译林版必修5 Unit3 Science versus nature Grammar and usage课件（84张PPT)

(共84张PPT)
Unit
3
Science
and
nature
Grammar
and
usage
To
find
out
how
verb-ed
forms
are
used
as
adjectives
To
learn
that
the
verb-ed
form
can
be
functioned
as
the
attributive,
predicative
and
object
complement
To
learn
how
to
use
the
verb-ed
form
and
verb-ed
phrases
in
different
situation
非
谓
语
动
词
动名词
分
词
不定式
现在分词
过去分词
Observe
the
sentences
from
this
unit.
1.
If
I
had
the
chance,
I
would
have
a
cloned
baby.
2.
I
think
the
scientific
advances
mentioned
in
your
article
are
interesting..
3.
My
grandfather
was
delighted
to
hear
I
had
passed
my
exams.
4.
After
the
accident,
they
found
the
front
windows
broken.
5.
She
lay
trapped
under
the
building
for
three
days.
6.
Asked
why
he
was
against
cloning
humans,
the
scientist
explained
that
it
might
lead
to
disaster.
7.
Shocked
by
the
article,
the
woman
wrote
a
letter
to
the
newspaper.
8.
Treated
with
electricity,
the
cell
tissue
will
divide
into
several
parts.
基本形式和意义
过去分词是非谓语动词的一种，在句子中不能单独作谓语。过去分词兼有动词、副词和形容词的特征，可以带补语或受状语修饰。过去分词和补语或状语一起构成过去分词短语。过去分词的基本形式是“动词
+
-ed”，但也有不规则的形式。
The
Past
Participle
Verb-ed
form
&
phrases
Now,
it’s
time
to
read
the
points
on
Page
48
about
verb-ed
form
and
Page
50
about
verb-ed
phrase.
Then,
pay
attention
to
the
following
explanation.
Past
Participle
as
____________
Example:
So
many
thousands
of
terrified
people
died.
the
highly
praised
scientist
the
retired
scientists
a
well-trained
singer
the
Attributive
e.g.
boiled
water
开了的水
A
单个的过去分词作定语时一般兼有被动和完成的意义，常作前置定语。
注意：过去分词作定语时，有时只有被动意义。
e.g.
spoken
English
英语口语
written
exercises
书面练习
过去分词作定语
a
fallen
leaf
一片落叶
the
risen
sun
升起来的太阳
the
developed
countries
发达国家
a
retired
teacher
一名退休教师
by-gone
days
过去的岁月
少数表示位移或状态改变的不及物动词的过去分词只有完成的意义。
e.g.
How
I
regretted
the
hours
wasted
in
the
woods!
我多懊悔在树林浪费的时光啊!
I
like
wearing
clothes
made
of
this
kind
of
cloth．
我喜欢穿这种布料做的衣服。
B
过去分词作后置定语，表示被动和(或)完成意义。
The
books
written
by
Lu
Xun
are
popular．
鲁迅写的书很受欢迎。
1.
He
told
us
of
the
great
wrong
done
to
him.
=
He
told
us
of
the
great
wrong
___________________
to
him.
which
had
been
done
注：过去分词作定语时可以转化为定语从句。本句中的过去分词作定语，既表被动又表完成。
Change
the
following
past
participles
into
clauses.
2.
The
United
States
is
a
developed
country.
=
The
United
States
is
a
country
______________________.
which
has
developed
注:本句中的过去分词作定语，只表示
完成。
3.
Have
you
noticed
the
bridge
being
built
there?
=
Have
you
noticed
the
bridge
___________________
there?
which
is
being
built
注:本句中的过去分词作定语，表示被
动的动作正在进行。
过去分词短语有时亦可用作非限制性定语，前后常有逗号。
Some
of
them,
born
and
brought
up
in
rural
villages,
had
never
seen
a
train.
他们当中有一些人,
生长在农村，从未见过火车。
过去分词短语用作定语时，其意义相当于一个定语从句，但比从句简洁，多用于笔语中。
用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物，变成所谓的转移形容语。这种过去分词在形式上不直接修饰人，但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关。
The
general
stared
at
him
in
startled
admiration.
将军以惊讶而赞赏的眼光注视着他。
我们已经学习了动词-ing形式作定语,
这里就有一个问题了：
动词-ed形式作定语和动词-ing形式作定语有什么区别呢？
接下来我们就谈谈它们的区别。
1)
语态不同
-ing表主动、进行；-ed表被动、完成
-ed
作定语与-ing
作定语的区别：
an
inspiring
speech
鼓舞人心的演说
the
inspired
audience
受鼓舞的听众
the
falling
leaves
落叶（正往下落的)
the
fallen
leaves
落叶（已落到地面的)
（正在变化的）
（变化了的）
boiling
water
boiled
water
the
changing
world
the
changed
world
（正在沸腾的)
（已经沸腾过的）
fading
flowers
faded
flowers
(正在凋谢的)
（已经凋谢的）
a
developing
country
a
developed
country
(发展中的)
（发达的）
2)
时间关系不同
-ing
表“正在进行”或“与谓语动词同时
进行”或“经常性”。
-ed
表动作先于谓语动词表示的动作。
Do
you
know
the
boy
lying
under
the
big
tree?
“Can’t
you
read?”Mary
said,
angrily
pointing
to
the
notice.
They
took
the
injured
woman
to
the
hospital.
3)
及物动词的过去分词与现在分词的被动式都可表示被动,
但-ed表示一个完成了的动作,
而being
done多表示一个正在进行的动作。
The
problem
discussed
yesterday
has
something
to
do
with
us.
The
problem
being
discussed
now
has
something
to
do
with
us.
The
Olympic
Games,
___
in
776
B.
C.,
didn’t
include
women
until
1912.
A.
first
playing
B.
to
be
first
played
C.
first
played
D.
to
be
playing
考点点拨
简析:
首先,
根据语法分析可知,
待选部分是一个作定语、修饰
The
Olympic
Games的后置分词短语;
再根据
The
Olympic
Games
对于动词
play
来说只能是被动承受,
且已完成
(in
776
B.
C.)。因此,
该题应选C。
2.
What’s
the
language
___
in
Germany?
A.
speaking
B.
spoken
C.
be
spoken
D.
to
speak
简析:
该题应选B。测试过去分词作后
置定语表达被动,
等于定语从句
which
is
spoken。
3.
Most
of
the
artists
____
to
the
party
were
from
South
Africa.
A.
invited
B.
to
invite
C.
being
invited
D.
had
been
invited
简析:
该题应选A。测试过去分词作后置
定语表达被动,
等于定语从句who
were
invited。
4.
The
computer
centre,
___
last
year,
is
very
popular
among
the
students
in
this
school.
A.
open
B.
opening
C.
having
opened
D.
opened
简析:
该题应选D。测试过去分词短语作
定语放在所修饰的名词后,
可以用非限
制性定语从句“which
was
opened
last
year”代替。
5.
The
first
textbooks
____
for
teaching
English
as
a
foreign
language
came
out
in
the
16th
century.
A.
having
written
B.
to
be
written
C.
being
written
D.
written
简析:
该题应选D。测试过去分词作后
置定语表达被动,
等于定语从句that
were
written。
Past
Participle
as
______________
Example:
But
he
became
inspired
when
he
thought
about
helping
ordinary
people.
The
little
boy
was
very
excited
when
he
heard
that
he
could
go
to
the
party.
the
Predicative
1.
过去分词作表语，表示主语的特点或
所处的状态，其前的系动词有包括be
在内的多种形式。
Everyone
present
was
very
inspired
at
his
speech．
听了他的发言，在场的所有人都很振奋。
You
seem
frightened.
你似乎受了惊吓。
过去分词作表语，强调主语的特点或
所处的状态；而被动语态中，主语是
动词所表示动作的承受者。
This
shop
is
now
closed．
这家商店现在已经关门了。(状态)
This
shop
is
closed
at
6
pm
every
day．
这家商店每天下午6点关门。(动作)
2.
过去分词作表语，构成的系表结构
与被动语态的区别：
过去分词作表语一般用来表示感受或状
态（系动词+过去分词)
No
wonder
he
is
excited!
(predicative)
可以用作表语的常见的过去分词有：
delighted,
disappointed,
upset,
astonished,
excited,
frightened,
experienced,
interested,
qualified,
puzzled,
exhausted,
satisfied
Past
Participle
as
________________
Example:
After
the
robbery,
they
found
the
front
windows
broken.
(S=subject,
P=predicate,
O=object,
Adv=adverbial)
P
O
Adv
S
Object
Complement
Object
Complement
什么是宾语补足语？
英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，才能使句子的意义完整。这类常用的及物动词有：make,
consider,
cause,
see,
find,
call,
get,
have,
let
etc.
We
think
him
_______.
What
he
said
made
me
______.
We
consider
the
answer
_______.
Everyone
calls
him
______.
clever
angry
correct
Tom
Choose
the
correct
words
to
complete
the
sentences
below.
宾语补足语的表现形式：
带有宾语补足语的一般结构为：
+
直接宾语（名词或代词）
+
宾语补足语
某些及物动词（如make）
宾语补足语的10种表示法：
His
father
named
him
Jianguo.
They
painted
their
house
white.
You
mustn’t
force
him
to
lend
his
money
to
you.
4.
Nobody
noticed
him
enter
the
room.
5.
We
saw
her
entering
the
room.
(名词)
(形容词)
(不定式)
(不定式短语)
(现在分词或其短语)
6.
We
must
get
the
work
finished
by
10
o’clock.
7.
We
take
English
as
a
useful
tool
for
research
work.
8.
Whenever
you
may
go,
you
will
find
him
at
work.
9.
Let
the
fresh
air
in.
10.
The
plant
has
its
own
name.
You
cannot
call
it
what
you
will.
(过去分词)
(用as引出)
(介词短语)
(副词)
(从句)
作宾语补足语的过去分词一般来自及物动词,
表示被动和完成意义,
说明宾语所处的状态,
一般跟它前面的宾语在逻辑上构成主谓关系,
表被动,
其结构形式为:
主语＋谓语动词＋宾语＋过去分词
1.
过去分词用在表示状态的动词keep,
leave等的后面。
1
They
kept
the
door
locked
for
a
long
time.
2
Don’t
leave
the
windows
broken
like
this
all
the
time.
2.
过去分词用在使役动词have,
make的
后面。
A
注意“have+宾语+过去分词”的两种用法：
①表示让某人做某事
如：
1
I
have
had
my
bike
repaired.
2
The
villagers
had
many
trees
planted
just
then.
1
My
elder
sister
had
her
wallet
stolen
on
a
bus
last
month.
2
The
old
man
had
his
wrist
broken
in
the
accident.
②表示“遭遇到某种不幸；受到打击”等。
B
“make+宾语+过去分词”,在这种结构
中，过去分词的动词必须是表示结果
含义的。
1
I
raised
my
voice
to
make
myself
heard.
2
They
managed
to
make
themselves
understood
using
very
simple
English.
3.
过去分词用在感官动词watch,
notice,
see,
hear,
listen
to,
feel,
find等的后面。
当我们到学校时，我们看见门锁着。
When
we
got
to
the
school,
we
saw
the
door
locked.
He
found
his
house
broken
into
when
he
got
back
home.
回到家他发现家被盗。
4.
过去分词用在want,
wish,
like,
expect,
order等表示“希望，愿望，命令”这一类动词的后面作宾语补足语。
The
teacher
wouldn’t
like
the
problem
discussed
at
the
moment.
老师不想此刻讨论这个问题。
I
want
the
suit
made
to
his
own
measure.我想要这套衣服照他自己的尺寸做。
5.
过去分词用在“with+宾语+宾补”这一结构中，过去分词与宾语之间是动宾关系。
With
many
brightly-coloured
flowers
planted
around
the
building,
his
house
looks
like
a
beautiful
garden.
周围种了许多色彩鲜艳的花，他的房子看
上去就像一座漂亮的花园。
过去分词作状语,
表示被动的动作或动作已经完成。过去分词通常可作:
原因状语、时间状语、条件状语、让步状语、伴随状语等。通常过去分词的逻辑主语与句子主语一致。
Past
participle
as
the
Adverbial
When
it
is
seen
from
the
hill,
the
park
looks
very
beautiful.
Seen
from
the
hill…
时间状语可在过去分词前加上连词when,
while,
until等。
Don’t
speak
until
you
are
spoken
to.
Don’t
speak
until
spoken
to.
1.
时间状语
2.
原因状语
Because
the
boy
was
greatly
touched
by
his
teacher’s
words,
he
did
a
lot
of
things
to
help
his
classmates.
Greatly
touched
by
the
teacher’s
words…
As
he
was
surprised
at
what
happened,
Tom
didn’t
know
what
to
do.
Surprised
at
what
happened…
3.
条件状语
If
we
were
given
more
time,
we
could
do
it
much
better.
Given
more
time…
If
it
is
heated
to
a
high
temperature,
water
will
change
into
vapor.
Heated
to
a
high
temperature…
4.
让步状语
Though
they
had
been
warned
of
the
storm,
the
farmers
were
still
working
in
the
fields.
Though
warned
of
the
storm…
Even
if
I’m
invited,
I
won’t
take
part
in
the
party.
Even
if
invited…
5.
方式、伴随状语
The
teacher
entered
the
classroom,
and
he
was
followed
by
a
group
of
students.
The
teacher
entered
the
classroom
followed
by
a
group
of
students.
The
teacher
stood
there
and
was
surrounded
by
the
students.
The
teacher
stood
there,
surrounded
by
the
students.
前面我们说过过去分词作状语时，其逻辑主语与整个句子的主语通常是一致的。还有一种情况是分词作状语时,其逻辑主语与整个句子的主语不一致,这时需要独立主格结构或
with
复合结构来替代。(此时,
也可把该分词看成介词的宾语补足语。)
例:
The
murderer
was
brought
in,
with
his
hands
___
behind
his
back.
A.
being
tied
B.
having
tied
C.
to
be
tied
D.
tied
简析:
很显然,
待选部分的逻辑主语是
his
hands,
而不是句子的主语
The
murderer,
而
his
hands
对于动词
tie来说,
只能是被
动承受。因此,
该题应选D。
Exercises:
(page
49)
disappointed
puzzled
excited
interested
bored
Answers
to
Part
A:
Answers
to
Part
B:
2.
The
problems
created
by
cloning
will
soon
be
clear.
3.
We
don’t
want
beasts
produced
by
scientists
to
replace
us
one
day.
4.
The
technology
used
is
amazing.
5.
The
only
thing
needed
is
a
cell
from
your
old
pet.
Exercises:
(Page
51)
2.
Encouraged
by
her
teachers,
Rose
did
well
at
school.
3.
Inspired
by
his
grandfather,
the
child
wrote
more
poems.
4.
Bored
with
the
game,
the
dog
will
not
play
it
any
more.
Answers
to
Part
A
Answers
to
Part
B
1.
tired
2.
burnt
3.
bored
4.
disappointing
5.
pleased
6.
challenging
7.
relaxed
Exercises
1.
____
is
a
good
exercise
for
both
the
young
and
the
old.
A.
The
walk
B.
Walking
C.
To
walk
D.
Walk
2.
When
and
where
to
build
the
new
power
station
____
yet.
A.
is
not
decided
B.
are
not
decided
C.
has
not
decided
D.
have
not
decided
B
A
3.
When
I
handed
the
report
to
John,
he
said
that
George
was
the
person
______.
A.
to
send
B.
for
sending
it
C.
to
send
it
to
D.
for
sending
it
to
4.
Our
father
often
told
us
in
the
past
that
_____is
believing.
A.
to
see
B.
seeing
C.
see
D.
to
be
seen
C
B
5.
She
pretended
________the
letter
I
wrote
the
day
before
yesterday.
not
to
receive
B.
having
not
received
C.
not
to
hear
from
D.
not
receiving
6.
There
was
a
terrible
noise
_______the
sudden
burst
of
light.
A.
followed
B.
following
C.
to
be
followed
D.
being
followed
D
B
7.
She
reached
the
top
of
the
hill
and
stopped
_____
on
a
rock
by
the
side
of
the
path.
A.
to
have
rested
B.
resting
C.
to
rest
D.
rest
8.
People
couldn’t
help
_____the
funny
villager.
A.
laugh
at
B.
to
laugh
at
C.
laughing
at
D.
laughing
on
C
C
9.
I
can’t
help
_____the
house
because
I’m
busy
making
a
cake.
A.
to
clean
B.
cleaning
C.
cleaned
D.
being
cleaned
10.
They
knew
her
very
well.
They
had
seen
her____
up
from
childhood.
A.
grow
B.
grew
C.
was
growing
D.
to
grow
A
A
11.
The
first
textbooks
_____
for
teaching
English
as
a
foreign
language
came
out
in
the
16th
century.
A.
having
written
B.
to
be
written
C.
being
written
D.
written
12.
Believe
it
or
not,
he
was
seen
____
upstairs
just
now.
A.
to
go
B.
to
going
C.
having
gone
D.
go
D
A
13.
It
was
so
cold
that
they
kept
the
fire
_______all
night.
A.
to
burn
B.
burn
C.
burning
D.
burned
14.
The
salesman
scolded
the
girl
caught
______
and
let
her
off.
A.
to
have
stolen
B.
to
be
stealing
C.
to
steal
D.
stealing
C
D
15.
He
was
disappointed
to
find
his
suggestion_______.
A.
turning
down
B.
turned
down
C.
to
be
turned
down
D.
to
turn
down
16.
To
master
a
foreign
language,
______.
A.
a
lot
of
practice
is
needed
B.
it
needs
a
lot
of
practice
C.
practice
is
in
need
of
D.
one
needs
a
lot
of
practice
B
D
17.
The
murderer
was
brought
in,
with
his
hands
______
behind
his
back.
A.
being
tied
B.
having
tied
C.
to
be
tied
D.
tied
18.
Tom
kept
quiet
about
the
accident
_______lose
his
job.
A.
not
in
order
to
B.
so
as
not
to
C.
in
order
to
not
D.
not
so
as
to
D
B
19.
The
secretary
worked
late
into
the
night,
______
a
long
speech
for
the
president.
A.
to
prepare
B.
preparing
C.
prepared
D.
was
preparing
20.
________more
attention,
the
work
would
have
been
done
better.
A.
Given
B.
To
give
C.
Giving
D.
Having
given
B
A
21.
_________a
reply,
he
decided
to
write
a
sixth
letter.
A.
Not
receiving
B.
Not
to
receive
C.
Not
having
received
D.
Having
not
received
22.
Charles
Babbage
is
generally
considered
______
the
first
computer.
A.
to
invent
B.
having
invented
C.
to
have
invented
D.
inventing
C
C
23.
The
squirrel
was
lucky
that
it
just
missed
___________.
A.
catching
B.
to
be
caught
C.
being
caught
D.
to
catch
24.
Little
Jim
should
love
_____
to
the
theatre
this
evening.
A.
to
be
taken
B.
to
take
C.
being
taken
D.
taking
C
A
高考链接
1.In
the
early
20th
century,
the
school
keeps
on
inspiring
children’s
love
of
art.
A.
To
found
B.
Founding
C.
Founded
D.
Having
founded
【答案】C
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句子主语the
school与found之间为被动关系，故此处
使用过去分词founded表被动并表完成动作。
2.
There
are
some
health
problems
that,
when
______
in
time,
can
become
bigger
ones
later
on.
not
treated
B.
not
being
treated
C.
not
to
be
treated
D.
not
have
been
treated
【答案】A
【解析】考查非谓语动词及状语从句的省略。
连词when之后为状语从句的省略，非谓语动
词treat的逻辑主语即为主句主语health
problems，
判断它们之间的关系为被动关系，即用过去分
词即可。而being
done意为“正在被……”；
to
be
done“将被……”。
3.
In
some
languages,100
words
make
up
half
of
all
words
in
daily
conversations.
A.
using
B.
to
use
C.
having
used
D.
used
【答案】D
【解析】考查非谓语动词。非谓语动词
use在句中作words的后置定语，与其存
在被动关系，故使用过去分词used，答
案为D。
4.
The
witnesses
by
the
police
just
now
gave
very
different
descriptions
of
the
fight.
A.
questioned
B.
being
questioned
C.
to
be
questioned
D.
having
questioned
【答案】A
【解析】考查非谓语动词。首先判断此处需要一个非谓语动词作witnesses的后置定语；且判断动词question与witnesses间为被动关系；根据非谓语动词短语中标志词just
now可知动作question已经完成。故可选A。区别：done作后置定语意为“已被…的”；being
done作后置定语意为“正被…的”；to
be
done作后置定语意为“将被…的”。
5.If
_____
to
look
after
luggage
for
someone
else,
inform
the
police
at
once.
asked
B.
to
ask
C.
asking
D.
having
asked
【答案】A
【解析】考查非谓语动词及状语从句的省略。状语从句连词if之后省去了从句的主语，即主句的主语；而主句为祈使句，默认主语为you；主语you与动词ask之间为被动关系，故使用过去分词。答案选A。
6.
When
____
for
his
views
about
his
teaching
job,
Philip
said
he
found
it
very
interesting
and
rewarding.
A.
asking
B.
asked
C.
having
asked
D.
to
be
asked
7.
Film
has
a
much
shorter
history,
especially
when
____
such
art
forms
as
music
and
painting.
A.
having
compared
to
B.
comparing
to
C.
compare
to
D.
compared
to
高考链接
8.
Time,
____
correctly,
is
money
in
the
bank.
A.
to
use
B.
used
C.
using
D.
use
9.
Before
driving
into
the
city,
you
are
required
to
get
your
car
____.
A.
washed
B.
wash
C.
washing
D.
to
wash
10.
_______
with
care,
one
tin
will
last
for
six
weeks.
A.
Use
B.
Using
C.
Used
D.
To
use
11.
After
completing
and
signing
it,
please
return
the
form
to
us
in
the
envelope
_____.
A.
providing
B.
provided
C.
having
provided
D.
provide
12.
“It’s
such
a
nice
place,”
Mother
said
as
she
sat
at
the
table
_____
for
customers.
A.
to
be
reserved
B.
having
reserved
C.
reserving
D.
reserved
13.
The
island,
_____
to
the
mainland
by
a
bridge,
is
easy
to
go
to.
A.
joining
B.
to
join
C.
joined
D.
having
joined
14.
____
into
English,
the
sentence
was
found
to
have
an
entirely
different
word
order.
A.
Translating
B.
Translated
C.
To
translate
D.
Having
translated
15.
____
in
1955,
Disneyland
in
California
is
regarded
by
many
as
the
original
fun
park.
A.
Opened
B.
Having
opened
C.
Opening
D.
Being
opened
16.
Tsinghua
University,
___
in
1911,
is
home
to
a
great
number
of
outstanding
figures.
A.
found
B.
founding
C.
founded
D.
to
be
founded
17.
Even
the
best
writers
sometimes
find
themselves
____
for
words.
A.
lose
B.
lost
C.
to
lose
D.
having
lost
18.
___
an
important
role
in
a
new
movie,
Andy
has
a
chance
to
become
famous.
A.
Offer
B.
Offering
C.
Offered
D.
To
offer
19.
Michael
put
up
a
picture
of
Yao
Ming
beside
the
bed
to
keep
himself
______
of
his
own
dreams.
A.
reminding
B.
to
remind
C.
reminded
D.
remind
20.
Claire
had
her
luggage
____
an
hour
before
her
plane
left.
A.
check
B.
checking
C.
to
check
D.
checked
1.
What
he
had
said
made
me
_________
(surprise)
2.
My
glasses
are
broken.
I’ll
have
to
get
them
________.
(repair)
3.
I
don’t
want
any
bad
words
____
(say)
about
him
behind
his
back.
4.
Please
get
the
work
_____
(do)
as
soon
as
possible.
5.
I’ll
have
the
materials
____
(send)
to
you
next
Monday
morning.
用所给单词的正确形式填空。
surprised
repaired
said
done
sent
6.
She
won’t
have
her
long
and
beautiful
hair
___
(cut)
short.
7.
You
should
make
your
voice
_____
(hear)
when
you
give
a
speech.
8.
I
want
you
to
keep
me
________
(inform)
of
how
things
are
going
with
you.
9.
The
price
is
fine
with
me.
How
would
you
like
it
____
(pay)?
10.
At
last
I
succeeded
in
making
myself
__________
(understand).
cut
heard
informed
paid
understood
Revise
what
we
learned
in
this
class
and
prepare
for
the
task.
Homework: