考点11
特殊句式
在高中阶段，特殊句式比较杂乱掌握起来有一定的难度。对特殊句式的考查主要包括倒装句、强调句型，其中倒装句是高考的热点，强调句是高考的难点。同时，祈使句与陈述句的区别、省略与替代的合理运用也是高考考查的重点项目。
1、倒装（全部、部分）
2、强调句型
3、省略句
4、反意疑问句、祈使句和感叹句
倒装（全部、部分）
全部倒装
1.
There
be句型：可以用在这类句型中的动词除be外，还可用live，exist，remain，stand等作谓语。例如：
(1)
There
are
many
students
in
the
classroom.
(2)
Long
long
ago，there
lived
a
king
who
loved
horses
very
much.
2.
用于“here（there，now，then）+不及物动词+主语”的句型中，或以out，in，up，down，away等副词开头的句子里，以表示强调。例如：
Here
comes
the
bus.
Out
went
the
children.
3.
由then引起，谓语为come，follow的句子。例如：
(1)
Then
came
a
new
difficulty.
(2)
Then
followed
eight
years
of
the
Anti-Japanese
War.
4.
当句首状语为表示地点的介词短语时，也常常引起全部倒装。例如：
In
the
middle
of
our
school
stands
a
high
building.
5.
表语放在句首时，倒装结构为“表语+连系动词+主语”。表语常为形容词、过去分词和介词短语。例如：
(1)
Gone
are
the
days
when
they
would
do
what
they
liked.
(2)
Present
at
the
meeting
were
Professor
White，Professor
Smith
and
many
other
guests.
6.
表语放在句首时，倒装结构为“表语+连系动词+主语”。表语常为形容词、过去分词和介词短语。例如：
(1)
Gone
are
the
days
when
they
would
do
what
they
liked.
(2)
Present
at
the
meeting
were
Professor
White，Professor
Smith
and
many
other
guests.
部分倒装
1.
only+副词/介词短语/状语从句置于句首。
例如：Only
then
did
I
realize
the
importance
of
English.
注意：
①在only+状语从句+主句结构中，主句用倒装结构但从句用正常语序。
Only
when
you
have
finished
your
homework
can
you
go
to
the
cinema.
②only修饰主语，不倒装。Only
Tom
knows
how
to
deal
with
the
tough
situation.
2.
否定词(短语)开头的句子：
表示否定意义的副词never，nor，neither；
表示半否定意义的副词hardly，few，seldom，little；
含有no和not的词组by
no
means(绝不)，in
no
time(很快)，at
no
time(在任何时候都不)，not
until，not
only
…
but
also...，no
sooner...than
(1)
Never
shall
I
believe
you
again.
(2)
Little
did
he
know
who
the
woman
was.
(3)
Not
until
I
began
to
work
did
I
realize
how
much
time
I
had
wasted.
3.
以so开头，用“so+助动词/情态动词/系动词+主语”表明前面叙述的肯定情况也适合于另一个人或物，译作“也，同样，也如此”。表示前面叙述的否定情况也适合于另一个人或物，用“neither/nor+助动词/情态动词/系动词+主语”。译作“也不是，也没有”。例如：
The
boy
left
home,
and
so
did
his
sister
a
week
later.
－I
don’t
think
I
can
walk
any
further.
—Neither
can
I.
Let’s
stop
for
a
rest.
注意：当so表示对前句内容的肯定、附和或进一步强调前面所说的情况，译作“的确，正是”时，用正常语序。例如：
—
Tom
works
hard.
—
So
he
does
and
so
do
you.
4.
如果虚拟条件句的谓语含有were，should，had，可以把if省略，而将这三个词放于条件句主语前构成倒装。
例如：
If
there
should
be
a
flood，what
would
we
do？→
Should
there
be
a
flood，what
would
we
do？
5.
频度副词及短语often，always，now
and
then，many
a
time，every
other
day等放在句首时，有时也倒装。
例如：Many
a
time
has
he
come
to
comfort
me.
6.?某些表示祝愿的句子也用倒装语序。例如：May
you
succeed！
【典例】
1.Only
when
Lily
walked
into
the
office
______
that
she
had
left
the
contract
at
home.
A.
she
realized
B.
has
she
realized
C.
she
has
realized
D.
did
she
realize
【答案】D【解析】句意：只有当莉莉走进办公室的时候，她才意识到她把合同忘家里了。本题考查only位于句首，引导的时间状语从句，主句要主谓倒装。根据时态和句意可知选D。
2.Not
until
he
retired
from
teaching
two
years
ago
________
he
consider
having
a
holiday
abroad.
答案：did 句意：直到他两年前从教学岗位上退休，他才考虑去国外度假。not
until结构位于句首时，主句使用部分倒装语序，同时后面是实义动词，根据three
years
ago判断句子用一般过去时，答案为did。
3．Into
the
dark
apartment
________
(walk)
David，who
was
quite
surprised
when
everyone
shouted
“Happy
birthday！”
答案：walked 表示地点的介词短语置于句首，句子用完全倒装。由定语从句中动词的时态可判定此处用一般过去时。
4．Strange
________
it
might
sound,
his
idea
was
accepted
by
all
the
people
at
the
meeting.
答案：as/though 句意：尽管他的主意可能听起来奇怪，但会上的所有人都接受了。as构成的倒装结构为“n./adj./adv./v.＋as＋主语＋谓语”，though也可以这样用。
5．—I
don't
think
that
they
will
reach
an
agreement
in
such
a
short
time.
—________
do
I.
It
will
take
time
to
find
a
win?win
solution.
答案：Neither/Nor 句意：——我认为他们不会在这么短的时间内达成协议。——我也不这么认为。找到一个双赢的解决办法需要点时间。当两个不同的人对同一件事表示同样的观点时，陈述第二个人的观点，句子可以用倒装省略的形式，即so/neither/nor＋助动词＋主语。根据上文中的“I
don't
think”可知，应用副词Neither/Nor。
强调句型
1.
强调句型的基本结构
强调句型的基本结构为：It
is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他成分。
强调句型的一般疑问句：Is/Was
it＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他成分？
强调句型的特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词＋is/was
it＋that＋其他成分？
2.
强调句型强调的成分
强调句型强调的成分：主语、宾语、状语。被强调部分指人时，用who或that皆可；指物时，只能用that；被强调部分是时间、地点，原因或方式状语时，不用when，where，why或how而用that。
It
was
the
boy
that/who
I
met
in
the
street
yesterday.
我昨天在街道遇到的正是这个男孩。(强调宾语)
It
was
in
Beijing
that
we
visited
the
Great
Wall.
正是在北京我们参观了长城。(强调地点状语)
It
is
my
mother
who/that
reminds
me
to
get
up
on
time
every
day.
每天都是我妈妈提醒我按时起床。(强调主语)
3.
在强调句型中，强调原句中的主语时，that/who后的谓语单复数的确定。
在强调句型中，若强调原句中的主语，that/who后的谓语动词的单复数应与被强调的主语的单复数形式保持一致。
It
is
the
little
boy
who/that
has
broken
a
beautiful
jar.
It
is
they
who/that
are
going
to
attend
your
birthday
party
tomorrow.
4.
对not...until结构的强调
not...until结构的强调句型为＂It
is/was
not
until...that...＂在这一固定句型中，由于not已经前移，that后只能用肯定形式。
It
was
not
until
ten
o’clock
that
he
went
to
bed.
直到10点他才睡觉。
I
didn’t
realize
it
until
I
got
off
the
bus.→It
was
not
until
I
got
off
the
bus
that
I
realized
it.
5.
如何识别强调句型
强调句型中的it
is/was和that无实际意义，去掉后，句子结构仍然完整、正确，句意仍然明确；而其他句型去掉it
is/was和that后，句意不完整。
It
is
for
three
hours
that
they
have
worked.
他们已经工作三个小时了。（强调句型）
It
is
a
wonder
that
he
is
still
alive.
他还活着真是个奇迹。（it作形式主语）
6.
使用强调句型的几个注意事项
(1)若被强调成分是主语，who/that之后的谓语动词应该在人称和数上与被强调的主语保持一致。
It
is
he
who/that
often
helps
me
with
my
English.是他经常帮我学英语。
It
is
trees
that
we
plant
on
the
hillside
every
year.我们每年都在山坡上种的是树。
(2)若被强调成分是作主语的代词，用主格；若是作宾语的代词，则用宾格。
It
was
he
that
helped
me
yesterday.昨天帮我的人是他。
It
was
me
that
he
helped
yesterday.他昨天帮的人是我。
(3)强调句中只用两种时态，即一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时，用It
was...that/who...，其余的时态用It
is...that/who...。
It
is
you
who/that
are
to
blame.是你该受到指责。
【典例】
1.（2018·天津卷·单项填空）It
was
only
when
the
car
pulled
up
in
front
of
our
house
___________
we
saw
Lily
in
the
passenger
seat.
A.
which
B.
that
C.
when
D.
where
【答案】B
【解析】考查强调句。句意：只有当汽车在我们房子前停下来我们才看到在乘客位置的莉莉。这里考查强调句，强调句型结构为：It
is/
was
+
被强调部分(通常是主语、宾语或状语)+
that/
who(当强调主语且主语指人)+
其他部分。本题强调时间状语only
when
the
car
pulled
up
in
front
of
our
house。故选B。
2.（2017﹒天津卷）It
was
when
I
got
back
to
my
apartment
___________
I
first
came
across
my
new
neighbors.
A.
who
B.
where
C.
which
D.
that
【答案】D
【解析】句意：当我回到我的公寓的时候，我首先遇见了我的新邻居。根据关键词It
was开头，后面连
词首选that，构成强调句型，但需要验证，本句中去掉It
was
和that，句意完整，所以确定是强调句型。
故选D。
3.【2016·天津】13.
You
are
waiting
at
a
wrong
place.
It
is
at
the
hotel
____
the
coach
picks
up
tourists.
A.
who
B.
which
C.
where
D.
that
【答案】D
【解析】句意：你在一个错误的地方等待。大客车是在旅店接送游客的。使用强调句，结构是：It
is/was+强调部分+that+其余部分，如果强调部分是人，也可以用who，这句话强调的是地点状语at
the
hotel。故选D。
4.【2016·上海】(B)But
like
so
many
other
things,
it
is
only
too
much
stress(34)______
does
you
harm.
【答案】that??
【解析】考查强调句型。强调句型的基本结构为It
is/was被强调成分that/who其它成分；其最大的特点就是去掉it
is/was…that/who…句子仍然成立。要注意强调句型能强调除谓语动词以为的所有的句子成分。本句强调的是句子主语only
too
much
stress。
省略句
1.
如果复合句中的时间、条件、原因状语从句用了主语+be+分词结构，且主、从句主语一致时，可省略从句的连接词、主语和be动词，只保留分词和其他成分。例如：
Lost
in
thought，he
almost
ran
into
the
car
in
front
of
him.
(Lost
in
thought为As
he
was
lost
in
thought的省略)
2.
如复合句中从句的句尾和主句相重复的话，从句的句尾可省略。例如：
(1)
Li
Lei
will
play
football
if
Mike
will
(play
football).
(2)
Mary
is
going
to
sweep
the
floor
because
Alice
won’t
(sweep
the
floor).
3.
在回答问句及其他形式的答语中，如有和上文重复的不定式时，在答语中只保留其不定式符号to，而把动词和其他部分省略。例如：
—
I’ll
be
away
on
a
business
trip.
Would
you
mind
looking
after
my
cat？
—
Not
at
all.
I’d
be
happy
to.
(I’d
be
happy
to后省略了look
after
your
cat)
4.
在英语中，有一些特殊的省略结构，如：What/How
about...？Why
not
do...？等实际上已形成了习惯用法。例如：
—
I
usually
go
there
by
train.
—
Why
not
try
going
by
boat
for
a
change？
【典例】
1.
Evidence
suggests
that
you
can
remove
more
germs(病菌)from
your
hands
for
this
amount
of
time
while
(wash)your
hands.?
【答案】washing
【解析】考查状语从句的省略。句意：有证据表明,在洗手的过程中,你可以在这段时间内去除手上更多的细菌。此处补全为while
you
are
washing
your
hands。
2.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ，70)China's
approach
to
protecting
its
environment
while
________
(feed)
its
citizens
“offers
useful
lessons
for
agriculture
and
food
policymakers
worldwide，”
says
the
bank's
Juergen
Voegele.
答案：feeding 此处是省略句。状语从句主语为it，谓语动词含有be动词时，可以省略it和be。由“连词＋doing”构成，表示主动的动作。相当于while
it
is
feeding
its
citizens
...
。
3,.I
hope
you'll
visit
China
next
month.
If
________，
I'd
like
to
be
your
tour
guide.
答案：so if
so
“如果这样的话”，属于省略。
4．—You
didn't
wait
for
Mr
Smith
last
night,
did
you?
—No,
but
we
didn't
need
________.
He
didn't
return
home
at
all.
答案：to 作为实义动词的need后接动词不定式，to后省略了wait
for
Mr
Smith以避免重复，省略时需保留动词不定式符号。故填to。
反意疑问句、祈使句和感叹句
反意疑问句是指当提问的人对前面所叙述的事实不敢肯定，而需要向对方加以证实时所提出的问句。
形式：句子+简短的疑问
1.反意疑问句的一般情况：
(1)
当陈述部分的主语是everyone，everybody，someone，no
one，nobody，somebody等时，其附加部分的主语强调全部可用they，强调个体也可用he。例如：
Everyone
knows
what
money
means，doesn’t
he/don’t
they？
(2)
当陈述部分的主语是指示代词this，that或these，those时，附加问句中的主语分别用it和they。
例如：
These
are
your
friends
Tom
and
Jack,
aren’t
they？
(3)
当陈述部分的主语是everything，anything，nothing等时，附加问句中的主语用it。
例如：Everything
seems
all
right
now，doesn’t
it？
(4)
陈述部分带有否定词或半否定词，如：never，hardly，scarcely，seldom，no，none，no
one，rarely，nowhere，nothing，nobody，few，little等，附加问句一般用肯定式。
例如：She
seldom
goes
to
the
cinema，does
she？
2.常见句型的反意疑问句：
(1)
当陈述部分是there
be句型时，其后的附加问句也用there。
There
will
be
a
special
exhibition
on
tomorrow，won’t
there？
(2)
祈使句后面的反意疑问句问题：
①祈使句是否定形式，附加疑问部分只能用will
you。
Don’t
forget
the
meeting，will
you？
②祈使句是肯定形式，附加疑问部分用肯定、否定均可。
Give
me
some
cigarettes，will
you/
won’t
you？
3.复合句的反意疑问句
当陈述部分是“I’m
sure，I’m
afraid，I
don’t
think(suppose，expect，imagine，believe等)+宾语从句”结构时，附加问句应与从句主语和谓语动词保持对应关系，但要注意陈述部分的否定转移现象。
4.关于情态动词的反意疑问句：
(1)
陈述部分中有have/had
to，附加疑问句部分通常用do的相应形式代替。例如：
You
have
to
get
up
early
tomorrow
to
catch
the
first
bus，don’t
you？
(2)
陈述部分中是mustn’t表示“禁止”时，附加疑问句部分用must；陈述部分中的must表示“一定、想必”等推测意义时，附加疑问句部分则是根据陈述部分的谓语动词或其助动词来定。
(3)
陈述部分是I
wish，表示询问或征求意见，附加疑问部分用may
I。
例如：I
wish
to
see
you
again，may
I？
祈使句
祈使句的主语是you，但一般被省略；当前面有呼语时，一般得补出主语you；否定式一般是在前面加Don’t。
在“祈使句，+and／or／and
then+句子”句型中，当祈使句中含有比较级时，可将祈使句中的谓语部分省略，只留下“比较级或比较级与名词，+and／or／and
then+句子”。
感叹句
句型：what
+a(n)+adj
+n．+主语+be!；How
+adj／adv．+主语+动词!
【典例】
1.【2015·湖南】31.Always
________
in
mind
that
your
main
task
is
to
get
this
company
running
smoothly.
A.
to
keep
B.
to
have
kept
C.
keep
D.
have
kept
【答案】C
【解析】考查祈使句。这是一个完整的句子，而that引导的是宾语从句，因此只能是祈使句。故选C。句意：永远记住，你的主要任务就是让这个公司平稳运行。
2.The
little
boy
came
riding
at
full
speed
down
the
motorway
on
his
bicycle.
a
dangerous
scene
it
was!?
【答案】What
【解析】考查感叹句。分析句子结构可知此处为感叹句，为”What+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数+主语+谓语”结构，故填What。1．Never before ____________ seen anybody who can play tennis as well as Robert.
A．had she B．she had
C．has she D．she has
2．In the middle of the lake _______ a huge island, _______ lives a phantom.
A．lies, where B．locates, where C．stands, in which D．is situated, that
3．The tourists were excited, for no sooner ______ the hotel ________ it snowed heavily.
A．they had returned; than B．had they returned; than
C．they had returned; when D．after they returned; as
4．As the French writer Frantz Fanon put it, to speak a language is to take on a world, a culture. Since the world changes every day, _____.
A．and so does our language B．so does our language
C．and so our language will D．so will our language
