2021届高考英语二轮复习语法专题：并列句和状语从句学案

高考英语一轮复习语法专题：并列句和状语从句学案
考点一
并列连词与并列句
连词常分为并列连词(也叫等位连词)和从属连词两大类。
并列句是由两个或两个以上简单句构成。在并列句中，这些简单句常由并列连词连在一起。并列连词所连接的简单句被称为分句。并列连词之前可用也可不用逗号。
1．并列连词归纳
属性
连接词
典型例句
并列关系
and,
not
only
...
but
(also),
neither
...
,
nor
...
,
both
...
and
Their
car
broke
down
halfway
and
they
had
to
stay
in
a
small
inn
for
the
night.他们的车在半路上出了故障，他们不得不在一个小旅社过夜。
选择关系
or,
either
...
or
...,
otherwise,
or
else,
not
...
but
Either
you
are
mad,
or
I
am.要么你疯了，要么我疯了。
转折关系
but,
yet,
still,
however,
while,
whereas
Mary
was
a
nice
girl,
but
she
had
one
shortcoming.玛丽是个好女孩，但她有一个缺点。
因果关系
for,
so,
therefore
Someone
is
coming,
for
the
dog
is
barking.有人来了，因为狗叫了。
2．使用时要特别注意其特性
(1)and,
not
only
...
but
(also)
...,
neither
...
nor
...
等词连接的并列句，在意义上主要对前一句子作补充或引申。
①One
day,
I
was
late,
and
my
teacher
was
angry.
有一天我迟到了，我的老师生气了。
②Not
only
is
he
himself
interested
in
the
subject,
but
also
his
students
begin
to
show
interest
in
it.
不仅他自己对这个科目感兴趣，他的学生也开始表现出兴趣。
(2)or,
either
...
or
...
连接并列句表示选择意义。
③The
children
can
go
with
us,
or
they
can
stay
in.
(选择)
孩子们可以跟我们一起去，也可以留下。
④The
workers
were
cheerful,
or
at
least
they
appeared
to
be
cheerful.
(换个说法)
工人们非常高兴，或者说他们至少表现得很高兴。
⑤Be
careful,
or
you
will
break
your
neck.
(否定条件)
小心点，否则你会折断脖子的。
3．注意事项
(1)“祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句”句型
该句型中的祈使句表示条件，后面的陈述句表示结果。and表示前后句意思的顺延，or表示前后句意思的转折。
①Go
straight
on,
and
you'll
see
a
church.
一直向前走，你就会看到一座教堂。
②Don't
turn
off
the
computer
before
closing
all
programs,
or
you
could
have
problems.
在关闭所有程序前不要关闭电脑，要不然会出问题的。
具体运用中，该句型中的祈使句常省略为名词短语等。
③One
more
minute,
and
we
can
finish
the
job
much
better.
再给一分钟，我们会把工作做得更好。
(2)but/while/however的区别
but表示意义的转折；while既表示转折又表示对比；however为表示转折意义的副词，常用逗号与句子其他部分隔开。
④Neighbors
should
do
all
they
can
to
avoid
disturbing
other
people,
but
there
are
times
when
some
level
of
disturbance
is
unavoidable.
邻居们应尽可能避免烦扰别人，但是很多时候有些打扰是不可避免的。
⑤There's
no
way
of
knowing
why
one
man
makes
an
important
discovery
while
another
man,
also
intelligent,
fails.
为什么一个人会作出一个重要的发现，而另一个人，也很聪明但是失败了，这不得而知。(表示两种情况的对比)
(3)并列连词when的用法
when可作并列连词，意为“正在这时”，表示某件事正在发生或刚刚发生时，突然发生另一动作。
⑥Tom
was
about
to
close
the
window
when
his
attention
was
caught
by
a
bird.
汤姆正要关窗户，这时他的注意力被一只鸟吸引住了。
⑦One
Friday,
we
were
packing
to
leave
for
a
weekend
away
when
my
daughter
heard
cries
for
help.
一个礼拜五，我们正在收拾行李去度周末，这时我的女儿听到求救的呼喊。
⑧He
had
just
finished
his
homework
when
his
mother
asked
him
to
play
the
piano.
他刚完成作业母亲就让他弹钢琴。
(4)表示因果关系的并列连词(含连接副词)for,
so,
thus,
therefore等的用法
⑨We
must
start
early,
for
it
will
take
two
hours
to
drive
to
the
airport.
我们必须早点动身，因为开车去机场得花两个小时。
⑩The
shops
were
closed
so
I
didn't
get
any
milk.
商店都关门了，所以我没买到牛奶。
[注意]　for引出的分句只能后置，并用逗号与前面的句子隔开；它主要用来表示推测性的原因，或附带解释说明前一分句的情况。so用于连接两个句子，第一个叙述原因，第二个表示结果，且because不能与so连用。
即时练1　单句语法填空
①Literacy
involves
a
variety
of
learning
in
enabling
individuals
to
achieve
their
goals,
to
develop
their
knowledge,
to
participate
fully
in
society.
②Men
talk
about
killing
time
time
quietly
kills
them.
③The
court
heard
that
neither
Daly
Miss
Hicks,
22,
was
wearing
seat
belts
at
the
time
of
the
collision
that
happened
on
November
17,
2011.
④Whether
I
was
in
the
car,
the
house,
anywhere
else
there
was
sure
to
be
some
Beatles,
or
Buddy
Holly
constantly
playing
in
the
background.
⑤Remember,
a
winner
is
not
one
who
never
fails,
one
who
never
quits!
⑥Henry
is
very
smart,
many
of
his
classmates
like
him.
考点二
从属连词和状语从句
一、时间状语从句
1．when,
while,
as
引导的时间状语从句
(1)when
表示“当……时；在……期间”。
①When
I
lived
there,
I
used
to
go
to
the
seashore
on
Sundays.
我住在那里时，星期天常到海滨去。
(2)while
表示“在……期间”，从句中常用延续性动词。
②Please
don't
talk
so
loud
while
others
are
working.
在别人工作的时候，请别这么大声音说话。
(3)as表示“一边……一边……，随着……”。
③As
time
goes
on,
it's
getting
warmer
and
warmer.
随着时间的推移，天气变得越来越温暖了。
[注意]　?1?如果主句表示的是短暂性动作，而从句用延续性动词的进行时表示在一段时间内正在进行的动作时，when/while/as
可以互换使用。
When/While/As
I
was
walking
down
the
street，
I
came
across
an
old
friend
of
mine.
我正沿着大街走时，碰巧遇到了我的一位老朋友。
?2?when还可表原因，意为“既然”。
How
can
I
help
them
to
understand
when
they
won't
listen
to
me？
既然他们不听我说，我怎么帮他们理解？
2．as
soon
as,
immediately,
directly,
instantly,
the
moment,
the
minute,
the
instant,
no
sooner
...
than
...,
hardly/scarcely
...
when
...
和once(一……就……)
这些从属连词引导的从句都表示从句的动作一发生，主句的动作随即就发生，常译为“一……就……”。从句中常用一般时态代替将来时。
①The
moment
I
heard
the
voice，I
knew
Father
was
coming.
我一听到那个声音就知道父亲来了。
②The
boy
burst
into
tears
immediately
he
saw
his
mother.
那男孩一见到他妈妈便放声大哭。
[注意]　(1)no
sooner
...
than
...，hardly/scarcely
...
when
...
句型的时态运用：主句的谓语动词应用过去完成时，而than与when引导的从句谓语动词应用一般过去时。此外，当把no
sooner和hardly/scarcely提到句首时，应用倒装语序。
He
had
no
sooner
finished
his
speech
than
the
students
started
cheering.
→No
sooner
had
he
finished
his
speech
than
the
students
started
cheering.
他刚完成演讲学生们就开始欢呼起来。
(2)“on＋v.?ing”和“on＋one's＋n.”结构。当v.?ing和n.在意义上相对应时，这两个结构可以互换。
On
arriving
the
station,
the
thief
was
arrested.
刚到火车站，这个小偷就被逮捕了。
On
his
arrival
in
Paris
he
was
recognized
as
a
noble
and
thrown
into
prison.
他刚到巴黎，就被认出是位贵族并被投入监狱。
3．till,
until和not
...
until引导的时间状语从句
(1)“延续性动词(肯定式)＋until/till”表示“动作延续到……为止”。
①We
walked
along
the
river
until/till
it
was
dark.
我们沿着河散步，一直到天黑。
(2)“瞬间动词/延续性动词(否定式)＋until/till”表示“直到……才发生”。
②He
didn't
know
anything
about
it
until/till
I
told
him.
直到我告诉他，他才知道这件事。
(3)强调句型：It
is/was
not
until
...
that
...
③It
was
not
until
the
professor
came
that
we
began
the
experiment.
直到教授来了，我们才开始做实验。
[注意]　?1?till不可以置于句首，而until可以。
Until
you
told
me
I
had
no
idea
of
it.
直到你告诉我，我才知道这件事。
?2?not
until置于句首，主句要用倒装结构。
Not
until
the
film
began
did
she
arrive.
直到电影开始她才到。
4．before与since引导的时间状语从句
(1)before与since的常用句式。
连词
词义
常用句式
before
在……之前；还未……就……；……才……；还没来得及……就……
It
will
(not)
be＋一段时间＋before
...
(没有)过……时间才(就)……
It
was
not＋一段时间＋before
...
没多久就……
It
was＋时间段＋before
...
过了……(时间)才……
续表
连词
词义
常用句式
since
自从……以来，……
It
is/has
been＋一段时间＋since
...
(从句用一般过去时)
It
was＋一段时间＋since
...
(从句用过去完成时)
①Some
time
passed
before
my
stepfather
and
I
got
used
to
each
other.(……之后才……)
继父和我相处一段时间后才彼此习惯。
②Someone
called
me
up
in
the
midnight,
but
he
hung
up
before
I
could
answer
the
phone.(还没来得及……就……)
有人半夜给我打电话，但我还没来得及接就挂断了。
③It
will
be
two
years
before
he
leaves
the
country.
再过两年他才会离开这个国家。
④It
wasn't
two
years
before
he
left
the
country.
不到两年他就离开了这个国家。
(2)since引导的从句如果用非延续性动词，所表示的动作自从句谓语动词所表示的动作开始时算起；若用延续性动词，所表示的动作自从句谓语的动作或状态的完成或结束时算起。
⑤It's
two
years
since
we
arrived
here.
我们到这儿两年了。
⑥It's
three
years
since
we
lived
here.
我们不住在这里有三年了。
5．“It＋be＋时间＋从句”句型
“It＋be＋时间＋从句”句型是高考考查的热点，其中连接词的选择是个难点。突破这个难点的关键是要把握好句意，根据句意的需要选择合适的连接词：
(1)表示“再过多长时间某事才会发生”，用“It
will
be＋时间段＋before从句”。
①It
will
be
three
weeks
before
we
have
the
next
exam.
再过三周我们就要进行下一次考试了。
(2)表示“自……以来有多长时间了”，用“It
be＋时间段＋since从句”，如果主句用一般现在时，从句用一般过去时；如果主句用一般过去时，则从句用过去完成时。
②It
is
three
years
since
he
joined
the
army.
自从他参军以来已经三年了。
③He
said
it
was
three
years
since
he
had
joined
the
army.
他说他参军已三年了。
(3)“It
be＋时间状语＋that＋其他”构成强调句型，意思是“正是在某一时间发生了某事”。
④It
was
at
six
o'clock
that
we
got
home.
正是在六点我们到了家。
(4)“It
be＋时间点＋when从句”表示“某事发生在什么时间”，it指代时间。
⑤It
was
six
o'clock
when
we
got
home.
当我们到家的时候六点了。
6．every
time,
each
time,
next
time,
the
last
time等名词短语用来引导时间状语从句，表示“每当……，每次……，下次……，上次……”等
①Every/Each
time
I
was
in
trouble,
he
would
come
to
help
me
out.
每当我处于困境，他就会来帮助我。
②Next
time
you
come,
do
remember
to
bring
your
son
here.
下次你来的时候，一定记着把你儿子带来。
③The
last
time
she
saw
James,
he
was
lying
in
bed.
上次她看见詹姆斯的时候，他正躺在床上。
二、条件状语从句
1．if和unless引导的条件状语从句。if表示正面的条件，意为“如果”；unless(＝if
...
not)表示反面的条件，意为“除非，如果不”。
①If
you
had
come
a
few
minutes
earlier,
you
would
have
met
him.
要是你早来几分钟就碰到他了。
②You'll
fail
the
exam
unless
you
study
hard(＝if
you
don't
study
hard)．
除非你努力学习，否则你考试会不及格。
2．in
case,
on
condition
that,
providing(that),
provided
(that)，supposing(that),
suppose(that)等词汇意思相近，意为“万一，假使，假如，在……条件下”。
①In
case
there
is
a
fire,
what
will
we
do
first?
万一发生火灾，我们首先要做什么？
②Suppose/Supposing(that)
they
refuse
us,
who
else
can
we
turn
to
for
help?
假如他们拒绝了我们，我们还能求助于谁？
③They
agreed
to
lend
us
the
car
on
condition
that
we
returned
it
before
the
weekend.
他们同意把车借给我们，条件是我们在周末前归还。
3．as
long
as(＝so
long
as)引导语气强烈的条件状语从句，意为“只要”。
As
long
as
you
don't
lose
heart,
you
will
succeed.
你只要不灰心，就会成功。
4．在“祈使句＋and/or/or
else/otherwise＋陈述句”句型中，祈使句在意义上相当于条件状语从句。
①Run
faster
and
you'll
catch
the
bus.
跑快点，你就会赶上公共汽车的。
②Work
hard,
otherwise
you'll
fail.
努力干，要不你就会失败的。
5．if
only
“如果……就好了”和only
if
“只有”也可以引导条件状语从句。但是当only
if置于句首时，主句部分倒装。
①If
only
I
were
as
clever
as
you.
我要是像你一样聪明就好了。
②Only
if
a
teacher
has
given
permission
is
a
student
allowed
to
leave
the
classroom.
学生只有得到老师的许可才能离开教室。
三、让步状语从句
1．although/though(尽管，虽然)，even
though/even
if(即使)引导的让步状语从句
although与though两者意思相同，一般可互换，都可以与yet,
still或nevertheless连用，但不能和but连用。
①He
is
unhappy,
though/although
he
has
a
lot
of
money.
虽然他很有钱，但他并不幸福。
②Although/Though
it
was
raining
hard,
yet
they
went
on
playing
football.
虽然雨下得很大，但他们还是继续踢足球。
③Even
though/if
it
rains
tomorrow,
we'll
go
there.(陈述语气)
即使明天下雨，我们也要去那里。
④Even
if
I
wanted
to
marry
you,
my
parents
would
not
agree.(虚拟语气)
即使我想和你结婚，我父母也不会同意。
⑤He
went
out
even
though
it
was
raining.
尽管在下雨，他还是出去了。
[注意]　though还可用作副词，意为“可是，然而”，置于句末。
He
said
he
would
come；
he
didn't，
though.
他说他会来，可是没有来。
2．as或though引导让步状语从句时倒装的情况
as或though从句一般放在主句之前，常用倒装语序。从句中的表语、状语或动词原形置于句首。若表语是单数名词，前置时要省略冠词。
①Child
as/though
he
is,
he
can
tell
the
names
of
all
the
cars.
尽管他是孩子，但他能辨认出所有车的名字。
②Much
as/though
I
like
it,
I
won't
buy
it,
for
it's
too
expensive.
虽然我很喜欢它，但不会买，因为它太贵了。
[注意]　though引导的从句可以像as引导的从句一样用倒装语序，但是although引导的从句只能用正常语序。注意比较下面的说法：
?√?Smart
though/as
she
is，
she
doesn't
study
hard.
?√?Though
she
is
smart，
she
doesn't
study
hard.
?√?Although
she
is
smart，
she
doesn't
study
hard.
?×?Smart
although
she
is，
she
doesn't
study
hard.
?×?As
she
is
smart，
she
doesn't
study
hard.
3．whether
...
or
...
(不管……还是……)；疑问词＋?ever与no
matter＋疑问词(不管……；无论……)
①Whether
she
comes
here
or
we
go
there,
the
topic
of
the
discussion
will
remain
unchanged.
不管是她来这儿还是我们去那儿，讨论的话题都不会变。
②Whatever(＝No
matter
what)
you
say,
he
won't
believe
you.(让步状语从句)
无论你说什么，他都不会相信你。
③Whoever
you
are
(＝No
matter
who
you
are),
you
must
obey
the
rules.(让步状语从句)
无论你是谁，都要遵守规则。
[注意]　whoever，
whatever，
whomever，
whichever还可以引导名词性从句。
You
can
take
whatever
you
like.?宾语从句?
你喜欢什么就可以拿什么。
4．while也可作从属连词引导让步状语从句，相当于although
While
I
admit
that
there
are
problems,
I
don't
agree
that
they
cannot
be
solved.
尽管我承认有问题存在，但我并不认为这些问题不能解决。
四、地点状语从句
1．地点状语从句是指在复合句中作地点状语的从句，表示空间关系，可置于句首、句中或句末，通常由从属连词where,
wherever等引导。
①We
should
go
where
the
Party
needs
us
most.
我们应到党最需要我们的地方去。
②You
are
free
to
go
wherever
you
like.
你愿意去哪里就去哪里。
③Where
there
is
a
will,
there
is
a
way.
有志者，事竟成。
④Wherever
there
is
smoke,
there
is
a
fire.
无火不生烟。(无风不起浪)
2．注意区分where引导的定语从句与状语从句。
①You'd
better
make
a
mark
where
you
have
any
question.(状语从句)
②You'd
better
make
a
mark
at
the
place
where
you
have
any
question.(定语从句)
你最好在有问题的地方做一下标记。
[注意]　如何判断一个从句是不是地点状语从句呢？对于地点状语从句，我们要知道，这类状语从句用于说明谓语动作发生的地点，通常跟在谓语动词?短语?后面，where前没有表示地点的先行词，知道这一点，就会很容易判断出句子是不是地点状语从句。
五、原因状语从句
1．引导原因状语从句的连词主要有：because,
as,
since等。并列连词for也可表示原因。每个连词的含义不尽相同。
①It
was
because
he
was
late
for
class
that
he
was
criticized
by
the
teacher.
正是因为他迟到了老师才批评他。
②I
can't
go
with
you,
as
I
have
a
lot
of
work
to
do.
我不能和你一起去，因为我有很多工作要做。
③Now
that/Since
everyone
is
here,
we
can
begin
our
discussion.
既然大家都在这儿，我们可以开始讨论了。
2．when(既然)，seeing
that
(鉴于，由于)，considering
that
(考虑到)，in
that(因为)等也可以引导原因状语从句。
①It
was
foolish
of
you
to
take
a
taxi
when
you
could
walk
there
in
five
minutes.
既然步行5分钟就能到那里，你却去乘出租汽车，真够愚蠢的。
②Seeing
that
there
were
less
than
half
the
members
present,
the
meeting
had
to
be
postponed.
鉴于到会的成员还没一半，会议只好延期举行。
六、目的状语从句
引导目的状语从句的连词有：so
that,
in
order
that,
for
fear
that,
in
case
(以防)，lest等。
1．so
that与in
order
that
这两个连词都表示“为了，以便”，引导的目的状语从句常与情态动词can,
could，may,
might等连用。in
order
that引导的从句可以置于主句之前或之后，而so
that引导的从句只能置于主句之后。
①I
am
studying
hard
so
that/in
order
that
I
can
enter
a
famous
university.
为了能上一所名牌大学，我一直努力学习。
②In
order
that
we
could
save
time
we
used
the
computer.
我们使用计算机是为了节省时间。(此时不可使用so
that)
2．for
fear
that表示“生怕，以免”，in
case表示“以防”。
①Batteries
must
be
kept
in
dry
places
for
fear
that
electricity
should
leak
away.
电池应该放在干燥的地方，以免漏电。
②I'll
keep
a
seat
for
you
in
case
you
should
change
your
mind.
我给你留个座位，没准儿你会改变主意。
七、结果状语从句
常用来引导结果状语从句的引导词或短语有so
that,
so
...
that
...
,
such
...
that
...
。
1．结构形式
①There
was
so
little
food
at
home
that
we
had
to
go
out
to
buy
some.
家里快没食物了，我们只好出去买一些。
②Mike
is
such
an
honest
worker
that
we
all
believe
him.
→Mike
is
so
honest
a
worker
that
we
all
believe
him.
迈克是一个如此诚实的工人，以至于我们都相信他。
③He
has
made
such
rapid
progress
that
he
was
praised
by
his
teacher
three
times
a
day.
他取得了如此快的进步，以致老师一天表扬了他三次。
[注意]　区别so
...
that和such
...
that的用法：
名前such，形、副so，that从句跟在后；
多多少少必用so，特别注意是little；
“小”用such，“少”用so。
2．当so或such置于句首时，主句要用倒装语序。
①So
clever
a
student
was
he
that
he
was
able
to
work
out
all
the
difficult
problems.
他是一个如此聪明的学生，以至于他能解决所有的难题。
②Such
was
the
force
of
the
explosion
that
all
the
windows
were
broken.
爆炸的威力如此巨大，以致所有的窗户都被震破了。
3．so/such
...
that
...
引导的结果状语从句与so/such
...
as
...
引导的定语从句的区别。
(1)so/such
...
that
...
引导结果状语从句时，that在从句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用。
①It
is
such
a
moving
film
that
we
all
want
to
see
it.
这是一部如此感人的电影，以至于我们都想去看。
(2)so/such
...
as
...
中，as引导定语从句，as在从句中作主语或宾语。
②It
is
such
a
moving
film
as
we
all
want
to
see.
这是一部感人的、我们都想看的电影。
八、方式状语从句
1．方式状语从句常由as,
just
as,
as
if/though等引导，多置于主句之后。
①You
ought
to
write
as
he
does.
你应该像他那样写。
②He
did
as
(he
had
been)
told.
他遵嘱而行。
2．as
if或as
though引导的方式状语从句一般用虚拟语气，但如果从句所陈述的情况很可能实现，也可用陈述语气。
①He
likes
to
talk
big
as
if/though
he
were
an
important
person.
他老爱说大话，就仿佛他是一位重要人物似的。
②He
walked
as
though/if
he
was
drunk.
他走起路来就像喝醉了一样。
九、比较状语从句
1．as
...
as
...;
not
so/as
...
as
...;
the
same
...
as
...
表示相同程度的比较，肯定句用as
...
as
...，否定句可用not
as
...
as或not
so
...
as。
He
doesn't
run
so/as
fast
as
Jack
(does)．
他跑得不如杰克快。
2．than表示不同程度的比较，主句中用形容词或副词的比较级。
①He
runs
less
fast
than
me.
他跑得没我快。
②It
was
more
expensive
than
I
thought.
它比我想象的要贵。
3．the＋比较级，the＋比较级，表示“越……就越……”
The
more
you
eat,
the
fatter
you
will
be.
吃得越多，你将越胖。
即时练2　单句语法填空
①
there
are
many
positive
developments
associated
with
the
Internet,
there
are
also
certain
fears
and
concerns.
②Talking
about
fires
can
be
scary
no
one
likes
to
think
about
people
getting
hurt
or
their
things
getting
burned.
③The
Great
Wall
winds
its
way
from
west
to
east,
across
deserts,
over
mountains,
through
valleys
at
last
it
reaches
the
sea.
④The
teacher
spoke
slowly
and
in
simple
English
in
order
the
students
might
understand
her.
⑤We
know
that
tasks
your
group
is
given,
a
few
rules
need
to
be
followed
to
ensure
a
productive
and
successful
experience.
⑥Hunting
elephants
was
so
profitable
from
1979
to
1989
the
number
of
elephants
in
Africa
fell
from
1.3
million
to
600,000.
⑦Researchers
have
found,
in
their
experiment,
that
a
baby's
cries
can
cause
unique
emotional
responses
in
the
brain,
making
it
impossible
for
us
to
ignore
them
we
are
parents
or
not.
⑧In
fact,
the
discontent
is
not
useless
since
you
may
learn
more
from
it
from
the
things
that
cheer
you
up.
⑨
the
wedding
ceremony
began,
the
couple
nervously
repeated
their
vows
“we
promise
to
love
each
other
for
better,
for
worse,
for
richer,
for
poorer,
in
sickness
and
in
health”．
⑩
we
are
satisfied
with
only
a
few
rules
we
have
memorized,
we
are
not
really
learning
the
language.
答案
即时练1　单句语法填空
①and　②while　③nor　④or　⑤but　⑥so
即时练2　单句语法填空
①While/Though/Although　②because　③till/until　④that　⑤whatever　⑥that　⑦whether　⑧than　⑨As/When　⑩If
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