(共25张PPT)
概要写作精讲
3
高考英语
Summary
writing
skills
1.
主位描述
2.
要点完整
3.
逻辑清晰
概要写作表达技巧
(内容)
Her
first
delight
was
going
to
the
tower.
It
was
built
long
ago
by
the
Norman
invaders
of
AD
1066.
This
solid
stone,
square
tower
had
remained
standing
for
one
thousand
years.
Although
the
building
had
expanded
around
it,
it
remained
part
of
a
royal
palace
and
prison
combined.
Summary
writing
skills
同义替换法
(近义词、反义词、词性转换等)
句式转换法
(改变主语、运用非谓语动词短语、with结构、运用同位语等)
压缩长句法
(笼统代替具体，运用并列结构等)
几种概要写作的表达技巧
(语言)
Dirt
on
the
skin
could
prevent
people
from
getting
sick.
Dirt
on
the
skin
was
a
means
to
block
out
disease.
Dirt
on
the
skin
was
a
barrier
against
outside
disease.
1.
同义替换
Baker
concludes
that
people
do
not
have
the
ability
to
sense
when
they
are
being
stared
at.
Baker's
conclusion
is
that
people
are
not
capable
of
feeling
other's
observation.
1.
同义替换
-
改变词性
If
you
fail
to
pass
the
drug
test,
we
will
have
to
dismiss
you
from
your
job.
Failure
to
pass
the
drug
test
will
result
in
your
job
dismissal.
Your
skin
will
be
burnt
if
you
are
exposed
to
the
sun
too
long.
Long
exposure
to
the
sun
will
harm
your
skin.
There
are
many
people
who
are
shy.
Shyness
is
common.
1.
同义替换
-
改变词性：使用抽象名词
Unlike
bony
fish,
sharks
have
no
bones;
their
skeleton
is
made
of
cartilage
（软骨）which
is
not
as
hard
as
bone.
There
are
many
different
species
of
sharks
that
range
from
the
size
of
a
person's
hand
to
bigger
than
a
bus.
The
whale
shark
is
the
largest
in
the
world;
the
basking
whale
is
the
second
largest
fish.
Fully-grown
sharks
range
in
size
from
7
inches
long,
up
to
50
feet
long.
Most
sharks
are
intermediate
in
size,
and
are
about
the
same
size
as
people,
5-7
feet
long.
Half
of
the
shark
species
are
under
39
inches
long.
With
only
cartilage
making
up
their
skeleton,
sharks
come
in
various
sizes,
ranging
from
7
inches
long
to
50
feet
long.
2.改变句式（运用非谓语动词短语及with结构）
The
person
at
a
restaurant
who
talks
on
the
phone
through
an
entire
meal,
ignoring
his
kids
around
the
table;
the
woman
who
talks
on
the
phone
in
the
car,
ignoring
her
husband;
the
teen
who
texts
messages
all
the
way
home
from
school,
avoiding
contact
with
kids
all
around
him.
2.改变句式（更换主语）
请用一句话来概括下面这段文字
（你能写出几种表达法?）
1.
Cell
phones
rob
us
of
our
quality
time
with
family
members
and
friends
alike.
2.
Due
to
cell
phone
addiction,
kids,
couples
and
friends
lack
quality
time
and
company
from
parents,
spouses
and
fellows.
3.
With
cell
phone
dependence
disease,
people
tend
to
give
their
attention
to
cell
phones
rather
than
their
beloved
ones.
4.
It
is
easier
for
people
addicted
to
cell
phones
to
neglect/overlook
their
family
members
and
friends.
2.改变句式（更换主语）
Christmas
is
the
day
to
celebrate
the
birth
of
Jesus.
It
is
a
western
public
holiday
and
is
celebrated
with
religious
services.
It
is,
however,
becoming
a
phenomenally
popular
holiday
both
to
the
young
and
businessmen
in
China.
Christmas,
a
western
religious
holiday,
is
now
prevalent
among
Chinese
young
people
and
businessmen.
3.改变句式(同位语结构)
Christmas的同位语
4.压缩长句
a.
删除细节及重复
b.
减少例子
c.
简化描述
d.
整合信息
f.
用单词替换短语词组，
名词性短语代替从句、非谓语动词结构、with结构、同位语结构等
There
are
some
people,
called
shopaholics,
who
can't
control
their
desire
to
spend
money
and
buy
things.
This
kind
of
addictive
behavior
can
lead
to
large
financial
problems,
family
conflict,
and
deep
unhappiness.
1.
Shopaholics
can
bring
themselves
severe
troubles.
2.
Shopaholics
can
find
themselves
in
a
troubled
situation.
4.压缩长句：从具体到笼统
I
enjoy
being
with
friends
for
they
can
offer
me
excitement,
fresh
ideas,
comfort
and
free
from
doredom.
4.压缩长句:
名词或动词（并列结构）代替句子
I
prefer
to
spend
most
of
my
time
with
my
friends,
because
friends
offer
excitement
and
new
ideas,
they
can
comfort
me
when
something
bad
happens,
and
spending
too
much
time
by
myself
can
be
boring.
People
with
depression
are
often
very
afraid
of
talking
to
someone
except
their
doctors.
They
can
easily
be
ashamed
of
their
condition
and
consequently
they
try
to
hide
it.
You
shouldn't
be
surprised
if
a
depressed
friend
won't
open
up
to
you.
However,
when
he
or
she
does,
you
should
let
the
words
flow.
Don't
be
judgmental
and
never
interrupt!
Listening
is
not
an
easy
skill,
as
it's
likely
that
you
can't
help
voicing
your
opinion.
Depressed
people
tend
to
keep
silent.
However,
once
they
speak
to
you,
be
a
good
listener.
4.压缩长句：整合信息
一篇好的概要所具备的语言表达特点
:
使用抽象名词
使用非谓语动词结构
使用with结构
使用名词、动词短语的并列结构
使用同位语结构
使用从句或其它特殊句型
使用高级的词汇
使用恰当的连接副词
1.
使用抽象名词
English
conversations
often
start
with
the
weather,
a
cultural
norm
that
few
commentators
truly
understand.
(要点1)One
typical
misconception
is
that
the
English
enthusiasm
for
the
weather
is
ridiculous
as
it
is
too
boring.
(要点2)
Another
is
that
the
charm
of
English
weather
lies
in
its
changeability.
(要点3)
Actually,
the
English
weather-speak
is
not
about
the
weather,
but
a
way
to
make
a
conversation,
a
method
of
socializing.
The
idea
of
“melting
pot”,
initiated
from
a
Frenchman,
describes
America
as
a
creation
of
mixed
races
from
worldwide.
It
got
wide
acceptance
among
Americans
while
rejected
by
some
immigrants
fearing
losing
their
own
cultures.
Actually,
recent
immigrants
sticking
to
their
own
cultures,
are
changing
America,
and
Americans
are
concerned
about
the
separation
of
the
nation.
America
is
now
compared
to
a
salad
bowl,
meaning
different
groups,
as
part
of
this
country,
still
keep
their
own
cultures
and
languages.
2.
V-ing
/
V-ed
表伴随、结果、原因等
China's
ecommerce
market
is
growing
to
be
the
largest
worldwide,
with
an
expanding
online-shopping
population
and
increasing
online
spending.
The
growth
is
due
to
multiple
factors:
higher
family
incomes,
easier
Internet
access
and
better
shopping
services.
Basically,
Chinese
favor
online
shopping
for
its
wider
choices,
more
reasonable
prices
and
convenience.
Nevertheless,
ecommerce
in
China
is
still
developing
at
its
early
stage.
3.
使用With
结构
4.
(名词/动词短语)并列结构
Chocolate
comes
from
the
seeds
of
the
cacao
tree,
a
native
plant
of
the
Amazon
region
of
South
America.
Ancient
Americans
had
a
long
tradition
of
drinking
chocolate,
attaching
a
cultural
and
medicinal
significance
to
it.
After
being
discovered
by
Columbus,
chocolate
began
to
be
spread
across
Europe
and
the
rest
of
the
world.
With
the
demand
for
chocolate
growing
fast,
cultivation
started
in
Africa,
which
has
now
become
the
largest
chocolate
producer
worldwide.
5.
使用同位语结构
6.
使用定语从句
Releasing
helium
balloons
damages
the
environment.
They
eventually
fall
down
on
the
earth
and
pose
a
threat
to
animals.
Besides,
although
they're
technically
biodegradable,
it
takes
time,
which
means
they
will
stay
as
garbage
on
the
planet
for
a
long
time.
Currently
helium
balloon
releasing
is
restricted
or
banned
in
some
areas,
but
to
really
tackle
this
problem
requires
further
and
greater
efforts
on
a
global
scale.
7.
使用高层次词汇或词组
A
new
research
shows
that
student
strain
often
coexists
with
teacher
exhaustion.
Students,
who
find
their
requirements
unsatisfied
as
a
result
of
teachers'
low-level
management
over
class,
may
feel
overwhelmingly
stressed.
Conversely,
teachers,
who
encounter
great
teaching
challenge
from
students,
tend
to
be
burned
out.
Therefore,
more
sufficient
resources
and
support
for
teachers
should
be
guaranteed,
or
students
are
likely
to
be
ruined.
8.
使用合适的连接副词
用于概要写作衔接的连接词：
but,
and,
also,
then,
besides,
thus,
therefore,
yet,
however,
additionally,
accordingly,
moreover,
meanwhile,
for,
nevertheless,
despite,
though,
otherwise,
unlike,
instead,
actually,
whereas
,
similarly,
oppositely,
…
8.
使用合适的连接副词
影响
导致
由于
Influence/affect/
impact
have
an
influence
on
have
an
effect
on
have
an
impact
on
lead
to
contribute
to
bring
about
result
in
/account
for
owing
to
due
to
as
a
result
of
result
from
/
be
down
to
as
a
consequence
of
事件关系
allow
drive
encourage
make
possible
and
thus,
and
consequently
概要写作中常见的逻辑关系
“cause
&
effect”
表达方式:
对比
unlike
like
/
likewise
in
contrast
to
on
the
contrary
contrary
to
compared
with
in
comparison
with
while
as--as
by
comparison
概要写作中常见的逻辑关系
“对比”的表达方式:
1.
学会把握文章的主题和结构
2.
学会区分主要信息和次要信息
3.
积累并掌握概要写作的语言表达技巧
备考建议(共11张PPT)
概要写作精讲
2
高考英语
主要内容
确定文章关键信息的几点策略
具体案例讲解
Topic
of
the
article
Part1
Part
2
Part
3
Part4
TS
1
KD
1,
2
…
KD
1,
2
…
KD
1,
2
…
KD
1,
2
…
Mi
1,
…
如何确定文章的关键信息
TS
2
TS
3
TS
4
Mi
1,
…
Mi
1,
…
Mi
1,
…
How
to
locate
the
main
ideas
and
important
details?
Mind
Map
(overall
/
big
picture
of
a
text,
the
structure
of
the
text)
Group
words
(words
or
phrases
frequently
appearing)
Signal
words
(first，last，but,
however,
for
example,
besides,
therefore,
in
conclusion，on
the
contrary,
meanwhile,
on
the
one
hand,
on
the
other
hand,
some…others…,
consequently,
…)
确定文章的关键信息几个策略
Relationship
between
sentences
Mind
Map
(structure
of
a
text)
M4U2:
Chemical
or
Organic
Farming
Para.1：
introduction
Para.2:
problems
Para.3:
solution
Para.4:
other
solutions
problems
caused
by
chemicals
(damage
the
health
of
people
and
soil)
organic
farming
(definition,
benefits)
other
methods
to
keep
soil
fertile
chemical
fertilizers
(welcomed
but
harmful)
Mind
Map
(structure
of
a
text
）
M3U4:
Communication
:
No
Problem?
Para.1
background
Para.2&3
problem-noticing
Para.4
problem-analyzing
Para.5
problem-solving
Meet
international
students
at
the
airport
(watching
them)
Some
major
misunderstandings
of
their
greeting
body
language
Not
all
cultures
greet
the
same
way
(examples)
１.not
good
or
bad
2.
studying
international
customs
Like
any
other
facility,
keeping
a
school
open
requires
a
great
deal
of
money.
Keeping
school
open
in
the
middle
of
summer
requires
air
conditioning,
and
that
adds
significantly
to
the
school's
expenses.
Besides,
teachers
must
be
paid
for
all
the
weeks
they
are
working.
For
example,
a
high
school
in
Arizona
had
a
cost
increase
of
$157,ooo
when
they
switched
to
year-round
schooling.
Some
schools
may
not
be
able
to
handle
such
increases,
and
other
schools
that
can
handle
these
expenses
could
be
doing
better
things
with
the
money.
Group
words
can
indicate
the
main
idea.
Gene
technology
can
help
people
to
give
birth
to
more
healthy
and
clever
children.
Some
families
have
genetic
diseases.
This
means
their?children
will
for
sure
have
the
family
disease,
which
is
a
great
trouble
for
these
families.
In
the
past,
doctors
could
do
nothing
about
genetic
diseases.
But
gene
technology
can
solve
this
problem
perfectly.
Scientists
just?need
to
find
the
wrong
gene
and
correct
it,
and
a
healthy
child
will
be
born.
Group
words
can
indicate
key
supporting
information.
As
is
known
to
all,
sports
stars
earn
large
amounts
of
money
every
year.
LeBron
James,
the
famous
American
basketball
star,
for
instance,
earns
an
income
of
more
than
20
million
dollars
a
year.
Some
people
hold
the
view
that
these
stars
do
not
deserve
the
high
pay
that
they
are
getting.
Some
even
argue
that
sports
stars
do
nothing
to
society
apart
from
entertaining
people.
Their
contribution
to
society
are
much
less
than
those
made
by
doctors,
firemen,
scientists,
professors,
etc.
But
I
can
never
agree
with
that.
Signal
words
may
help
to
locate
main
idea.
but,
however等后面的信息一般是段落的重要信息
举例后的信息一般属于次要信息
Actually,
vacation
happiness
is
based
on?the
following
top
rules.
First,
choose
your
travel
companions
wisely,
because
nothing
contributes
more
significantly
to
a
trip
than
the
right
companions.
Second,
don't
spend
your
vacation
time
in
a
place
where
everything
is
too
expensive
so
as
to
maintain
a
positive
mood.
Third,
shop
wisely,
for
meaningful
experiences
provide
more
long-term
happiness
than
physical
possessions.
Signal
words
may
help
to
locate
key
details.
3个Rules要作为重要细节写到概要中
The
biggest
factor
in
short-sightedness
is
a
lack
of
time
spent
outdoors.
Exposure
to
daylight
helps
the
retina
(视网膜)
to
release
a
chemical
that
slows
down
an
increase
in
the
eye's
axial
length,
which
is
what
most
often
causes
myopia
(近视).
A
combination
of
not
being
outdoors
and
doing
lots
of
work
focusing
up
close
(like
writing
characters
or
reading)
worsens
the
problem.
But
if
a
child
has
enough
time
in
the
open,
they
can
study
all
they
like
and
their
eyesight
should
not
suffer,
says
Ian
Morgan
of
Australian
National
University.
Topic
sentence
explanation
further
information
further
explanation
√
√
×
×
Relationship
between
sentences
in
a
paragraph(共11张PPT)
概要写作精讲
1
高考英语
主要内容
一篇好的概要所具备的特点
概要写作中存在的问题
案例分析
一篇好的概要所具备的特点
What
is
a
summary?
a
short
retelling
of
the
main
idea
of
a
text
or
a
topic.
Examples:
a
news
report
a
description
of
a
movie
a
blurb
on
the
back
of
a
book
…
What
makes
a
good
summary?
a.
A
good
summary
should
include:
1.
the
main
ideas
2.
important
details
b.
A
good
summary
is
short,
true
and
fair.
（客观、准确、公正；不渲染、不加入自己的主观评价或观点）
c.
A
good
summary
is
written
in
your
own
word
and
in
a
clear
order
that
the
original
text
is
presented
in.
概要写作高考要求
评分时主要从以下4个方面考虑：
1.
对原文要点的理解和呈现情况
2.
应用语法结构和词汇的准确性
3.
上下文的连贯性
4.
对各要点表达的独立性情况
提供一篇350个单词左右的文章
（体裁一般为说明文或议论文），要求考生基于该短文写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
概要写作要心怀读者，假定读者看不到原文本，你写的文本是否
make
sense。
写概要时，要想象你是在对你的朋友描述或解释这篇文章。
1.
Unable
to
find
the
structure
2.
Unable
to
find
the
key
points
3.
Unable
to
rewrite
in
your
own
words
4.
Unable
to
write
with
beautiful
language
概要写作中存在的主要问题
Read
it
thoroughly
to
get
the
topic
and
structure
of
the
passage
Underline
topic
sentence
and
important
details
in
each
paragraph
（leave
out
unimportant
details）
Rely
on
your
memory
first
to
rewrite
the
main
idea
of
each
part
Revise
it
to
ensure
that
your
writing
is
to
the
point
and
clear
and
the
language
is
well
written.
概要写作的过程
Free
reading
is
the
best
kind
of
homework
for
the
students
to
do.
Students
get
to
choose
what
they
want
to
read.
Some
students
might
read
an
adventure
story.
Others
might
read
a
mystery.
Students
can
choose
to
read
about
topics
they
do
not
learn
about
in
class.
Students
can
take
their
time
reading
at
home
instead
of
having
to
read
only
in
class.
案例分析
请阅读下面这段文字并写概要：
Free
reading
is
the
best
kind
of
homework
for
the
students
to
do.
①
Students
get
to
choose
what
they
want
to
read.
Some
students
might
read
an
adventure
story.
Others
might
read
a
mystery.
Students
can
choose
to
read
about
topics
they
do
not
learn
about
in
class.
②
Students
can
take
their
time
reading
at
home
instead
of
having
to
read
only
in
class.
案例分析
第一句
copying
第二句
minor
details
最后一句
confusing
order
看看下面这篇概要的问题在哪儿？
Free
reading
is
the
best
kind
of
homework
for
the
students
to
do.
Students
could
read
adventure
stories
or
mysteries.
I
like
mysteries
best.
They
can
use
free
reading
to
learn
about
different
topics.
They
can
also
take
more
time
to
read
outside
of
class.
Students
can
choose
what
they
read.
第三句
your
own
opinion
Free
reading
is
the
best
homework
for
students.
It
allows
students
to
choose
what
to
read
and
learn
about
and
also
ensures
them
more
time
to
read.
Random
reading
should
be
acknowledged
as
the
superb
assignment
for
students
which
empowers
them
to
obtain
more
alternatives
and
guarantees
ample
reading
time.
Students
should
have
free
reading
as
their
homework.
It
is
important
for
students
to
choose
what
they
read
and
learn
about.
Reading
at
home
can
give
students
more
reading
time.
主位缺失，逻辑混乱。
这篇概要的主位应该是free
reading,
不是students
或reading
at
home。
辞藻华丽，
晦涩难懂
12
1.
包含文章所有要点，每个要点独立，逻辑清晰。
2.
按照原文出现的顺序，用自己的语言表达，字数60左右。
3.
表达连贯，内容客观、清晰，不渲染，不参入自己的观点。
4.
语言准确、严谨、简练、高级。
总结：什么是一篇好的概要？概要写作专项练习（一）
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
While
many
of
us
go
to
sleep
before
midnight,
some
teenagers
choose
to
stay
up
much
later.
They
are
not
driven
by
the
burning
desire
to
write
a
better
essay
or
achieve
a
higher
grade.
Instead,
they
are
busy
playing
online
games.
Known
as
young
Internet
addicts,
they
have
long
been
a
problem
in
China.
A
report
released
in
2016
by
the
China
Youth
Association
for
Network
Development
showed
that
there
were
over
24
million
young
Internet
addicts
among
China’s
young
urban
Internet
users.
The
report
also
said
that
over
18
million
youths
had
a
tendency
to
develop
Internet
addiction.
To
deal
with
the
problem
of
Internet
addiction
among
teenagers,
the
Cyberspace
Administration
of
China
has
released
draft
regulations
which
carried
out
a
ban
on
online
gaming.
If
the
regulations
are
adopted，under-18s
would
be
banned
from
playing
online
games
between
midnight
and
8
am.
As
soon
as
the
government’s
draft
law
surfaced,
it
drew
great
attention
from
the
public.
Some
applauded
the
law
as
a
way
to
better
protect
minors
(未成年人)，saying
that
too
much
overnight
gaming
is
harmful
to
minors’
health
and
believing
the
period
between
midnight
and
8
am
to
be
vital
to
human
physical
functions.
However,
others
wondered
whether
it
would
be
practical
if
it
came
into
effect,
as
minors
could
just
borrow
their
parents’
IDs
to
register
accounts
to
play
online
games.
The
Guangming
Daily
suggested
that
parents
should
help
their
teenagers
find
a
balance
between
the
cyber
world
and
the
real
world.
China
is
by
no
means
the
only
one
trying
to
fight
against
teenager
gaming
addiction.
Germany
introduced
a
regulation
in
2002
in
an
attempt
to
stop
minors
from
playing
online
games
from
10
pm
to
6
am.
Meanwhile，the
UK，the
US
and
Australia
have
forced
a
rating
system
on
computer
games
to
make
sure
that
teenagers
cannot
access
“adult”
content
such
as
violence，sex
or
bad
language.
【答案】
Many
teenagers
in
China
have
become
addicted
to
overnight
online
games.
Thus，the
government
released
a
draft
law
to
solve
the
long-lasting
issue.
Some
people
welcomed
the
law
because
it
is
beneficial
to
the
teenagers’
health，while
others
doubted
whether
it
would
be
effective.
Actually,
many
other
countries
have
also
been
making
laws
against
the
youth
online
addiction.
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
A
group
of
scientists
led
by
Song
Mingyang
at
the
Massachusetts
General
Hospital
analyzed
data
from
two
major
studies
involving
more
than
150,000
participants
to
determine
whether
people
who
consumed
protein(蛋白质)
from
red
and
processed
meats
had
a
significantly
higher
death
rate
than
those
who
got
their
protein
from
plants.
The
analysis
of
the
32?year
Nurses’
Health
Study,
followed
by
the
Health
Professionals
Follow?Up
Study
at
Harvard
University，didn’t
just
look
at
the
diets
of
the
participants
over
a
year.
It
stared
repeatedly—specifically
how
often
they
consumed
portions
of
particular
types
of
food
during
the
previous
years—every
four
years.
Song’s
team
found
that
a
10
percent
increase
generally
in
proteins
from
animals
resulted
in
a
2
percent
increase
in
death，and
an
8
percent
rise
in
death
risk
from
heart
disease.
But
a
3
percent
increase
in
protein
from
plants
led
to
a
10
percent
decrease
in
death
and
a
12
percent
drop
in
risk
of
death
from
cardiovascular?related
(心血管相关的)
death.
“The
findings
are
clear,”
said
Song.
“A
research
fellow
at
the
hospital’s
Clinical
and
Translational
Epidemiology
Unit
concluded
that
plant?based
proteins
from
sources
such
as
beans，nuts，quinoa
and
seeds
are
a
healthier
choice
than
steaks
or
beef
products
such
as
hot
dogs.
I
wouldn’t
suggest
that
everyone
switch
to
people
not
eating
any
animal
products.
That’s
because
certain
meats—chicken
and
fish，for
example—also
result
in
a
much
lower
death
risk
overall
and
from
heart
disease.”
“But
the
traditional
American
diet，popular
with
animal
products
such
as
burgers，meatballs，meatloaf，steaks，eggs
and
dairy，is
associated
with
a
variety
of
bad
outcomes,
”
Song
said.
In
some
cases,
it’s
not
just
that
meat
is
bad
and
plants
are
good.
Processed
meats
are
filled
with
potentially
unhealthy
additives
(添加剂)．Song
said
he
set
about
the
study
because
while
others
have
suggested
healthy
benefits
from
a
plant?based
diet,
none
looked
at
the
source
of
protein.
“We
were
able
to
link
information
over
the
years.
The
data
from
the
two
large,
long?term
studies
provided
a
unique
opportunity
to
look
at
long?term
health
outcomes,
”
he
said.
【答案】Some
researchers
surveyed
many
people
for
years
to
find
whether
protein
from
meat
or
plants
brings
a
higher
death
rate
to
human.
Researchers
have
found
that
protein
from
plants
works
better
at
reducing
death
rate.
But
a
balanced
amount
of
meat
is
also
good
at
reducing
death
rate.
Song’s
study
has
stated
the
source
of
proteins
and
figured
out
the
benefits
of
animal
products.
3.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Mount
Fuji
is
a
world?famous
mountain
in
Japan.
It
is
one
of
Japan’s
“Three
Holy
Mountains”
along
with
Mount
Tate
and
Mount
Haku.
Mount
Fuji
is
3,776
meters
high，and
its
perfect
beautiful
shape
can
be
seen
from
all
around.
Mount
Fuji
presents
different
faces
in
different
seasons.
In
Japan，people
describe
the
mountain
as
“Diamond
Fuji”
when
it
is
at
dawn
or
dusk
and
as
“Red
Fuji”
when
the
mountain
is
lit
by
the
early
morning
sun.
Mount
Fuji
is
an
important
part
of
Japanese
culture.
The
mountain
has
been
the
subject
of
numerous
works
of
art.
It
has
also
been
part
of
Japan’s
ancient
faiths.
Mount
Fuji
is
one
of
the
world’s
classic
examples
of
a
strato
volcano(层状火山),
meaning
that
it
is
formed
from
many
layers
(层)
of
hardened
lava
(硬化熔岩)
that
has
spread
to
produce
a
huge
base.
The
last
eruption
(爆发)
of
Mount
Fuji
was
in
1707.
There
is
a
collection
of
hot
springs
and
lakes
nestled
around
Mount
Fuji.
The
views
over
the
springs
are
wonderful，with
endless
blue
water，fresh
green
water
plants
and
fish
swimming
lazily.
You
can
soak
(浸泡)
in
outdoor
hot
springs
while
admiring
the
view
of
Mount
Fuji
and
have
Japanese
food，such
as
fresh
sweet
fish.
At
the
northern
foot
of
the
mountain,
about
1,000
meters
above
sea
level,
is
the
Fuji
Five
Lake
area.
The
shores
of
the
lakes
are
decorated
with
seasonal
flowers.
The
image
of
Mount
Fuji
reflected
on
a
lake
surface
is
called
“Upside?Down
Fuji”
in
Japan.
The
Japanese
used
to
believe
that
God
lived
on
Mount
Fuji.
Japan’s
highest
mountain
and
highest
volcano
is
closely
woven
(编织)
into
the
country’s
legends
and
art，and
is
drawing
thousands
of
tourists.
【答案】The
passage
is
about
Mount
Fuji,
one
of
Japan’s
“Three
Holy
Mountains”.
It
presents
different
faces
in
different
seasons.
It
is
one
of
the
world’s
classic
examples
of
a
strato
volcano.
Around
it
there
is
a
collection
of
hot
springs
and
lakes.
Seasonal
flowers
make
the
shores
of
the
lakes
beautiful.
It
attracts
thousands
of
tourists.
4.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
A
million
people
will
live
on
Mars
within
one
hundred
years.
This
is
the
brave
expectation
of
Elon
Musk，the
founder
of
the
space
technology
company
Space
X．“We
need
to
fully
focus
on
becoming
a
multi?planet
civilization.
That’s
the
next
step,”
he
said
in
a
recent
interview
with
Aeon.
Musk
expects
to
see
about
80,000
people
living
on
Mars
by
2040.
It’s
all
about
protecting
the
human
race
from
extinction，according
to
Musk.
The
Earth
has
always
been
a
ticking
(滴答作响的)
time
bomb.
As
the
sun
begins
to
die，it
will
grow
bigger，becoming
what
is
known
as
a
Red
Giant.
In
500
million
years，the
sun
will
have
become
large
enough
to
kill
any
plant
and
animal
life
on
the
Earth，according
to
US
scientist
Edward
Guinan.
In
a
billion
years，the
Earth
will
have
become
a
hot
planet
with
little
or
no
water.
The
brave
dream
of
getting
the
human
race
to
Mars
is
not
only
Musk’s；others
have
made
plans，too.
A
Dutch
company
set
up
the
Mars
One
Foundation，hoping
to
be
the
first
project
to
put
humans
on
Mars.
It
received
over
200,000
applications
to
become
part
of
the
first
group
of
astronauts
to
go
there.
According
to
Mars
One，human
settlement
on
Mars
is
possible
with
existing
technologies.
Water，food，energy
and
oxygen
are
needed
for
life
anywhere.
According
to
Mars
One，water
that
was
still
in
the
Martian
soil
would
be
boiled
and
taken
out.
By
using
a
process
called
“electrolysis”，astronauts
could
turn
water
into
hydrogen
and
oxygen
for
breathing.
Astronauts
on
the
international
space
station
have
already
done
similar
things.
Food
can
also
be
grown
in
space.
Certain
plants
such
as
lettuces
and
onions
can
be
grown
using
LED
light
for
different
color
spectra(光谱)
and
much
less
heat.
NASA
has
been
reaching
this
to
prepare
for
visiting
Mars.
【答案】According
to
Elon
Musk,
many
people
will
live
on
Mars
in
the
near
future.
By
doing
so,
human
beings
can
avoid
being
ruined
by
the
increasingly
bigger
sun.
Luckily,
the
dream
for
human
to
settle
on
Mars
is
made
possible.
Continuous
scientific
research
can
make
water,
food,
energy
and
oxygen
available
in
space
and
on
Mars.
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Computers
have
changed
the
way
a
business
functions
to
a
large
extent.
In
the
past,
corporate
houses
rented
spaces
for
running
accounting
departments.It
took
months
together
to
figure
out
profit
or
loss
that
a
business
had
made
or
suffered.However,
computers
have
become
the
backbone
of
all
businesses
now.
Today,
computers
are
used
beyond
bookkeeping
(记账)
purposes
too.
Almost
everything
that
happens
in
an
organization
is
recorded,
worked
upon
and
evaluated
with
the
help
of
computers.
Imagining
our
lives
without
computers
is
next
to
impossible.
Computers
were
initially
used
only
in
workplaces.
However,
they
soon
became
a
household
name,
which
revolutionized
everything
from
school
homework
to
grocery
shopping.
When
the
Internet
came
into
being，it
caused
a
great
change
in
the
way
we
functioned.
Over
a
period
of
time，computers
enabled
working
from
home,
which
created
a
new
type
of
employment.This
gave
usage
of
computers,
within
the
confines
(界限)
of
homes，a
new
part.As
technology
progressed，simple
things
such
as
shopping，booking
tickets，buying
a
new
house，searching
for
schools
and
colleges,
researching
for
projects
and
medical
information
became
a
lot
easier
with
entry
of
computers
in
every
household.
As
an
indispensable
tool
in
our
lives,
computers
have
changed
the
way
we
think
in
more
ways
than
one.
Today,
all
you
have
to
do
about
finding
answers
is
just
“Google
it”!
The
online
world
of
blogging,
instant
messaging,
chatting
and
social
networking
not
only
leaves
virtual
traces,
but
unites
the
world
in
a
completely
unimagined
way.This
powerful
medium
is
the
great
mode
of
mass
communication
which
affects
our
thinking
by
providing
people
with
a
platform
to
voice
their
opinions
and
begin
discussions
that
have
brought
about
a
change
in
the
world.
Computers
have
pushed
us
to
see
different
worlds
and
experience
different
cultures.The
revolution
in
Egypt
is
the
latest
example
of
how
computers
changed
the
world.
Today
the
identity
of
information
technology
is
computers.
Invention
of
this
machine
has
changed
the
world’s
perspective
about
cultures,
economics,
history
and
current
affairs.The
advent
(到来)
of
computers
has
no
doubt
brought
a
revolutionary
change
in
our
existence.
【答案】Computers
have
brought
great
changes
to
our
lives
for
the
past
few
years.Firstly，computers
have
changed
the
traditional
way
that
people
do
business
greatly.Secondly,
computers
have
become
an
important
part
of
our
lives
and
benefited
us
in
many
ways.
Besides,
computers
have
changed
our
way
of
thinking.
More
importantly,
computers
allow
us
to
experience
different
cultures
without
leaving
home.
In
conclusion,
computers
have
been
one
of
the
greatest
inventions.
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Punishing
children
is
a
controversial
(争议的)
topic.
Everybody
has
different
opinions
about
how
to
act
to
correct
a
child’s
behavior.
People
have
disagreements
about
whether
it
is
good
for
a
child’s
education
to
punish
him.
The
word
“punish”
means
different
things
to
different
people.
Punishment
can
be
physical
or
emotional.
Physical
punishment
is
when
the
parent
hits
the
child.
On
the
other
hand,
emotional
punishment
is
when
the
parent,
in
order
to
educate
the
child,
doesn’t
let
him
watch
TV,
go
to
play
with
his
friends,
or
do
things
like
that.
Although
many
surveys
and
studies
have
showed
what
the
correct
way
is
to
raise
a
child，nobody
has
the
answer
or
the
truth.
There
is
no
such
thing
as
agreed
standard
about
raising
a
child,
so
I
think
it
will
be
very
difficult
to
get
everyone
to
agree.
I
think
parents
should
love
their
child
and
give
him
or
her
the
best
education,
but
at
the
same
time,
they
should
punish
the
child
properly
if
he
or
she
deserves
it.
The
parent’s
goal
is
to
have
a
good
man
or
woman
in
society
in
the
future,
so
sometimes
you
should
do
what
is
necessary
to
get
your
child
to
behave
well.
【答案】People
have
mixed
opinions
towards
punishment
to
children.
There
are
mainly
physical
and
emotional
punishment.
As
a
matter
of
fact,
it
is
difficult
to
find
the
agreed
standard
to
raise
a
child.
Proper
punishment
can
be
instructive
and
necessary
to
children
while
love
and
education
are
the
most
important
for
us
to
make
our
kids
behave
well.
阅读下面短文，根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
While
contact
between
adolescents
(between
the
ages
of
fifteen
and
nineteen)
and
their
peers
(同龄人)
is
a
universal
characteristic
of
all
cultures,
the
nature
and
the
degree
of
such
contact
vary
a
great
deal.
In
American
contemporary
society,
adolescents
spend
much
more
time
with
their
peers
than
with
younger
children
or
adults.
This
pattern
of
age
segregation
(隔离)
in
American
society
did
not
become
usual
until
the
beginning
of
the
industrialized
society.
Changes
in
the
workplace
separated
children
from
adults,
with
adults
working
and
children
attending
school.
The
dramatic
increase
of
mothers
in
the
workplace
has
further
contributed
to
the
reduction
in
the
amount
of
time
adolescents
spend
with
adults.
School
reform
efforts
during
the
nineteenth
century,
which
resulted
in
age-segregated
schools
and
grades,
have
reduced
the
amount
of
time
adolescents
spend
with
younger
children.
Finally,
the
changes
in
population
are
considered
a
factor
that
may
have
contributed
to
the
emergence
of
adolescent
peer
culture.
From
1955
to
1975，the
adolescent
population
increased
dramatically,
from
11
percent
to
20.9
percent.
This
increase
in
the
number
of
adolescents
might
be
a
contributing
factor
to
the
increase
in
adolescent
peer
culture
in
terms
of
growth
in
size
as
well
as
in
terms
of
its
impact
on
society’s
other
cultures
(adults,
younger
children)．
Research
supports
the
view
that
adolescents
spend
a
great
deal
of
time
with
their
peers.
Reed
Larson
and
his
colleagues
examined
adolescents’
daily
activities
and
found
that
they
spend
more
time
talking
to
their
friends
than
engaging
in
any
other
activity.
In
a
typical
week，high
school
students
will
spend
twice
as
much
time
with
their
peers
as
with
adults.
This
gradual
withdrawal
from
adults
begins
in
early
adolescence.
In
sixth
grade,
adults
(excluding
parents)
account
for
only
25
percent
of
adolescent
social
networks.
Another
important
characteristic
of
adolescent
peer
culture
is
its
increasingly
autonomous
(自治的)
function.
While
childhood
peer
groups
are
conducted
under
the
close
supervision
of
parents，adolescent
peer
groups
typically
make
an
effort
to
escape
adult
supervision
and
usually
succeed
in
doing
so.
【答案】Adolescent
peer
culture
is
a
universal
phenomenon
and
for
American
adolescents
more
time
is
spent
with
peers
than
with
younger
children
or
adults.
Firstly,
changes
in
workplace
reduce
the
amount
of
time
adolescents
spend
with
their
parents.
School
reforms
also
result
in
less
time
spent
with
younger
children.
Additionally,
the
increase
in
adolescent
population
is
another
contributing
factor.
A
research
shows
adolescents’
gradual
separation
from
adults
starts
in
their
early
teens
when
they
manage
to
escape
adult
supervision.
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
As
a
natural
emotion
that
everyone
experiences
in
life，anger
is
in
many
cases
a
perfectly
healthy
emotion.
Anger
can
motivate
(激发)
people
to
make
very
positive
changes
in
their
lives.
Sometimes
we
have
to
be
angry
at
injustice
(不公正),
or
even
at
nature,before
we
can
do
what
needs
to
be
done
to
correct
wrongs
or
make
things
better.
But
of
course,
that
is
not
what
we
usually
think
of
anger.
Most
people
think
of
anger
as
an
emotion
we
must
keep
under
control.
Parents
tell
a
child
to
“get
control”
of
himself
when
the
child
shows
anger.
Children
are
sometimes
sent
to
their
rooms
or
punished
for
expressing
anger
in
an
extreme
way.
We
may
be
angry
with
friends
or
at
work,
but
we
know
it
is
usually
not
suitable
to
show
it.
We
have
to
control
the
anger
or
suffer
what
may
be
the
negative
consequences.
Very
early
in
life,
we
learn
that
anger
is
something
that
must
be
controlled.
We
learn
this
for
a
good
reason.
We
know
that
uncontrolled
anger
can
lead
to
fights,
car
accidents,
bad
relationships
with
others,
unacceptable
social
behavior,
and
many
other
problems.
Many
experts
say
that
if
one
holds
his
anger
in,
it
can
even
lead
to
severe
mental
and
physical
health
problems.
So
what
can
we
do
to
understand
and
calm
this
natural
emotion
that
we
call
anger?
Experts
offer
many
solutions
to
harmful
anger.
Some
of
these
solutions
include
expressing
your
feelings
and
talking
about
what
has
caused
the
anger
with
someone
you
trust,
avoiding
a
situation
that
causes
anger,
beating
a
pillow,
exercising
more
and
many
other
methods.
Whatever
solution
one
chooses,
it
is
good
to
know
that
by
trying
to
find
the
solution
to
the
problem
of
anger,
the
first
step
in
the
right
direction
to
solving
the
anger
problem
has
been
taken.
【答案】Anger,
as
a
natural
emotion，is
good
for
us.
It
can
inspire
us
to
make
positive
changes
in
our
lives.
And
most
people
agree
that
we
must
keep
anger
under
control.
However,
experts
think
holding
back
anger
is
harmful
to
our
health.
Therefore,
some
solutions
should
be
taken
to
deal
with
anger.
For
example,
we
can
talk
with
friends,
beat
a
pillow
or
take
some
exercise.
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Getting
up
early
has
been
regarded
as
a
good
habit
since
ancient
times.
Many
years
ago,
people
thought
that
if
we
went
to
bed
early
and
got
up
early,
we
would
be
energetic
the
whole
day.
So,
getting
up
early
is
of
great
importance
to
us
all.
In
fact，morning
is
the
best
time
of
a
day.
In
the
morning，the
air
is
the
freshest
and
people
are
usually
in
the
best
condition.
Many
of
us
may
have
the
experiences
that
we
memorize
some
things
more
quickly
and
correctly
in
the
morning
than
any
other
time
of
the
day.
And
it
is
certain
that
we
find
it
easier
to
understand
what
we
learn.
If
we
get
up
early
and
do
some
morning
exercises
or
only
take
a
short
walk
in
the
morning,
without
doubt
we
can
build
up
our
bodies
and
become
much
healthier.
Also
we
will
have
enough
time
to
make
a
plan
and
get
ready
for
our
work
or
study
of
the
day
if
we
get
up
early.
For
example,
if
everyone
in
the
family
gets
up
early,
wife
will
have
enough
time
to
prepare
the
breakfast
for
the
whole
family.
Children
will
have
enough
time
to
catch
the
school
bus,
and
husband
will
never
forget
to
change
his
dirty
shirt.
Everything
is
in
order.
However,
if
we
get
up
late,
we’ll
probably
have
to
do
everything
in
a
hurry.
Let
us
remember
getting
up
early
is
a
good
habit
and
try
our
best
to
keep
it.
Late
risers
may
find
it
difficult
to
form
the
habit
of
getting
up
early.
They
have
to
make
an
effort
to
do
so.
If
we
stick
to
getting
up
early
every
day,
we
will
certainly
benefit
a
lot
from
it.
【答案】Getting
up
early
in
the
morning
is
a
good
habit
that
will
benefit
us
a
lot.
First，it
helps
us
in
our
studies
because
in
the
morning
we
can
remember
things
quickly
and
correctly.
Second，we
can
become
healthier
and
healthier
by
breathing
fresh
air
and
doing
exercises
early
in
the
morning.
Third，it
enables
us
to
make
a
better
preparation
for
the
day.
Getting
up
early
is
a
good
habit
and
we
should
try
our
best
to
keep
it.
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Online
schools
are
becoming
very
popular
today.
Whether
it
is
working
professionals
who
cannot
afford
the
time
to
go
to
a
full?time
college
because
of
their
huge
workload
or
stay?at?home
moms
who
have
many
duties
and
cannot
join
in
a
college,
online
schools
are
much
enjoyed
at
all.
And
now,
even
regular
students,
who
have
the
time
to
go
to
college,
are
going
in
for
online
education,
as
it
leaves
them
with
enough
time
to
pursue
(追求)
other
things,
such
as
a
part?time
job
or
a
hobby,
along
with
studying.
However,
as
with
everything,
there
are
both
advantages
and
disadvantages
to
online
schooling.
Let’s
start
with
the
positives.
These
schools
cost
much
less.
You
don’t
have
to
spend
on
buying
books
or
traveling.
Another
advantage
is
flexibility
it
provides.
You
can
study
at
any
time
during
the
day.
You
can
study
wherever
you
want—in
your
house,
at
a
cafe
or
even
in
a
park.
Moving
on
to
the
disadvantage
of
school
online.
Those
students
who
always
need
a
push
from
their
teachers
to
do
well,
are
very
likely
not
to
do
well
in
online
schools.
And
the
greatest
disadvantage
of
going
to
school
online:
there
are
many
employers
who
prefer
students
with
a
traditional
degree
over
those
who
have
an
online
degree.
The
employers
feel
that
students
who
go
to
full?time
colleges
are
more
knowledgeable
compared
to
those
who
have
online
degrees.
Since
the
very
purpose
of
an
education
is
to
land
a
person
a
good
job,
online
degrees,
many
a
time,
do
not
serve
this
purpose.
No
doubt
that
online
schools
offer
the
freedom
which
no
regular
college
can
provide.
However，how
much
the
employers
will
value
the
degrees
and
whether
a
student
can
actually
make
his
own
study
schedule
and
most
importantly,
stick
to
it,
depends
upon
individual
(个人)
to
individual.
So
in
the
end,
it
can
be
rightly
said，online
schools
are
good
for
some,
while
others
should
give
them
a
skip.
【答案】
Nowadays
online
schools
are
enjoying
great
popularity
because
of
their
low
cost
and
the
freedom
regular
schools
can’t
provide.
However,
online
schooling
has
its
own
disadvantages.
It
is
likely
that
those
who
need
others
to
press
them
to
study
won’t
behave
well
in
online
schools.
Besides,
many
employers
don’t
value
online
degrees.
So
online
education
is
not
suitable
for
everyone.
