中考英语阅读理解设题和解答技巧

中考英语阅读理解设题及解答技巧
中考英语阅读理解设题主要分成细节理解题、词义猜测题、推理引申题和主旨大意题，尤其是主旨大意题，初中学生普遍感觉复习没有方向，掌握不了技巧。本文旨在对各个设题进行剖析，和学生共同揣摩解题方法，掌握技巧，化解压力。
阅读理解之细节理解题
1.??????
细节题即我们常见的wh-题，(what,
which,
who,
where,
why,
when,
whose,
how)，根据文章的具体信息如事实，例证，原因，过程等进行提问，考查学生获取信息，以及对文章所提供信息的理解能力。
2.??????
常见设题方式
(1)???
Which
of
the
following
statement
is
True/
Not
True?
（是非判断题型）
(2)
Which
of
the
following
is
Not
mentioned
in
the
text?
(3)
What/
Who/
When/
Where/
Why/
How…??（特殊疑问类型）
(4)
All
the
statements
are
true
Except?（except，除……之外）
(5)
Which
is
the
right
order
of
…?（排序题类型）
(6)
The
author
gives
in
the
example
in
…paragraph
in
order
to
…（例证题类型）
(7)
…the
most/
~est;
……the
only
……?（判断修饰限定的细节题类型）
3.??????
答题技巧
(1)???
审题：找出题干或选项中的关键词（数字，大写，人民，地名等）；
(2)???
阅读全文，确定该细节在文中的出处；
(3)???
对照题干要求，排除或者选择；
(4)???
确定答案，并验证答案。
例题1：
????
How
much
does
your
mother
do
for
you??She
taught
you
to
walk,
helped
you
learn
to
read
and
looks
after
you
every
day.?And
you
could
never
thank
her
enough
for
everything.
Q:
According
to
the
passage,
what
did
your
mother
do
for
you?
A.????
Taught
you
to
walk.
??????C.
Took
care
of
you
B.?????
Helped
you
learn
to
read??
D.
All
of
the
above.
答案：D，根据划线部分可知A，B，C都是，故选择D。
例题2：
Mr.
Brown
was
born
in
a
poor
family.?（D）He
couldn’t
go
to
school
when
he
was
young.
（A）Now
he’s
a
porter
and
works
at
a
station.
（C）He
doesn't
think
it
necessary
to
know
some
knowledge
of
science.?His
son.
Bill,
began
to
go
to
school
last
year.
The
boy
likes
nothing
except
playing.
He
doesn't
listen
to
the
teachers
in
class
and
can't
do
his
homework
after
class.
It's
the
hardest
thing
for
him
to
do
math
exercises.
And
he
wants
to
drop
it.
???????????
Q:
Which
of
the
following
is
true?
A.
Mr.
Brown
was
going
to
be
a
porter
when
he
was
young.
B.
Mr.
Brown's
parents
were
too
poor
to
send
him
to
school.
C.
Mr.
Brown
wasn't
interested
in
science
when
he
was
young.
D.
There
was
no
school
in
Mr.
Brown's
hometown.
?
?
?
?答案：B，首先要知道题目让我们选择的是正确的一项，根据划线部分可得出答案为B。他现在是一个行李搬运工，而不是以前，A错误；Mr
Brown
现在认为没有必要知道一些科学知识，C错误；根据第二句话可知因为家里穷没有上学，而不是没有学校，D错误。
4.??????
细节干扰项特征
(1)???
是原文信息，但不是题目所要求的信息；
(2)???
符合常识，但不是文章内容；
(3)???
与原文内容及其相似，只是在程度上有些变动（通常过于绝对化的词不要选）；
(4)???
部分正确，部分错误；
(5)???
张冠李戴。
例题：
The
children’s
answers
were
generally
growth
of
moral
understanding
in
early
childhood.?（D）More
of
the
four-to-five-year-olds
thought
the
child
in
the
story
would
feel
better
keeping
the
stolen
candy,
lying
and
getting
unpunished.?They
imagined
the
parent
in
the
study
would
be
angry
with
the
child
who
confessed.?However,
the
seven-to-nine-year-olds
were
more
likely（可能的）to
think
the
child
would
feel
better
confessor.
Q:
What
did
smith
and
his
workmates
find
in
their
study?
A.
Older
kids
are
more
likely
than
younger
children
to
confess
to
a
bad
act.
B.
Younger
children
are
more
likely
than
older
kids
to
confess
to
a
bad
act.
C.
The
four-to-five-year-olds
would
feel
better
confessing
the
crime.
D.
The
seven-to-nine-year-olds
thought
parents
would
be
angry
with
their
confessions.
答案：A，本题带了一点的推理题在里面，不可以直接得出答案，需要转换一下思路。根据第二句话可知D选项错误，应该是4-5岁的孩子认为承认错误父母会生气；根据最后一句话可知B和C错误，A选项正确。
??注：本道题很好的体现了部分正确和部分错误以及张冠李戴这种现象，做题时要注意
动作发生的主语是谁。
阅读理解之词义猜测题
1.词义猜测题是指在阅读过程中，根据对语篇的信息，逻辑，背景知识及语言结构等的综合理解去猜测或推断某一生词，难词，关键词的意义。
备注：两种方式：（1）猜测单词的中文意思；（2）
猜测单词的同义词或者近义词。
2.常见设题方式
（1）The
underlined
word/
phrase
in
the
passage
means
_________.
（2）The
word
“it/
them”
in
Para
1/
the
first
paragraph
refers
to
__________.
（3）What
does
the
underlined
word
“…”
refers
to
__________.
（4）What’s
the
meaning
of
the
underline
word
“…”?
3.答题技巧
（1）根据上下文语境猜测词义
?例题：
Hello,
everyone.
I’m
Gina.
I’m
a
librarian.
I
work
in
a
school
library.
It’s
3:30
in
the
afternoon
now.
I’m
working
for
the
students.
????
Q:
The
underlined
word
“
librarian”
in
the
passage
means
________.
A.????
校长
????B.
图书管理员
???C.
作家
???D.
书商
答案：B，联系上下文，在学校图书馆工作，应该是图书管理员。
（2）根据定义或者释义关系猜测词义
????
利用定义或者释义关系猜测词义，即根据文章上下文，借助定语（从句），表语甚至用逗号，破折号等引出的内容对生词加以解释说明。常用的标志性词汇有：be,
mean,
refer
to,
be
called,
be
known
as,
that
is,
or,
in
other
words等
?例题：
????
I
ran
into
my
house
quickly
to
call
119,
and
then
I
rang
my
neighbor’s
doorbell
and
knocked
at
the
door,
but?there
was
no?response.
Oh,
maybe
there
was
nobody
at
home.?I
got
into
the
house
through
the
window
and
found…
????
Q:
The
underlined
word
“response”
can
be
replaced
by
_________.
A.????
result
???B.
answer
?????C.
question?????
D.
key
?????答案：B，根据前后文，敲门但是没有回应，可能家里没有人在家，response这个单词是“回应”的意思，和answer是同义词。
（3）根据生活常识猜测词义
?例题：
???It
was
a
great
way
to
get
his
mind
off
what
he
had
to
do
later.
As
they
got
close
to
the
school,
he
could
feel
his
heart
beating.
His
hands
were
starting
to
sweat.
He
hated
this!
????
Q:
What
does
the
underlined
word
“sweat”
probably
mean?
A.????
触摸
?????B.
鼓掌?
???C.
出汗??
???D.
指点
???????答案：C，前文说到走进学校的时候，感觉到自己的心跳，根据生活常识紧张的时候心跳得很快，并且会出汗，所以可以推测出这个单词的意思，sweat是“出汗”的意思。
（4）根据对比关系猜测词义
在but,
however,
yet,
otherwise,
though这些表示意义转折的连词出现的句子中，其前后的词有明显的对比关系，根据已知的内容，通过这种对比关系，很容易猜出生词的词义。
例题1：
?
?
?
?
Though
Tom’s
face
has
been
washed
quite
clean,
his
neck
still
remains
grubby.
?
?
?
?
?Q:
What
does
the
underlined
word
“grubby”
refer
to
?
A.????
肮脏的
?????B.
整洁的
??????C.舒服的
??????D.
仔细的
答案：A，though表示尽管，前后转折，句意为：尽管Tom的脸被洗得很干净，他得脖子仍然是脏的。前后对比，grubby为clean的反义词。
???例题2：
?
?Parents
of
very
young
children
know
this:
You
catch
your
child
in
the
act
of
stealing
the
cookie——the
evidence
of
candy
written
on
his
or
her
face.
However,
you
get
a
wide-eyed
denial:
“I
didn’t
do
it!”
??Q:
What
does
the
underlined
word
“denial”
mean?
A.????
?委屈
??????B.
责备
??????C.
否认?
???????D.
拒绝
????
答案：C，根据段落意思，抓住了孩子偷东西的行为，但是你得到了一个否认的答案。However前后表示转折，denial作为名词，是否认的意思。
阅读理解之主旨大意题
1.主旨大意题
在于考查对全文或者某一段落整体把握能力，即对整篇文章的概括能力；考查的题目大多是针对段落（或全文）的主题思想，标题或者目的。
2.?常见设题方式
（1）考查文章的中心思想
??
?
The
main
idea/key
point
of
this
passage
is
that
________.
????
?
?
?Which
of
the
following
statements
best
expresses
the
main
idea
of
the
passage?
（2）考查文章标题的选择
?
?
?
The
best
title/headline
for
this
passage
is
________.
?
?
?
Which
of
the
following
is
the
best
title?
?
（3）考查作者的写作态度和意图
　
?What
is
the
author’s
main
purpose
in
this
passage?
?
?
?
In
the
passage
the
author
wants
to
tell
________.
??
?
?
?
The
writer’s
attitude
towards
...
?is
________.
（4）考查文章段落大意的理解
??　In
Paragraph
2
the
author
aims
to
tell
us
________.
3.主旨大意题的错误选项特点
（1）以偏概全：只是局部信息或者一句没有展开论述的话。
?（2）过于笼统：即归纳的主题太宽泛，与细节脱节或没有对细节加以充分论述。
（3）把观点强加于作者：读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断，而忽视了作者观点。
（4）无关信息：在文章中没有提到或者找不到原文依据的信息。
4.解题技巧
（1）主题句在段首
例题：
?????There
are
many
different
ways
to
travel
to
Paris
from
London.
One
of
the
quickest
and
most
popular
ways
is
by
train.
From
Waterloo
Railway
Station,
you
can
travel
all
the
way
to
Paris.
The
journey（旅程）takes
about
three
hours.
The
train,
called
the
Eurostar,
is
very
modern,
and
the
seats
are
comfortable.
You
can
also
travel
to
France
by
ship
...?
Q:
The
passage
mainly
tells
us
about
______
.
?
?
A.
different
ways
traveling
from
London
to
Paris.
?
?
B.
international
flights
from
London
to
Paris.
?
?
C.
buses
stopping
at
Ferry
Terminal
Seven
in
Dover.?
??答案：A，通过阅读文章可知，文章的第一句
“There
are
many
different
ways
to
travel
to
Paris
from
London.?”
是该段的主题句。“从巴黎到伦敦有很多不同的方式”，接下来说“One
of
the
quickest
and
most
popular
ways
is
by
train
?”,
“You
can
also
travel
to
France
by
ship
...?”，论述主题句。
（2）主题句在段尾
例题：
?
?
?What
do
you
think
of
online
shopping
and
traditional
shopping?
Today
my
classmate
May
and
I
have
a
talk
about
it.
We
have
different
ideas
about
online
shopping
and
traditional
shopping.?
May
likes
online
shopping.
She
thinks
it
is
easy
and
she
can
buy
almost
everything
on
the
Internet.
She
doesn't
like
to
go
to
real
shops
because
there
are
always
too
many
people.
But
I
like
traditional
shopping.
I
think
trying
on
clothes
in
the
real
shop
is
great.
And
sometimes
it
is
not
safe
to
buy
things
on
the
Internet.?
Q:
This
article
mainly
tells
us
______
.?
?
?
?A.
May
likes
online
shopping
?
?
?B.
I
like
traditional
shopping
?
?
?C.
difference
between
online
shopping
and
traditional
shopping
?
?
?
D.
May
and
I
have
different
ideas
about
online
shopping
and
traditional
shopping
??????答案：D，通读全文可知，第一段最后一句“We
have
different
ideas
about
online
shopping
and
traditional
shopping.?”
为本文主题句，第二段是围绕这一主题展开的，故答案选D。
（3）归纳总结法
有些文章没有明确的主题句，这就要求学生得对全文的内容进行归纳总
结，得出全文的主题思想，从而解答题目。
注意：①
不能以偏概全，分清主次，抓住主干；
?
?
??
?②
不能过于宽泛，要恰如其分；
?
??
?
③
注意多次出现的高频词或主题词，抓住关键词。
例题：
????????Many
Chinese
people
like
American
country
music.?
But
still
some
people
don't
know
when
country
music
began.
Country
music
is
from
the
folk
music（民间音乐）of
the
Appalachian
Mountains
in
the
east
of
America.
There,
people
sang
while
playing
the
violin
and
the
guitar.
They
sang
about
everyday
life,
love
and
their
problems.
So
the
songs
were
sometimes
a
little
sad.?
One
of
the
most
popular
country
music
singers
is
John
Denver.
He
is
also
quite
famous
to
the
Chinese.
In
1997,
John
Denver
died.
The
world
lost
a
great
man.
But
his
music
and
words
will
live
on.
Q:
What's
the
main
idea
of
the
passage?
A.
Chinese
like
American
country
music.?
B.
Country
music
is
from
the
folk
music.
C.
John
Denver
is
a
country
music
singer.?
D.
Some
things
about
American
country
music.?
答案：D，本文第一段由“许多中国人喜欢美国乡村音乐”
引入；第二段介绍了乡村音乐的由来；第三段介绍了一名乡村音乐歌手。由此可知本文都是围绕乡村音乐这一中心展开的，选项A、B、C都是本文的一个方面，只有D项最全面，故选D。
注：采用归纳主题法解答主旨大意题时，可先归纳每一个段落的中心意思，然后再对每段的中心意思进行总结，从而得出全文的主题思想。
阅读理解之推理引申题
1.?推理引申题主要测试考生理清上下文逻辑关系的能力，要求考生领悟所读材料中句子之间的逻辑关系，并且根据材料提供的已知信息进行分析、归纳和推理。
2.?常见设题方式
(1)???
It
can
be
inferred
from
the
text/the
last
paragraph/the
first
sentence
that…
(2)???
We
can
infer
that…
(3)???
The
author
suggests
in
the
passage
that…??????
(4)???
From
the
passage?/the
third
paragraph/the
last
sentence/the
example
that
we
can
draw
the
conclusion
that?…
3.解题方法
与事实细节题不同，推理引申题的答案是以事实和观点为依据进行分析和研究，按照事实发展的逻辑次序，得出结论，此结论不能与文章描述重合。
例题：
??
??????????Think
about
the
different
ways
that
people
use
the
wind.
You
can
use
it
to
fly
a
kite
or
to
sail
a
boat.
Wind
is
one
of
our
cleanest
and
richest
power
sources,
as
well
as
one
of
the
oldest.
Evidence
shows
that
windmills
began
to
be
used
in
ancient
Iran
back
in
the
seventh
century
BC.
They
were
first
introduced
to
Europe
during
the
1100s,
when
armies
returned
from
the
Middle
East
with
knowledge
of
using
wind
power.
For
many
centuries,
people
used
windmills
to
grind
wheat
into
flour
or
pump
water
from
deep
underground.
When
electricity
was
discovered
in
the
late
1800s,
people
living
in
remote
areas
began
to
use
them
to
produce
electricity.
This
allowed
them
to
have
electric
lights
and
radio.
However,
by
the
1940s,
when
electricity
was
available
to
people
in
almost
all
areas
of
the
United
States,
windmills
were
rarely
used.
During
the
1970s,
people
started
becoming
concerned
about
the
pollution
that
is
created
when
coal
and
gas
are
burned
to
produce
electricity.
People
also
realized
that
the
supply
of
coal
and
gas
would
not
last
forever.
Then,
wind
was
rediscovered,
though
it
means
higher
costs.
Today,
there
is
a
global
movement
to
supply
more
and
more
of
our
electricity
through
the
use
of
wind.
Q：What
would
the
author
probably
discuss
in
the
paragraph
that
follows?
A.
The
advantage
of
wind
power.
B.
The
design
of
wind
power
plants.
C.
The
worldwide
movement
to
save
energy.
D.
The
global
trend
towards
producing
power
from
wind.
答案：
D，本题需要根据整篇文章，尤其是最后一段所讲内容进行推测和判断，前提是我们要了解文章主要讲的是风能利用的历史，而且最后提到现如今人们更加关注污染问题，全球有重新利用风能的趋势，所以接下去段落肯定会围绕全球范围内利用风制造能源的趋势，故选D。
阅读理解之作者观点题
1.?在一篇文章中，作者的观点态度的提出，有的直截了当，有的隐含在字里行间，有的通过所用词语的褒贬来体现，有的则需要通读全文，把握主旨才能领会。题干中的关键词或词组有attitude，opinion，tone等等.
2.常见设题方式
（1）作者态度题?
What
is
the
tone?(mood)?of
the
passage??
Which
of
the
following
can
best
describe
the
attitude
of
the
author????????
（2）作者观点题?
What
does
the
writer
think
of…???
According
to
the
author,?….????In
the
author’s
opinion,?….
The
author
thinks?(believes,?suggests)?that?…?
In
the
author’s
eyes?…
例题：
???????????
?Hong
Kong
will
never
be
the
same
again
since
the
street
riots(骚乱)
began
at
1:40
am
on
Sunday.
While
the
situation
is
changing
by
the
minute,
here
are
the
major
notes
of
Monday
morning.
Firstly,
the
most
significant
development
with
“Occupy
Central”
is
that
it
appears
to
have
turned
“Occupy
the
business
district”
to
“Occupy
Government
Headquarters”.
The
original
purpose
was
to
pressure
the
government
into
accepting
their
demands,
but
the
new
target
gave
the
“Occupy”
movement
a
new
dishonest
twist.
Unfortunately,
few
have
discussed
this
key
change
of
direction,
and
many
participants
were
not
aware
of
what
they
were
actually
doing.
To
make
matters
worse,
the
“Occupy”
movement
is
now
leaderless.
“Occupy”
co-founder
Chan
Kin-
man
said
those
that
stormed
onto
Harcourt
Road
and
Connaught
Road
Central
were
“not
under
their
control”.
Chan
said
“their
actions
were
not
organized
by
us.”
Similarly,
the
Hong
Kong
Federation
of
Students(香港学生联合会)
asked
the
protesters
to
quit,
and
told
them
the
police
might
strengthen
their
use
of
force,
but
few
followed
their
advice.
In
a
leaderless
movement,
no
one
takes
responsibility
for
the
actions
of
protesters(示威民众),
and
there
is
nobody
with
whom
authorities
can
talk.
No
matter
how
it
turns
out,
political
situation
will
get
worse.
Hong
Kong
now
has
two
worlds,
and
two
realities-
one
in
which
the
government
is
“evil”
and
the
other
in
which
the
dissidents(异议者)
are
crazy.
This
will
have
a
considerable
impact
in
the
coming
decade.
Q：What
is
the
author’s
possible
attitude
towards
this
movement?
A.
He
encourages
people
in
Hong
Kong
to
take
part
in
the
movement.
B.
He
is
against
the
latest
change
of
the
movement.
C.
He
is
a
supporter
of
the
“Occupy”
movement.
D.
He
thinks
the
government
is
evil.
答案：B，
在这篇文章中作者并没有明确提出自己的观点，我们只能通过在作者叙述事件的过程中所用到的描述性词语，如dishonest，?
worse，
leaderless...等来判断作者是反对占中活动。