现在完成时
1.
构成:助动词have/has
+
动词的过去分词
其中have/has为助动词,其后动词过去分词的变化形式较复杂:规则动词的过去分词的构成与过去式相同,不规则动词的过去分词要牢记。
(1)肯定句
:
主语
+
have/has
+
过去分词
+
其它
e.g.I
have
finished
my
homework
already.
我已经完成了我的作业。
(对现在造成的影响:不用再做了)
(2)否定句:主语
+
haven’t/hasn’t
+
过去分词
+
其它
e.g.
I
haven’t
I
haven’t
seen
him
for
a
long
time.
我已经很长时间没有看见他了。
(从过去到现在说话的时候,一直没见)
(3)一般疑问句:-
Have/Has
+
主语
+
过去分词
+
其它?
-
Yes,
主代
+
have/has.
/
No,
主代
+
haven’t/hasn’t.
e.g.
-
Have
you
finished
your
homework
yet?
你已经完成你的作业了吗?
-
Yes,
I
have.
/
No,
I
haven’t.
是的,完成了。/不,没有。
(4)特殊疑问句:疑问词
+
have/has
+
主语
+
过去分词
+
其它?
e.g.
Where
have
you
been?
你去过哪儿了?
2.
用法
(1)表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,常用的时间状语有already,yet,ever,never,just等。如:
I
have
already
watched
the
TV
play.
我已经看过这部电视剧了。
(2)表示动作或状态在过去已经开始,持续到现在,也许还要持续下去,常和for,since连用,表示持续的动作或状态多为延续性动词。如:
We
have
lived
here
since
2000.
自从2000年以来我们一直住在这里。
(说明一直住在这里,也许还会住下去)
I
have
learnt
English
for
3
years.
我学了三年英语了。
*for+时间段
vs
since+时间点
I
have
known
him
for
six
years.
我认识他六年了。
We
have
studied
English
since
three
years
ago.
我们三年前开始学习英语。
(3)表示从过去某一时间到说话时这段时间中动作发生次数的总和。如:
I
have
seen
the
film
twice.
我已经看过这部电影两次了。
(4)表示从过去某一时间到说话时这段时间中反复发生的动作。常与often,always,seldom,never等副词连用。如:
I
have
seldom
watched
TV
these
days.
这些日子我很少看电视。
(5)表示将来某时已经完成的动作,用在条件或时间状语从句中。如:
He
will
come
as
soon
as
he
has
finished
his
work.
他一完成工作就回来了。
3.
需要注意的几个问题
(1)现在完成时常与下列表不明确的状语连用:
already
和
yet
already
“已经”(多用于肯定句,放在助动词之后,过去分词之前,也可放在句末),如:
He
has
already
gone
home.
他已经回家了。
yet
“已经;
还”(用于否定句或疑问句,常放在句末),如:
Have
you
found
him
yet?
你已经找到他了吗?
I
haven’t
finished
my
homework
yet.
我还没完成作业。
※
already
也可用于疑问句,表“出乎意料或惊奇”
Have
you
finished
your
homework
already?
难道你已经完成作业了?
ever
和
never
ever
“曾经”(用于疑问句或否定句中,放在助动词与过去分词之间),如:
I
have
ever
been
abroad.
我曾出过国。
never“从未;从来不”(多用于否定句,放在助动词与过去分词之间),常回答ever的句型。如:
I
have
never
seen
him
before.
----Has
he
ever
been
abroad?
他曾出过国吗?
----No,
never.
不,从来不。
just
just
“刚刚”(多用于肯定句,放在助动词与过去分词之间),如:
I
have
just
tried
to
call
you.
我刚刚打电话给你。
before
before
“之前”(一般位于句末;常与never呼应),
如:
He
says
he
has
never
seen
such
beautiful
scenery
before.
他说他以前从来没看过这么美的风景。
(2)have/
has
been与
have/has
gone
的区别
have/has
been
to表示曾经到过某地(现在已经回来了)
have/has
gone
to表示已经去了某地(还没回来)
e.g.
I
have
been
to
Beijing
with
my
friends.
我和我的朋友们去了北京。(现在已经回来了)
e.g.
She
has
gone
to
Cuba
to
be
a
volunteer.
他去古巴当志愿者了。(说话的时候还没回来)
(3)短暂性动词与现在完成时
短暂性动词的完成时态不能和表示一段时间的时间状语连用,当它需要与表示一段时间的时间状语连用时,通常要进行词语转化,其转化形式为:
buy
-
have
come
-
be
get
to
know
-
know
begin
-
be
on
catch
a
cold
-
have
a
cold
marry
-
be
married
borrow
-
keep
die
-
be
dead
leave
-
be
away
(from)
close
-
be
closed
fall
ill
-
be
ill
join
-
be
a
member
of
/
be
in
(误)Her
grandparents
have
died
for
ten
years.
(正)Her
grandparents
have
been
dead
for
ten
years.
她爷爷奶奶已经去世10年了。
(其中die为短暂性动词,表示已经去世了一段时间,应该用have
been
dead
for
+
时间段,将die改为be
dead)
(4)一般过去时与现在完成时的辨析
一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调过去的动作与现在没有联系,只是说明某个动作发生的时间是在过去,一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式,通常与表示过去的时间状语如yesterday,last
week,ago,just
now,in
2009
等连用;
现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,现在完成时的谓语基本构成是“have/has+动词的过去分词”,常与just,already,ever,never等副词或since,for等表示一段时间的状语连用。如:
I
have
visited
a
museum.
(说明现在对博物馆有所了解)
I
visited
a
museum
last
week.
(只说明上周参观博物馆这个动作)
【专项训练】
(
)1.
-
How
long___your
brother___this
camera?
-For
two
weeks.
A.have,bought
B.have,had
C.has,had
D.has,bought
(
)2.My
mother
_____
a
good
example
for
me
since
I
was
young.
A.was
B.has
been
C.will
be
D.is
(
)3.
-
Do
you
know
the
scientist
Tu
Youyou?
-Yes,she
is
the
first
Chinese____won
a
Nobel
prize
in
science.
A.who
have
B.that
have
C.which
has
D.that
has
(
)4.
-
I
think
our
teacher.Mrs.Allen,knows
everything.
-I
agree.Because
she
_______
over
2,000
books.
A.read
B.has
read
C.reads
D.is
reading
(
)5.
This
museum
______
here
for
over
80years.It
______
one
of
the
oldest
buildings
in
this
city.
A.is;
was
B.had
been;
is
C.was;
has
been
D.has
been;
is
(
)6.
-
Are
you
going
to
watch"Running
Man"tonight?
-
No!I____it
with
my
parents
only
once.I
don't
think
it's
exciting.
A.see
B.have
seen
C.will
see
D.am
seeing
(
)7.
Andy,with
his
parents,______
to
Hong
Kong,and
they
will
stay
there
for
a
week.
A.have
gone
B.has
gone
C.have
been
D.has
been
(
)8.
-
How
do
you
like
Treasure
Island,Lucy?
-
It's
so
exciting
that
I
_______
it
twice.
A.am
reading
B.have
read
C.was
reading
D.had
read
(
)9.
One
of
my
friends
_____
moved
to
America,I
miss
her
so
much.
A.has
B.have
C.are
(
)10.
-
Jenny,when
did
you
move
here?
-
I______
here
for
three
years.
A.lived
B.moved
C.have
moved
D.have
lived
【参考答案】
1-5:
CBDBD
6-10:
BBBAD