(共31张PPT)
Starting
out
&
Understanding
ideas
Unit
6 At
one
with
nature
Starting
out
Activity
1:
Watch
the
video
and
answer
the
questions.
Starting
out
1.
What
are
the
problems
faced
by
Venice?
Venice?is
faced
with
the
problems
caused
by
water.
Saltwater
is
slowly?damaging
the
bases
of
Venice’s
buildings,
making
the
city
gradually
sink.
Floods
also
hit
the
city
each
winter,
causing
more
problems.
2.
Are
there
any
similar
cities
or
towns
in
China?
Introduce
one
to
the
class.
Starting
out
1.
How
does
the
natural
environment
influence
the
lives
of
the
local
people
in
each
picture?
2.
What
is
the
natural
environment
of
your
hometown
like?
How
is
your
life
influenced
by
it?
Activity
2:
Look
at
the
pictures
and
answer
the
questions.
Words
and
expressions
1.
wrap
v.
包，裹
①
Harry
bought
a
beautiful
scarf
for
Julie
and
he
wrapped
it
carefully
in
a
lovely
box.
哈里为朱莉买了一条漂亮的围巾，他把围巾仔细地包在了一个盒子里。
②
Use
a
cloth
to
wrap
up
the
wound.
用布把伤口包起来。
③
You
can't
wrap
fire
in
paper.
纸包不住火。
Understanding
ideas
Words
and
expressions
2.
sheet
n.
（冰或水等的）一大片；床单；一张
①
A
sheer
of
ice
covered
the
road.
地面上覆盖了一层薄薄的冰。
②
It's
better
to
change
the
sheets
regularly.
最好定期更换床单。
③
You
can
lay
a
sheet
of
newspaper
on
the
floor.
你可以在地上铺一张报纸。
Words
and
expressions
3.
region
n.
地区；区域
①
the
Arctic/tropical/desert,
etc.
regions
北极、热带、沙漠等地区
②
The
region
is
remarkable
for
its
woodland
scenery.
这个地区以森林景色著称。
③
South
Asia
continues
to
be
the
most
dynamic
economic
region
in
the
world.
南亚仍然是世界上经济最活跃的地区。
Words
and
expressions
4.
shallow
adj.
浅的；肤浅的；浅薄的
①
These
fish
are
found
in
shallow
waters
around
the
coast.
这些鱼生长在海边浅水水域。
②
Don't
believe
in
those
shallow
and
silly
rumors.
不要相信那些肤浅、疯癫的谣言。
1.
The
flat
terraces
catch
the
rainwater
and
prevent
the
soil
from
being
washed
away.
(教材P63)
平坦的梯田能够储存雨水，防止土壤被冲走。
prevent
sb/sth
(from)
doing
sth
阻止某人/某物做某事
=stop
sb/sth
(from)
(doing)
sth
=keep
sb/sth
from
doing
sth
课文重难点解析
①
He
said
this
would
prevent
companies
(from)
creating
new
jobs.
他说这将使公司无法创造新的工作机会。
②
We
must
prevent
the
disease
(from)
spreading.
我们必须阻止这种疾病的扩散。
③
Once
I'm
determined
to
do
a
thing,
no
one
can
stop
me
from
doing
it.
一旦我下决心做一件事情，没有人能够阻止我去做它。
④
I
hope
you
will
keep
yourself
from
doing
anything
rash.
我希望你能克制自己不做任何鲁莽的事。
2.
But
perhaps
what
is
most
significant
is
the
way
in
which
people
have
worked
in
harmony
with
nature
to
make
these
terraces
and
grow
rice.
(教材P63)但也许最令人惊叹的是人们与自然和谐相处建造这些梯田和种植水稻的方式。
harmony
n.
融洽相处，和谐
harmonious
adj.
和谐的，协调的
in
harmony
with
与……融洽；与……一致
out
of
harmony
with
与……不协调，不一致
①
We
are
living
in
a
harmonious
community.
我们生活在一个和谐的社会当中。
②
When
children
grow
up,
their
ideas
will
be
out
of
harmony
with
their
parents.
当孩子们长大后，他们的想法会与父母不一致。
③
Only
if
people
live
in
harmony
with
each
other
can
we
have
a
stable
society.
只有人们彼此和谐共处，我们才能拥有安定的社会。
④
We
must
try
to
live
in
peace
and
harmony
with
ourselves
and
those
around
us.
我们必须努力和我们自己及周围的人和睦相处。
3.
The
terraces
are
cleverly
designed,
with
hundreds
of
waterways
that
connect
with
each
other.
(教材P63)
梯田设计巧妙，有数百条水道相互连接。
design
vt.
设计；打算；意欲，意图
n.
设计；图案
designer
n. 设计者；设计师
be
designed
for/to
do...
专为……设计的；目的是……
by
design
有意地，故意地
①
The
police
found
out
that
the
incident
happened
by
accident,
not
by
design.
警察调查发现，这件事的发生是个意外，并非是有人事先安排的。
②
Mary
dreams
to
be
a
fashion
designer.
玛丽梦想着成为一名时装设计师。
③
The
course
is
designed
for
beginners.
这门课程是专门为初学者设计的。
④
These
exercises
are
designed
to
strengthen
muscles.
这些运动是为了增强肌肉力量而设计的。
?单项选择：
1.
The__
are
well
tended.
A.
wounding
B.
wounds
C.
wounded
D.
wound
2.
The
arrow
__
her
in
the
chest.
A.
hurt
B.
wounded
C.
hit
D.
injured
3.
He
__
himself
in
a
traffic
accident.
A.
hurt
B.
wounded
C.
injured
D.
damaged
4.
That'll
__
his
feelings.
Don't
do
that.
A.
hurt
B.
wound
C.
damage
D.
injure
5.
After
a
time,my
back
didn't
__
any
more.
A.
wound
B.
injure
C.
hurt
D.
hit
答案:
1.
C
2.
B
3.
A
4.
A
5.
C
4.
During
the
rainy
season,
it
is
along
these
waterways
that
rainwater
moves
down
the
mountains
and
into
the
terraces.
(教材P63)在雨季，雨水沿着这些水道从山上流入梯田。
【分析】
该句中的“it
is...that...”是强调句型，强调的是句子的状语along
these
waterways。
【拓展】
强调句型的用法：
(1)
强调句型的基本结构是：“It
is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋句子其他部分”。
(2)
强调句型的一般疑问句是将is/was提前，即：“Is/Was
it...that...”。
(3)
强调句型的特殊疑问句形式，需将陈述句变成一般疑问句，再在句首加上疑问词，即“疑问词(被强调部分)＋is/was＋it＋that＋句子其他部分”。
①
It
is
Japan
that
I
want
to
go
next
summer.
明年夏天我想去的地方是日本。
②
Was
it
your
mother
that/who
called
you
just
now?
刚才给你打电话的是你母亲吗？
③
What
was
it
that
happened
to
the
man
last
night?
昨天晚上，那人究竟发生了什么事？
按照要求完成下列句子
His
friend
bought
him
a
present
while
he
visited
New
York.
①→__________________________________________________________________
(强调主语)
②→__________________________________________________________________
(强调直接宾语)
③→__________________________________________________________________
(强调时间状语)
It
was
his
friend
that/who
bought
him
a
present
while
he
visited
New
York.
It
was
a
present
that
his
friend
bought
him
while
he
visited
New
York.
It
was
while
he
visited
New
York
that
his
friend
bought
him
a
present.
5.
These
terraces
also
provide
a
perfect
environment
for
birds
and
fish,
some
of
which
feed
on
insects
that
can
harm
the
rice
crops.
(教材P63)
这些梯田还为鸟类和鱼类提供了一个完美的环境，其中一些鸟类和鱼类又以危害水稻作物的昆虫为食。
◆feed
on(＝live
on)
以……为食
◆harm
vt.&
n.
伤害，损害
harmful
adj.
有害的；伤害的
harmless
adj.
无害的
do...harm/do
harm
to...
对……有害
be
harmful
to...
对……有害处
①
Owls
feed
on
mice
and
other
small
animals.
猫头鹰以老鼠和其他小动物为食。
②
Hard
work
never
did
anyone
any
harm.努力工作对任何人都绝无害处。
③
There’s
no
harm
in
telling
him
the
truth.把真相告诉他没有什么害处。
④
It’s
harmful
to
your
health
to
drink
too
much.饮酒过量对你的健康有害。
⑤
We
cannot
shut
our
eyes
to
things
that
harm
the
interests
of
the
masses.
对于损害群众利益的事情，我们不能听之任之。
【拓展】harm,
hurt,
injure,
wound
词义辨析
hurt
“弄疼，使受伤”，可指肉体上的伤害，更多用于情感上的伤害。
injure
“使受伤，伤害”，尤其指在事故中受到的伤害。
harm
“危害，使受伤害”，常用于抽象事物。
wound
“伤害，使受伤”，主要用于刀、枪、剑等武器对身体造成的创伤。
?选词填空：harm,
hurt,
injure,
wound
①
Pollution
can
____________
marine
life.
②
My
father's
words
____________
my
feelings.
③
Luckily,
no
one
was
____________
in
the
accident.
④
She
began
cleaning
the
____________with
a
piece
of
cloth.
harm
hurt
injured
wound
1.
Which
is
not
the
colour
of
the
Longji
Rice
Terraces?
A．green B．gold
C．white
D．red
2．These
terraces
were
built
by
________.
A．Han
people
B．local
Zhuang
and
Yao
people
C．Dai
people
D．Tujia
people
阅读巩固练习
D
B
3.
What’s
the
right
order
of
the
working
principle
of
the
Longji
Rice
Terraces?
①
Rain
falls
down
onto
the
mountain
terraces
once
again.
②
The
water
is
turned
into
gas.
③
Along
these
waterways
rainwater
moves
down
the
mountains
and
into
terraces.
④
The
sun
heats
the
water.
⑤
Clouds
form.
A.③①②⑤④
B.③④②⑤①
C.③⑤②①④
D.③②④①⑤
B
阅读巩固练习
4.
Match
each
paragraph
with
its
main
idea.
Para.1
A.A
brief
introduction
of
the
way
in
which
people
have
worked
in
harmony
with
nature
to
make
these
terraces
and
grow
rice.
Para.2
B.Thousands
of
visitors
come
to
the
Longji
Rice
Terraces
to
admire
this
great
wonder.
Para.3
C.Who
built
the
terraces
and
how
long
it
took
to
complete
the
terraces.
Para.4
D.A
brief
introduction
of
the
colours
of
the
Longji
Rice
Terraces.
Para.5
E.Why
did
these
people
turn
entire
mountains
into
terraces?
答案 Para.1—D Para.2—C Para.3—E Para.4—A Para.5—B
阅读巩固练习
Longji
Rice
Terraces
龙脊梯田
Imagine
mountains
wrapped
in
silver
water,
shining
in
the
spring
sun.
Summer
sees
the
mountains
turn
bright
green
with
growing
rice.
During
autumn,
these
same
mountains
are
gold,
and
in
winter
they
are
covered
in
sheets
of
white
frost.
These
are
the
colours
of
the
Longji
Rice
Terraces.
想象一下：群山被银水包裹着，在春天的阳光下闪闪发光。夏天，随着水稻的生长，群山变成了明亮的绿色。在秋天，这些山都是金色的。在冬天，它们被白霜覆盖着。这些就是龙脊梯田的颜色。
原文与翻译
These
terraces
were
built
by
the
local
Zhuang
and
Yao
people,
to
whom
Guangxi
is
home.
Starting
in
the
Yuan
Dynasty,
work
on
the
terraces
took
hundreds
of
years,
until
its
completion
in
the
early
Qing
Dynasty.
Reaching
as
far
as
the
eye
can
see,
these
terraces
cover
tall
mountains,
often
from
the
bottom
to
the
very
top.
这些梯田是由广西当地的壮族和瑶族人建造的。从元代开始，梯田的工作花了数百年时间，直到清初才完工。目之所及，这些梯田包裹着高山，通常从山脚一直盘绕到山顶。
So
why
did
these
people
go
to
so
much
trouble
to
turn
the
entire
mountains
into
terraces?
Firstly,
there
are
few
large,
flat
areas
of
land
in
the
region.
Building
the
terraces
therefore
meant
that
they
could
increase
the
areas
in
which
they
could
grow
rice.
Secondly,
although
the
region
has
plenty
of
rain,
the
mountains
are
steep
and
the
soil
is
shallow.
The
flat
terraces
catch
the
rainwater
and
prevent
the
soil
from
being
washed
away.
那么为什么这些人要费那么大的劲把整片山区变成梯田呢？首先，该地区几乎没有大片平坦的土地。因此，建造梯田意味着他们可以增加种植水稻的面积。其次，虽然该地区雨水充沛，但山势陡峭，土壤较浅。平坦的梯田能够储存雨水，防止土壤被冲走。
But
perhaps
what
is
most
significant
is
the
way
in
which
people
have
worked
in
harmony
with
nature
to
make
these
terraces
and
grow
rice.
The
terraces
are
cleverly
designed,
with
hundreds
of
waterways
that
connect
with
each
other.
During
the
rainy
season,
it
is
along
these
waterways
that
rainwater
moves
down
the
mountains
and
into
the
terraces.
The
sun
heats
the
water
and
turns
it
into
vapour.
This
forms
clouds
from
which
rain
falls
down
onto
the
mountain
terraces
once
again.
These
terraces
also
provide
a
perfect
environment
for
birds
and
fish,
some
of
which
feed
on
insects
that
can
harm
the
rice
crops.
但也许最令人惊叹的是人们与自然和谐相处建造这些梯田和种植水稻的方式。梯田设计巧妙，有数百条水道相互连接。在雨季，雨水沿着这些水道从山上流入梯田。水分经太阳蒸发成蒸汽，这就形成了云，雨水再次降落到山上的梯田上。这些梯田还为鸟类和鱼类提供了一个完美的环境，其中一些鸟类和鱼类又以危害水稻作物的昆虫为食。
Although
modern
technology
could
help
produce
more
crops,
these
terraces
still
mean
a
lot
to
the
people
for
whom
traditions
hold
much
value.
This
knowledge
is
passed
down
through
families,
which
means
that
new
generations
continue
to
use
ancient
methods
of
agriculture
to
maintain
the
terraces.
Today,
the
Longji
Rice
Terraces
attract
thousands
of
visitors
who
come
to
admire
this
great
wonder
created
by
people
and
nature
working
together.
尽管现代技术可以帮助生产更多的农作物，但这些梯田对珍视传统的当地人来说仍然意义重大。这种知识通过家庭传承下来，这意味着新一代继续沿用古老的农耕方法来维持梯田的运作。今天，龙脊梯田吸引了成千上万的游客前来欣赏这一由人与自然共同创造的奇迹。
Thank
you!(共14张PPT)
Unit
6
At
one
with
nature
Using
language——定语从句(3)
“介词+关系代词”结构
Look
at
the
sentences
from
the
reading
passage
and
answer
the
questions.
1.
What
do
“which”
and
“whom”
refer
to
in
each
sentence?
2.
Why
do
we
use
prepositions
before
“which”
and
“whom”?
3.
In
sentence
(a),
can
we
replace
“in
which”
with
“where”
without
changing
the
meaning?
Warm-up:
Compare
the
two
groups
of
sentences
and
answer
the
questions.
1.
What
is
the
difference
between
the
two
groups
of
sentences?
2.
Why
does
the
author
choose
to
use
sentences
(a)
and
(b)
in
the
reading
passage?
Warm-up:
一、“介词＋关系代词”结构中的关系代词
在定语从句中，“介词＋关系代词”结构中的关系代词可以用whom或which，不能用that。
①
Do
you
remember
the
day
on
which
(when)
we
joined
the
basketball
club?
还记得我们加入篮球俱乐部的那一天吗？
②
The
school
in
which
my
brother
once
studied
is
very
famous.
我哥哥曾经就读的那所学校很有名气。
③
The
pencil
with
which
he
was
writing
is
mine.
他写字用的那支铅笔是我的。
二、“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的选用
介词的选择可以总结为：“一先、二动、三意义、四特殊”。
1.
一先，即先看先行词，从先行词入手。介词往往和先行词构成固定搭配。
①
Language
is
one
of
means
by
which
people
can
communicate
ideas
and
emotions
with
each
other.
(by
means
为固定搭配，表示“通过某种手段”。)
②
What
is
at
issue
is
the
extent
to
which
exam
results
can
reflect
a
student's
ability.
(to
the
extent
为固定搭配，表示“在某种程度上”。)
2.
二动，即看从句中的谓语动词结构。根据从句中谓语动词的搭配选择合适的介词。
①There
comes
Tom,
for
whom
I
have
been
waiting
for
an
hour.
(wait
for
sb
等候某人)
汤姆总算来了，我等了他一个小时了。
②Do
you
know
the
girl
to
whom
our
teacher
was
talking?
(talk
to
sb和某人交谈)
你认识那个刚才和我们老师交谈的女孩吗？
③My
mother
missed
her
best
friend
with
whom
she
worked
in
her
youth.
(work
with
sb和某人一起工作)
母亲很想念她最好的朋友，在年少时期，她们曾经一起工作过。
【辨析】
对于较为特殊的先行词，如：degree
(to
the
degree),
extent
(to
the
extent),
means
(by
means
of),
pace
(at
the
pace)
等，需要首先考虑介词是否与先行词构成固定搭配。
而当先行词是普通名词时，一般考虑和分析介词是否与定语从句中的某个动词、形容词或名词构成固定搭配。
像look
after,
depend
on,
pay
attention
to,
take
care
of
等固定动词短语，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。
①
This
is
the
watch
which
I
am
looking
for.
(T)
This
is
the
watch
for
which
I
am
looking.
(F)
②
This
is
the
old
lady
whom
Harold
has
taken
care
of.
(T)
This
is
the
old
lady
of
whom
Harold
has
taken
care.
(F)
补充拓展：
3.
三意义：通过判断主句表达的全部意义来确定合适的介词。
①
He
was
educated
at
a
local
high
school，after
which
he
went
on
to
Beijing
University.
他在当地的一所高中上学，之后他继续在北京大学学习。
②
Eric
received
training
in
computer
for
one
year,
after
which
he
easily
found
a
job
in
a
big
company.
艾瑞克接受了为期一年的电脑培训，之后他顺利在一家大公司找到了工作。
4.四特殊：介词of
常用于“表示部分的词语＋of＋关系代词”结构。
表示部分的词语常见的有：不定代词all,
both,
none,
neither,
either,
some,
any；数词(含基数词、序数词、分数和百分数)；数词＋名词；the＋最高级/比较级，以及表示数目或数量的词语many,
most,
few,
several,
enough,
half,
a
quarter。
①
There
are
ten
books
on
the
reading
list,
three
of
which
are
my
favourite.
阅读书单上有10本书，其中3本是我最喜欢的。
②
The
factory
produces
half
a
million
pairs
of
shoes
every
year,
80%
of
which
are
sold
abroad.
这家工厂每年生产50万双鞋子，其中的80%销往国外。
③
There
are
two
rooms
facing
the
south,
the
smaller
of
which
is
my
study
room.
有两个朝南的房间，其中较小的那个是我的书房。
小总结：
用“介词＋关系代词”填空
1.There
are
some
occasions
____________
one
must
give
in.
2.Mathew
refused
to
tell
me
the
reason
____________
he
didn’t
attend
the
meeting.
3.Water
and
air
are
things
______________
man
can’t
live.
4.The
old
woman
has
two
sons,
both
____________
are
doctors.
5.I
was
given
three
books
on
cooking,
the
first
____________
I
really
enjoyed.
6.Her
bag,
____________she
put
all
her
books,
has
not
been
found.
7.All
of
us
disliked
the
way
____________
Tom
settled
the
problem.
8.
This
is
a
subject____________we
have
talked
a
lot.
9.1949
was
the
year
____________
the
P.R.C
was
founded.
on
which
for
which
without
which
of
whom
同步练习：
of
which
in
which
in
which
in
which
about
which
1.
Find
out
all
the
sentences
with
“a
preposition+which/whom”
structure
in
the
reading
passage
on
Page
62
&
63.
2.
Finish
Activity
2
and
Activity
3
on
Page
65.
Homework:
Thank
you!(共24张PPT)
Unit
6
At
one
with
nature
Writing
a
summary
概要写作
概要写作是在正确理解文章的基础上，在不改变原文中心思想、体裁和结构的前提下，用简明、精练的语句高度浓缩文章的主要内容和观点的一种写作手法。
在写概要时，要按照“六步法”的程序进行，具体操作方法如下：
1.Scan
the
passage—览全文，定体裁
2.Underline
the
main
points—划要点
3.Miss
the
details—省细节
4.Analyse
the
structure—析结构
5.Restate
the
points—换表达
6.Yoke
the
sentences
to
a
passage—连全文
什么是概要写作？
阅读下面短文，根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
The
familiar
yellow
school
bus
is
the
largest
system
of
mass
transportation
in
the
US
and
every
school
day
transports
roughly
25
million
young
people
to
school
and
home
again
after
the
school
day
ends.
Meanwhile,
they
are
the
safest
method
for
getting
kids
to
and
from
school,
according
to
the
National
Highway
Traffic
Safety
Administration
(NHTSA).
Children
are
70
times
more
likely
to
arrive
at
school
safely
on
the
school
bus
than
if
they
had
traveled
to
school
driving
themselves
or
riding
with
friends.
实例分析
These
school
buses
meet
more
of
the
nation’s
motor
vehicle
safety
standards
than
any
other
vehicles
on
the
road.
Also,
several
new
technologies
available
today
are
making
school
buses
even
safer,
such
as
video
cameras
on
the
inside
and
outside,
stop
arm
cameras,
GPS
tracking
and
collision
lessening
systems.
Another
safety
tool
on
school
buses
is
high
seat
backs,
closely-spaced
seats
and
energy-absorbing
seating.
But
even
the
safeness
of
school
buses
would
not
completely
sum
up
why
children
are
safer
when
riding
the
big,
yellow
bus.
The
bus
is
only
as
safe
as
the
professional
men
and
women
who
drive
them.
All
drivers
must
obtain
a
Class
B
or
C
Commercial
Driver’s
License(CDL).
They
are
randomly
tested
for
alcohol
and
drugs,
usually
have
their
driving
record
checked,
and
are
given
the
same
review
for
criminal
history
as
teachers
and
other
employees
who
have
contact
with
students.
In
order
to
serve
as
a
school
bus
driver,
most
applicants
are
required
to
successfully
complete
a
training
course,
along
with
instruction
in
the
classroom
and
behind
the
wheel.
School
buses
are
safe
for
the
environment,
not
only
because
each
bus
replaces
36-passenger
cars
that
would,
but
for
the
buses,
be
on
the
road
taking
and
picking
up
school
children.
Additionally,
school
buses
use
alternative
green
fuels
like
natural
gas,
and
electric
power.
Todd
Monteferrario,
President
of
the
National
School
Transportation
Association,
said
parents
should
remember
that
the
safest
and
smartest
choice
is
to
put
their
children
on
the
big
yellow
bus
when
they
can.
【写作分析】
文章体裁
议论文
话题
It
is
the
safest
way
for
kids
to
go
to
and
from
school
by
the
yellow
school
bus.
结构
总—分—总
要点
可能用到的词汇和句型
校车满足了较高的车辆安全标准且技术配备先进。
not
only...but
also...,
meet,
equip
公共汽车司机必须通过严格的资格考试和安全驾驶培训。
pass,
qualification,
training
校车以绿色燃料为动力，减少了私家车上路，因此很环保。
power,
reduce,
hit
the
roads,
environmentally
The
school
bus
is
the
safest
and
wisest
choice
to
school
in
the
US
for
the
following
reasons.
Firstly,
school
buses
not
only
meet
high
vehicle
safety
standards
but
also
are
technologically
equipped.
(要点1)
Secondly,
the
bus
drivers
have
to
pass
strict
qualification
tests
and
safety
driving
training.
(要点2)
Thirdly,
school
buses,
powered
by
green
fuels,
are
environmentally
safe
by
reducing
the
number
of
private
cars
hitting
the
roads.
(要点3)
Therefore,
children
are
encouraged
to
go
to
school
by
school
bus.
【参考范文】
概要写作，简言之就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，也可称之为摘要。写概要时，读者要把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。
这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达的一种写作活动，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。
新高考概要写作
◆选材特点
(1)
所需阅读的短文长度在350词以内；
(2)
所选材料体裁没有限制，以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主。
◆评分参考
评分标准主要参照以下几条：
(1)
对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；
(2)
应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；
(3)
上下文的连贯性；
(4)
对各要点表达的独立性情况。
新高考概要写作---题型介绍
（1）确定主题句。确定阅读文章的主题句，一般在段首。没有主题句的需要自己组合。
（2）寻找关键词。分析主题句意义，确定关键词，关键词一般体现为名词、形容词，关键词的数目决定了概括的信息浓度。
（3）重构主题句。概括的主题句逻辑上要统摄后面所有的支撑句。可以从作者的写作目的逆推，反映写作目的主题句是高度抽象的，它基本决定了概括的质量。
（4）重组支撑句。支撑句的意义在逻辑上受制于主题句，可以是补充过程或者提供证据。
新高考概要写作---写作步骤
定时态：如果阅读材料是过去时，那么基本时态用过去时；如果阅读材料是现在时，那么基本时态用现在时。
定人称：一般情况下采用第三人称来写作。(特殊如书信的，可能会使用第一或第二人称。)
定技巧：结合相关技巧，重新组句。实用技巧如下：
（1）删除细节，只保留主要观点；
（2）避免重复；
（3）删除具体的举例；
（4）使用概括性的名词代替具体的词；
（5）把长段的描述变成简单的句子。
新高考概要写作---具体方法
【注意】
理解必须准确，概要应涵盖全部要求，应完全使用自己的语言，准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇，这样，得分相应比较高。相反，如果概要写作部分出现两句以上整句摘抄原文的现象，得分档次将会大大降低；所写内容与所提供内容无关不得分。
新高考概要写作
阅读下面短文，根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Getting
rid
of
dirt,
in
the
opinion
of
most
people,
is
a
good
thing.
However,
there
is
nothing
fixed
about
attitudes
to
dirt.
In
the
early
16th
century,
people
thought
that
dirt
on
the
skin
was
a
means
to
block
out
disease,
as
medical
opinion
had
it
that
washing
off
dirt
with
hot
water
could
open
up
the
skin
and
let
ills
in.
A
particular
danger
was
thought
to
lie
in
public
baths.
By
1538,
the
French
king
had
closed
the
bath
houses
in
his
kingdom.
So
did
the
king
of
England
in
1546.
Thus
began
a
long
time
when
the
rich
and
the
poor
in
Europe
lived
with
dirt
in
a
friendly
way.
Henry
IV,
King
of
France,
was
famously
dirty.
Upon
learning
that
a
nobleman
had
taken
a
bath,
the
king
ordered
that,
to
avoid
the
attack
of
disease,
the
nobleman
should
not
go
out.
新高考概要写作---样题解析
Though
the
belief
in
the
merit(好处)
of
dirt
was
long-lived,
dirt
has
no
longer
been
regarded
as
a
nice
neighbor
ever
since
the
18th
century.
Scientifically
speaking,
cleaning
away
dirt
is
good
to?health.
Clean
water
supply
and
hand
washing
are
practical
means
of
preventing
disease.
Yet,
it
seems
that
standards
of
cleanliness
have
moved
beyond
science
since
World
War
II.
Advertisements
repeatedly
sell
the
idea:
clothes
need
to
be
whiter
than
white,
cloths
ever
softer,
surfaces
to
shine.
Has
the
hate
for
dirt,
however,
gone
too
far?
Attitudes
to
dirt
still
differ
hugely
nowadays.
Many
first-time
parents
nervously
try
to
warn
their
children
off
touching
dirt,
which
might
be
responsible
for
the
spread
of
disease.
On
the
contrary,
Mary
Ruebush,
an
American
immunologist
(免疫学家),
encourages
children
to
play
in
the
dirt
to
build
up
a
strong
immune
system.
And
the
latter
(后者)
position
is
gaining
some
ground.
新高考概要写作---样题解析
One
possible
version:
People
have
mixed
opinions
towards
dirt
on
our
skin.
(要点1)
For
a
long
time
in
history,
people
of
some
European
countries,
such
as
France,
believed
that
dirt
protected
people
from
getting
ill.
(要点2)
However,
people
began
to
change
their
attitudes
to
dirt
about
200
years
ago.
People
have
been
told
that
washing
dirt
off
our
body
can
keep
us
healthy.
(要点3)
However,
some
scientists
believe
that
exposure
to
some
dirt
may
help
our
immune
system.
(要点4)
新高考概要写作---样题解析
【解题导语】本文按时间发展的顺序讨论了在不同的历史时期，人们对“除去皮肤上的灰尘”的看法。主要有两种看法：“有利”还是“有害”。
【误区警示】
1.
仔细阅读文章时，不能有要点遗失，要点的概括不要有太多细节和具体的实例。
2.
不能照抄文章中的句子，哪怕是主题句。
3.
60词的概要写作虽短，但要麻雀虽小，五脏俱全。文章的总分关系和内部要有层次和逻辑关系，必要的过渡词不能少。
新高考概要写作---样题解析
【答案与解析】
文章共四个自然段，结构为总分关系，文章结构的脉络图如下:
?
(一)
要点分析
1.
文章第1段就是本篇文章的主题句，点明了总的观点：“However,
there
is
nothing
fixed
about
attitudes
to
dirt”。换句话说，“Different
people
have
different
attitudes
towards
dirt”再结合下文谈到的主题可知“Different
people
have
different
attitudes
towards
dirt
on
the
skin”。范文中的要点1“People
have
mixed
opinions
towards
dirt
on
our
skin”概括得非常精炼。
新高考概要写作---样题解析
2.
第2段主要谈到了在16世纪，人们认为dirt
on
the
skin
was
a
means
to
block
out
disease,尤以英、法两国的贵族为代表。结合第3段第1句“Though
the
belief
in
the
merit
of
dirt
was
long-lived,
dirt
has
no
longer
been
regarded
as
a
nice
neighbor
ever
since
18th
century”可知，直到18世纪之前，人们都认为dirt是很“友好的”，有助于预防疾病。范文中的要点2
“For
a
long
time
in
history,
people
of
some
European
countries,
such
as
France,
believed
that
dirt
protected
people
from
getting
ill”很好地总结了这些要点。
新高考概要写作---样题解析
3.
第3段用Though引出人们对dirt观点的转变“Scientifically
speaking,
cleaning
away
dirt
is
good
to
health”再结合本段最后一部分“Advertisements
repeatedly
sell
the
idea...”可得出要点3“However,
people
began
to
change
their
attitudes
to
dirt
about
200
years
ago.
People
have
been
told
that
washing
dirt
off
our
body
can
keep
us
healthy”。
4.文章最后一段第1句指出，现在人们对于dirt的态度还是有所不同，On
the
contrary引出专家的观点，一位免疫学家认为dirt有助于增强免疫系统。这一观点获得了一些支持。范文中的要点4“However,
some
scientists
believe
that
exposure
to
some
dirt
may
help
our
immune
system.”表达得很恰当。
新高考概要写作---样题解析
(二)
要点连接
文章概要在写完了要点之后，要用适当的连接词进行连接，使上下句之间具有连贯性。本篇文章是总分的结构，要点2和要点3在观点上截然相反，因此，它们之间需要表示转折的连接词，范文用的However恰到好处。要点3和要点4在观点上又存在不同，因此，还是用表示转折的连接词However。
新高考概要写作---样题解析
(三)
关键词汇
第1段：fixed
(确定的；不变的)
第2段：means
(手段；方法),
block
out
(挡住),
open
up
(打开),
upon
(……之后；立即)
第3段：long-lived
(长期存在的),
sell
the
idea
(说服某人接受某个观点)
第4段：warn
sb
off
(警告某人不要靠近),
position
(观点),
gain
some
ground
(取得优势)
以上这些关键词对于理解整篇文章以及将要点内容转化为自己的语言都很关键，如果不能准确领会其用意，语篇理解的效果会大打折扣。所以，概要写作的基础是语篇理解，而读懂语篇的基础是词汇，尤其是对关键词汇的掌握与运用。在此基础上，综合运用语法与句法结构，按照行文逻辑组织语言，形成概要。
新高考概要写作---样题解析
Write
a
summary
of
the
passage
on
Page
71.
Homework
Thank
you!(共24张PPT)
Unit
6
At
one
with
nature
Developing
ideas
A
Love
of
Gardening
Warm
up:
Have
you
read
the
book?
What
is
it
about?
The
Secret
Garden
is
a
children's
novel
by
British-American
novelist
Frances
Hodgson
Burnett.
It
was
first
published
in
1911
and
is
considered
a
classic
of
English
children's
literature.
It
tells
the
heart-warming
story
of
three
children
and
the
healing
power
of
the
secret
garden.
课文重点单词及短语
1.
These
words
come
from
the
author
of
the
book
The
Secret
Garden,
first
published
in
1911.
(教材P68)
这些话出自1911年首次出版的《秘密花园》一书的作者。
◆publish
v.
出版；发行；(在报刊)发表；(在互联网上)公布
①
I
expect
to
publish
my
findings.
我希望公布我的调查结果。
②
He
works
for
a
company
that
publishes
reference
books.
他在一家工具书出版公司工作。
2.
Today,
millions
of
Brits
like
to
say
that
they
have
“green
fingers”,
...(教材P68)
如今，数以百万计的英国人喜欢说他们有高超的种植技能，……
◆green
fingers
种植技能，园艺技能
=green
thumb
①
I
never
have
green
fingers.
我向来不精通园艺。
②You
don't
need
green
fingers
to
fill
your
home
with
lush
leaves.
不是园艺大师也可以把自己的家里装点得绿意盎然。
3.
Expert
gardeners
know
just
the
right
corner
for
roses,
and
others
spend
hours
trying
to
grow
perfect
vegetables
to
enter
into
competitions.(教材P68)
专业的园艺爱好者知道种植玫瑰的合适角落，另外一些人则花费好几个小时试图种植蔬菜来参与竞争。
◆expert
adj.
内行的，专家的
n.
专家
①Jane
wants
to
be
an
expert
in
child
psychology
when
she
grows
up.
简长大想成为一名儿童心理学专家。
②Miss
Bush
is
expert
at
making
cheap
but
stylish
clothes.
布什女士擅长做便宜但雅致的服装。
4.
And
while
many
Brits
like
nothing
better
than
spending
their
Sunday
cutting
the
grass,
some
are
happy
just
to
sit
under
the
branches
of
the
trees
and
enjoy
the
beauty
of
the
world
around
them.
(教材P68)
尽管许多英国人最喜欢在星期天割草，但有些人却乐于坐在树下享受周围世界的美景。
◆while引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然；尽管”，一般用于句首。
①
While
he
has
shortcomings,
I
still
like
him.尽管他有缺点，我还是喜欢他。
②
While
I
am
willing
to
help,
I
do
not
have
much
time
available.
尽管我愿意帮忙，但是没有多少时间。
◆“否定词＋比较级”表达最高级含义
否定词not,
never,
nothing,
no等与形容词或副词的比较级连用时，表达最高级含义。
①
I'm
feeling
no
better
than
yesterday.
我一点儿也不觉得比昨天好。
②
There's
nothing
better
than
a
good
cup
of
hot
coffee.
没有比喝一大杯热咖啡更惬意的事情了。
③
The
train's
average
speed
was
no
better
than
that
of
our
bicycles.
火车的平均速度比我们骑自行车的速度快不了多少。
④
He
wasn't
dressed
any
better
than
me.
他穿得并不比我好多少。
5.
Those
without
outside
space
can
rent
small
pieces
of
land
on
which
to
grow
things.
(教材P69)那些没有外部空间的人可以租用小块土地种东西。
◆rent
v.
租用，租借
n.
租金
①He
rented
out
his
house
while
he
worked
abroad.
他在国外工作期间把自己的房子租了出去。
②I'm
afraid
the
landlord
will
put
up
the
rent
again.
我担心房东又会提高房租。
③There
are
many
houses
on
sale
but
few
for
rent.
有很多房屋出售，但提供出租的却很少。
6.
What
other
free-time
activity
allows
you
to
be
at
one
with
nature
and
create
more
beautiful
living
things?(教材P69)
还有哪些其他的业余活动可以让你与自然融为一体的同时，创造出更美丽的生物呢？
◆
be
at
one
with
sb/sth
和某人意见一致；（与某种环境）成为一体
①I
feel
at
one
with
everything
alive.
我感到与所有事物的生命合为了一体。
②He
felt
at
one
with
all
the
poets
who
have
sung
of
love.
他觉得与所有歌颂爱情的诗人都能共鸣。
③We
are
at
one
with
the
government
on
this
issue.
我们在这个问题上与政府的意见是一致的。
7.
And
if
you're
in
any
doubt
about
this,
take
a
moment
to
reflect
on
this
line
from
The
Secret
Garden:
“Where
you
tend
a
rose...
A
thistle
cannot
grow.”(教材P69)
如果你对此有任何疑问，请花点时间思考一下《秘密花园》中的这句话：“玫瑰生长的土地上没有蓟草。”
◆in
doubt
不能肯定的；拿不准的；可疑的；不确定的；不可靠的
①When
(
you
are)
in
doubt
about
the
meaning
of
a
word,
consult
a
dictionary.
如果你对一个词的意思不确定的话，查查字典好了。
②The
boss
is
in
doubt
about
Tim's
ability.
老板怀疑蒂姆的能力。
7.
And
if
you're
in
any
doubt
about
this,
take
a
moment
to
reflect
on
this
line
from
The
Secret
Garden:
“Where
you
tend
a
rose...
A
thistle
cannot
grow.”(教材P69)
如果你对此有任何疑问，请花点时间思考一下《秘密花园》中的这句话：“玫瑰生长的土地上没有蓟草。”
◆reflect
on
考虑，仔细想，回想，反省
①You
must
reflect
on
your
plans
for
the
future.
你必须好好想想对未来的的计划。
②I
often
reflect
on
the
beauty
and
complexity
of
life.
我经常思考人生的美丽与复杂。
8.
But
in
cities,
limited
space
has
led
to
people
looking
for
new
solutions.
(教材P70)
但是在城市，有限的空间使人们寻找新的解决方法。
◆limited
adj.
有限的
limit
n. 限制；极限；界限
vt.
限制
limitless
adj.
无限制的，无界限的
①Shops
have
a
very
limited
selection.
商店里的选择非常有限。
②There
is
no
limit
to
how
much
fresh
fruit
you
can
eat
in
a
day.
每天食用多少新鲜水果都可以。
③You
should
limit
the
speed
of
your
car
to
30
kilometers
per
hour
on
such
road.
在这种路上，你应该把车速限定在每小时30千米。
④The
future
holds
limitless
promise.
未来有着无限的希望。
8.
But
in
cities,
limited
space
has
led
to
people
looking
for
new
solutions.
(教材P70)
但是在城市，有限的空间使人们寻找新的解决方法。
◆
lead
to
导致；通向
①He
still
believed
that
honesty
and
industry
would
lead
to
success.
他仍然相信诚实加勤奋就能通向成功。
②This
suggestion
will
certainly
lead
to
an
argument.
这个建议必将引起一场争论。
③Technological
changes
will
inevitably
lead
to
unemployment.
技术变革必然会导致失业。
9.
What
are
the
benefits
of
gardening？(教材P70)
园艺的好处是什么？
◆benefit
n.
好处，益处
vt.
有利于；有益于；受益
①He
couldn't
see
the
benefit
of
arguing
any
longer.
他看不出再争论下去有什么好处。
②As
we
know,
books
are
the
source
of
knowledge.
I
benefit
a
great
deal
from
reading.
我们都知道书是知识的源泉。我从读书中获益匪浅。
③Doing
exercise
every
day
is
of
great
benefit
to
health.
天天做运动对健康有好处。
What
is
a
topic
sentence？
A
topic
sentence
is
a
sentence
that
states
or
suggests
the
main
idea
or
topic
of
a
paragraph.
Often,
a
topic
sentence
comes
at
the
beginning
of
a
paragraph;
sometimes,
it
appears
in
the
middle
or
at
the
end.
After-reading
Activity
“If
you
look
the
right
way,
you
can
see
that
the
whole
world
is
a
garden.”
These
words
come
from
the
author
of
the
book
The
Secret
Garden,
first
published
in
1911.
At
that
time,
only
the
very
rich
in
Britain
had
gardens.
Very
soon
after
this,
homes
with
gardens
began
to
be
built.
This
is
what
started
the
British
love
of
gardening!
Today,
millions
of
Brits
like
to
say
that
they
have
“green
fingers”,
with
around
half
the
population
spending
their
free
time
gardening.
Paragraph
1
For
many
people
in
the
UK,
their
garden
is
their
own
private
world.
Each
spring,
children
plant
sunflowers
and
wait
to
see
which
one
is
the
tallest.Expert
gardeners
know
just
the
right
corner
for
roses,
and
others
spend
hours
trying
to
grow
perfect
vegetables
to
enter
into
competitions.
And
while
many
Brits
like
nothing
better
than
spending
their
Sunday
cutting
the
grass,
some
are
happy
just
to
sit
under
the
branches
of
the
trees
and
enjoy
the
beauty
of
the
world
around
them.
Paragraph
2
But
in
cities,
limited
space
has
led
to
people
looking
for
new
solutions.
Those
without
outside
space
can
rent
small
pieces
of
land
on
which
to
grow
things.
Today,
there
are
over
4,000
people
in
London
waiting
for
such
pieces
of
land.
One
recent
idea
has
been
to
turn
rooftops
and
walls
into
private
gardens.
These
gardens
have
helped
make
the
cities
greener
and
improve
air
quality.
Paragraph
3
As
well
as
being
good
for
the
environment,
gardening
is
also
good
for
the
soul.
What
other
free-time
activity
allows
you
to
be
at
one
with
nature
and
create
more
beautiful
living
things?
And
if
you're
in
any
doubt
about
this,
take
a
moment
to
reflect
on
this
line
from
The
Secret
Garden:
“Where
you
tend
a
rose...
A
thistle
cannot
grow.”
Paragraph
4
“If
you
look
the
right
way,
you
can
see
that
the
whole
world
is
a
garden.”
These
words
come
from
the
author
of
the
book
The
Secret
Garden,
first
published
in
1911.
At
that
time,
only
the
very
rich
in
Britain
had
gardens.
Very
soon
after
this,
homes
with
gardens
began
to
be
built.
This
is
what
started
the
British
love
of
gardening!
Today,
millions
of
Brits
like
to
say
that
they
have
“green
fingers”,
with
around
half
the
population
spending
their
free
time
gardening.
“如果欣赏的角度对了，你会发现整个世界就是一个花园。”这些话出自1911年首次出版的《秘密花园》一书的作者。那时，只有英国的富人才拥有花园。此后不久，人们开始建造带有花园的房屋。这就是英国人对园艺的热爱的开始！如今，数以百万计的英国人喜欢说他们有高超的种植技能，大约有一半的英国人都花时间在园艺上。
A
Love
of
Gardening
热爱园艺
原文与译文欣赏
For
many
people
in
the
UK,
their
garden
is
their
own
private
world.
Each
spring,
children
plant
sunflowers
and
wait
to
see
which
one
is
the
tallest.Expert
gardeners
know
just
the
right
corner
for
roses,
and
others
spend
hours
trying
to
grow
perfect
vegetables
to
enter
into
competitions.
And
while
many
Brits
like
nothing
better
than
spending
their
Sunday
cutting
the
grass,
some
are
happy
just
to
sit
under
the
branches
of
the
trees
and
enjoy
the
beauty
of
the
world
around
them.
对于许多英国来说，他们的花园是他们自己的秘密世界。每年春天，孩子
们都会种植向日葵，等着看谁种的长得最高。园艺专家都知道哪个角落最适合种植玫瑰，其他人则花费数小时试图种出完美的蔬菜参加比赛。尽管许多英国人最喜欢在星期天割草，但有些人却乐于坐在树下享受周围世界的美景。
But
in
cities,
limited
space
has
led
to
people
looking
for
new
solutions.
Those
without
outside
space
can
rent
small
pieces
of
land
on
which
to
grow
things.
Today,
there
are
over
4,000
people
in
London
waiting
for
such
pieces
of
land.
One
recent
idea
has
been
to
turn
rooftops
and
walls
into
private
gardens.
These
gardens
have
helped
make
the
cities
greener
and
improve
air
quality.
但在城市，有限的空间促使人们寻找新的解决方案。住宅外面没有空间的人可以租用小块土地来种植东西。今天，伦敦有超过四千人在等待(租用)这样的土地。近期的一个理念是将屋顶和墙壁改造成私人花园。这些花园可以帮助绿化城市，改善空气质量。
As
well
as
being
good
for
the
environment,
gardening
is
also
good
for
the
soul.
What
other
free-time
activity
allows
you
to
be
at
one
with
nature
and
create
more
beautiful
living
things?
And
if
you're
in
any
doubt
about
this,
take
a
moment
to
reflect
on
this
line
from
The
Secret
Garden:
“Where
you
tend
a
rose...
A
thistle
cannot
grow.”
除了对环境有益之外，园艺还能净化心灵。还有哪些其他的业余活动可以让你与自然融为一体的同时创造出更美丽的生物呢？如果你对此有任何疑问，请花点时间思考一下《秘密花园》中的这句话：“玫瑰生长的土地上没有蓟草。”
1.
What
do
you
think
the
sentence
“Where
you
tend
a
rose...
A
thistle
cannot
grow”
means?
2.
What
are
the
benefits
of
gardening?
3.
In
what
ways
do
people
bring
nature
into
their
lives?
4.
Do
you
know
anyone
who
loves
gardening?
Tell
the
class
about
him
/
her.
Think
and
share
