted to form yarn
Eg: staple fibers vary widely in length
3. material suitable for manufacture or use or finishing
4. a short U-shaped wire nail for securing cables
5. paper fastener consisting of a short length of U-shaped wire that can fasten papers together
v. secure or fasten with a staple or staples
Eg: staple the papers together
adj. necessary foods or commodities
Eg: wheat is a staple crop
leading adj. very important or most important:
Eg: a leading expert on the country’s ecology / the leading team in the pennant race.
Eg: the world’s leading manufacturer of audio equipment / a leading question
Eg: We rode in the leading car.
educate v. to teach someone, especially using the formal system of school, college or university:
Eg: The form says he was educated in Africa.
Eg: How much does it cost to educate a child privately
Eg: The government says they are trying to do more to educate the public about the consequences of drug abuse.
Eg: We must educate our youngsters better.
original adj. 1. being or productive of something fresh and unusual; or being as first made or thought of:
Eg: a truly original approach
2. of e.g. information. not secondhand or by way of something intermediary:
Eg: His work is based on only original, not secondary, sources.
3. not derived or copied or translated from something else: The play is original.
4. preceding all others in time or being as first made or performed:
Eg: the original inhabitants of the Americas
publish v. to make information available to people, especially in a book, magazine or newspaper, or to produce and sell a book, magazine or newspaper:
Eg: She’s just had an article published in their weekend supplement.
Eg: The Government publishes figures every six months showing how many people are unemployed.
Eg: The newspaper published the news of the royal couple’s divorce.
support v. 1. support materially or financially:
Eg: He does not support his natural children.
2. give moral or psychological support, aid, or courage to:
Eg: She supported him during the illness.
3. play a subordinate role to (another performer):
Eg: Olivier supported Gielgud beautifully in the second act.
convert v. to (cause something or someone to) change in form, character or opinion:
Eg: Could we convert the small bedroom into a second bathroom
He converted to (= starting believing in) Catholicism when he got married.
I used not to like exercise, but my sister has converted me (to it).
We converted from 220 to 110 Volt.
The missionaries converted the Indian population.
export v. 1. sell or transfer abroad:
Eg: We export less than we import and have a negative trade balance.
2. cause to spread in another part of the world:
Eg: The Russians exported Marxism to Africa.
replace v. 1. put something back where it belongs:
Eg: Replace the book on the shelf after you have finished reading it.
2. substitute a person or thing for another that is broken (or inefficient or lost or no longer working or yielding what is expected):
Eg: He replaced the old razor blade.
3. put in the place of another; switch seemingly equivalent items:
Eg: The con artist replaced the original with a fake Rembrandt.
4. take the place or move into the position of:
Eg: Smith replaced Miller as CEO after Miller left.
Step III Study the following words and phrases and sentences. Try to finish the related exercises.
staple food 主食；主粮 纺纱用的人造短纤维 staple fibre 人造短纤维
主要市场 staple length 纤维长度；纤维定长；手扯长度
粘胶短纤维
更多收起词组短语
n.[贸易]主要产品；[轻]订书钉；主题
, main products
adj.主要的，大宗生产的；常用的；纺织纤维的
vt.把…分级；钉住
pin up,
1．staple adj. 主要的；重要的；大宗生产的；常用的；纺织纤维的
n. 主要产品；订书钉；主题；主食 vt. 把…分级；钉住
the staple product of a country ___________________________________
She seems to be the staple topic of conversation at the moment. 看来她是此时的热门话题。
2. producer n.?生产者；制造者 production n.?生产,产品；
produce vt. 生产,出产；制造；创作;拿出；出示；提出；n. 产品；农产品
反义词：consumer n. 消费者；用户 同义词：maker； manufacturer
3. leading adj. 主要的；领先的；领导性的 同义词：chief； prime
one of the leading writers of her day 她那个时代最主要的作家之一
play a leading role in sth. _______________________________________
相关词lead 的主要用法： lead to导致；通向 lead n. 领先地位
All roads lead to Rome. 条条大路通罗马。
He passed Tom and took the lead. 他超过了汤姆取得了领先地位。
4. figure n. 图表,图形; 肖像,人影; 身材,体型; 数字 vt. 计算出; 理解
figure out计算出;想出;弄明白 figure on计划;指望 figure up总计;把…总数加起来
make a little figure出丑;露出可怜相 keep one’s figure保持体态苗条 public figure名人;知名人士
That figure!不出所料!
I _______ ___________ __________ _________ he quit his job.我捉摸不透他为什么要辞掉工作。
Please __________ ___________ _________ ______________.请把这些数字加起来。
He is a key figure.他是个关键人物。 She has a good figure.她身材好。
I spent hours ______________________ those maths problems.
We must _____________________ how to solve the problem.
Abraham Lincoln was a famous historical _____________________.
I couldn’t ________________________ who the lady with the sunglasses was.
-That’s me when I got married. See what I look like now!
-Why not take up exercise to improve your ________________
5. bring up抚养；教育，培养；提出（议题）；呕吐；使…升高
bring down 使降低，降价；使…落下/倒下/崩溃
bring about 引起; 导致; 带来; 造成 bring back 归还；使记起；使恢复
bring forth 引起; 产生 bring forward 呈上; 提出；提前 bring together 使联合（携手）
bring in 赚钱，使获利；请来；引进；收割庄稼 bring off 使成功，圆满完成
bring out 拿出；清楚地显示；说明；阐明；出版; 使明显，显示出，生产，出版
bring on 端上（饭菜）；引起；导致；使…成长或提高
She was ______________ _______ to be honest.她从小就被教育要诚实。
In the course of study they brought up many questions.在学习的过程中，他们提出了很多问题。
He felt so sick that he _____________ ______ everything. 他病得很厉害，吐出了所有吃的东西。
What ________________ ____________ the change in his attitude 是什么使他改变了态度？
They’ll bring the date of their marriage forward from the 30th to the 28th.
他们将把结婚的日期从30号提前到28号。
How much did the sideline bring the farmer family in last year 去年副业使这农户增加了多少收入
The crisis _______________ __________ the best in her.危机促使她表现得更出色。
Study should _____________ _________ your maths.学习会提高你的数学水平。
A well-brought (badly-brought) up child ______________________________________________
【连线高考】His parents died in the strong earthquake , so he was ________ in the SOS village.
A. grown up B. taken up C. fed up D. brought up
6. educate vt. 教育
Parents should educate their children to behave well.父母应当教育子女守规矩。
educate sb. in sth. _______________________________
The public should be educated in how to use energy more effectively.
公众应受到合理地利用能源的教育。
7. agricultural adj. 农业的 agriculture n. 农业
agricultural land / workers / machinery 农业用地 / 工作者 / 机械
8. experiment n. & v. 实验，试验 experimental adj. 实验的；根据实验的；试验性的
experiment with /on sth. 用…做实验；做…试验experiment in sth 做某方面的试验
perform / carry out / do an experiment 做实验 by experiment 通过试验
They ____________________ _____________ the new medicine and succeeded.
9. original adj. 原来的，最初的；有独创性的；新颖的；奇特的
The Indians were the original inhabitants of North America.印地安人是北美最早的居民。
I prefer ________ ______________ ________ to this one.我认为你原来的计划比这个好。
_____ _______________ ________ of the car was a bit too high. 这辆汽车的原价太高了一点。
同义词：primary； first hand； native；basic 反义词：copied
10. publish vt. 出版；刊登；发表 (和“发布”不同)
publisher ?n.?出版者 同义词组：come out publishing house出版社
This book _____ ________________ _____ Oxford University Press.这本书是牛津大学出版的。
The journal is published monthly.那本杂志是月刊。
11. sterile adj. (指生物)不孕育的，不结果实的
Medical tests showed that he was sterile.医学检查表明他没有生育能力。
the sterile fields 荒瘠的土地 a sterile debate ___________________________
12. support v．支持；支撑；资助；维持；供养；养活；证实；(戏)替……当配角；
n. [U] 支持；拥护；供养；生计 supporter n. 支持者
support sb.in sth.在……方面支持某人 support one’s family养活家人 in support后备的
support one’s opinion支持某人的观点 in support of sb./sth.支援某人/某事
① That bench ________ ____________ four people.那张长椅承受不了4个人。
② I will ______________ _________ after graduation from college.我大学毕业后要自力谋生。
③ He has a large family to support. ___________________________________
④ I won’t support your opinion. _____________________________________
⑤ Mr. Wang spoke _____ ____________ ______ the proposal. 王先生发言支持该项提议。
⑥ He was weak with hunger, so I had to support him. 他饿的没力气，我得搀着他。
⑦ Will you ______________ ______ ______ my campaign for election 你支持我参加竞选吗？
The old man entered the room, _______________ ____ his grandson. 老人由孙子扶着进了房间。
I would like to support your school. 我愿意赞助你们的学校。
Tanks and trucks moved forward, supported by large numbers of the planes.
坦克和卡车在很多飞机的支持下向前行驶。
She needs a high income to support such a large family. 她需要一份高收入来养活这么一大家子。
Thanks for all your support at this difficult time. 谢谢你们在这么困难的时刻所给予的一切支持。
【连线高考】____ by a young man, the old man escaped from the burning house.
A. Support B Supported C. Supporting D. In support of
13. result n. 结果, 效果 v. 发生; 导致
as a result 因此; 结果 as a result of = because of/owing to 由于…的结果
without result 毫无结果 result from 由……产生;因……而产生 result in 导致
The result of the game was five-nothing.比赛结果是五比零。
If the police leave, disorder will result.警察一走,就会大乱。
His success ________________ ____________ working hard.他的成功来自勤奋。
The accident ________________ ___________ his death.这一车祸造成他的死亡。
His father was seriously ill; _________ __________ ____________, he did not go with us.
The flight was delayed _____ ______ ___________ _________ ________. 因有雾该航班误点。
14. rise n. & vi. 增长；增加；提高；上升 表示增长、提高意义的及物的动词是raise。
raise one’s hand raise a question raise one’s eyebrows at sth
In the past 10 years we have seen a 3% rise (=increase) in serious accident on our roads .
Seeing the sun __________ on the sea, we ________ a shout of joy. (rise / raise)
【拓展】1)rise by 增长了，表示净增长的值；by表升降、增减的程度。
如：by one-fifth/20 percent/￡3/two feet等。
2) rise to 增长到，表示增长后的结果。
The population of the city _______ _________ ____ five million.该市人口已增加了500万。
________ __________________ ______ _____ 60%, the company has had another excellent year.
产量上升了百分之六十，这家公司今年的业绩极好。
The demand for organic food ______ _______________ ________ about one third every year.
对绿色食品的需求每年增长大约三分之一。
Their wages ____________ __________________ _______ 12%. 他们的工资增长12%。
The output of steel went up by 20 percent. 钢产量增长20％。
The price of cotton was reduced by 20 percent. 棉花的价格下降了20％。
The loss of water has been ___________ _____ less than 30 percent. 水的损耗减少到30％以下。
【连线高考】1. Luckily, the bullet narrowly missed the captain ____ an inch. A. by B. at C. to D. from2. The number of the employees has grown from 1,000 to 1,200. This means it has risen __ 20 percent.A. by B. at C. to D. with3. The train leaves at 6:00 pm. So I have to be at the station _____ 5:40 at the latest. A. until B. after C. by D. around4. –You are so lucky. -What do you mean _____ that A. for B. in C. of D. by5. _____ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.A. As B. For C. With D. Through6. In ____ review of 44 studies, American researchers found that men and women who ate six key foods daily cut the risk of ____ heart disease by 76%. A. a; the B. the; a C. a; / D. /; a7. A _______ in taxes will be necessary if we are to improve our education system.A. rise B. raise C. reduce D. increase8. Sales rose ________ 20% over the Christmas period.A. in B. at C. by D. with
15. convert vt. 使转变,转换;兑换;使…改变信仰（常与to,into连用）
convert sb. (from sth.) to sth. 使某人改变信仰… convert sth. / sb. (from sth.)(into/ to sth.)
convert sth. into/to sth. 把…转变成…
convert rags into paper / a house into flats / products into francs
用碎布屑造纸 / 把一所房屋改变成几个单元 / 把英镑兑换成法郎
convert sb. from atheism to Christianity 使某人放弃无神论，改信基督教
He wanted to _______________ his dollars __________ RMB.他想将美元换成人民币。
The room was converted from a kitchen to a bedroom. _____________________________________
This is a converted bed. 这是一张经过改装的床。
We converted to Islam several years ago.我们在几年前皈依伊斯兰教。
She managed to __________ _________ ______ her opinion.她终于设法说服了他接受她的意见。
易混辨析change/alter/convert
change使用时最普通，最不正式，可以表示任何的改变过程。alter和convert指轻微的修改。alter通常指改变衣服大小，改得宽松些或缝得紧密些；convert指经特别设计给某物加上一些东西使其作用更广。
16. export v. 出口 反义词：import vt. & vi. 进口 exportation n. 输出；importation n. 输入
We _______________ rice but _____________ wheat. 我们出口稻米, 但进口小麦。
This company has a large home market but doesn’t export.这家公司国内市场很大，不做出口生意。
Indian ________ tea and cotton ____ many different countries.印度向许多国家出口茶叶和棉花。
We _______________ a lot of cars ________ Japan. 我们从日本大量进口汽车。
17. replace vt. ①取代,以…代替 ②重置,重放;放回原处=put…back
replace sth. with/ by 以……代替/替换 in place of =instead of 代替；取代
replace sb./sth.=____________________________ =_____________________ 替代某人/某物
replace sb./ sth(A). with sb./ sth(B) 更换,替换某人/某物； 用B替换A
replace a broken window (with a new one). _______________________________________
Can anything replace a mother’s love 有什么东西能代替母爱吗？
He replaced her as a monitor. =He ___________ _____________ ______________ as a monitor.
=He was elected monitor ________ _____________ _________ her. 他取代她当选班长。
You need to replace the book after you finish reading it.读完之后,你要把书放回原处。
18. quantity n．量；数量；大量 同义词：amount； number quality n．质量
a large quantity of大量的 large quantities of 大量的；许多的 in quantity大量地
① Your work has improved in quantity and quality this term.
本学期你的作业在数量上和质量上都有提高。
② If you buy it _____ _______________，it’s a lot cheaper.大批量购买要便宜得多。
③ A quantity of money ____ been spent bringing up his children. 他在教育孩子方面花了许多钱。
＝Quantities of money _______ been spent in bringing up his children.
④ Large quantities of books __________ _________ to the library.大量的书被送到了图书馆。
⑤ There _______ a quantity of books in the library.图书馆里有大量的书。
I prefer quality to quantity. 我重质量胜过重数量。
易混辨析a quantity of / quantities of
a quantity of 短语作主语时, 谓语动词的单复数依据of后面的名词而定, 若是不可数名词,谓语动词用单数, 若是可数名词复数, 谓语动词用复数; quantities of 短语作主语时, 无论of后接可数还是不可数名词，谓语动词都用复数。
联想拓展 其他表示“许多”的表达方式:
1) many, dozens of, scores of, a good /great many, a great /great number of, large numbers of +复数
2) much, a great deal of, a large/great amount of/ amounts of +不可数名词
3) a lot of /lots of, plenty of +可数复数名词/不可数名词
【连线高考】①-Why does the lake smell terrible —Because large quantities of water________.
A．have polluted B．is being polluted C．has been polluted D．have been polluted
② In the 2008 Industrial Fair, __ electronic equipment, good in both quality and style, will be shown.
A. a large number of B. a good many C. quantities of D. supply of
③When I came into the store, I found that large quantities of food ______ out on the table.
A. was spread B. were spread C. is spread D. has been spread
Step IV Study the following sentences and finish the related exercises.
1. In the rice-growing world，the Chinese scientist，Yuan Longping，is a leading figure.
在水稻种植领域，中国科学家袁隆平是一位领袖人物。
【剖析】 rice-growing在句中作前置定语，修饰world。Yuan Longping作the Chinese scientist的同位语，指的是同一个人。
【拓展】 rice-growing是复合形容词。
复合形容词的构成有很多种，当一个名词与动词合成复合形容词时，有以下规则当前边的名词与后边的动词构成逻辑上的被动关系或者系表关系时，后边的动词用现在分词。如rice-growing构成动宾关系。又如：world-shaking（震撼世界的），man-eating（吃人的），good-looking （相貌好看的），funny-looking（相貌滑稽的）。如果前面的名词与后面的动词构成逻辑上的主谓关系，后面动词用过去分词。如：man-made（人造的），hand-made（手工做的）。
2. He thought that the key to feeding people was to have more rice and to produce it more quickly.
他认为，解决人们吃饭问题的关键在于拥有更多稻米，并且能更快地生产出来。
【剖析】1）key n. 钥匙；关键；琴键, 常与介词to连用 adj. 极重要的；关键的
What’s the key to success 成功的要诀是什么？
Diet and exercise are the key to good health.身体健康的关键是饮食和运动。
【拓展】名词后接to为介词的还有：visit, entrance, answer, note, solution, index等。
the answer to the question 问题的答案 the entrance to the building 大厦的入口
the solution to ... …的解决办法 an approach to ... …的办法或通路 an end to ... …的结束
2) to have more rice and to produce it more quickly是不定式短语作表语，对主语进行解释说明，一般表示具体的动作，特别是将来的动作。
My wish is _____ _____________a doctor.我的愿望是成为一名医生。
What I would suggest is _____ ___________ _________ at once. 我要建议的就是立刻开始工作。
3. He thought there was only one way to do this—by crossing different species of rice plant,and then he could produce a new plant which could give a higher yield than either of the original plants.
他想只有一种方法可以做这件事——通过杂交不同品种的水稻，然后他可以制造一种新的水稻，这种水稻可以比原先的任何一种产量更高。
【剖析】本句是一个由and连接的并列句。第一个句子中包含一个宾语从句，主句是He thought，后面部分作其宾语，破折号后面的成分解释only one way的内容，by crossing通过使…杂交，作方式状语；第二个句子中which引导的是一个定语从句，修饰a new plant。
【拓展】by prep. 以…, 借助于…, 用…by doing sth.“通过做某事”，经常在句子中作方式状语。
by waiting / practicing / begging / working / imitating_____________________________
by and by 不久 by accident(chance)偶然 by no means 绝不,一点也不 by oneself 单独;独自的
Our bodies are strengthened by taking exercise. Similarly, our minds are developed by learning.
身体是靠锻炼强壮的，同样，________________________________________
I improved my English by speaking more.______________________________________
We went by air.我们乘飞机走。
4. Then he began his search for a special type of rice plant.他开始了对一种特殊品种水稻的探索。
【剖析】his search for a special type of rice plant作began的宾语; 介词for后边说明search的内容。
【拓展】1）search作名词经常构成短语in search of“寻找，寻求”，search 前不加修饰词；如果有修饰词，则常用for，如in the search for，in their search for。
2）search作动词时，有以下短语： search sb. /some place搜身/搜查某地
search sb. /some place for sb. /sth. 在某人身上寻找某物/在某地寻找某人/某物搜寻;寻找
search for=look for搜寻，寻找 search through把……仔细搜寻一遍
The police searched him for drugs.＝The police searched him to see if there are drugs on him.
They worked day and night _______ ____________ ________ (寻找) the unknown plant.
They ______ __________ _________ the lost child in the woods.他们在森林里寻找迷路的孩子。
He _______________ ________________ his pocket and still couldn’t find his keys.
他把衣兜仔细搜寻了一遍，还是找不到钥匙。
【连线高考】A group of soldiers went into the woods ______ the missing pilot.
A. in search of B. search for C. searched of D. searched for
5. In Pakistan rice is the second most important crop after wheat and will be grown in many parts of the country. 在巴基斯坦，水稻是继小麦之后的第二种最重要的作物，并将在许多地方种植。
【剖析】1）句中系动词is和will be grown是并列关系，它们的主语都是rice。
2) the second most important crop 中最高级与序数词连用，定冠词the在序数词前，最高级在后。
6. Its yield is much greater than the yield of other types of rice grown in Pakistan.
它的产量比巴基斯坦种植的其他类型的水稻要高很多。
【剖析】1）greater than the yield of other types 用比较级表示最高级
2) grown in Pakistan过去分词作定语，相当于定语从句which are grown in Pakistan。
【拓展】1) 用比较级形式表示最高级的概念的几种形式：比较级+ any other + 可数名词单数
/ 比较级+ any of the other+ 可数名词复数 / 比较级+ the other + 可数名词复数
Jane is taller than any other girl in her class.简比她们班级里任何一个女孩都高。
=Jane is taller than any of the other girls in her class. =Jane is taller than the other girls in her class.
2) much修饰比较级，意为“…得多”。
常见的修饰比较级的词还有：a little, a bit, a lot, rather, by far, far, even, still, any等。
①She speaks English far better than her classmates.她讲英语比她的同学好得多。
②After the first failure，he studies even harder now.第一次失败后，他学习更加努力了。
③I did rather worse this time.这次我做得相当糟。
经典时文背诵
One of the outstanding geniuses in the history of technology, Thomas Edison earned patents for more than a thousand inventions, including the incandescent electric lamp, the phonograph, the carbon telephone transmitter, and the motion-picture projector. In addition, he created the world's first industrial research laboratory. In September 1878, after having viewed an exhibition of a series of eight glaring 500-candlepower arc lights, Edison boldly announced he would invent a safe, mild, and inexpensive electric light that would replace the gaslight in millions of homes; moreover, he would accomplish this by an entirely different method of current distribution from that used for arc lights.Module 4 Great Scientists学案三reading and vocabulary知识点专练
I. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the phrases in the box.
1. She was ______________________________ by her aunt in a fishing village.
2. He studies hard. ________________________________, he got the first place.
3. Scientists are working hard _______________________ a cure for the disease.
4. We should __________________________ advanced science and technology.
5. Small children are always thinking about _______________ mothers' control.
6. The singer ____________ well ___________________ the young generation.
7. Tom _____________________________________ as a journalist at one time.
8. It’s beyond my power to know how computer _________________________.
9. She took an umbrella with her ___________ she should be caught in the rain.
10. The price of corn _________________________________ 10％this month.
II. Fill in the blanks with proper prepositions or adverbs.
1. As an agricultural producer, she succeeded in bringing _______ five children.
2. Many people were injured as a result _______ the accident.
3. It’s cheaper to buy goods _______ quantities.
4. Qingdao, well known _______ its beautiful seaside, attracts many travellers every year.
5. As a young boy, he managed to earn a living _______ selling newspapers on the street.
III. Study the three groups of words and phrases, and then fill in the blanks.
A. escape / escape from / flee
1. In the great fire, he was lucky to _____________ ___________________ being killed.
2. You can not _______________ ____ the fact that there are many difficulties before you.
3. The enemy soldiers were ________ in all directions but few of them could ________.
4. We had to break the door out to __________________ the fire.
B. result in / result from / as a result / as a result of
1. I was caught in the rain last night, ______________________________ , I’ve had a bad cold.
2. _____________________________ a serious illness, she could not move her left leg.
3. The accident __________________ careless driving.
4. Some of the houses were destroyed _____________________ the flood.
5. The traffic accident ___________________ three deaths.
C. bring up / bring in / bring about / bring out / bring back
1. How much do you suppose this set of equipment will _________________
2. Many educators believe that a challenging situation can often ___ the best qualities of a person.
3. His new suggestion _________________ at the meeting.
4. His story _______________ our happy childhood together.
5. Science has _________________ many changes in our lives.
IV. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in the brackets.
1. Don’t use words, expressions, or phrases ____ (know) only to people with specific knowledge.
2. Such ___ (be) the case, I couldn’t help but ________ (support) him.
3. They now have a good government _________________ (support) by all the people.
4. It is generally considered that Gilbert ________ (discover) electricity while Edison __________________________(invent) the electric light bulb.
V. Multiple choice.
1. —Do you know the girl in red —She seems to_________ me at last month’s party. But I’m not sure.
A. introduce to B. be introducing to C. be introduced to D. have been introduced to
2. _________ in a good family, he had chance of education when he was a child.
A. Brought away B. Brought on C. Brought out D. Brought up
3. —Why are they_________ the forest —They are _________ some criminals.
A. searching for in searching for B. searching; searching
C. searching; searching for D. in search for; searching
4. A great many books_________ every year, but only a small quantity of them _________ well.
A. have published; sells B. have been published; sell
C. have been published; sells D. has been published; sell
5. As is known to all, people in the south feed ________ rice.
A. on B. in C. for D. by
6. I met one of the boys who_________ by the headmaster at the meeting.
A. were praised B. is praised C. praised D. has praised
7. Only_________ experimenting can we find out the truth in nature.
A. by B. on C. to D. in
8. The discovery of new evidence led to_________.
A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught
9. Madam Curie_________ the element of Radium(镭元素) while Bell_________ telephones.
A. invented; discovered B. invented; invented C. discovered; invented D. discovered; discovered
10. She is known_________ an excellent manager_________ her intelligence.
A. as; for B. to; as C. for; as D. as; to
11. Nothing can be_________ planes in speed and comfort.
A. equal B. equal to C. match with D. compare to
12. There was a lightening suddenly, _________ by a loud thunder.
A. followed B. following C. follow D. to follow
13. — Can I look at the menu for a few more minutes before I decided — Of course. _____, sir.
A. Make yourself at home B. Enjoy yourself C. Take it easy D. Take your time
14. If we work with a strong will, we can overcome any difficulty, _________.
A. However great is it B. However it is great C. However great it is D. However is it great
15. He ________ the prize________ being the fastest runner.
A. awarded; for B. awarded; by C. was awarded; for D. was awarded; by
16. Take warm clothes________ the weather is cold.
A. in case B. in case of C. because of D. so that
17. They _______ the study _______ a nursery room when the baby was born.
A. turned; to B. changed; for C. converted; into D. transformed; to
18. ----Why did you come so late for work
---- I was________ for 15 minutes on the way here in the traffic jam.
A. held up B. cleaned up C. taken up D. cleared up
19. I asked my boss for a month’s holiday and, ________, she agreed.
A. what’s more B. that is to say C. believe it or not D. in other words
20. I can think of many cases _______ students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions
but couldn’t write a good essay.
A. why B. which C. as D. where
21. Her plan was to stay here for a month, but she had to leave after two weeks.
A. special B. staple C. personal D. original
22. To get different views, could I some experts to attend the program
A. bring in B. bring about C. bring up D. bring out
23. With the development of economy, lots of farmlands were __ to industrial, residential or other uses.
A. replaced B. converted C. made D. returned
24. -Mum，it is nice weather. I’d like to go skating this afternoon.
-Don’t you think the ice on the lake is too thin to ______ your weight
A．stand B．catch C．support D．take
25. The old lady came in，________herself with a walking stick.
A．raising B．supporting C．lifting D．rising
26. This morning he got up very late, which he missed the early bus and was late for class.
A. as a result B. because C. as D. as a result of
27. food and vegetables southern China where people have being suffered from snow storms since mid-January.
A. Large quantities of; are sent to B. A large quantity of; are sent to
C. Plenty of; is sent to D. A great deal of; are sent to
28. They are ________ the lost child in the woods.
A．searching B．searching for C．search of D．searching through
29. His idea of having weekly family meals together, which seemed difficult at first, has _______ many good changes in their lives.
A. brought in B. brought out C. resulted from D. brought about
30. Gunpowder is widely used _______ military purpose.
A. on B. of C. from D. for
31. (2009山东) -John and I will celebrate our fortieth wedding anniversary next month. –Oh, ___!
A. cheer up B. well done C. go ahead D. congratulations
32. (2009山东) -Poor Steve! I could hardly recognize him just now! -___.He has changed so much.
A. Never mind B. No problem C. Not at all D. Me neither
33. (2009天津) -We’re organizing a party next Saturday，and I’d like you to come.
-______! I have another one that day. Thank you just the same.
A. Good luck B. What a pity C. Never do it again D. Well done
34. (2009天津) -Putting on a happy face not only helps us make friends but also makes us feel better.
-________.
A．I’d love to B．I’m with you on that C．It’s up to you D．It’s my pleasure
35. (2009江苏) -Bill，can I get you anything to drink -________.
A．You are welcome B．No problem C．I wouldn’t mind a coffee D．Doesn’t matter
36. —Did you take enough money with you
—No，I needed ________ I thought I would.
A．not so much as B．as much as C．much more than D．much less than
37. It’s impossible for all the people to get the job because ________ of them are not fit for it.
A．none B．all C．not all D．every one
38. (2010福建) The situation of the global finance crisis was _____ worse than expected.
A．rather B．fairly C．very D．any
39. After several years’ research，scientists now have a ____ better understanding of the HIV.
A．very B．far C．fairly D．quite
40. This washing machine is environmentally friendly because it uses ________water and electricity
than ________ models.
A．less；older B．less；elder C．fewer；older D．fewer；elder
51. Her money ____，the lazy middle-aged woman began to steal others' money at crowded places，such as bus stops，stations，airports and ports．
A．had run out B．running out C．having been run out D．having run out
52．Don't worry．I'll have it _____ and get someone _____ it to you tomorrow．
A．typed；send B．to type；to send C．type；send D．typed；to send
53．When you have finished reading the book，please _____ it on the shelf．
A．replace B．instead of C．in place of D．take the place of
54．_____ in Philadelphia，Lieberman started cooking with his stay-at-home dad when he was seven.
A．Bringing up B．Growing up C．Bring up D．Grow up
55. Generally speaking, _____ graduate from ______ well- known university is more likely to find a job.
A．a；a B．a；the C．the；a D．the；the
56．Reciting does much good in language learning and it ______ helps to learn science subjects better.
A．on the contrary B．in turn C．by chance D．for once
57．The strange man went out with a sentence “God bless you，young man!”, ___ me astonished there.
A．making B．1eaving C．getting D．1eft
58．About _____ of the workers in that steel works _____ young people．
A．third-fifths；are B．three-fifths；is C．three-fifths；are D．three-fifth；are
59．一Now, where is my purse 一______! We'll be late for the picnic.
A．Take your time B．Don’t worry C．Come on D．Take it easy
60．After learning these，they _____ how to prevent the kids entering the Internet bar.
A．make out B．figured out C．turned out D．came out
61. The old scientist has made ____ in growing rice, which will ____ more people in the world.
A. a breakthrough; feed on B. a breakthrough; feed
C. breakthrough; feed to D. breakthrough; feed with
62. It took me hours to _______ the problems out.
A. carry B. take C. find D. figure
63．You can improve your English by making mistakes and _____ them when speaking and writing.
A．correct B．correcting C．corrects D．to correct
64．Who do you think is the _____ director in the film industry in China now
A．better-known B．much more known C．most-known D．best-known
65．When ______ to move out，he was unwilling to do so.
A．asking B．asked C．to ask D．ask
66. Mr. Green, who is a member of Labor Party, has _______ Mr. Brown as President.
A. taken place B. taken the place C. in place of D. replaced
come into being
rise by
be known to
bring up
in search of
bring in
as a result
earn one’s living
in case
escape fromModule 4 Great Scientists学案一Introduction，reading and vocabulary
I. Learning goals (Read out aloud):
1. Learn the following words.
biochemistry biology botany genetics zoology
agriculture / agricultural breakthrough breeding producer / production publish species
support staple leading figure bring up educate nickname yield original
sterile convert cash crops export hybrid replace quantity quality
2. Learn about some facts of the famous scientists in the world in history.
3. Read the passage “The student who asked questions” and finish comprehension exercises.
II. The key points:
1. The pronunciation of all the words.
2. Learn the word formation while trying to memorize the words.
3. Get the general idea of the reading passage.
III. Learning steps:
Step I Talk about some of the greatest scientists in the world and learn the meaning and pronunciation of the words listed above, and then finish the exercises on Page 31 and Page 33.
(Have a try: The pronunciation and spelling of the words)
Step II Try doing the following word-spelling exercises.(Have a try)
1. She’s just had an article p________________ in their weekend supplement(增刊)．
2. He g_______________ from Harvard University.
3. According to the rules of the work you should prefer quality to q .
4. We are very proud of the high _________________________ (质量) of our product.
5. China can e___________________ colour TV sets to other countries.
6. You should ________________(教育)your children to behave well.
7. This is an important military ____________________(突破)．
8. The new car is (出口) to other countries.
9. It is generally believed that advertising can increase ________________ (产量) and sales.
10. The poor man had to find another job to s____________________ his big family.
11. With new technology used in a more crops are produced.
12. Yuan Longping is a l figure in the rice growing world.
13.The （本来的）owner of the house was the Duke of Wellington.
14. Scientists who want to do research on clone must study a subject called _____________ (遗传学).
15. Rice is the s____________________ food in many Asian countries．
Step III Reading.
1. Read the title of the passage and answer the following questions.
1) Will it be about something or about someone _____________________________________
2) When a passage is about someone, what does the writer usually write about him/her
____________________________________________________________________________
3) Do you think that the writer writes about how the student studied in school Will the writer write about what he did when he grew up Why _________________________________________
2. Read the passage and answer the following questions.
a. Why did Dr Yuan want to increase the rice output when he was young
_____________________________________________________________________________
b. How does he help rid the world of hunger
_____________________________________________________________________________
c. What kind of life is Dr Yuan leading
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. Summarize the main idea of each paragraph and complete the table.
Para 1
Para 2
Para 3
Para 4
Para 5
Para 6
4. Answer the reading comprehension questions according to the text
1) What does “staple” mean in “In a hungry world rice is a staple food and China is the world’s largest producer”
A. chief or prominent among the products exported or produced by a country or district; chiefly or largely dealt in or consumed. B. basic, chief, or principal: staple industries.
C. principally used: staple subjects of conversation. D. important and outstanding
2) He studied agriculture in college and as a young teacher he began experiments in _____.
A. crop breeding B. feeding people C. sterile male rice D. with different types of rice
3) He thought that the key to have more rice was by _____.
A. experimenting with different types of rice B. asking questions
C. crossing different species of rice plant D. searching for a special type of rice plant
4) Finally, in 1970 a _____ was discovered. This was the breakthrough.
A. staple food B. new plant which could give a higher yield
C. naturally sterile male rice plant D. leading figure
5. Complete the article with one word in each blank.
In the __________________ world, the Chinese Scientist, Yuan Longping, is a ___________ ___________. He was born and ______________ ______ in a poor farmer’s family in 1931. As a boy he ________ _______________ in many schools and interested in plants, so he was given the ________________ “the student who asks questions”. In 1953 he ______________ ___________ Southwest Agriculture College. Since then, he has __________ ________ ________ ____ finding ways to grow more and more rice. He thought that ______ _______ ______ ___________ people was to have more rice and to ___________ it more quickly. He _________________ _________ different types of rice. In 1970 he discovered a new _____________ male rice by ____________ ____________ ________ of rice plant. This __________ rice could produce a higher __________ than either of the ___________ plants. This was a .____ ____ ___________ _____ his discoveries, Chinese rice production _________ ___ 47.5 percent in the 1990’s. And 50 thousand square kilometres of rice fields were to growing vegetables and other cash crops. Following this, the new hybrid rice was to other countries. Although he has been ________ ______ ____________, he still keeps time for his _____________ such as playing violin, swimming and reading.
Step IV Explanation for some points. (连线高考)
1. a. 在饥饿的世界里，大米是主食。
______________________________________________________________________.
b. 在种植大米的领域里，中国科学家袁隆平是领军人物。
_______________________________________________________________________.
① — Wouldn’t it be ___ wonderful world, if all nations live in __ peace with one another
— What __ pleasure to live in ___ world!
A. the; the; the; such B. the; a; /; such C. a; /; a; such a D. a; a; /; such a
② While he was investigating ways to improve the telescope, New ton made ___ discovery which completely changed ___ man’s understanding of color.
A. a; / B. a; the C. /; / D. the; a
③___________England of those years was England in peace.
A. /; / B. The; an C. The; / D. /; an
2. 他可能栽培出一种可能比原来任何一种更要高产的作物。
____________________________________________________________________
① -----_____I tell John about it -----No, you needn’t. I have told him already.
A. Shall B. Will C. Can D. May
② -----_____the news be true -----No, it____ be true.
A. Can, can’t B. May, can’t C. May, may not D. Must, mustn’t
③. Some aspects of a pilot’s job ___be boring, and pilots often___ work at inconvenient hours.
A. can; have to B .may; can C. have to; may D. ought to; must
④-Shall I sit at this end of the boat or the other end -If you keep still, you can sit at end.
A. neither B. each C. either D. any
3. 世界人口中有三分之二的人经常吃大米。
_______________________________________________________________________
4. 五万平方公里的稻田被转而种植蔬菜和别的庄稼。(be converted to doing sth.)
_______________________________________________________________________
Step V Post-reading task
Copy all the useful expressions into your Expression Book, and try to retell the text.
in a …world, a staple food, the world’s largest producer, in the rice-growing world, a leading figure, bring up, as a boy, be educated in, be given the nickname …, from an early age, begin experiments in sth, the key to doing sth, was to do sth, by crossing different species of rice plant, give a higher yield, either of the original plants, experiment with sth, different types of rice, the results of …, be published in…, begin one’s search for sth, a naturally sterile male rice plant, bring in, be supported by the government, as a result of, rice production, rise by 47.5 percent, in the 1990’s, be converted to doing sth, cash crops, following this, be exported to, the second most important crop after wheat, the new hybrid rice
Step VI Study the following background Information
Qian Xuesen
Qian Xuesen is one of the pioneers of China’s space science. A world-famous expert on aerospace rockets and aerodynamics, Qian has obtained great attainments in the areas of applied mechanics, engineering cybernetics and system engineering and made distinguished contributions to the foundation and development of Chinese aerospace undertaking. He plays a leading role in the research, manufacture and testing of carrier rockets, guided missiles and satellites. Due to research and development led by Qian, China successfully exploded its first atom bomb in 1964,launched its first man-made satellite in 1970, fired its first transcontinental ballistic missile toward the Pacific in 1980,and launched its first manned spacecraft on Oct.15,2003.
In 1955,six years later after the founding of New China, Qian Xuesen returned to the motherland. In 1956,Qian put forward “Proposal on the Development of China’s Aviation Industry for National Defense” and assisted Zhou Enlai, the then premiere, and Marshal Nie Rongzheng to prepare the establishment of China’s first missile and rocket R&D structure, the Fifth Research Institute of State Ministry of Defense. In the October of 1956,Qian assumed office of director-general with the fifth research institute. Henceforth, Qian has long been in charge of the chief technological officer with the R&D of China’s missile, rocket and spacecraft, and has contributed great to the establishment and development of China’s missile, rocket and spacecraft undertakings.
Marie Curie
Marie Curie, Polish scientist, was born in Warsaw, on November 7th,1867,and died in France, on 4th July 1934.Her single name was Maria Sklodowska. In Paris, Marie graduated in Mathematical and Physical Sciences. She got married in 1895 with the French physicist, Pierre Curie. In 1896,H.Becquerel suggested the theme of her Ph.D. thesis the study of natural radiation from uranium salts. During her work, the Curie couple discovered a new radioactive element named polonium in honor to Marie’s homeland. A few months later, they were able to discover radium for the first time. Together with Becquerel, she obtained the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903.She founded the Radium Institute of Paris, and was the main responsible until her death. In 1911 she was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry.
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany, in 1879. His father owned a factory that made electrical devices. His mother enjoyed music and books. His parents were Jewish but they did not observe many of the religion’s rules. As a child he always loved mathematics, and he had his idea of the theory of relativity when he was only 16 years old. He published his special theory of relativity in 1905.In 1915,he expanded it to a “General Theory of Relativity.” He changed the way we understand the universe.
In 1921, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics. It was given to him, not for his theories of relativity, but for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect. This scientific law explained how and why some metals give off electrons after light falls on their surfaces. The discovery led to the development of modern electronics, including radio and television. Albert Einstein taught in Switzerland and Germany. He left Germany when Adolph Hitler came to power in 1933.He moved to the United States to continue his research. He worked at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. Einstein became a citizen of the United States in Nineteen-Forty. Albert Einstein opposed wars. Yet he wrote to President Franklin Roosevelt in 1939 to advise him that the United States should develop an atomic bomb before Germany did. Albert Einstein died in Nineteen-Fifty-Five. He was seventy-six years old.
Archimedes
阿基米德（Archimedes约公元前287～前212）是古希腊著名的数学家和物理学家。静力学和流体静力学的奠基人。公元前287年诞生于地中海西西里岛的叙拉古城（今意大利锡拉库萨）。他的父亲是古希腊天文学家和数学家。阿基米德从小深受父亲的影响,偏爱数学,很早就学习希腊著名数学家欧几里得（约前330~前275）的《几何学原理》。11岁的时候,阿基米德去当时著名的文化中心——尼罗河畔的亚历山大城学习。学习期间对数学、力学和天文学有浓厚的兴趣。在他学习天文学时,发明了用水力推动的星球仪,并用它模拟太阳、行星和月亮的运行及表演日食和月食现象。为解决用尼罗河水灌溉土地的难题,他发明了圆筒状的螺旋扬水器,后人称它为”阿基米德螺旋”。公元前240年,他学成后回到叙拉古,当了国王亥厄洛的顾问,帮助国王解决生产实践、军事技术和日常生活中的各种科学技术问题。公元前212年,叙拉古城失陷,正在聚精会神地研究科学问题的阿基米德,不幸被蛮横的罗马士兵杀害。
袁隆平
袁隆平 Yuan Longping(1930.9.7~)出生于北平,1953年毕业于西南农学院。1964年开始研究杂交水稻,1973年实现三系配套,1974年育成第一个杂交水稻强优组合南优2号,1975年研制成功杂交水稻制种技术,从而为大面积推广杂交水稻奠定了基础。1985年提出杂交水稻育种的战略设想,为杂交水稻的进一步发展指明了方向。1987年任863计划两系杂交稻专题的责任专家,1995年研制成功两系杂交水稻,1997年提出超级杂交稻育种技术路线,2000年实现了农业部制定的中国超级稻育种的第一期目标,2004年提前一年实现了超级稻第二期目标。1995年当选为中国工程院院士。先后获得”国家特等发明奖”“首届最高科学技术奖”等多项国内奖项和联合国”科学奖”“沃尔夫奖”“世界粮食奖”等11项国际大奖。出版中、英文专著6部,发表论文60余篇。1995年当选为中国工程院院士。
Biochemistry
The organic chemistry of compounds and processes occurring in organisms; the effort to understand biology within the context of chemistry. A branch of chemistry studying the chemical behavior in living beings. Biochemistry is not only interested in the individual chemical components but also their vital interplay.
Biology
The science that deals with living things. It is broadly divided into zoology, the study of animal life, and botany, the study of plant life. Subdivisions of each of these sciences include cytology (the study of cells), histology (the study of tissues), anatomy or morphology, physiology, and embryology (the study of the embryonic development of an individual animal or plant). Also included in biological studies are the sciences of genetics, evolution, paleontology, and taxonomy or systematic, the study of classification.
Chemistry
The science of matter and its interactions with energy and itself (see physics, biology). Because of the diversity of matter, which is mostly in the form of atoms, chemists often study how atoms interact to form molecules and how molecules(分子) interact with each other.
Botany
The scientific study of plant life. As a branch of biology, it is also sometimes referred to as plant science(s) or plant biology. Botany covers a wide range of scientific disciplines that study the growth, reproduction, metabolism, development, diseases, and evolution of plants.
Genetics
Scientific study of the mechanism of heredity. While Gregor Mendel first presented his findings on the statistical laws governing the transmission of certain traits from generation to generation in 1856, it was not until the discovery and detailed study of the chromosome and the gene in the 20th cent that scientists found the physical basis of hereditary characteristics.
Zoology
The original branches of zoology established in the late 19th century such as zoo-physics, bionomics have largely been subsumed into more broad areas of biology which include studies of mechanisms common to both plants and animals.
Physics
The science of Nature in the broadest sense. Physicists study the behavior and properties of matter in a wide variety of contexts, ranging from the sub-nuclear particles from which all ordinary matter is made (particle physics) to the behavior of the material Universe as a whole (cosmology宇宙论).
Cash crop
In agriculture, a cash crop is a crop which is sold for money. The term is used to differentiate from subsistence crops, which are those fed to the producer's own livestock or grown as food for the producer's family.
Hybrid
Term applied by plant and animal breeders to the offspring of a cross between two different subspecies or species, and by geneticists to the offspring of parents differing in any genetic characteristic.
