(共40张PPT)
状语从句是一个句子充当另一个句子的状语，表示主句动作发生的时间、条件、原因、方式、结果、目的等等。
状语从句是历年高考题的重点、难点。命题一般是考查学生连词的掌握情况，根据两个句子的意思，判断两个句子之间的逻辑关系，选择合适的连词。常见的状语从句有九大类。要牢记不同的连词的具体意思，是解题的关键。
一、时间状语从句
常见连词： when / while / as; before / after; since; until; as soon as / immediately / instantly / the
moment / the minute / the second; no sooner…than / hardly…when; the first time / every time / each time / next time
【完成例句】
(1)我正在做饭，这时，门铃响了。
I was doing some cooking when the doorbell rang.
＝The doorbell rang when I was doing some cooking.
(2)我正要下班，这时，天开始下大雨了。
I was about to leave work when it began to rain heavily.
【结论1】when 通常意思为：当……时候； 正在那时……
【完成例句】
(3)你在北京期间能否给我收集一些红树叶？
While you are in Beijing, can you collect some red leaves for me
(4)那个男孩在过马路时被迎面驶来的小轿车撞了。
While walking across the street, the boy was knocked over by a running car.
【结论2】 while从句只能用延续性动词，意思为：在……期间。
【翻译句子】
(5)As time goes by, we are growing wiser and wiser.
随着时间的推移，我们变得越来越聪明了。
(6)She does her homework as she sings.
她一边写作业，一边唱歌。
【结论3】as 表示主句和从句的动作几乎同步进行。意思为：一边……，一边……； 随着……
【完成例句】
(7)我还没到家就觉得饿了。(在到家之前就觉得饿)
I had felt hungry before I arrived home.
(8)我还没来得及向她道歉，她就离开了办公室。(在我能够说抱歉之前，她就离开了办公室)
She left the office before I could say sorry to her.
(9)还要过很久我们才能毕业。
It will be long before we graduate.
【结论4】 before 在……之前 ；还没来得及……才
【完成例句】
(10)我来上海已经4年了。
It's / has been four years since I came to Shanghai.
【结论5】 since “自从……以来”；是现在完成时的标志。
【注意】从句中延续性动词意义为否定。
例：①我当医生已经3年了。(自从我成为医生以来，时间已经过去3年了。)
It is three years since I became a doctor
②他不当医生已经3年了。
It is three years since he was a doctor.
③我父亲不吸烟已有两年了。
It is two years since my father smoked.
④我父亲吸烟已有两年了。
It is two years since my father began to smoke.
【翻译句子】
(11)我一直睡到闹钟响为止。
I slept until the clock alarmed.
(12)直到爸爸回来我才开始睡觉。
I didn't sleep until my father came back.
【结论6】until ①在肯定句中，表示动作持续“到…为止”；② 在否定句中，常与not连用，表示动作“直到……才开始”。
【翻译句子】
(13)她一到日本就给她妈妈打电话了。
She gave a ring to her mother immediately she landed in Japan.
【结论7】as soon as / immediately / the moment / the minute / the second引导时间状语从句，意为“一……就”
【完成例句】
(14)她一离开办公室电话就响了。
She had no sooner left the office than the telephone rang.
(15)我们一吃过晚餐就开始修机器了。
We had no sooner had supper than we began to repair the machine.
→ No sooner had we had supper than we began to repair the machine. (倒装句形式)
【结论8】 no sooner…than… / hardly…when… 刚……就……(注意：主句时态用had done；从句用did )
【例句观察】
Every time I see the film, I can't help recalling my childhood in the countryside.
每当看那部电影，我就忍不住回想起在农村度过的童年。
Call me earlier next time you come to Shanghai.
你下次来上海早点儿给我打电话。
【结论9】特殊的状语从句连词有：
every time 每当，每次；the first time 第一次……时候，next time 下次……时。
二、条件状语从句
【完成例句】
(16)如果完成了作业，放学后他们就去打篮球。
They will play basketball after school if they finish their work.
(17)除非被邀请，不然我是不会参加会议的。
I will not attend the meeting unless I am invited.
(18)一旦被发现，他就会被逮捕。
Once (he was) found, he would be arrested.
【结论】(1)常见连词：if / unless / once / as (so) long as / on condition that / provided(providing) that… / suppose (supposing) that… / say that… / let's say that…
(2) unless＝ if…not , 意思是“如果不 / 没有……”
三、原因状语从句
常见连词：because, for, since, as, now that, when
【例句观察】
—Why didn't you come yesterday
—你昨天为什么没来？
—Because my mum was ill.
—因为我妈妈生病了。
It's because my mum was ill yesterday that I didn't come.
我昨天是因为妈妈生病才没来的。
【结论1】①because 表示直接的、必然的原因。回答why问句；
②强调句中只用because表示原因。It is because…that…
【注意】表示补充说明的原因用for，而且不能放在句首。
The day has broken, for the birds are singing now.
天亮了，因为鸟儿在唱歌。
【完成例句】
(19)既然你回答不了这个问题，那我就问问别人吧。
Since you can't answer the question, I'll ask someone else.
【结论2】since 表示众所周知的原因，“既然”，常放在句首。
【翻译句子】
(20)由于天黑了，我们还是下班吧！
As it's dark, we'd better go off work.
【结论3】 as 表示客观原因，“由于”，常放在句首。
【翻译句子】
(21)既然你生病了，那就躺床上休息休息吧！
Now that you feel sick, you can have a rest in bed.
【结论4】 now that 通常表示用新出现的情况作为原因，“既然”。
【翻译句子】
(22)Why do you want to find a new job when you have a good job already
既然你已经拥有一份好工作了，为什么还要再找新工作呢？
【结论5】 when既然……(有轻微的责备口吻)。
【翻译句子】
(23)His request is unreasonable in that he knows we can't afford it.
他的要求不合理在于他知道我们付不起款。
【结论6】 in that－从句“在于……”。
四、结果状语从句
【例句观察】
She is such a clever girl that we all like her.
She is so clever (a girl) that we all like her.
她是一个如此聪明的女孩以至于我们大家都很喜欢她。
【结论】常见连词：so / such…that… “如此……以至于……”。要牢记下面的几个句型。
①…so ＋adj. / adv.＋that…
②So adj. a / an ＋ n．＋that…
③So many / few / much / little(少)＋ n. (不可数名词或可数名词复数)＋that…
④Such＋a / an＋adj. ＋ n．＋that…
⑤Such＋adj. ＋ n. (不可数名词或可数名词复数)＋that…
【注意】 hat 后面必须是完整的句子，即必须要有完整的主语、谓语、宾语。
五、目的状语从句
【翻译句子】
(24)为了赶上早班车，我们早早地就起床了。
We got up early in order that we could catch the first bus.
【结论1】 so that / in order that ＋从句(从句用can / could / may / might ＋ 动词原形)为了……
【翻译句子】
(25)以防错过早班车，我们早早地就起床了。
We got up early for fear that / lest / in case we should miss the first bus.
【结论2】 for fear that / in case that＋ 从句(从句可以用虚拟语气即should＋动词原形)。
以防万一发生……
六、地点状语从句
【翻译句子】
(26)在你有问题的地方做个标记。
Make a mark where you have problems.
【结论3】where 在……地方＝ in the place where / in the place in which。
【翻译句子】
(27)无论他在哪，我都会找到他的。
I will find him wherever he may be.
【结论2】wherever 无论在……地方＝ no matter where。
七、让步状语从句
【完成例句】
(28)尽管他很富裕，他从不浪费一个子儿。
Although he is rich, he never wastes a coin.
【结论1】although / though / while (只能位于句首)虽然；尽管。
【翻译句子】
(29)①Old as my father is, he keeps up with his English study.
尽管爸爸年纪大了，他还是坚持学英语。
②Child as he is, he knows something of electricity.
尽管他是个孩子，他懂一点关于电的东西。
(30)尽管他很努力，但是还是失败了。
Hard as he worked, he failed.
(31)尽管汤姆已经尽力了，但还是无法从困境中走出来。
Try as he might, Tom could not get out of the difficulty.
【结论2】as 句型：
①表语(形容词 / 名词)＋ as / though ＋ 主语＋ 系动词，主句。
【注意】名词前不加任何冠词。
②副词＋ as / though＋主语＋谓语动词，主句。
③动词原形 ＋as / though ＋ 主语＋ might / may, 主句。
【翻译句子】
(32)即使明天下雪，我们也要出差。
Even if it snows tomorrow, we shall still go on business.
【结论3】even if / even though (有一定的假设意味)即使， 纵然。
【翻译句子】
(33)不管那有多难，我们都要尽力完成。
No matter how difficult it might be, we'll try to complete it.
【结论4】 no matter how / what / where / who…， 无论怎么 / 什么 / 哪里 / 谁……
【注意】 no matter 必须和特殊疑问词连用。
【翻译句子】
(34)不管你明天去不去，我们都要去郊游。
Whether you go or not tomorrow, we will go outing.
【结论5】whether…or…无论是否……
八、方式状语从句
【完成例句】
(35)她英语说得好像她是纽约本地人一样。
She speaks English as though she were a native of New York.
【结论1】 as if / as though ＋ 从句(从句的虚拟语气与wish 后的宾语从句虚拟语气类似)。
【完成例句】
(36)按我刚才告诉你的那样做实验。
Do the experiment as I told you just now.
【结论3】as 表“正如”。
九、比较状语从句
【例句观察】
She is as tall as her mother.
她和她妈妈一样高。
【结论1】 as… as 和……一样……
She is not as healthy as her sister.
她不如她姐姐健康。
【结论2】 not as / so…as…不如……一样……； 不和……一样……
The boy is taller than his father.
这个男孩长得比他爸爸高。
【结论3】比较级＋than 比……更加……
【疑难】比较状语从句通常会结合三个倍数的表达句型进行考查，如：A是B的三倍大有如下三种表达：
(1) A is twice bigger than B.
(2) A is three times as big as B.
(3) A is three times the size of B.
【疑难剖析】
1. A is倍数＋adj.的比较级 (larger, heavier, more 等)＋than B.
2. A is倍数＋as＋adj. 的原级( large, heavy / many, much)＋ as B
3. A is倍数＋the＋表比较内容的名词(size, weight, area, width, length 等)of B.
注意：句型1的倍数比句型2、3的倍数少一倍。(共28张PPT)
it的用法
一、it作指示代词
【完成句子】
用one，ones，it，that，those填空
(1) — I can't find my watch.
— You haven't found ______？ If you want to buy a new ______， I suggest you buy ______ made in China.
(2) We've got a big cup and two small ______.
(3) The weight of an elephant is much greater than ______ of a tiger.
(4) The books on the first shelf are easier than ______ on the second shelf.
(5) The boy told his story and ______ of the girl upstairs.
【答案】
(1) it; one; one (2) ones (3) that
(4) those / the ones (5) that / the one
【结论1】
①指代上文提过的事物时，it指的是同名同物，相当于the＋名词；
②one指的是同名异物，表示单数可数名词相当于a ＋名词；a / an＋形容词＋one等于a / an＋形容词＋名词；复数形式用ones；
③that后面常有后置定语，有特指意义，代替不可数名词或单数可数名词，相当于the＋名词；
④复数名词用those，相当于the ones。
【例句观察】
— Someone is knocking at the door. Who is it
— It must be Leo. He said he'd come to see me.
【结论2】it指代人时，常指小孩或身份不明的人。
【例句观察】
It's too quiet in the room. Everyone just keeps silent.
【结论2】it可用以指代环境或情况。
【完成例句】
根据语境补全句子
(6)— What time is it now
— It's half past seven.
(7)— It is spring now and it's warm these days.
【结论4】 it可用以指代时间、季节、天气或距离。
【注意】 it指代时间时，有如下一些句型：
(1) It is time for sth. (for sb.)to do sth. / that－从句(should do / did, 必须用虚拟语气)
例： ① It's time for lunch.
② It's time for us to clean the house.
③ It's time that we should clean the house.
＝It's time that we cleaned the house.
(2) It is / has been ＋ some time ＋ since－从句 (从句用一般过去时)
(3) It / This is the first / second…time that－从句(必须使用现在完成时)
这是某人第……次做了某事。
It / That was the first / second…time that－从句(必须使用过去完成时)
例：①It is the second time that she has visited the Great Wall.
②This was the first time that I had come late to school.
(4) It was ＋时间点 ＋ when －从句
例： It was evening when we got home.
＝It was evening in which we got home.
(5) It was / will be ＋ some time ＋ before －从句
例：①过了5年他们才从北大毕业。
It was five years before they finally graduated from Beijing University.
②不久，我们就要从我们学校毕业了。
It won't be long before we graduate from our school.
二、it作形式主语
【完成例句】
根据语境补全句子
(8) It is possible for me to make a tour around the world.
【结论】代替由不定式、动名词或从句所表示的真正主语。为平衡句子，通常把不定式作主语改为it 作形式主语。
三、it作形式宾语
【例句观察】
①How did it come about that so many people were attacked
② She feels it hard to get in touch with her old friend.
③ Mobile phones make it possible for us to keep in touch anywhere.
④ I have made it a rule to get up early.
【结论1】
①it可以用在某些固定句型中，例如：
How did it come about that－从句意为“……怎么发生的？”
②it 作形式宾语常用结构有：代替由不定式、动名词或从句所表示的真正宾语。常见结构有：
主语＋ think / consider / find / feel / make / believe / regard ＋it＋adj. / n. (for sb.)to do.
【例句观察】
I consider it no good chatting with strangers through the Internet.
【结论2】主语＋ think / consider / find / feel ＋it＋ no good / use doing sth.
【例句观察】
I hate it when people speak with their mouths full.
【结论3】主语＋hate / dislike / love / like ＋it ＋ when－从句，表示对某一情况的喜好或厌恶。
【例句观察】
I really appreciate it if you could help me with my math.
【结论4】主语＋appreciate ＋ it＋ if－从句
【例句观察】
①You must see to it that the doors are locked before you leave the lab.
②You can depend upon it that we won't give up.
③I answer for it that she is an honest girl.
【结论5】主语＋see to / answer for it＋ that－从句(确保……)
主语＋depend on it ＋that－从句(指望，确信……)
四、带it的一些固定词组
1．(You've / I've) got it. 懂了，明白了
2. Forget it. 算了吧，别在意，没关系。
3. take it easy 别着急，慢慢来；别过于紧张
4. make it 办得到，做成功
5. make it ＋时间 把……定在(某时)
6. It / That (all) depends. 那要看情况而定。
7. It can't be helped. 没有办法。 / 这是不可避免的。
8. It is hard to say. 情况很难说。
9. It comes to nothing. 没有什么结果。
10. Don't mention it. 不用谢。
11. That's it. 对了；正是。
12. catch it(口语)被责骂； 受处罚
13. Believe it or not. 信不信由你。
14. It doesn't matter. 没有关系； 不要紧；
15. When it comes to…当谈到……； 当涉及……
16. Keep it up. 再接再厉。
强调句型
一、强调句型的基本用法
1．强调句结构：It is / was ＋ 被强调部分＋that＋ 句子的其余部分。
2．句型解读：
(1) it是引导词，强调的内容可以是句子的主语、宾语、状语。如果被强调的部分是人，that 可用who代替，其他情况一律用that。
(2) 验证强调句的方法： 去掉It is / was…that 结构后，可以把被强调的部分与句子其余部分还原为一个完整的句子。
二、强调句型的考点
【例句观察】
(1) It was Edison who invented the lamp.
(2) It is Edison who invents the lamp.
【结论1】注意时态的一致性。原句中用的是过去的某种时态， 用it was…that…；原句中用的是现在或将来的某种时态，用it is…that…
【例句观察】
It is I that am your English teacher.
【结论2】当被强调的部分是主语时，注意保持主谓一致。
【例句观察】
He didn't go to bed until he finished his homework. (对画线部分进行强调)
→ It wasn't until he finished his homework that he went to bed. (强调句)
【结论3】not …until …结构用于强调句中，not 要提前到until之前，放在be动词后。即：It wasn't until …that ＋句子的其余部分。
【例句观察】
Was it not until he finished his homework that he went to bed
【结论4】强调句的一般疑问句形式：Is / Was it ＋ 被强调部分＋ that＋句子的其余部分。
【完成句子】
When was it that he went to bed
【结论5】强调句的特殊疑问句形式：特殊疑问词＋ is / was it＋ that ＋ 句子的其余部分。
【例句观察】
I really don't know when it was that he went to bed.
【结论6】含有强调句型的特殊疑问句作宾语从句时，注意用陈述语序。
【疑难】It is in the city where he was born that he works.
他工作的地方是他出生的那个城市。
【疑难剖析】强调句中的被强调部分含有一个定语从句，要注意区别、分析。
It is / was ＋被强调部分＋定语从句＋that (who)＋句子的其余部分(共16张PPT)
单项填空是高考英语试卷的第一道题，如果能轻松拿下，就能带着一份明快的心情向后面的试题进发；如果在此卡壳了，将直接影响后面的发挥。所以，精心备考单项填空十分重要。
但近年来，高考英语对学生的语言理解及运用能力要求日益提高，单项填空中，经常出现一些综合性较强的陷阱题。如何跳出这些陷阱题呢？首先我们要弄清命题者是如何设计陷阱的，然后才能有力地“还击”。
【陷阱一】利用定势思维，设置“陷阱”。
【应对策略】夯实基础，记住要点，结合语境，识破“陷阱”，理清题意。
例1. I couldn't help ______ that day for I was too busy.
A. sweeping the floor
B. to sweep the floor
C. swept the floor
D. to sweeping the floor
【解析】此题并不是couldn't help doing(情不自禁)的运用，而是对help (to) do的考查，故选B。
【陷阱二】拆散短语，模糊视线。
【应对策略】分解成相应的简单句。
例2. What great difficulty we had ______ her!
A. persuade B. to persuade
C. persuading D. persuaded
【解析】本题可理解为We had great difficulty ______ her. 考查“have difficulty in doing…”，所以选C。
【陷阱三】巧设标点符号，设置“陷阱”。
【应对策略】识破玄机，看清句逗。
例3. ______ is reported in the newspaper, the United States uses twice as much energy as the whole of Europe.
A．It B．As C．What D．That
例4. ______， we had to go home on foot.
A. There were no buses
B. There to be no buses
C. There being no buses
D．There been no buses
【解析】例3中有逗号，所以此句逗号前应为状语，故选B，若此句中逗号换为that，答案则为It。 例4中有逗号相隔，独立结构表原因，选C，若逗号换为句号，答案则是A。
【陷阱四】句式混淆，设置干扰选项。
【应对策略】明辨是非，记清句型或结构。 例5. — Do you know our town at all
— No, this is the first time I ______ here.
A. came B. could come
C. have come D. might come
例6. There seems to ______ a person in the distance.
A. have B. being C. be D. was
【解析】例5中，考查It's the first time that…＋现在完成时态，选C。但在选项中设置了干扰项A，容易唤起考生对“It's time that…＋过去式”的记忆，增加了解题的难度。例6意为“远方似乎有一个人。”“有：have, there be”， 易出错。此题实际上在考查 “there be”的句型， 答案为C。
【陷阱五】比较级的形式却非比较级的意思。
【应对策略】抓住语境，弄清题目中的隐含意义。 例7. He had never spent a ______ day.
A．more worry B．most worrying
C．more worrying D．most worried
【解析】这类题目中通常会出现 never, not 或doubt ，其后跟“…a ＋比较级”，用比较级形式表最高级意思。因此，答案选C。
【陷阱六】考查时态却没有时间状语。
【应对策略】把握隐含的时态，根据语境推出实际的时态。
例8. I can see you were in a hurry. You ______ your sweater inside out.
A. are wearing B. were wearing
C. had worn D. wore
例9. — Let's see if the football game has started yet.
— Started It must be clear which team ______ by now.
A. is winning
B. wins
C. had won
D. would win
【解析】例8中，可进行这样的推理：穿衣时很匆忙，所以现在衣服穿反了。因而时态应该是现在进行时，选A。例9中，根据答语可知，比赛已经进行到能预料胜负的时刻了，所以选A，“be ＋－ing”表示即将发生。
【陷阱七】强调句型考法不断创新，增加难度。【应对策略】理解并记住强调句型的多种形式，看准其基本标志。
例10. ______ is it ______ has made Peter ______ he is today
A. What; that; that B. That; that; what
C. What; what; that D. What; that; what
例11. I've already forgotten ______ you put the dictionary.
A. that it was there B. where was it
C. that where it was D. where it was that
例12. It was in the small house ______ was built with stones by his father ______ he spent his childhood.
A. which; that B. that; where
C. which; which D. that; which
【解析】(1)强调句型可能会在一般疑问句、特殊疑问句和含名词性从句或定语从句的句子中考查，因此有必要记住相应的形式。如一般疑问句形式 “Is/Was it ＋被强调部分＋that/who…”， 特殊疑问句形式“特殊疑问词＋is/was＋that/who…？” 例10对照相应的句式很容易选出答案D。
(2)例11把强调句型和名词性从句相结合，把强调句型的特殊疑问句形式作forgotten的宾语从句，因而选陈述语序D。例12中，强调句型和定语从句相结合，强调部分含一个定语从
句，这样就使整个句子变得很复杂。此时，应特别注意搞清强调句型的标志 “It is/was ＋…＋that/who…”， 不要混淆定语从句中的关系词that/who和强调句型中的that/who，本题答案选A。
总之，高考单项填空题有20个小题，考查内容涉及面广，并突出了综合性和语境化的特点。解题时，应结合语境，灵活使用语法、词汇知识，透过现象看本质，排除干扰项，这样才能从容不迫，笑傲考场。(共30张PPT)
用来表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议、假设的语气叫虚拟语气。
(一)if主从句中的虚拟语气
【完成例句】
(1)如果我是你，我会接受邀请的。
If I were you, I should accept the invitation.
(2)如果我有空，我就去那儿。
If I had time, I would go there.
【结论1】
条件与现在事实相反 从句谓语用一般过去时(be多用were)
主句谓语用 would / should / could / might＋动词原形
【完成例句】
(3)如果你早点来，你就不会错过那辆公共汽车了。
If you had come earlier, you couldn't / wouldn't have missed the bus.
(4)如果他昨天见到了你，他就会还你的书的。
If he had seen you yesterday, he would have returned your book.
【结论2】
条件与过去事实相反
从句谓语用had done
主句谓语用would / should / could / might＋have done
【完成例句】
(5)万一明天下雨，运动会就推迟。(事实上明天下雨的可能性不大。)
If it should rain / were to rain / rained tomorrow, the sports meet would be put off.
(6)万一杯子掉下来会打碎的。
If you dropped / should drop / were to drop the glass, it would break.
【结论3】
条件与将来
事实相反 从句谓语用一般过去时(be多用were)或should ＋动词原形 / were to do
主句谓语用would / should / could / might＋动词原形
【疑难1】
含蓄虚拟句(即含有without / but for, otherwise / or等词的句子)
【例句观察】
Human beings would die without water. (＝Human beings would die if there were no water. )
I couldn't have succeeded but for your help. (＝I couldn't have succeeded if you hadn't helped me. )
I had no money then. Otherwise I would have bought that book.
(＝If I had had money then, I would have bought that book. )
【疑难剖析1】含有without / but for，otherwise / or等词的句子谓语结构等同于if主从句中主句的谓语结构。
与现在或将来事实相反 would / should / could / might＋动词原形
与过去事实相反 would / should / could / might＋have done
【疑难2】
含有had，should，were这三个词的虚拟条件状语从句
Had they had time(＝If they had had time)， they would have certainly come to help us.
Should it be fine(＝If it should be fine)，we would go for an outing.
Were I you(＝If I were you), I would go.
【疑难剖析2】含有had，should，were这三个词的虚拟条件状语从句，在正式或书面语言中可将if省略，把had，should，were 提前放到句首，变为部分倒装。
【疑难3】
if混合虚拟条件从句(即主从句分别与不同的事实相反)
If the weather had been finer, the crops would be growing still better.
If you had followed the teacher's advice, you wouldn't be in hospital.
【疑难剖析3】if假设条件从句谓语动词发生的时间与主句所假设的谓语动词不一致，叫做错综条件虚拟语气。主句和从句的谓语动词要依照假设的时间而定。
(二)用虚拟语气，从句中谓语时态相应推后(即用相应的过去时态)的五种句型
【完成例句】
(7)他多么希望自己是只鸟。
How he wishes that he were a bird.
(8)我希望昨晚看了那部电影了。
I wish I had seen the film last night.
(9)我们希望有一天能住在月球上。
We wish we would live on the moon one day.
【结论1】在动词wish引导的宾语从句中， 表示不太可能实现的愿望，从句必须使用虚拟语气。
表示愿望与现在事实相反 从句用一般过去时(did或were)
表示愿望与过去事实相反 从句用过去完成时(had done)
表示愿望实现的可能性很小 从句常用could / might / would ＋do
【完成例句】
(10)我宁可你现在不在我身边。
I would rather you were not here with me now.
(11)我宁可你没做过那件事。
I would rather you hadn't done that.
【结论2】would rather / prefer ＋ that－从句(从句用虚拟语气)
表示愿望与现在事实相反 从句用一般过去时
表示愿望与过去事实相反 从句用过去完成时
【完成例句】
(12)她英语说得好像她就是纽约本地人一样。
She speaks English as though she were a native of New York.
【结论3】as if / though ＋ 从句中谓语用相应的过去时态(等同于wish从句用法)。
【完成例句】
(13)要是你没告诉我那个消息就好了。
If only you hadn't told me the news.
【结论4】if only (要是……就好了)，句中谓语用相应的过去时态(等同于wish从句用法)。
【完成例句】
(14)我本来可以帮你忙的，即使我当时很忙。
Even though I had been very busy then, I would have helped you.
(15)即使我现在能跑，我也不会那样做。
Even if I might run, I wouldn't do that.
【结论5】even if / though 从句中的虚拟
与现在事实相反 用should＋动词原形
与过去事实相反 用had done
(三)从句中所用的虚拟语气结构为should ＋动词原形，should可以省略。
【例句观察】
The doctor suggests I (should) exercise every day.
医生建议我每天做运动。(宾语从句)
It is suggested that I (should) exercise every day.
我被建议每天做运动。(主语从句)
The doctor's suggestion is that I (should) exercise every day. 医生给我的建议是每天做运动。(表语从句)
The doctor's suggestion that I (should) exercise every day sounds reasonable. 医生要我每天做运动的建议听起来挺合理的。(同位语从句)
【结论1】名词性从句中，表示“建议，命令，要求”等意义时，名词性从句用(should)＋ 动词原形。
一个坚持：insist
两个命令：order, command (名词是order, recommendation)
三个建议：advise, suggest，propose(名词是advice, suggestion, proposal)
四个要求：demand, require, request, desire(名词是demand, requirement, request, desire)
注意：1. suggest 意为“表明，暗示”时，不用虚拟语气；
如：His face suggested that he was very sad.
2. insist意为“坚持认为，坚持说”时，不用虚拟语气；
如：The man insisted my little brother was a thief.
【例句观察】
我们应该掌握电脑知识，这是很重要的。
It is important that we (should) have a good knowledge of computer science.
你居然没参加会议，真是可惜。
It is a pity that you (should) be absent from the meeting.
他竟然是名医生，我们很惊讶。
We are surprised that he (should) be a doctor.
【结论2】虚拟语气用在“It's＋形容词 / 名词＋that…”这类句型中，表示说话人“强烈”的感彩，此时，从句用should ＋动词原形 / should ＋ have done (表示动作在过去已经发生)，should 可译为“应该；居然，竟然”。should 可以省略。
①It is important / necessary / strange / surprising / funny / natural ＋ that－从句
②It is a pity / a shame / an honour / no wonder that－从句
③主语 ＋ be ＋ sorry / disappointed / surprised ＋ that－从句
【例句观察】
以防错过第一班车，我们一大早就起床了。
①We got up early for fear that we should miss the first bus.
②We got up early lest that we should miss the first bus.
【结论3】在in case, for fear (that), lest等引导的状语从句中，谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”。
(四)几种特殊用法
1. 某些简单句的固定句型
Heaven help him!
God bless you!
May you succeed!
Long live the People's Republic of China!
2. 某些固定的词组和句型
①was / were supposed to have done 理应做……
②was / were to have done 本计划做……
③had thought / believed…， but…本以为……
④had planned / intended…，but…本计划……，本打算……
⑤had wished / hoped…，but…本希望……
⑥It's (about / high)time that－从句，某人该做某事了(共24张PPT)
名词是表示人、事物、抽象概念等名称的词。根据其词汇意义，名词可分为专有名词和普通名词。
(一)名词的数
1. 注意以下名词数的概念
【完成例句】
(1)物理是他最喜欢的科目。
Physics is his favorite subject.
(2)他得第一的消息令我很惊讶。
The news that he got the first place surprises me.
【结论1】以－s结尾，仍为单数的名词(多为学科名词), 如： physics, linguistics, mathematics, politics, statistics, news, the United States等。
【完成例句】
(3)我有很多作业要做。
I have lots of homework to do.
【结论2】总称名词：表示一类事物的总称，不能加－s。
【完成例句】
(4)这些房子的空间都不够。
The room of these rooms is not enough.
【结论3】单数和复数形式表达不同的意思。如：
chicken鸡肉 / chickens小鸡； fish鱼肉 / fishes(fish )各种鱼； paper纸 / papers试卷； water水 / waters水域；room空间 / rooms房间；time 时间 / times时代；arm手臂 / arms武器等
【完成例句】
(5)警察正在寻找那个失踪的男孩。
The police are searching for the missing boy.
【结论4】形式上虽是单数，但表示的是复数含义，如：people, police, cattle, staff, public, the ＋adj. / the ＋ 分词(表示一类人)
2. 集体名词的数
【完成例句】
(6)现在的家庭比以往小了很多。
The family now is a great deal smaller than it used to be.
(7)我的家人都会和我一起去。
【结论1】My family are going with me.
注意主谓一致：看成一个整体时，谓语用单数，若侧重各个成员，则用复数。
3. 单复数同形的名词
【完成例句】
(8)在大丰有多少只鹿？
How many deer are there in Dafeng now
【结论1】单复数同形的名词：
fish, deer, sheep, youth, Chinese, Japanese, means, species, crossroads, series, works等。
4. 由连字符构成的复合名词的“数”
【完成例句】
(9)他有3个女婿。
He has three sons－in－law.
【结论1】合成名词的复数形式通常只将其中的主体名词变成复数。
【完成例句】
(10)酒吧里都是成年人。
They are all grown－ups in the club.
【结论2】如果没有主体名词，在最后一个词的词尾加－s。
【完成例句】
(11)女工应该有平等的权利。
Women workers should have equal rights.
【结论3】man, woman, gentleman等作定语时定语和被修饰词都变成复数。
5. 不规则名词的“数”
【完成例句】
(12)农场里有很多老鼠。
There are a lot of mice on the farm.
(13)他有3头牛。
He had three oxen.
【结论1】常用改变元音字母或词尾加－en的方法构成：woman — women, child — children, ox — oxen, tooth — teeth, goose — geese, foot — feet, mouse — mice, phenomenon — phenomena, analysis — analyses.
6. 专有名词的“数”
【完成例句】
(14)史密斯一家人今天要去野营。
The Smiths are going camping today.
(15)这儿有两个叫玛丽的。
Here are two Marys.
【结论1】“the”加姓氏复数表示某人一家；专有名词重复可以有复数。
【疑难1】
It was a special tea.
She brought us three coffees.
【疑难剖析1】 有些物质名词表示不同种类或表示“一种，一杯 / 罐 / 瓶”等数量意义时，可用作可数名词。
【疑难2】
It's a great honor to receive that prize.
【疑难剖析2】抽象名词：表示具体或特定时，前面应有不定冠词。如：a pleasure / pity / surprise / success / failure / shame；an honor
二、名词所有格
【完成例句】
(16)警察找到了男孩的包。
The police found the boy's bag.
【结论1】一般在名词词尾加“'s” 。
【完成例句】
(17)老板在工人的斗争中妥协了。
The boss gave in to workers’ struggle.
【结论2】若名词已有复数词尾－s ，只加“ ' ”。
【完成例句】
(18)我喜欢这种花的颜色。
I like the color of the flowers.
【结论3】 of 属格：无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构，如：a map of China，the end of this term，the capital of our country 。
【疑难1】
This is Lucy and Mary's room and those two rooms are John's and Mike's.
【疑难剖析1】如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示“分别有”；如果只有一个's，则表示“共有”。
【疑难2】
Yesterday I was at my sister's watching TV.
【疑难剖析2】省略格：在表示店铺或教堂，诊所的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常省略它所修饰的名词。
【疑难3】
This is a picture of my friend's. (指照片属于我的朋友)
This is a picture of my friend. (指照片上是我的朋友)
【疑难剖析3】 双重所有格：of ＋名词's 结构， 表示“所属”。如 a friend of my father's, works of Lu Xun's。
注意：of 之前的名词是picture, portrait等词时含义不同。
三、名词的修饰语
【翻译句子】
(19) There are three street lamps in front of my house.
在我家门口有3盏路灯。
(20) I cannot find any shoe shops here.
在这里我没有找到任何鞋店。
【结论1】某些名词可以用作定语修饰后面的名词，不表所有关系，不用所有格。表示类别、处所、材料、时间、功能、用途等，名词作定语时通常要用单数形式。
【疑难】
用作定语的名词一般用单数形式，但A woman doctor was talking to two women nurses.
【疑难剖析】 man和woman作定语时， 常用“单单 (a woman doctor)”、“复复 (two women doctors)”式。还几个特殊名词复数形式作定语，如：arms control(武器控制), sports meeting(运动会), clothes shop(服装店), customs officer(海关人员)，sales manager(销售经理)等。(共78张PPT)
非谓语动词包括不定式(to do)、动名词(－ing)、现在分词(－ing)与过去分词(－ed)。它们不受主语人称和数的限制，在句子中不能充当谓语，但可以充当句子的其他成分，并且有时态和语态的变化。所以，要正确使用非谓语形式，一定要充分理解不同形式所表现的意义，要明确非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是“主动”还是“被动(或状态)”，所表示的动作是“过去”、“现在”还是“将来”，以及和谓语动词所表示的动作是同步发生还是有先后之分。
一、不定式和动名词作主语
【例句观察】
吸烟在这儿是禁止的。
Smoking is prohibited here. (抽象)
吸烟太多对你不好。
It is not very good for you to smoke so much. (具体)
【结论1】动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作， 而不定式作主语表示具体动作。
【例句观察】
Working in these conditions is not easy. (一般式)
在这样的条件下工作不容易。
Having studied computer is an important qualification for the job. (完成式)
学过电脑是获得这份工作的重要条件。
Their not being served by the waiter added to their anger. (被动式，Their不可用They和Them，not在doing前)
没有被服务增添了他们的愤怒。
【结论2】动名词和不定式作主语除了一般式和主动式，还有完成式、被动式。完成式表示该动作比谓语动词动作先发生。
【完成例句】
(1)他的到来将会是很大的帮助。
His coming here will be a great help. (不可用He和Him)
(2) Jack的突然消失使他们很担忧。
Jack's suddenly disappearing made them worried. (不可用Jack)
【结论3】当动名词带逻辑主语时，只可在其前加上物主代词或名词的所有格，不可以用人称代词主格和宾格，也不可以用名词的普通格。
【完成例句】
(3)我觉得他一个人是不可能做那份工作的。
I found it impossible for him to do the job alone.
(4)他那样做是理智的。
It was wise of him to do that.
【结论4】It's ＋adj. / n. for / of sb. to do sth.
在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, wicked, wrong等后面，常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语，否则用for。
【翻译句子】
(5)哭是没有用的。
It is no use / good crying.
【结论5】It is ＋ no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time)＋ doing sth.
二、不定式和动名词作宾语
【例句观察】
你介意我看下你的报纸吗？
Do you mind my / me reading your paper
她不喜欢Mary那样说话。
She doesn't like Mary / Mary's talking that way.
【结论1】动名词作宾语时，可以带逻辑主语。此时，带逻辑主语既可以是物主代词或名词的所有格，也可以是人称代词宾格和名词的普通格。
【例句观察】
I regret not having taken her advice. (not须放在having前)我很后悔没有采纳她的建议。
They couldn't stand being treated like that.
他们不能忍受被那样对待。
He decided to help me but I pretended to have finished my job.
他决定帮助我但是我假装已经完成我的工作了。
【结论2】作宾语的动名词和不定式除了一般式和主动式，还有完成式、被动式。完成式表示该动作比谓语动词动作先发生。
常见的带不定式作宾语的动词如下：(利用口诀进行记忆，事实上，口诀内的动词后跟动词不定式，几乎都有将来意味。建议考生要记牢口诀。
想要干 want, wish, hope, expect, seek, attempt, aim, claim，would like / love, desire, swear
早打算 plan, prepare, mean, arrange
同意否 agree, promise, undertake, offer, choose, refuse, afford
问问看 ask, beg，(ask to do 要求做…)
决定了 decide, determine / be determined, make up one's mind
尽力干 try, manage(反义词fail), struggle, strive
别装蒜 pretend
介词以及少数动词(“动词不定式口诀”以外的动词)和词组后只能用动名词作宾语： admit，dislike，appreciate，avoid，enjoy，bear(忍受)，envy，can't help(不禁)，delay，escape, can't stand(受不了)，deny，excuse(借口)，consider(考虑)，fancy，mind，miss(错过)，mention, finish，pardon，resist，forgive，imagine，risk，practise，suggest(建议)，keep，quit，put off, give up, feel like, be worth, set
about, burst out, be / get / become used to(习惯于), look forward to, pay attention to, devote…to, lead to, stick to, get close to, object to, contribute to, get down to, be equal to(能胜任), turn to(求助于)等。
例如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.
He used to be late for work, but now he has been used to getting up early.
【完成例句】
(6)你要听话好好待在家里。
You would be well advised to stay indoors.
(7)老师建议采取不同的方法。
The teacher advised taking a different approach.
【结论3】动词advise / allow / permit / forbid后跟doing，也可跟sb. to do。
【完成例句】
(8)路被落叶覆盖住了，它们需要被清理。
The road is covered with some fallen trees and they need removing / to be removed.
【结论4】need, require, want, deserve ＋doing / to be done表示被动意义。
【翻译句子】
(9) I forgot buying a pen for him yesterday, and returned home directly.
昨天我忘记给他买笔，而是直接回家了。
(10) Thank you for reminding me，or I forget to post my letter.
非常感谢你提醒我，否则我就会忘记去寄信的。
【结论5】①有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语有差别：
forget to do 忘记要去做某事(此事未做)
forget doing忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生)
stop to do 停止、中断(某件事)，目的是去做另一
件事
stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事
remember to do 记住去做某事(未做)
remember doing记得做过某事(已做)
regret to do对要做的事遗憾(后常跟动词
say, tell, inform等)
regret doing对做过的事后悔
try to do努力、企图做某事
try doing试验、试一试某种办法
mean to do打算，有意要……
mean doing意味着
go on to do 继而(去做另外一件事情)
go on doing 继续(原先没有做完的事情)
propose to do 打算(要做某事)
propose doing建议(做某事)
②like / love / hate / prefer ＋to do表示具体行为；＋doing sth. 表示抽象、倾向概念。
如果这几个动词前有should / would，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。
Don't you remember seeing the man before
You must remember to leave tomorrow.
I should like to see him tomorrow.
【注意】不定式和动名词作宾语时还有一些固定句型：
There is no use (good / point / sense / harm)＋doing sth. 做某事没用(不好 / 没意义 / 没害处)
have difficulty / trouble / problem / a hard time / a good time / fun ＋ (in)＋doing
spend / waste / lose time (in) doing sth.
There is no ＋ doing…(there is no 表“不可能”)
【疑难1】
I think you'll grow to like him when you know him better.
【疑难剖析1】come / become / grow / get to like / love / realize / understand / know等表示心理活动的过程，意为“渐渐地喜欢上 / 意识到 / 懂了 / 知道了……”
【疑难2】
Last night I did nothing but watch TV.
The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.
【疑难剖析2】do / did / does＋nothing/anything/everything but(except)＋动词原形，如果谓语动词不是do / did / does，but(except)，所跟的不定式须带to。
【疑难3】
When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.
【疑难剖析3】can not (help / choose)but do，can do nothing but do，have no choice / alternative to do表示“不得不”。
【疑难4】
Why not take a holiday
【疑难剖析4】“Why not ＋动词原形”表达向某人提出建议，翻译为：“为什么不……？”“干嘛不……？”
【疑难5】
You had better have your eyes examined.
【疑难剖析5】“would rather / had better＋(not)＋动词原形”意为“宁愿 / 最好(不)做某事”。
【疑难6】
We don't want there to be any comrades lagging behind.
I don't mind there being a chair here.
There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself.
【疑难剖析6】there be的非谓语形式：
作动词expect，like，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate宾语时，通常用there to be结构，在mind, object to等后面用there being。作状语多用there being结构。
【疑难7】
John didn't pass his driving test, but I expected him to.
— Hasn't he finished writing the report？
— No, but he ought to have.
— Aren't you the headmaster
— No, and I don't want to be.
【疑难剖析7】为避免重复，在hope, expect, wish, want, like, love, decide, plan, need, mean, forget, refuse, tell, know, have to, be going to, used to, ought to等动词后面再次出现相同的不定式作宾语时，常出现单独使用的to，而把曾出现过的动词省略掉。但是，如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be, have, have been时，要保留这些词。
三、不定式、动名词和分词作表语
【完成例句】
(11)我的建议是马上开始工作。
What I would suggest is to start work at once.
(12)他的爱好是集邮。
His hobby is collecting stamps.
【结论1】不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。
【完成例句】
(13)旅行很有趣但有些累。
Travelling is interesting but tiring.
(14)学生被迫学得太多会混乱的。
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.
【结论2】表心理状态的interesting, exciting, delighting, disappointing, encouraging, worrying, puzzling, satisfying, surprising, pleasing等形容词化分词作表语时，表示“令人……的”；interested, excited, delighted, disappointed, encouraged, pleased, puzzled, worried, surprised等表示“感到……”。
【完成例句】
(15)工人们被告知他们按小时计酬。
What the workers have been told is that they get paid by the hour.
【结论3】除be done外， get, become, look, seem, appear, remain等系动词都可跟done。如remain seated / hidden，get paid / dressed / changed / stuck / hurt / injured / burnt等。
【完成例句】
(16)他一直沉迷于电脑游戏，所以他得不了好成绩。
He was addicted to computer games, so he couldn't get good marks.
【结论4】下列be done表示所处的状态
be addicted to…沉迷于……
be absorbed in…全神贯注于
be aimed at…旨在 / 意图……
be armed with… 有……装备
be buried in…埋葬在……
be based on / upon…以……为基础
be born…出生于……
be burdened with…担负着
be crowded with…挤满了……
be covered with / by…覆盖着
be coated with…涂抹了……
be combined with…与……联合
be compared with…与……相比较
be caught in… 陷入……
be lost in…沉迷于……
be concerned about…关心……
be dressed in…穿着……
be devoted to…专心致志于……
be divided into分成
be engaged in…忙于……
be engaged to sb. 与……订婚
be fixed on…专注于……
be faced with…面临着……
be filled with…装满了……
be greeted with…受到了……问候
be grown up 已经长大了
be hidden in…躲在……
be linked to …与……有关
be paved with…铺着……
be loaded with…载有……
be located in…位于……
be matched 很般配
be mistaken 弄错了
be replaced with…更换为……
be related to / with…与……有关
be seated 坐着
be married(to sb. )与某人结婚了
be separated from…与……隔开
be shouldered with…肩负着……
be stationed in…驻扎在……
be surrounded with / by…四周环绕着……
be supposed to do…应该做……
be recovered from …从……中康复
be connected with…与……相连 / 有关
be made of / from / up of由……制成 / 组成
be designed / meant / intended for…专为……而设计
be known as / for / to…以……著称 / 因……著名 / 为……所知
四、不定式、动名词和分词作定语
【完成例句】
(17)我遗憾地告诉你还有东西没解决。
I regret to tell you that there is something unsolved.
(18)水被工厂污染应该受到批评。
The water polluted by the factory should be to blame.
【结论1】单个非谓语动词作定语一般在名词前，但修饰不定代词时在代词后；非谓语动词短语作定语一般要跟在名词后。
【例句观察】
The meeting to be held tomorrow is important.
明天要开的会很重要。
The meeting being held now is important.
现在正在开的这个会很重要。
The meeting held yesterday was important.
昨天开的那个会议很重要。
【结论2】不定式、动名词和分词作定语的区别如下：
to do sth. 与被修饰的名词有①主谓关系；②动宾关系；名词前有序数词或最高级；③不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词
名词＋doing sth. ①正在进行的动作；②经常性动作或现在(或当时)的状态；③即将发生的动作
to be done 表示将要被做
done 表示已经完成的或表被动的动作[having (been)done不可作定语]
being done 表示正在发生的被动动作
【完成例句】
(19)我没有登山鞋。
I have no climbing shoes.
(20)那个睡觉的男孩是他弟弟。
The sleeping boy was his brother.
【结论3】动名词作定语只放在名词前，说明该名词的性能或用途，不表动作，被修饰的名词与动名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系，反之则是现在分词作定语。
【完成例句】
(21)地上有很多落叶。
There are a lot of fallen leaves on the ground.
【结论4】一些形容词化的过去分词表示已完成的动作或所处的状态，意为“已经……的”。
a fallen leaf落叶(已经落在地上)
a falling leaf 飘零的落叶(尚在空中)
a developed country发达国家
a developing country 发展中国家
a risen sun升起的太阳
a rising sun 冉冉升起的太阳
a returned student归国学生
a retired worker退休工人
an advanced worker先进工作者
boiled water开水 (boiling water 沸水)
a bent branch弯曲的树枝
determined opposition强烈的反对
a devoted soldier忠诚的士兵
a well－informed professor见多识广的教授
【疑难1】
The teacher is satisfied with our satisfying performance in class, which can be seen from her satisfied expression on her face.
老师对我们在课堂上令人满意的表现很满意，这可以从她脸上满意的表情看出来。
【疑难剖析1】表示心理状态的－ing形式，表示“令人……的”； －ed形式，表示“(人)感到……”，也可修饰体现内心感受的look, expression, tears, smile, voice等名词。
【疑难2】
①The man who came this morning is our legal adviser. (√)
The man coming this morning is our legal adviser. (× )
②Is there anyone who can answer this question (√)
Is there anyone answering this question (× )
③Those who have finished their work can go home now. (√)
Those having finished their work can go home now. (×)
【疑难剖析2】
不宜用现在分词短语作定语的情况：
①不能用doing表达过去动作(见①)；
②用answering表达can answer的意思是错的(见②)；
③完成式不能作定语(见③)。
五、不定式和分词作状语
【例句观察】
Standing on the tower, the whole city could be seen. (×前后主语不一致)
Standing on the tower, we could see the whole city. (√前后主语一致)
站在塔上，我们可以看见整个城市。
We found the room too small to hold so many people.
我们发现房间太小，容不下这么多人。
He made a long speech only to show his ignorance of the subject. (出乎意料的结果)
他作了很长的演说，结果却是偏离主题的。
Being watched by the audience, the young speaker felt very nervous. (因为正在被……)
被观众一直看着，年轻的演说者感到有些紧张。
Encouraged by these successes, they decided to expand the business. (被动，先发生但不强调)
被这些成功鼓舞，他们决定拓展他们的贸易。
When leaving the airport, they waved again and again to us.(主动，同步)
当离开机场的时候，他们一次又一次地向我们挥手。
Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter to them. (主动，先发生且强调)
没有收到来信，他决定再写一封信给他们。
Having been criticized by the teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking. (被动，先发生)
被老师批评后，李明戒了烟。
【结论1】
①only＋ to do 表示意想不到的结果。
②doing sth. 与谓语动词同时发生的动作(主动关系)
③being ＋p.p. 强调与谓语动词同时发生的被动动作(“因为正在被……”)
④done已经发生的被动动作
⑤having done先于谓语动词发生的动作(主动关系)
⑥having been done 先于谓语动词发生的动作(被动关系)
【翻译句子】
(22) He worked deep into the night, preparing a speech for the president. (worked与preparing同时发生)
他为总统准备演说，工作到深夜。
(23) I got up very early this morning to prepare breakfast for my family. (got up先，prepare breakfast后)
我今天早上起床很早给我的家人准备早餐。
【结论2】不定式“to do sth. ”作目的和结果状语时总是在谓语动词后发生，而分词一般式 “doing sth.”作状语时总是与谓语动词同时或几乎同时发生。
【翻译句子】
(24) She is so kind as to help me. ＝ She is so kind that she helps me.
她和善地来帮我。
(25) She is such a kind girl as to help me. ＝ She is such a kind girl that she helps me.
她是一个和善的女孩，常来帮我。
【结论3】so ＋ adj. / adv.＋ as to do或such＋(a / an)＋adj. ＋ n. ＋ as to do, 可以转化为so …that 或such… that 引导的结果状语从句。
【疑难1】
too…to do表示肯定的情况
I'm only too pleased to help you.
我很高兴能帮助你。
One is never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。 【疑难剖析1】①当only too和 all too与动词不定式连用时，表示肯定意义。
②too ready (anxious，eager, glad, willing)＋to do，其后的动词不定式具有肯定意义。
③never (not)＋too…to…句型为“不会太……所以能……”之意。
【疑难2】
Seating himself / Seated / Sitting in the room, he is absorbed in reading.
Have you noticed the student losing himself / lost in thought
【疑难剖析2】devote，absorb，lose，seat，dress，hide等动词作状语和定语时可以用它们的－ed形式(devoted, absorbed，lost，seated，dressed，hidden)或－ing＋oneself形式(devoting / absorbing / losing / seating / dressing / hiding oneself)。
【疑难3】
Generally speaking，the more expensive the camera, the better its quality .
【疑难剖析3】有些to do 短语，doing短语和done 短语已经当作插入语使用，此时，句子的主语在逻辑上与它们不存在主动或被动关系：
① to tell you the truth(实话说)，needless to say(不用说)，to be honest / frank(老实说，坦白说)，to be more exact(更确切地说)，to make things worse (更糟的是)，not to mention…(更不用说)
② Generally / Frankly / Roughly speaking (一般说来 / 坦白说 / 粗略地说)，considering…(鉴于 / 考虑到……)，judging by / from…(从……来看，依据……来判断)，supposing that…(假定……)，providing that… (假定……)，according to…(依据……)，including…(包括……)，owing to…(由于……)，talking / speaking of…(谈及……)
③given…(考虑到……), provided that…(如果……)
【疑难4】
It being Sunday, we needn't go to school.
→ Because it is Sunday, we needn't go to school.
All the work done, you can have a rest.
→ If all the work is done, you can have a rest.
【疑难剖析4】独立主格结构：n. / pron. ＋doing / done / to do / adv. / adj. / prep. 短语
前后主语不一致时，分词作状语需有自己的逻辑主语，且分词与逻辑主语之间存在着逻辑上的主动或被动关系，此时，视为独立主格结构。若把独立主格结构还原为状语从句，则主句的主语与从句的主语是不同的。
【疑难5】
连词＋分词(短语)
While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.
He will not attend the party unless invited.
【疑难剖析5】
有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在分词前加连词。连词有when，while，if，unless，though，after, before, as等。但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个。
六、不定式和分词作宾语补足语
【完成例句】
(26)我爸爸允许我周末上网。
My father permits me to surf the Internet at the weekend.
【结论1】like, hate, encourage, wish, warn, tell, want, desire, expect, get, permit, order, allow, invite, force, ask, cause, advise, request, prefer, beg, persuade, teach, lead等动词＋宾语＋to do sth. ，宾语与to do 为主动关系。
do sth. (用于let, make, have
以及感官动词后)
to do sth. (主动) / to be done
(被动)
doing sth. (主动，正在进行或
持续进行)
done (被动，状态或完成)
being done(被动，正在进行)
动词＋宾语＋宾补
究竟用何种形式，取决于带复合宾语的动词的特征。
【特别提醒】hope, welcome, agree, suggest, demand不能跟sb. to do。
(╳)hope sb. to do sth.应改为→ wish / expect sb. to do sth.
(╳)welcome sb. to do sth.应改为→ sb. be welcome to do sth.
(╳)agree sb. to do sth.应改为→ allow / permit sb. to do sth.
(╳)suggest sb. to do sth.应改为→advise sb. to do sth. / suggest sb. (should)do sth.
(╳)demand sb. to do sth.应改为→require sb. to do / demand sb. (should )do sth.
【完成例句】
(27)他看见老人过马路。
He saw the old man cross the road.
→ The old man was seen to cross the road.
(28)小孩子最后被看见在河边玩。
The children were last seen playing by the river.
【结论2】感官动词see, observe＋宾语＋do sth.(主动，全过程或经常性动作)
hear, notice, watch, feel＋ 宾语＋doing(主动，正在进行)
feel，look at, listen＋宾语＋to be done(与宾语是被动关系)
【注意】若感官动词在被动语态中，则to 要还原。
【翻译句子】
(29) His words sent me thinking.
他的话令我深思。
(30) The teacher often gets us to recite texts.
老师经常叫我们背课文。
(31) I'd like to get my car repaired before the New Year.
我想新年前把车修好。
(32) To our surprise, he was sent to work abroad.
令我们惊讶的是他被送往国外工作了。
【结论3】get / send / set ＋宾语＋doing表示“使……起来”，动作由静止到运动并持续下去
get＋宾语＋to do＝let / have sb. to do表示“让某人做某事”
get＋宾语＋done＝have sth. done表示“使某事被做”
send＋宾语＋to do表示“派某人去做某事”
【翻译句子】
(33) I made my little brother cry. / My little brother was made to cry.
我把弟弟弄哭了。
(34) I spoke clearly and slowly to make myself heard and understood.
我说得又慢又清楚好让自己被听明白。
【结论4】使役动词make＋宾语＋do / done；宾语与do 为主动关系，与done是被动关系；如make 在被动语态中，to要还原。
【例句观察】
The teacher often has us debate in class.
老师经常叫我们在课堂上辩论。
They had the lights burning while working.
他们工作的时候把灯亮着。
Nancy will have her house painted.
Nancy要漆房子。
I am going to the supermarket and have many things to buy. Do you have anything to be bought
我要去超市买点东西，你有东西要买吗？
do sth. (主动，让某人做某事)
doing sth. (主动，让某人或某
物一直做某事)
done(被动，①叫人做某事
②遭遇某事)
使役动词have
＋ 宾语＋
have表示“有”时，用have＋宾语＋to do，表示“有某事要做(主语本人做)”；
用have＋宾语＋to be done，表示“有某事被做(不是主语本人做)”。
【结论5】
【例句观察】
Sorry to have kept you waiting for me for such a long time.
不好意思让你等了这么久。
They went home, leaving much work unfinished.
他们回家了，留下很多事情都没做。
I have once seen the child caught stealing money.
我曾经看到一个小孩偷钱被抓。
I found the little boy lying under the tree when I passed by.
我路过的时候发现那个小男孩躺在树底下。
She found a small boy seated at the back of the classroom.
她发现一个小男孩坐在教室后面。
The teacher wanted the paper (to be)finished in an hour.
老师想让试卷在一个小时内完成。
【结论6】
① keep / leave＋宾语＋doing(主动，且持续进行) / done(被动)
② catch＋宾语＋doing表示“发现某人正在做某事”，宾语与doing为主动，且正在进行。
③find＋宾语＋doing(主动，正在进行) / done(被动、状态或完成)
④ want / order / ask / wish ＋宾语＋(to be )done (宾语与done之间为被动关系)
七、with复合结构
【完成例句】
(35)小孩跟着他，他不得不回到公园。
With the children following him, he had to go back to the park.
(36)工作完成了，他可以回家了。
With the work finished, he could go home.
(37)这么多书要看，我不能外出。
With so many books to read, I could not go out.
(38)天气这么热，他们入室休息了。
With the weather so hot, they went in to have a rest.
(39)随着彩电价格降了50%，公司处境艰难。
With the prices of color TV down by 50%, the company has a very hard time.
(40)他妻子走下楼梯，手里拿着一本书。
His wife came down the stairs, with a book in her hand / a book in her hand / a book in hand.
(41)升国旗的时候学生们站成一线。
The students stood in line with the national flag being raised.
【结论】with复合结构是独立主格结构的一种，常在句中充当状语和定语，是英语中的一种常见结构。它由“with＋宾语＋补语”组成，其中，宾语和宾补之间必须有逻辑一致关系。
其结构为：
adv. / prep.
adj.
＋to do(表示将要发生的动作)
doing(主动，同时) / being done(正在被)
done(被动或完成)
with ＋
宾语＋(共44张PPT)
形容词用来修饰名词或代词， 表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征。副词是一种用来修饰动词、 形容词、全句的词，说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词。副词是一种半虚半实的词。副词可分为： 地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词和连接副词。
一、形容词和副词的基本用法
【翻译句子】
(1)这是一座美丽的公园。
It's a beautiful park.
(2)这个动物园既生动又有趣。
The zoo is both moving and interesting.
(3)谁把窗开着的？
Who left the window open
【结论1】形容词在句中一般作定语(修饰名词)、表语、补语。
【完成例句】
(4)你是完全对的。
You are completely right.
(5)他昨晚很晚才睡觉。
He went to bed late last night.
(6)幸运的是，我没有被撞倒。
Luckily, I was not knocked down.
【结论2】副词在句中主要作状语，用来修饰形容词、副词、动词和句子。
【疑难】
He finally came back, safe and sound.
【疑难剖析】形容词若作状语，表示主语所处的状态。
二、形容词的位置
【完成例句】
(7)今天的报纸没有什么新的东西。
There is nothing new in today's newspaper.
(8)人民，只有人民，才是创造历史的动力。
The people, and the people alone, are the motive force in the making of world history.
(9)你还知道别的什么？
What else do you know
(10)你认识那个肩上扛一袋米的人吗？
Do you know the man carrying a bag full of rice on his back
【结论】单个形容词作前置定语，但在下列情况作后置定语：
形容词修饰不定代词时；当表语形容词alone, awake, alive, asleep, alike等作定语时；else常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语；形容词构成短语时作后置定语。
3. 多个形容词排序：
【完成例句】
(11)大厅里有一张大的圆会议桌。
There is a big round conference table in the hall.
(12)她丢了一只小的闪亮的黑色皮包。
She lost a small shiny black leather handbag.
(13)我想买一辆蓝色德国赛车。
I wanted a blue German sports car.
【结论】常见形容词顺序归纳为口诀如下：限定描绘大长高，形状年龄与新老，颜色国籍出材料，作用类别往后靠。即：限定词(冠词、代词、数词等)＋ 描绘性形容词(beautiful、interesting…)＋大小、长短、高低形容词＋形状、年龄、新旧形容词＋颜色、国籍、出处、材料形容词＋用途、类别形容词＋ 中心名词。 可以简单地记为：“县官行令宴国才。”
三、 副词的用法
1．副词的种类
时间副词 now, today, recently, late, soon, yet等。
频率副词 often, always, usually, seldom, frequently等。
地点、方向副词 away, abroad, anywhere, downstairs, home, here, there等。
方式副词 clearly, carefully, alone, high, quickly等。
程度副词 almost, a little, much, very, rather, quite, fairly, deeply等。
疑问连接副词 when, where, why, how等。
否定副词 not, hardly, scarcely, rarely, never等。
其他副词 even, also, only, too, perhaps等。
2.副词的位置
【完成例句】
(14)这本书是很有趣的。
This book is quite interesting.
(15)这男孩已够大，可以上学了。
【结论1】 The boy is old enough to go to school. 副词修饰形容词和副词时，应放在被修饰的词之前，但enough, nearby必须置于其后。
【完成例句】
(16)他总是乐于助人。
He is always ready to help others.
(17)我永远也忘不了那天。
I will never forget that day.
【结论2】频率副词(always, often, usually, never, seldom, hardly, sometimes等)要放在实义动词之前，be动词、助动词、情态动词之后。
【完成例句】
(18)幸运的是，他没有被淹死而是被解放军救了起来。
Fortunately, he was not drowned and was saved by the PLA men.
(19)对她来说，她的继母对她很慈善。
Happily for her, her stepmother was kind to her.
【结论3】修饰全句的副词多置于句首，作评注性状语。
【疑难1】
分清常用同义与近义形容词、副词在表达中的语义差别。
He planted this tree three years ago.
Have you seen the movie before
He is good at singing, but doesn't feel well today.
【疑难剖析1】 ago、before: ago表示以现在为起点的“以前”；before指以过去或将来的某时刻为起点的“以前”。泛指“以前”用before而不用 ago。
good、well：与good不同的是，well作形容词，只能在系动词后作表语，表示“身体状况好”，也作副词修饰动词。
real、true：形容词，表“真的”。real强调真实存在的而不是幻想的，在句中常作定语；true指与事实标准和实际情况相符合，在句中作表语或定语。
【疑难2】词性辨析
He was very friendly.
He jumped high in the game and we all thought highly of him.
The thunder was very frightening, so the little girl was very frightened.
【疑难剖析2】
(1)下列单词以“－ly”结尾，但却是形容词而非副词：lively、lonely、lovely、deadly、friendly、ugly、silly、likely、brotherly、timely等。
(2)表原义(无“－ly”)和引申义(有“－ly”)的副词：close近， closely 仔细地； late晚， lately最近；deep深，表示空间深度，deeply时常表示感情上的深度，深深地；wide表示空间宽度，widely广泛地；free免费，freely 无限制地。
有无“－ly”意义大不相同的副词：dead完全，绝对；be dead asleep；deadly非常；be deadly tired。
pretty相当，be pretty certain that…，pretty good; prettily漂亮地，be prettily dressed; most 最，mostly主要地；绝大多数。
(3)注意某些分词转化而来的形容词。表示情感类的过去分词表示心理状态，而现在分词则表示性质，令人……
这类词常见的有：
exciting令人激动的
excited感到激动的
delighting令人高兴的
delighted感到高兴的
disappointing令人失望的
disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的
encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的
pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人费解的
puzzled感到费解的
satisfying令人满意的
satisfied感到满意的
surprising令人惊异的
surprised感到惊异的
worrying令人担心的
worried感到担心的
四、比较句型
1. 原级句型：A与B 相同 / 不同：as…as…，the same as, such…as…，not as(so)…as…
【翻译句子】
(20)我几乎和你年龄一样大。
I am almost as old as you.
【结论1】as…as 之间一定要用形容词或副词原形。“as…as”可用almost, quite, just, about, nearly, twice, by no means(根本)修饰，置于“as…as”之前。
【翻译句子】
(21)约翰不像杰克那样聪明。
John is not as / so clever as Jack.
【结论2】so用以替代第一个as时，只能用于否定句。
【完成例句】
(22)鲍伯和玛丽读了一样多的书。
Bob has read as many books as Mary.
(23)这瓶子里的水和那瓶子里的水一样多。
There is as much water in this bottle as in that bottle.
【结论3】as much＋不可数名词＋as，而as many＋可数名词复数＋as。
【完成例句】
(24)德语和英语一样也是一门难的语言。
German is as difficult a language as English.
(25)面包是和米饭一样重要的食物。
Bread is as important food as rice.
【结论4】as＋adj. ＋不定冠词＋可数名词单数＋as; as＋adj. ＋不可数名词＋as。
2. 比较级＋than的句型
【完成例句】
(26)她唱得比别人好得多。
She sings far / much better than the others.
【结论1】比较级前可用much, far, a lot, a little, a bit, rather, even, still, a great deal等表示程度，但比较级前不能再用more。
【完成例句】
(27)他比班里其他同学学习刻苦。
He studies harder than any other student in his class.
【结论2】表示不同程度比较时，句子主语不能包括在比较对象的范围之内。他本身也是学生，不能用any students来表示比较对象的范围。
【完成例句】
(28)汤姆的自行车比吉姆的贵。
Tom's bike is more expensive than Jim's(＝Jim's bike).
(29)北京的天气比上海冷。(that指代天气)
The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Shanghai.
【结论3】比较的对象要一致，一般说来同等的两个事物才能比较。
【翻译句子】
(30)两人中他高一点。
Heis the taller of the two.
【结论4】比较级范围是由of 引出两者之间的比较，比较级前要用定冠词。
【完成例句】
(31)父母之爱，是世间最伟大的爱。
There is no greater love than that given by parents in the world.
【结论5】比较级用于否定句中表示最高级的意思。
3. 最高级句型(只用于三者或以上的比较)
【完成例句】
(32)它们是世界上最大的动物。
They're the biggest animals in the world.
【结论1】形容词最高级要加the。
【完成例句】
(33) He is a brightest student.
他是一个非常聪明的学生。
【结论2】如不表示比较，也没有表示比较范围的状语，最高级前用a 时，作“十分”、“非常”解。
【翻译句子】
(34)他是班里第二高的男生。
He is the second tallest boy in our class.
【结论3】最高级可用by far, easily, nearly, by no means，序数词等修饰，置于最高级之前。
4. 倍数表达法的句式
【例句观察】
(1)我们的新房子是旧房子的3倍大。
Our new house was three times as large as the old one.
＝Our new house was twice larger than the old one.
＝Our new house was three times the size of the old one.
(2) 2005年的汽车产量是2002年的产量的6倍。
The output of cars in 2005 is 6 times that of 2002.
＝The output of cars in 2005 is 6 times what it was in 2002.
【结论4】倍数表达法主要有以下5种：
(1) …倍数＋as＋原级＋as…
(2) …倍数＋比较级＋than…
(3) …倍数＋the size / length / weight / height of…
(4)…倍数＋that of…
(5)…倍数＋what…
【特别提醒】表示倍数的词始终在前面。
5. 一些固定习惯用语与句型。
【句型1】 “the＋比较级…，the＋比较级…”结构，意为“越……，越……”。
The higher the temperature(is)，the greater is the pressure(＝the greater the pressure is)．
温度越高，压力就越大。
【句型2】 “比较级＋and＋比较级”结构，意为“越来越……”，表示程度逐渐增长。
Our life is getting better and better.
我们的生活越来越好。
【句型3】常见的比喻结构有：
as free as a bird, as hungry as a wolf, as strong as a horse, as clever as a fox, as busy as a bee…
【句型4】 as long as 只要，有……之久； as far as 到……地点，就……而言；as high as 高达……程度； as well as 既……又； as good as 几乎
【句型5】
A is to B what C is to D.
A和B 的关系就像C和D的关系。
Air is to man what water is to fish.
空气和人类的关系就像水和鱼的关系。
【疑难1】
That little girl is more tired than hungry.
那个小女孩是累了而不是饿了(与其说那小女孩饿了，还不如说她累了)。
【疑难剖析】
1) more…than…是……而不是……，与其说是……不如说是……
2) no more than ＝ only 只不过(言其少)
not more than＝ at most不多于，至少(指事实)
no more…than…和……一样不……
not more…than…不比……更……
no less than ＝ as much as和……一样多……
no fewer than ＝ as many as和……一样多
【疑难2】
You can never be careful enough. ＝ You can never be too careful.
【疑难剖析2】can't be too＋adj. ＝ can't be ＋adj. ＋ enough 无论……都不为过(共46张PPT)
1. 定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
2. 先行词：被定语从句修饰的那个名词或代词称为先行词。
3. 关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that, as等；关系副词：where, when, why等。关系词常有三个作用：引导定语从句；代替先行词；在定语从句中充当一个成分。
例如：Harry Potter is the most interesting novel that I have read. (that I have read是定语从句；novel是先行词；that 是关系代词，代替先行词novel，在从句中作have read的宾语。)
关系词指代人或物以及在定语从句中充当的成分
关系词 指代人或物 定语从句中充当的成分
关系
代词 that 人或物 主语、宾语、
表语或状语
which 物或主句内容 主语、宾语或定语
who 人 主语或宾语
whom 人 宾语
whose 人或物 定语
as 人或物或主句内容 主语或宾语
关系
副词 when 时间 状语
where 地点 状语
why 原因 状语
4. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号和主句隔开，是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确，翻译成先行词的定语，“……的……”。非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，通常翻译成主句的并列句。关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
His brother who is now a lawyer always encourages him to go to college.
他那个现在是律师的哥哥总是鼓励他上大学。(他还有其他的哥哥)
His brother, who is now a lawyer, always encourages him to go to college.
他的哥哥，现在是律师，总是鼓励他上大学。(他只有一个哥哥)
一、关系代词的使用
【例句观察】
①She is the woman (whom / that / who)I wanted to see yesterday.
她是我昨天想看的那个女的。
②The package (which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.
你扛着的包裹马上要拆开。
③Obama won the Nobel Prize for Peace in the year 2009, which we hadn't expected.
Obama在2009年得诺贝尔和平奖是大家都没想到的。
④Your parents are the ones to whom you can turn when you are in trouble.
你父母是你困难时可以求助的人。
【例句分析】
①whom / that / who指人，在限制性定语从句中作wanted to see的宾语，可以省略。
②which / that指物，在限制性定语从句中作are carrying的宾语，可以省略。
③which指前面主句内容，在非限制性定语从句中作宾语，但不能省略。
④whom前有介词to，虽然作宾语，但不能省略。
【结论1】关系代词若在限制性定语从句中作宾语并且前面无介词时，关系代词可省略，其他情况不可省。
【完成例句】
(1)我，你的好朋友，当你陷入困境的时候会帮你的。
I, who am your close friend, will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble.
(2) 《哈利·波特》是最受青少年欢迎的畅销书之一。
Harry Potter is one of the best－sellers that are popular with teenagers.
《哈利·波特》是唯一一本让作者成为亿万富翁的畅销书。Harry Potter is the only one of the best－sellers that makes the author a billionaire.
(3)他通过了考试，这使我们很惊讶。
He has passed the exam, which makes us surprised.
众所周知，中国发生了巨大的变化。
Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all.
(4)每家有台电视,30年前我们认为是不可能的，现在实现了。
To own a TV set in each family, which we think was impossible 30 years ago, now has become true.
【结论2】定语从句中的主谓一致问题
(1)关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
(2) one of ＋ 复数名词＋ 关系代词＋ 复数动词；而the only one of ＋ 复数名词＋ 关系代词＋ 单数动词。
(3)非限制性定语从句中，由关系代词as或which代替整个主句时，从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。
(4)关系代词和谓语动词之间有插入语时，谓语动词单复数要看关系代词的指代。
【完成例句】
(5)所有能做的都做了。
All that can be done has been done.
(6)这就是我想要买的电影。
This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.
(7)他们在伦敦参观的第一个地方是大本钟。
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
(8)站在那儿的是谁？
Who is the man that is standing there
(9) They have set up a company, which deals with the things that are related to environment protection.
他们创立了一家环保公司。
(10)杭州不再是过去的杭州了。
Hangzhou is no more the city that it used to be.
【结论3】指物时，定语从句中的关系代词只能用that的情况：
①当先行词为everything, anything, nothing, the one, none, all, much, few, any, little等不定代词时，只用that。
②当先行词被the only, the very, all, much, few, any, little, no修饰时，只用that。
③当先行词被序数词、形容词最高级或者先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时，只用that。先行词既有人又有物时，只用that。
④当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时，为避免重复要用that。
⑤有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个宜用that。
⑥当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时，只用that。
【完成例句】
(11)那棵四百年的老树很有名。
The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
(12)我们自给自足。
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
(13)这本书是关于我们要去参观的那座有名的建筑吗？
Is this the book that refers to the famous building which we will go to visit
【结论4】只能用 which的情况：
①引导非限制性定语从句时，只能用which。
②介词后只用which，且不能省略。
③有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用that，另一个宜用which。
【完成例句】
(14)有人愿意帮助受伤的人吗？
Is there anyone who is ready to help the injured person
(15)这就是那位帮助在事故中受伤的人的医生吗？
Is this the doctor that helped the people who were injured in the accident
【结论5】指人时，定语从句中的关系代词只能用who的情况：
①当先行词是anyone, those时，只用who。
②有两个定语从句皆指人时，其中一个关系代词已用that，另一个宜用who。
【完成例句】
(16)那个门破了的教室在二楼。
The classroom whose door / the door of which / of which the door is broken is on the second floor. 【结论6】whose可以指代人或物，在定语从句中作定语， 后跟名词。指物时，whose ＋ 名词＝ of which ＋名词 ＝ 名词＋ of which。
【完成例句】
(17)我们都知道，吸烟有害健康。
① As we all know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
太阳照射地球，这对我们是很重要的。
②The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
(18)①她和她妹妹穿一样的衣服。
She wore the same dress as her young sister wore.
②这不是我们想到的那所房子。
This house is not such as I expect.
(19)就像我们指出的那样，这种物质是有毒的。
As was pointed out, this kind of substance is poisonous.
【结论7】关系代词as和which
在非限制性定语从句中，as和which可代替整个主句，相当于and this或and that。二者的区别主要在于：
①as引导的非限制性定语从句既可以在主句前，也可以在主句后，有时还可以在插入句中，常带有“正如……，正像……”的意思。而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后，翻译成“这”。
②as常用于以下固定搭配中：the same＋名词＋as “和……同样的”，such＋名词＋as“像……一样的，像……之类的”，…such as…“这样的人 / 物”。(such为代词，作先行词； as在从句中作宾语)
③在以下结构中，一般也用as:
as (it)appears, as (it)seems, as (it)often happens, as (it)was pointed out / said / reported / announced, as (it)was said earlier, as I remember (it), as is well－known, as is known to all, as anybody can see等。
【完成例句】
(20)这就是我一直在找的书。
This is the book which / that / 不填I am looking for.
(21)他深爱对他慈爱的父母。
He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
＝He loved his parents deeply, of whom both are very kind to him.
(22)我没有足够的钱去买那条昂贵的裙子。
I don't have enough money with which to buy such an expensive dress.
(23)从1998年到2004年Mike在这所大学学习，在此期间，他学习很努力并当选为学生会主席。
Mike studied at the university from 1998 to 2004, during which time he studied very hard and was made chairman of the Students' Union.
【结论8】“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，关系代词指人时用whom，指物时用which。
①某些带有介词的动词短语，介词可以提至关系代词之前，但是在一些固定搭配的短语动词中，由于动词和介词不可以分割，因此不能将介词置于关系代词之前，如take care of, look for, look after, care for等。
②“介词＋关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词，有时数词或代词也可以放在“介词＋关系代词”之后。
③介词＋which / whom＋to do结构。这种结构可以改为：介词＋which / whom＋定语从句。
④在非限制性定语从句中，which可作定语，指先行词(短语或句子)所表示的信息，形成“介词＋which ＋名词”结构，相当于and in / at / during this / that＋名词。
二、关系副词的使用
【完成例句】
(24)我仍然记得我们第一次上学的那天。
I still remember the day when / on which we first came to the school.
(25)十年前我住的房子已经被推倒了。
The house where / in which I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
(26)我不知道他今天看起来不高兴的原因。
I don't know the reason why / for which he looks unhappy today.
【结论1】关系副词的分类和作用
①when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语；when＝表示时间的介词(in / at / on / during…)＋which。
②where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，where＝表示地点的介词(in / at / on / under…)＋which。
③why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语， why＝表示原因的介词(for)＋which。
【翻译句子】
(27)他回答这个问题的方式是令人惊讶的。
The way in which / that / 不填he answered the question was surprising.
(28) The way which / that he explained to us was quite simple.
【结论2】在以the way为先行词的定语从句中，若the way 在从句中充当状语，则通常由in which或that引导，而且通常可以省略。若the way 在从句中充当宾语，则通常由which或that引导。
【完成例句】
(29)中国是风筝的起源地，并从那里传播到日本、韩国、泰国和印度。
China is the birth place of kites, from where kites spread to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India.
【结论3】有时为了表达更清楚，可以在关系副词where / when前加上介词to, from等。
【疑难】
There is one point that we must insist on.
有一个观点我们必须坚持。(定语从句可还原为：we must insist on the point，所以先行词point在定语从句中作宾语，故用that / which或省略。)
We're just trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk.
我们正努力做到能让双方坐下来对话。 (定语从句可还原为：at the point both sides will sit down together and talk, 故先行词point在定语从句中作状语，所以关系词用where / at which。)
【疑难剖析】一些特殊的先行词如situation, point, case, activity，scene及period, festival, occasion等要注意具体情况具体分析，作主语、宾语和表语用that / which，作状语用where / when / 介词＋which。
三、关系代 / 副词的选择技巧
【完成例句】
(30)我会记住我们一起度过的日子。
I will remember the days that / which / 省略 we spent together.
(根据把定语从句还原成we spent the days together，判断出the days作spent的宾语)
(31) 6月7日是我们开始高考的日子。
June 7 is the day when / on which we begin to take the college entrance examination.
(根据把定语从句还原成we begin to take the college entrance examination on the day，判断出on the day作状语。)
(32 )这是他工作过10年的地方。
This is the place where / in which he worked for ten years.
(根据把定语从句还原成he worked in the place for ten years，判断出in the place作状语。)
【结论】
①用还原法：将先行词放入定语从句中，找到它的原有位置，判断它做什么成分以及判断先行词指人还是指物。
②一般说来，作主语、宾语或表语时，用关系代词；作状语时，用关系副词或介词＋which；作定语时，用whose。
四、定语从句和其他句型之间的关系
【例句观察】
He is such a good boy that everyone likes him. (不缺句子成分，that引导结果状语从句)
他是如此好的一位男孩以至于大家都喜欢他。
He is such a good boy as everyone likes. (likes缺宾语，用as充当并引导定语从句)
他是一个大家都喜欢的男孩。
The great white shark is so fierce a fish as eats most of the others. (as充当eats的主语，并引导定语从句)
大白鲨是大多数鱼都吃的一种凶狠的鱼。
【结论】区别such / so…as…引导的定语从句和such / so…that…引导的结果状语从句判断用that还是as, 只要看从句的结构是否完整即可。如果从句缺了主语或宾语就是定语从句；如果从句的结构完整，就是结果状语从句。
【疑难1】区别非限制性定语从句与并列句
— He wrote a lot of novels, none of ______ were popular.
— It's the same with his wife. She wrote some plays, but none of ______ was a success.
A. these; them B. which; which
C. those; which D. which; them
【疑难剖析1】此题应选 D。很容易误选A、B。选对该题的关键是：要注意前面一句的 none of…没有并列连词(说明它才是非限制性定语从句，所以其后填which)，而后面一句的none of…前有一并列连词but (说明它与前面一句构成并列句，所以其后填them)。
【疑难2】区别定语从句与名词性从句
①As is known to all, the moon travels around the earth.
②It is known to all that the moon travels around the earth.
③That the moon travels around the earth is known to all.
④What is known to all is that the moon travels around the earth.
【疑难剖析2】
①as引导非限制性定语从句；
②it作形式主语，that引导主语从句；
③that引导主语从句；
④what引导主语从句， that引导表语从句。
【疑难3】区别定语从句与地点状语从句
①When you read the book, you'd better make a mark in the place where you have any questions.
②When you read the book, you'd better make a mark where you have any questions.
③Please put the book in the place where you got it.
④Please put the book where you got it.
【疑难剖析3】①定语从句修饰place; ②地点状语从句；③定语从句修饰place；④地点状语从句。
【疑难4】区别定语从句与强调句、状语从句
①It was this small village (that / which) we got to know each other.
②It was in this small village that we got to know each other.
③It was 1914 when the war broke out.
④It was in 1914 that the war broke out.
⑤It was 1914, when the war broke out.
【疑难剖析4】①定语从句；②强调句；③时间状语从句；④强调句；⑤非限制性定语从句。
【疑难5】定语从句中含有插入语
①He made another wonderful discovery, which I think is of great importance to science.
②The Chinese government has decided to develop the west of China, which, I dare say, will benefit the people there, especially those who are still leading a poor life.
【疑难剖析5】①I think作插入语；②I dare say作插入语。(共28张PPT)
【定义】一个句子在另一个句子中充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语，相当于名词，故称为名词性从句。
【四大从句】名词性从句分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
一、主语从句
一个句子在另一个句子中充当主语，即句子充当主语，该句子称为主语从句。
【完成例句】
根据句意选词填空(that, if, whether, why, when, what)
(1) That he will succeed is certain.
(2) Whether he will go there is not known.
(3) What he said is not true.
(4) When the meeting will be held has not been decided yet.
【结论】 ①that－从句，从句为一个句意完整的陈述句，没有具体意义，不充当句子成分，只起标志性作用，但that 不能省略。
②whether －从句，从句来源于一般疑问句，whether不能省略，意为“是否”，不能用if替换。
③特殊疑问词－从句，从句来源于特殊疑问句，特殊疑问词不能省略，意思为特殊疑问词本来的意思，在从句中充当句子成分。
【疑难1】Who he is is none of my business.
【疑难剖析1】任何从句要用陈述句语序，即主谓语序。
【疑难2】That he likes English is known to us all.
What he said at the meeting made me sad.
【疑难剖析2】主句时态为过去时，从句时态为过去的某一时态；主句时态为现在时或将来时，从句时态视具体情况而定。
【疑难3】That 2010 Asian Games are successful is known to all.
【疑难剖析3】单个句子作主语，视为单数。
【疑难3】It is a pity that you didn't go to see the film.
It doesn't interest me whether you succeed or not.
It is in the morning that the murder took place.
It is John that broke the window.
【疑难剖析3】1．主语从句通常由it充当形式主语，而本身放在句子末尾。
2．it作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较
it作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who / whom。
3. 用it 作形式主语的常用结构
① It is ＋ 名词 ＋ 从句
It is a fact that…事实是……
It is an honor that…非常荣幸
It is common knowledge that………是常识
②It is ＋ 形容词 ＋ 从句
It is natural that…很自然……
It is strange that…奇怪的是……
③It is ＋ 不及物动词 ＋ 从句
It seems that…似乎……
It happened that…碰巧……
It appears that…似乎……
④It ＋ 过去分词 ＋ 从句
It is reported that…据报道……
It has been proved that…已证实……
It is said that…据说……
【疑难5】It is said that Chairman Hu will visit our school next week. (√)
That Chairman Hu will visit our school next week is said. (×)
【疑难剖析5】主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况：
1. if 引导的主语从句不可位于复合句句首。
2. It is said / reported…结构中的主语从句不可提前。
3. It happens / occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。
It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (√)
That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (×)
4. It doesn't matter how / whether…结构中的主语从句不可提前。
It doesn't matter whether he is wrong or not. (√)
Whether he is wrong or not doesn't matter. (×)
5. 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。
Is it likely that it will rain in the evening？(√)
Is that will rain in the evening likely？(×)
【疑难6】 what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别
What you said yesterday is right.
That she is still alive is a consolation.
【疑难剖析6】 what 引导主语从句时在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语，而that则不充当任何成分。
二、宾语从句
在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句是宾语从句，通常放在主句谓语动词 (及物动词)或介词之后。
【完成例句】
根据句意选词填空(that, if, whether, where, what，who)
(5)I heard that he joined the army.
(6)①She did not know what had happened.
②I wonder whether you can change this note for me.
(7)She told me that she would accept my invitation.
【结论9】①由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略)，that在从句中不充当任何成分。
②由what引导的宾语从句，what在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。
③whether (if)引导的宾语从句，在从句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用，意为“是否”。
【疑难1】引导宾语从句时if和whether的区别
I asked her if / whether she had a bike.
They discussed whether they will go back right now.
We're worried about whether he is safe.
I don't know whether or not he will come.
I don't know whether to go.
【疑难剖析1】引导宾语从句时用if和whether都可以，但有只用whether的特殊情况：动词discuss后；介词后；whether与or not连用时； whether to do。
【疑难2】I am afraid (that) I've made a mistake.
【疑难剖析2】作形容词的宾语时，可以省略that。
【注意】下列形容词后常跟that引导的从句作宾语：
anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content等。(有时也将此类词后的that 从句看作原因状语从句。 )
【疑难3】We heard it that she would get married next month.
【疑难剖析3】it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语，而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾(特别是在带复合宾语的句子中)。
【疑难4】I admire their winning the match. (√)
I admire that they won the match. (×)
【疑难剖析4】后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词有：
allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。
【疑难5】He impressed the manager as an honest man. (√)
He impressed the manager that he was an honest man. (×)
【疑难剖析5】有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋that－从句”结构中，这类动词常见的有envy，order，accuse，refuse，impress，forgive，blame，denounce，advise，congratulate等。
【疑难6】我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。
I don't think this dress fits you well.
【疑难剖析6】否定的转移：若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。
三、表语从句
在复合句中作表语的名词性从句为表语从句，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。
【完成例句】
根据句意填空
(8) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.
(9) This is why we can't get the support of the people.
(10) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.
(11) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.
【结论1】
①完整陈述句充当表语时用that引导，且不可省略；
②表“是否”含义时用whether；
③语义不完整时根据情况选用对应的特殊疑问词，如what，when，where，why等；
④两种特殊句型：the reason is that…和It is because…等结构。
四、同位语从句
在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句为同位语从句。
【完成例句】
根据句意选词填空
(12) The king's decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.
(13) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.
【结论】同位语从句对名词作进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，可以接同位语从句的名词主要有：fact, information, problem, decision, suggestion, proposal, order等。
【疑难1】同位语在句子中的位置
He got the news from Mary than the sports meeting was put off.
【疑难剖析1】同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。
【疑难2】同位语从句与定语从句的区别
The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.
他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。
The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.
汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。
【疑难剖析2】 (1)定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时可以在从句中作某个成分(主语或宾语)，而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。
(2)定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述名词的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词的具体内容进行补充说明。(共17张PPT)
常见交际用语归纳
1. 问候
a. Good morning / afternoon / evening. Hello / Hi!
b. How are you
c. Fine, thank you. And you / Very well, thank you.
2. 介绍
a. This is Mr. / Miss / Mrs. …
b. How do you do Nice / Glad to see / meet you.
c. My name is… I'm a student / worker, etc. ( here)．
3. 告别
a. I think it's time for us to leave now.
b. Goodbye! (Bye－bye! Bye！)See you later / tomorrow.
4. 打电话
a. Hello! May I speak to…？
b. Hold on, Please. He / She isn't here right now. Can I take a message for you
c. I'm calling to tell / ask you… Goodbye.
5. 感谢和应答
a. Thank you (very much) / Thanks a lot. Many thanks. Thanks for…
b. Not at all. That's all right. You're welcome.
6. 祝愿、祝贺和应答
a. Good luck! Best wishes to you. Have a nice / good time. Congratulations!
b. Thank you.
c. Happy New Year! / Merry Christmas! / Happy birthday to you.
d. The same to you.
7. 意愿
I'm going to…I will…
I'd like to…I want / hope to…
8. 道歉和应答
a. I'm sorry. (Sorry.)I'm sorry for / about…Excuse me.
b. That's all right. It doesn't matter. That's nothing.
9. 遗憾和同情
What a pity! I'm sorry to hear…
10. 邀请和应答
a. Will you come to…？ Would you like to…？
b. Yes, I'd love to…Yes, it's very kind of you / nice of you.
c. I'd love to, but…
11. 提供(帮助等)和应答
a. Can I help you What can I do for you Here, take this / my… Let me…for you. Would you like some…？
b. Thanks. That would be nice / fine. Thank you for your help. Yes, please.
c. No, thanks / thank you. That's very kind of you, but…
12. 请求允许和应答
a. May I…？ Can / Could I…？
b. Yes / Certainly. Yes, do please. Of course(you may). That's OK / all right.
c. I'm sorry, but…You'd better not.
13. 表示同意和不同意
a. Certainly / Sure / Of course. Yes, please. Yes, I think so. That's true. All right / OK. That's a good idea. I agree (with you)．
b. No, I don't think so. I'm afraid not. I really can't agree with you.
14. 表示肯定和不肯定
a. I'm sure. I'm sure (that)…
b. I'm not sure.
c. Maybe / Perhaps.
15. 喜好和厌恶
a. I like / love…very much. I like / love to…
b. I don't like (to)…I hate (to)…
16. 谈论天气
a. What's the weather like today How's the weather in…？
b. It's fine / could / windy / rainy, etc. It's rather warm / cold / hot, etc. today, isn't it
17. 购物
a. What can I do for you May / Can I help you
b. I want / I'd like…How much is it？＝What's the price of it That's too much / expensive, I'm afraid. That's fine. I'll take it. Let me have…kilo / box, etc.
c. How many / much do you want What color / size / kind / do you want
d. Do you have any other kind / size / color, etc.
18. 问路和应答
a. Excuse me. Where's the men's / ladies' room / toilet / restroom / washing room Excuse me, can
you tell me the way to…？ How can I get to…？ I don't know the way.
b. Go down this street. Turn right / left at the first / second crossing. It's about…meters from here.
19. 问时间或星期、日期和应答
a. What day is (it)today What's the date today What time is it What's the time, please
b. It's Monday / Tuesday / Wednesday / Thursday / Friday / Saturday / Sunday. It's January 10th. It's five o'clock / half past five / a quarter to five / five thirty, etc. It's time for…
20. 请求
a. Can / Could you…for me Will / Would you please…？ May I have…？
b. Please give / pass me…Please wait (here / a moment )Please wait (for )your turn. Please stand in line / line up.
21. 建议和劝告
a. You'd better…You should…You need (to)…
b. Shall we…？ Let's…What / How about…？
22. 禁止和警告
a. You can't / mustn't…If you…， you'll…
b. Take care. Be careful! ＝ Look out!
23. 表达感情
a. 喜悦I'm glad / pleased / happy to…That's nice. That's wonderful / great.
b. 焦虑What's wrong What's the matter / trouble / problem (with you) I'm / He's / She's worried. Oh, what shall I / we do
c. 惊奇Really Oh, dear! Is that so
24. 就餐
a. What would you like to have Would you like something to eat / drink
b. I'd like…Would you like some more…？ Help yourself to some…
c. Thank you. I've had enough. Just a little, please.
25. 约会
a. Are you free this afternoon / evening How about tomorrow morning / afternoon / evening Shall we meet at 4：30 at…？
b. Yes, that's all right. Yes, I'll be free then.
c. No, I won't be free then. But I'll be free…
d. All right. See you then.
26. 传递信息
a. Will you please give this note / message to…？
b. …asked me to give you this note.
c. Thanks for the message.
27. 看病
a. There's something wrong with…I've got a cough. I feel terrible(bad)I don't feel well. I've got a pain here. This place hurts.
b. Take this medicine three times a day. It's nothing serious. You'll be all right / well soon.
28. 求助
a. Help!
b. What's the matter
28. 处理交际中的障碍
Pardon Please say that again / more slowly. What do you mean by…？ I'm sorry I can't follow you. I'm sorry I know only a little English.
【注意】情景交际解题要注意“四忌”。 一忌上词下用；二忌中文思维；三忌直接回绝；四忌答非所问。要避免此类错误，一要掌握常用的功能意念会话项目，特别是一些口语式的固定搭配；二要理解对话交际场合和交际意图，理清答题思路。(共63张PPT)
省略
在英语中，有时为了避免结构上或内容上的重复，并使上下文紧密连接；有时因为语法的客观要求，句子中的一个或几个成分不需要表达出来，这种现象称为省略。省略有词法上的省略，也有句法上的省略，还有一种替代省略。省略部分的成分和含义可从上下文或具体语言环境中找到而且是有章可循的。
【省略的类型】
一、简单句中的省略
【翻译句子】
(1)好久不见了！
Haven't seen you for ages! (省略主语)
(2)你要什么东西吗？
(Is there) Anything you want (省略谓语)
(3)我不知道他是谁。
I don't know (who he is)．(省略宾语)
(4)你有墨水吗？
(Have you) Got any ink (省略主语和谓语或谓语的一部分，只剩下表语、宾语、状语或其他成分)
【结论1】
有些简单句中可以省略主语、谓语、宾语或主语和谓语。
二、 并列句中的省略
【翻译句子】
(5)他教英语，他弟弟教数学。
He teaches English and his brother maths.
【结论】在并列句中，如果后面的分句与前面的分句有相同的部分，这一部分则常被省略掉，以免重复。
三、复合句中的省略
1. 在含有状语从句的复合句中
【翻译句子】
(6)当被问到她是谁的时候，她一句话也没说。
When (she was) asked, she didn't answer a word.
【结论1】在含有状语从句的复合句中，若从句的主句是it或与主句的主语相同，且在谓语中含有be时，常省略从句的主语和be。
【疑难1】
Should it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit till next week.
要是明天下雨的话，我们将不得不将访问推迟到下个礼拜。
【疑难剖析1】虚拟条件句中，含had, were, should时，若将它们提到句首，则需省略if。
【疑难2】This car doesn't run as fast as that one.
这辆车没有那一辆开得快。
I know you can do better than Peter.
我知道你比彼得做得好。
【疑难剖析2】在as (so)…as…， than引导的比较状语从句中省略谓语。
【疑难3】
Child as he is, he knows a lot.
尽管是个孩子，他却懂得很多。
【疑难剖析3】在as引导的让步状语从句中，当作表语的名词提前时，冠词要省略。
2．在限定性定语从句中
【翻译句子】
(7)他曾想做的就是去购物。
All he ever wants to do is going shopping.
(8)令我吃惊的不是他所说的内容，而是他说话的方式。
What surprised me was not what he said but the way he said it.
【结论2】定语从句中作宾语的关系代词that，which, whom可以省略；在以the same… as和such… as引导的定语从句中，可以省略与主句相同的部分；the way后面的定语从句中，可以省略that，in which。
3. 名词性从句中的省略
【翻译句子】
(9) He said he had arrived here two days before and that he had lived in a hotel.
他说他两天前就到了，而且已经在一家旅馆住下了。
【结论3】引导宾语从句的连词that在口语中常常省略，或并列的宾语从句中的第一个连词that也能省略。
【翻译句子】
(10) Someone has used my bike, but I don't know who.
有人用过我的自行车了，但我不知道是谁。
【结论4】作宾语的wh－从句中的谓语动词与主句的相同，则what从句可以省略谓语，甚至主语。
【完成例句】
(11)我们和老人说话要有礼貌，这很重要。
It's important that we speak to the old politely.
【结论5】在某些表虚拟语气的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中，从句谓语动词中的助动词should可以省略。这些句子一般包含如下动词及其派生词：
一个坚持(insist)，二个命令(order, command)，三个建议(suggest, propose, advise )，四个要求(demand, require, request, ask)。
【完成例句】
(12)这个问题应该马上解决，这是必要的。
It is necessary that the problem be solved at once.
【结论6】 It is necessary (important, impossible, strange, natural, a pity, no wonder) that…主语从句中，should可以省略。
四、动词不定式中的省略
【完成例句】
(13)我认为他很傻。
I consider him (to be) stupid.
【结论1】有些动词，如：believe, find, think, feel, consider, imagine, prove等后作宾补的结构to be ＋ n. / adj. 中的to be可以省略。
【例句观察】
They made the workers work more than 16 hours a day. (主动)
The workers were made to work more than 16 hours a day. (被动)
他们要求工人每天工作16个多小时。
【结论2】在see, watch, hear, feel, observe, notice, look at, listen to等感官动词及使役动词let, make, have 后的“宾语＋动词不定式作宾语补足语”的结构中，不定式符号to须省略，但这类结构变成被动语态时，其后的不定式要还原加上to。
【例句观察】
——你买到票了吗？
— Did you get a ticket
——没有。我想买的，可是卖完了。
— No, I meant to (get one), but there weren't any left.
【结论3】动词不定式在like, love, care, want, hope, wish, expect, prefer, refuse, decide, mean, intend, try, promise等动词后作宾语时，为了避免重复，常承前省略不定式后的内容，但要保留不定式符号to。
特别注意：want, like用在 when, if, what，as 引导的从句中，其后的to也常可省略，如：I've decided to do what I like.
【翻译句子】
(14)除了等待，我们什么也做不了。
We do nothing now but wait. ＝We have nothing to do but wait.
(15) I can not but admire his courage.
我不得不敬佩他的勇气。
(16)他别无选择，只好接受事实。
He has no choice but to accept the fact.
【结论4】在can not but, can not choose but, do nothing but…， can't help but…， prefer to do rather than do …， would do… rather than… 之后的动词不定式一般不带to；but之前有实义动词do的某个形式do, does, did, done 而且其宾语是something，nothing，anything和everything等不定代词时，也不带to, 否则要带to。
【例句观察】
I'm really puzzled what to think or say.
我真不知该想什么，该说什么。
【结论5】在并列结构中为了避免重复，后一个to省略。但两个不定式有对照或对比的意义时，则后一个to不能省略。如：
I can not to scold but to praise you.
【例句观察】
Why talk so much about it
关于此事你为什么说了那么多？
Why not try it again
为什么不再试试？
【结论6】在why, why not 引导的特殊问句中后跟省略to的动词不定式。
【例句观察】
I don't want to wait for him, but I have to.
我并不想等他的，可我又不得不这样。
He doesn't like fish, but he used to.
他不喜欢吃鱼，但他以前很喜欢。
— Why didn't you come to our party
——你为什么不来参加舞会？
— I was going to，but I had a report to write.
——我本想来的，但我有个报告要写，来不了。
【结论7】动词不定式与 be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to等构成复合谓语时，不定式结构常可省略，但要保留不定式符号to。
【完成句子】
(17) You may go if you wish to.
你想去就去吧。
(18) Don't go till I tell you to.
我没叫你走就别走。
【结论8】动词不定式中动词原形部分是否省略，主要看句子前面是否已出现过同样的动词。如果句子前面出现过同样的动词，为了避免重复，句子后面的不定式常省略动词原形，而保留不定式符号to。
【例句观察】
The students want to enter the lab, but the monitor advises them not to (enter the lab)．
学生们都想进实验室，但班长建议他们别进去。
【结论9】动词不定式在 ask, warn, tell, advise, force, wish, expect, allow, permit, invite, persuade, order, would like, forbid等动词后作宾语补足语或主语补足语时，常可省略。
【例句观察】
——陪我去购物好吗？
— Could you go shopping with me
——我很乐意。
— I'm glad to (go shopping with you)．
【结论10】系动词(be)＋形容词，即be afraid / ready / glad / happy / willing等后面接不定式时有时为了避免重复，常省略与上文表达相同意思的不定式符号to之后的内容，只保留不定式符号。
特别注意：承前省略的动词不定式如果有助动词have或be，则要保留be或have，如：
— Are you a doctor
— No, but I used to be
五、某些词法上的省略
1. 名词所有格后修饰的名词在以下情况可以省略
1)这些是约翰的书，那些是玛丽的。
These are John's books and those are Mary's.
【结论1】如果名词所有格修饰的名词在前文已出现，则可以省略。
2)怀特先生现在在诊所。
Mr. White is now at the doctor's.
【结论2】名词所有格所修饰的名词，若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时，常常可以省略。如：at Mr. Green's ，to my uncle's，at the barber's。
2. 冠词的省略
1)第二天我们来到农场帮助农场主收获庄稼。
We went to the farm to help the farmers with the harvest (the) next day.
【结论1】在the next day (morning, week, year…)等短语中，有时为了使语气紧凑，定冠词the 常可以省略。
2)她在班上歌唱得最好。
She sings best in the class.
【结论2】在副词的最高级前面的定冠词常可以省略。
3)我们老师手里拿着书走了进来。
Our teacher came in, a book in hand.
＝Our teacher came in, with a book in his hand.
【结论3】在某些独立主格结构中，冠词常可以省略。
3. 介词的省略
1) Both (of)the films were interesting.
这两部电影都很有趣。
She invited both of us to her birthday party.
她邀请了我们俩参加她的生日聚会。
【结论1】 both 后常跟of短语，其后可以接名词复数形式，也可以接代词宾格复数形式。接复数名词时，介词of可以省略，但接代词宾格时，of不能省略。
2)These shoes are worn out. They have lasted (for) a long time.
这些鞋子很旧了。它们已经穿了好长时间了。 【结论2】在现在完成时表持续和重复的句型中，一段时间前的介词for可以省略。
3)The letter was posted yesterday.
这封信是昨天寄的。
【结论3】被动结构中，如果没有必要强调动作的执行者，则可以省略介词by短语。
4)Can you stop him (from)going swimming in the river
你能否阻止他去河里游泳？
【结论4】和一些动词搭配构成的短语中的介词，如：consider… (as)…， prevent / stop… (from) doing…， have trouble / difficulty… (in) doing…，spend… (in / on) doing… 中的介词可以省略。
六、替代性省略
1)— Do you suppose he is going to attend the meeting
—你认为他会去参加会议吗？
—I suppose not.
—我想不会。
【结论1】在一些交际用语中的某些动词，如：think, suppose, expect, believe，guess等后常常和so, not等连用，以替代上文出现的内容。
2)— I don't think I can walk any further.
——我想我是再也走不动了。
— Neither can I. Let's stop here for a rest.
——我也是。我们停下休息一会儿吧。
【结论2】“So / Nor (Neither)＋谓语＋主语”这种句型是用来替代前面提到的情况，表明它也适用于后者。
【特别提醒】省略在语言中，尤其在对话中，是一种十分普遍的现象；省略的考查已成为高考中的热点。
插入语
插入语通常与句中其他成分没有语法上的关系，插入语多半用逗号与句子隔开，用来表示说话者对句子所表达的意思的态度，对句子表达起修饰、强调、缓和语气等作用。插入语可能是一个词、一个短语或一个句子。掌握插入语不仅有助于正确理解句意，灵活运用插入语于书面表达中还能提高作文的得分。
一、常用作插入语的副词
【例句观察】
Surely, she won't go to China Telecom with you.
Strangely, he has not been to China Unicom. Still more strangely, he has not called me.
Fortunately, I found the book that I had lost.
【结论1】indeed 的确 surely 无疑
however 然而 obviously 显然
frankly 坦率地 naturally 自然而然的
fortunately 幸运地 strangely 奇怪
honestly 真诚地 briefly 简单地说 luckily 幸运的是
二、常见的作插入语的形容词或其短语
【例句观察】
Strange to say, he should have done such a thing.
Most important of all, you each over fulfilled your own task.
【结论2】strange to say 说来也怪
needless to say 不用说
most important of all 最为重要的是
worse still 更糟糕的是
三、常用作插入语的介词短语
【例句观察】
Of course, he did not succeed for the lack of experience.
She knows much more about computer science than the other students do, for instance.
in a few words (或in sum, in short) 简而言之
【结论】in his opinion (judgment) 按照他的意见(判断)
in other words 换句话说
in a sense 在某种意义上
in general 一般说来
in my view 在我看来
in conclusion 总之
in summary 概括地说
in fact 事实上
in addition 此外
of course 当然
as a matter of fact 事实上
to our knowledge 据我们所知
for instance (或example) 例如
to my joy (delight, satisfaction)
使我欣慰(高兴、满意)的是
to their surprise (astonishment, amazement)
使他们惊奇的是
to her regret (disappointment)
使她遗憾(失望)的是
四、常用作插入语的分词短语
【例句观察】
Judging from his letter, a campaign against “white pollution” has been under taken in his hometown.
Generally speaking, boys like football much more than girls.
【结论】strictly speaking 严格地说
generally speaking 一般地说
judging from…根据……判断
given…鉴于…… considering…考虑到……
【注意】不要把以上插入语理解为现在分词短语作状语，因为它们与主语之间没有主谓关系也无动宾关系，如上两句中speaking和judging的动作都不是句中主语发出的。
五、常用作插入语的不定式短语
【例句观察】
To be sure, community service can aid reemployment.
【结论】to be sure 无疑地 to sum up 概括地说
to tell the truth 老实说 to start with 首先
六、插入句
【例句观察】
It will result in success, I suppose.
One day, it is said, Newton saw an apple fall from a tree.
What is more important, information superhighways can carry great amounts of information around the country quickly and cheaply.
【结论】I am sure 我可以肯定地说
I believe 我相信
I wonder 我想知道 you know 你知道
you see 你明白 that is 也就是说
it seems 看来是 as I see it 照我看来
I'm afraid 恐怕 it is said 据说
what is important (serious) 重要(严重)的是
反意疑问句
【例句观察】
Somebody phoned while I was out, didn't they
Everyone enjoyed the party, didn't they
Nobody wants to go there, does he
There's no help for it, is there
There's something wrong, isn't there
【结论1】当陈述部分的主语是everybody, everyone, someone, nobody, no one, somebody等合成代词时，附加疑问部分的主语通常用they。但亦可用he, 尤其是nobody, no one等作主语，具有否定概念时。
【结论2】当陈述句为there be结构时，附加疑问部分的主语也用there。
【例句观察】
Bob rarely got drunk, did he
Few people know him, do they
She seldom goes to the cinema, does she
【结论3】陈述部分带有seldom, hardly, never, rarely, few, little, nowhere, nothing等否定词或半否定词时，附加疑问部分的动词用肯定形式。
【例句观察】
He was unsuccessful, wasn't he
Tom dislikes the book, doesn't he
【结论4】如果陈述部分的否定词带有否定前缀，那么，该陈述部分作肯定处理，附加疑问部分一般仍用否定形式。
【例句观察】
She says that I did it, doesn't she
I told them not everybody could do it, didn't I .
【结论5】当陈述部分为主从复合句时，附加疑问部分一般应与主句的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系。
【注意】但当陈述部分的主语是I, 谓语是think, believe, suppose, expect这类动词时，附加疑问部分则往往与从句中的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系，但要注意否定转移。
I suppose that he's serious, isn't he
I don't think she cares, does he
【例句观察】
Xiao Lin has been writing letters all afternoon but he should finish them now, shouldn't he
【结论6】当陈述部分为主从复合句时，附加疑问部分一般应与主句的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系。
【例句观察】
Don't open the door, will you
Give me some cigarettes, can you
Take a rest, why don't you
【结论7】在由“祈使句＋附加疑问”构成的附加疑问句中，附加疑问部分一般用will you, won't you, would you, 有时也可用can you, can't you, why don't you, could you等。
【注意】但是，以let's开头的祈使句，附加疑问部分用shall we；以let us开头的祈使句，附加疑问部分用will you。
Let's have a basketball match this afternoon, shall we
Let us go out for a rest, will you
【例句观察】
The old man used to smoke, didn't/ usedn't he
Tom used to live here, usedn't /didn't he
【结论8】当陈述部分含有情态动词used to时，疑问部分可用usedn't或didn't。
【例句观察】
Learning how to repair motors takes a long time, doesn't it
Between six and seven will suit you, won't it
Where to hold the meeting has not been decided, has it
【结论9】陈述句子中的主语为动词不定式短语、动名词短语或其他短语时，疑问部分的主语通常用it。
【例句观察】
I wish to have a chance to learn English, may_I
【结论10】陈述句中的谓语动词是wish, 表示愿望时用may, 且用肯定形式。(共55张PPT)
情态动词表示说话人的语气和情绪，本身词义不全，不能单独作谓语，后面必须与动词原形一起构成谓语。情态动词没有人称和数的变化，有的情态动词有过去式。常见的情态动词有can, could, may, might, must, have to, shall, should, will, would, ought to, need, dare, used to等。
一、情态动词的基本用法
(一)can, could的用法
【完成例句】
(1)他妈妈会说法语。
His mother can / could speak French.
【结论1】表示体力或脑力(知识、技能)所产生的能力。
【翻译句子】
(2)Man can / could not live without air.
人没有空气不能呼吸。
【结论2】 表示客观的可能性。
【翻译句子】
(3)Could you wait a few days for the money
钱你可以再等几天吗？
(4)Could you be here at eight o'clock tomorrow morning
你能明天早上8点钟到这儿吗？
【结论3】表示请求、建议，用could 比 can语气更委婉(回答用原形)。
【翻译句子】
(5)Could / Can I borrow your reference books
我可以借下你的参考书吗？
(6)You can smoke in the entrance hall.
你可以在入口大厅抽烟。
【结论4】表示允许、许可，用could 比 can更委婉客气。
【疑难1】
Can it be true
You can't be serious!
Oh, dear, what on earth can this mean
【疑难剖析1】 否定句、疑问句和感叹句中，can表示怀疑、惊异、不相信的态度。
【疑难2】
They were able to put out the fire without any help from the firefighters.
【疑难剖析2】 表示“经过努力后终于能……”，用be able to。
【疑难3】
You can not be too careful.
【疑难剖析3】惯用形式“can not (can't)…too / over / enough”表示“无论怎么……也不(过分)”，用来加强语气。
【疑难4】
I couldn't but choose to wait.
【疑难剖析4】 cannot but do sth. 不得不；只好
(二)may, might的用法
【例句观察】
May I ask you a question
Might I close the window
You mustn't speak like that to your mother.
【结论1】 表示允许、请求。Might I …？ 比 May I …？ 语气更委婉和有礼貌。
【翻译句子】
(7) He might come tomorrow.
他可能明天来。
(8) He may be very busy these days.
他这些天可能很忙。
【结论2】表示可能性，表示“或许，大概”。用于肯定句或否定句中，用might 比 may语气更加不肯定。
【疑难1】
Study hard that you may work better in the future.
They set out early so that they might arrive in time.
【疑难剖析1】用于目的状语从句中，含“为了……”或“以便……”之意。
【疑难2】
If that is the case, we may as well try.
Now that they were all here, she might as well speak her mind.
【疑难剖析2】 惯用形式 may (might)as well＋动词原形：不妨做……
【疑难3】
May you succeed!
May the friendship between us last forever!
【疑难剖析3】表示祝愿。(不用might)采用部分倒装语序：may＋主语＋动词原形＋……
(三)must，have to的用法
【完成例句】
(9)所有人必须遵守条例。
Everybody must obey the rules.
(10)不准你和你妈妈那样说话。
You mustn't speak like that to your mother.
【结论1】must 表示“必须”。强调主观看法，只有现在时形式，否定式是must not (mustn't)，表示“禁止”，“不准”。
【翻译句子】
(11)走了很远的路你一定饿了。
You must be hungry after the long walk.
【结论2】must表示有把握的推测，意为“一定，肯定”，用于肯定句中。
【翻译句子】
(12 )因为他的腿断了，他不得不躺在床上。
As he had broken his leg, he had to lie in bed.
【结论3】have to表示“必须，不得不”，着重强调客观需要，能用于更多时态(过去式和将来式)。
【疑难】
— How old are you, madam
— If you must know, I'm twice my son's age.
【疑难剖析】 must有“偏要、硬要”之意。
(四)will, would的用法
【例句观察】
I will do my best to help you.
我会尽力帮你的。
He said that they would help us.
他说他们会帮助我们的。
【结论1】用于各种人称，表示意志或决心。will指现在，would则指过去。
【完成例句】
(13)你可以教我怎样驾车吗？
Would you teach me how to drive a car
(14)当你看见他能给他捎个便条吗？
Will you please give him a message when you see him
【结论2】用于第二人称的疑问句中表示有礼貌的询问和请求，would 比 will更委婉。
【完成例句】
(15)鱼没水就会死。
Fish will die without water.
(16)星期天当他在北京的时候就会来看我。
He would come to see me on Sunday when he was in Beijing.
【结论3】表示习惯性、经常性、倾向性，意为“总是”，“惯于”。 will指现在，would是指过去。
【疑难1】
That will be the man you want to see.
Perhaps she would be willing to meet us.
【疑难剖析1】表示说话人的推测，意为“大概，也许”。would 的肯定性不如will强，语气比较弱。
【疑难2】
That will do.
The machine won't work.
He tried the door again, but it wouldn't open
【疑难剖析2】. 表示功能，译作“能”或“行”。
【疑难3】
would 与used to 的区别：
We would sit in the yard every evening and listen to his story. (过去常有的习惯，但言下之意是现在可能还有这样的习惯。)
We used to sit in the yard every evening and listen to his story. (过去常有的习惯，但言下之意是现在没有这样的习惯了。)
There used to be a park here.
【疑难剖析3】 used to表示过去的某种习惯，现在已经没那样的习惯了；would 表示过去有某种习惯，现在可能还有。表示过去的状态，只能用used to，不能用would。
(五)shall, should, ought to的用法
【翻译句子】
(17)我可以把灯关掉吗？
Shall I turn off the light
【结论1】shall用于第一、第三人称作主语的疑问句中，表示征求对方的意见。
【翻译句子】
(18) You should keep your promise.
你应该信守诺言。
【结论2】should意为“应该”，表义务、责任，也可表示劝告、建议。
【翻译句子】
(19)妈妈现在应该回来啦。
Mother should be back by now.
【结论3】 should表示按常规、常理推测，意为“可能”或“应该”。
【翻译句子】
(20) I should think you are mistaken.
我倒认为你是错的。
【结论4】提出意见、建议时，可用should表示委婉、谦逊的语气，意为“可”，“倒是”。
【翻译句子】
(21)你应该在回家前完成作业。
You ought to finish your work before you go home.
【结论5】ought to表示责任和义务“应该”，语气比 should强；还可表推测。例如：
You have practiced for a long time. There ought to be no difficulty for you.
【疑难1】
You shall go with me.
You shall not leave your post.
【疑难剖析1】shall用于第二、第三人称作主语的陈述句中，表示说话人的决心、意志、许诺、命令、警告、威胁等。
【疑难2】
Why should you be so late
你今天来得怎么这么晚？
How should I know
我怎会知道！(意为：我不知道。)
【疑难剖析2】Why / How ＋should结构表示说话人对某事不能理解，感到意外、惊异等意思，意为“竟会”。
(六)need的用法
【例句观察】
You needn't water the tomato plants now.
— Need he come now
— Yes, he must. / No, he needn‘t. / he doesn’t have to.
【结论1】need作情态动词表示“需要”，“必要”。通常用于否定句、疑问句、条件句中，且只有现在时，其他时态用“have to”的相应形式代替。
【翻译句子】
(22) The house needs repairing.
＝The house needs to be repaired.
房子需要修理。
【结论2】need还可以用作行为动词，其变化和一般的动词相同。若主语为动作承受者时用动词主动形式表示被动意义或用不定式的被动形式。
【疑难1】
— Must I finish my homework now
— No, you needn't.
【疑难剖析1】“Must…？”一般疑问句的否定回答要用：No, sb. needn't.
(七)dare的用法
【翻译句子】
(23) She dare not go there.
她不敢去那儿。
(24) How dare she do such a thing
她怎敢做那样的事情？
【结论1】 dare作情态动词表示“敢于”用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中。
【翻译句子】
(25) I dare say he is right.
我想他大概是对的吧。
They've lived here since 2008.
【结论2】 惯用短语“I dare say”意为“我想，大概”。
【翻译句子】
(26) 你敢往海里跳吗？
Do you dare to jump into the ocean
(27) 我不敢问她。
I don't dare (to) ask her.
【结论3】dare还可以用作行为动词，其变化与一般动词相同。 (在否定句中时，dare后的“to＋动词原形”可以省略to)。
二、情态动词的特殊用法
情态动词除各自有自己的词义外，还可以表示猜测和责备(虚拟)等意义。情态动词表推测用法can / must / may / should这四个情态动词可以用于推测，可以对现在状态、现在正在进行的动作、过去已经发生的动作或对将来发生的动作进行推测。
(一)对现在状态、现在正在进行的动作的推测，用“情态动词＋动词原形”结构。
1. can
【完成例句】
(28) He is in hospital. He can't be at school.
他在住院，他不可能在校学习。
(29)英语课开始了，他们不可能在打网球。
English class has begun. They can not be playing tennis now.
【结论1】否定句：意为“不可能”。
【完成例句】
(30) Can he have been to America
他会不会去过美国？
【结论2】疑问句：意为“会不会”。
2. may
【完成例句】
(31)他有辆车，他可能坐车来，但我不确定。
He has a car. He may come by car, but I am not sure.
(32)他们在上体育课。男孩们可能正在打球。
They are having PE. Boys may be playing basketball.
【结论1】肯定句：意为“也许，可能”(might 的可能性更小)
【完成例句】
(33)没有人来接电话，他可能不在家。
No one comes to answer the phone. He may not be at home.
【结论2】否定句：意为“也许不 / 没有，可能不 / 没有” (注意与can't 否定猜测时意思的对比)。
3. must
【完成例句】
(34)地面是湿的，昨天晚上肯定下过雨。
The ground is wet. It must have rained last night.
【结论】只能用于“肯定句”表示猜测，意为：“肯定，必定”(＝I am sure that…)
4. should, ought to
【例句观察】
It's spring now. It should be warm.
现在是春天了，应该暖和点了。
The new coat ought to be ready on Thursday.
新外套到礼拜四应该能准备好了。
【结论】 肯定句 “理应，应当”(按常规、常理、风俗习惯等进行推测)。
(二)对过去所发生的事情的推测，用“情态动词＋完成式”结构。
【完成例句】
(35)房间里没有灯光，他们肯定已经上床睡觉了。
There's no light in the room. They must have gone to bed.
【结论1】must have done 一定做过某事。
【完成例句】
(36)他昨天不可能住酒店，他住在我家。
He couldn't have lived in the hotel because he stayed with me in my house.
【结论2】can have done / cannot have done表示对过去所发生的行为的怀疑和不肯定，通常用在否定句和疑问句中。
【翻译句子】
(37)你本来可以把工作做得更好一些的。
You could have done the work better.
【结论3】 could have done本来可以做而实际上未做。
【完成例句】
(38)他也许可以给你更多的帮助，尽管他很忙。
He might have given you more help, even though he was very busy.
【结论4】may / might have done也许 / 或许已经……；本来可能……(但实际上没有发生)；本来应该或可以做某事(含有轻微的责备语气)。
【翻译句子】
(39)你本应该更加仔细地做这个练习。
You should / ought to have done the exercise more carefully.
【结论5】should / ought to have done
本来应该做而实际上未做。(有“弦外之音，言外之意”。事实上，动作在过去并未发生过。)而ought not to have done; shouldn't have done表示“本来不应该做而实际上做了”。
【完成例句】
(40)你本来不必来校上课，因为今天是星期天。
Today is Sunday. You needn't have come to school for lessons.
【结论6】needn't have done 本来没必要做而实际上做了。
【疑难1】
You must go now, needn't you
You mustn't smoke here, must / may you
【疑难剖析1】
当must作“必须”意义时，其反义部分用needn't；
当含有mustn't时，其反意部分用must / may。
【疑难2】
You must be hungry now, aren't you
You must have heard about it, haven't you
You must have watched that football match last night, didn't you
【疑难剖析2】当情态动词表推测时，反义部分的动词形式根据情态动词后面所隐含的时间来确定。(共25张PPT)
倒装的两种考法：
1. 放在单项选择题中，考查考生的倒装语法知识是否熟练掌握；
2. 放在完形填空和阅读理解中，设置理解障碍。
倒装的两种形式：
1. 完全倒装： 将整个谓语动词提到主语前。
2. 部分倒装：即半倒装，将谓语的一部分即助动词提到主语前。
一、完全倒装
【翻译句子】
(1)车来了。
Here comes the bus.
(2)铃响了。
There goes the bell.
(3)孩子们冲出来了。
Out rushed the children.
(4)那个男孩离开了。
Away went the boy.
【结论1】表方位的副词here, there 或out, in, up, down, away, off等标志词放在句首，句子用完全倒装。
【疑难】
Here it is.
In she came.
Away he went.
【疑难剖析】当主语是人称代词时，主谓语序不变。
【完成例句】
(5)河的南面有一家小工厂。
In south of the river lies a small factory.
(6)山谷里传来一声喊叫。
From the valley came a cry.
【结论2】地点状语放在句首且谓语动词为come, live, lie, go等时用完全倒装。
【翻译句子】
(7)Such are the facts.
情况就是如此。
(8)生活就是这样。
Such is life.
(9)The following is the answer to the question.
这个问题的答案如下。
【结论3】 such, the following等放句首时， 句子要完全倒装。
【翻译句子】
(10)山顶上有一幢高楼。
There is a tall building on the top of the mountain.
(11)山顶上耸立着一座古塔。
There stands an ancient tower on the top of the mountain.
【结论4】There lie / exist / stand / live ＋主语＋…是there be 句型的变式。
【例句观察】
Present at the party were Mr Green and many other guests.
出席晚会的有格林先生，还有一些别的宾客。
Seated on the ground are a group of young men.
坐在地上的是一群年轻人。
【结论5】“表语＋系动词＋主语”的结构。
【注意】此时，主语较长，可还原为正常语序即：主＋系动词＋表语。
二、部分倒装
将情态动词、助动词、be提到主语前。 (通常可以还原为正常的语序，并以此检验倒装句是否正确。)
【翻译句子】
(12)Little does he know about the news.
他对这消息知之甚少。
(13)By no means can he catch up in such a short time.
他根本不可能在这么短的时间里赶上来。
【结论1】含有否定意义的副词或短语如：few, little, never, not, not until, nowhere, rarely, seldom, hardly / scarcely…when…， no sooner…(than)…， not only…(but also), at no time, by no means等放在句首时，需用部分倒装。
【疑难1】
He is active in personality, and he seldom stays indoors. (无助动词)
He is active in personality, and seldom does he stay indoors. (添加does)
【疑难剖析1】若原句中没有助动词，必须根据谓语动词的具体时态来确定相应的助动词do, does 或did。
【疑难2】
Not only children but also adults are interested in the film Harry Potter.
【疑难2】Not not only…but also连接两个并列主语时不可倒装。只有在连接两个句子且将not only所连接的句子提到句首时，才可用倒装，but also后面的句子不倒装。
【疑难3】
I had hardly got to the airport when the plane took off.
→Hardly had I got to the airport when the plane took off. (注意谓语动词形式)
【疑难剖析3】在“hardly / scarcely…when / no sooner”位于句首时，要用部分倒装。
【疑难4】
The villagers did not realize how serious the pollution was until all the fish died in the river.
→Not until all the fish died in the river did the villagers realize how serious the pollution was.
(将until后面的全部内容提前)
【疑难剖析4】not until提前时，要用倒装，且必须将not until后面的全部内容提前，而不仅仅是not until这两个词。
【疑难5】
I neither wanted to see the film nor bought the ticket.
→Neither did I want to see the film nor did I buy the ticket.
【疑难剖析5】neither… nor 句型中两个句子都需要部分倒装。
【完成例句】
(14)— 我有大量的工作要做。
— I've got an enormous amount of work to do.
— 我也是。
—So have I.
(15)他，和他全家人一样，相信你是无辜的。
He believed, as did all his family, that you were innocent.
(16)如果她不同意这个计划，Tom也不会同意。
If she doesn‘t agree to the plan, neither will Tom.
【结论2】so / as / neither / nor 为标志词放在句首时，句子用倒装。
①表示前面所说的肯定情况，也适合于另一人或物时，句式如下：
so / as ＋ be (助动词或情态动词)＋ 主语。
②表示前面所说的否定情况也适合于另一人或物时，句式如下：
neither (nor)＋ be (助动词或情态动词)＋ 主语。
【特别提醒】
① “so ＋主语＋助动词(或be动词)”表示对上文肯定的内容加以肯定或赞同，意为“的确如此”；例如：
— It's raining hard. 天下着大雨。
— So it is. 是的。
② “主语＋did ＋so”表示：“主语”这样做了。 例如：
Tom asked me to go to play football with him and I did so.
Tom要我去踢足球，我去了。
【完成例句】
(17)你只有用这种方法才能学好英语。
Only in this way can you learn English well.
(18)只有他有时间的话他才会来。
Only if he has time will he come here.
(19)他被请了3次才来开会。
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.
(20)Only that boy can work out the problem.
只有那个男孩才能解答出这个问题。
(21)Only socialism can save China.
只有社会主义才能救中国。
【结论3】
①“only ＋ 状语(或状语从句)”放在句首时，句子用部分倒装。
②only之后跟的不是状语时不可倒装。
【翻译句子】
(22)如果我是你，我就不会那样做。
Were I you, I wouldn't do that.
【结论4】在虚拟语气条件句中，从句谓语有助动词were, had, should时，可将if 省略，而把 were, had, should 移到句首。
【特别提醒】
①若从句是否定句，则必须将 not放在主语后。
② had必须是助动词。
【完成例句】
(23)暴风雨如此厉害，整个屋顶都被吹掉了。
So terrible was the storm that the whole roof was blown off.
(24)杰克是如此聪明的孩子，他能解答所有这些难题。
Such a clever boy was Jack that he was able to work out all these difficult problems.
【结论5】在 “so…that” 和 “ such…that”结构中，将“so＋adj. ”和“such＋n. ”提到句首时，句子用部分倒装。
【疑难】how和what引起的感叹句
①How ＋形容词 / 副词＋主语＋谓语。
②What ＋形容词＋名词＋主语＋谓语。
What a clever boy he is!
How blue the sky looks!
How fast time flies!(共30张PPT)
冠词是用在名词前面，说明名词所表示的人或事物的词。冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种，一种是定冠词(the Definite Article)，另一种是不定冠词(the Indefinite Article)，还有一种是零冠词(Zero Article)。不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源，是“一个”的意思。a用于辅音音素前，一般读作[?]，而an则用于元音音素前，一般读做[en]。
一、不定冠词的用法
【完成例句】
(1)门口有个警察。
There is a policeman at the door.
【结论1】不定冠词用在单数可数名词前表示“某一个”。
【翻译句子】
(2) A car must be insured.
汽车一定要上保险。
(3) A soldier must obey orders.
军人必须服从命令。
【结论2】 不定冠词用在单数可数名词之前，表示“某一类”，强调“任何一个，每个”。
【完成例句】
(4)房间里有个箱子。这个箱子很重。
There is a box in the room. The box is heavy.
【结论3】不定冠词用于头一次出现的单数名词之前。
【完成例句】
(5)她是个老师。
She is a teacher.
(6)我们都认为他是适合做这个项目的人。
We all thought him a suitable person for the job。
【结论4】不定冠词和名词连用表示泛指。
【完成例句】
(7)汽车以每小时60公里速度前进。
The car is running at the speed of sixty kilometers an hour.
(8)他每月回家3次。
He returns home three times a month.
【结论5】不定冠词可以用在价格、速度、比率等短语中。
【完成例句】
(9)他想买架柯达相机。
He wants to buy a Kodak.
(10)他是我们班里的活雷锋。
He is a Lei Feng in our class.
(11)这是这个城市中的非常漂亮的一座桥。
The bridge is a most beautiful one in the city.
(12)那起可怕的事故发生在一个星期天。
That terrible accident happened on a Sunday.
【结论6】
①不定冠词可以用在专有名词前。
②不定冠词用于某些抽象名词前表示“一个……式的人/物”。
③不定冠词用于序数词前……“又一，再一。”
④不定冠词用于姓氏和星期前，表示“某一，有一”。
【完成例句】
(13)你可以休息一下。
You can take a break.
(14)事实上这是只猫。
As a matter of fact, it's a cat.
【结论7】不定冠词用于某些固定短语中。
二、定冠词的用法
【翻译句子】
(15) Mother cut the meat into slices.
妈妈把肉切成了片。
【结论1】定冠词和名词连用，表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。
【翻译句子】
(16 )The horse is a useful animal.
马是一种有用的动物。
【结论2】定冠词用于可数名词前，表示一类人或东西。
【完成例句】
(17)我昨天接到了一封信。那封信是用电子邮件发送的。
I got a letter yesterday. The letter was sent by e－mail.
【结论3】定冠词用于第二次出现的名词之前。
【完成例句】
(18)他正在调查这场大火的起因。
He is investigating the cause of the fire.
【结论4】定冠词用于有词组或者定语从句修饰的名词前。
【完成例句】
(19)他们在纪念死者。
They are in memory of the dead.
(20)富人们喜欢这种食物。
The rich like this kind of food.
【结论5】定冠词用于某些名词或者形容词前，表示一类人，一个民族，阶级或阶层。
【翻译句子】
(21)请把门关上。
Please close the door.
【结论6】定冠词用于指说话双方都知道的人或事。
【翻译句子】
(22)地球绕着太阳转。
The sun moves around the earth.
【结论7】定冠词用于世界上独一无二的事物名词前。
【翻译句子】
(23)第三组是最好的。
The third group is the best.
【结论8】定冠词用于序数词前表示顺序。
【完成例句】
(24)这是我所读过的书中最有趣的一本。
This is the most interesting book I have ever read.
【结论9】 定冠词用于形容词和副词的最高级前面。
【完成例句】
(25)他在弹钢琴。
He is playing the piano.
(26)她擅长吹长笛(flute)。
She is playing the flute.
定冠词在play后和乐器连用。
【结论10】
【完成例句】
(27)布莱克一家是1994年来中国的。
The Blacks came to China in 1994.
【结论11】定冠词与姓氏的复数形式连用，表示一家人。
三、零冠词的用法
【完成例句】
(28)伊丽莎白二世是英国女王。
Elizabeth Ⅱ， she is queen of England.
(29)他当选为协会主席。
He was elected chairmen of the committee.
【结论1】表示独一无二的职务、身份前一般不用冠词。
【翻译句子】
(30)他喜欢踢足球。
He likes playing football.
【结论2】表示球类、棋类的运动项目不加冠词。
【翻译句子】
(31)她正在吃早饭。
She is having breakfast.
【结论3】在一日三餐名词前不用冠词。
【翻译句子】
(32)她坐飞机去伦敦。
She went to London by plane.
【结论4】交通工具名词前不用冠词。
【疑难1】
He went to school at 7：30 every day.
He came to the school to speak to the headmaster.
His mother is in hospital and he has been in the hospital to take care of her.
【疑难剖析1】
一些地点的名词，如：bed, church, school, hospital，home, work等，当人们去这些地方做在这些地方应该做的事时，不加冠词。如果在上述词组前面加上定冠词the，可以表示去这些场所做其他的事情。
【疑难2】表示类别泛指概念的四种表达方式
(1) I like music.
【疑难剖析2】不带the 的不可数名词可以表示泛指。
(2) Bananas are yellow.
【疑难剖析3】不带the 的复数可数名词表示泛指。强调类别中的“所有个体”。
(3) The elephant is the largest land mammal.
【疑难剖析4】“the＋单数可数名词”可以表示泛指。指整个类别，且这个类别是可以区别于另一个类别的。
(4) A dog makes good pet.
【疑难剖析5】“不定冠词a / an＋单数可数名词” 可以表示泛指。强调类别中的“每一个”。(共60张PPT)
英语中不同时间和方式发生的动作或状态要用谓语动词的不同形式来表示，这种表示动作或状态发生时间和方式的动词形式称作动词的时态。
语态是描述句子中动词和参与此动作之主语之间关系的一个术语。当主语是动作的发起者(或之一)时，称为主动语态；如果主语为动作之承受者，称为被动语态。
一、动词时态
1. 一般现在时(动词用原形或单数第三人称后加－s / －es)
【完成例句】
(1)地理老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。
The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.
【结论1】表示客观事实或普遍真理(不受时态限制)。
【翻译句子】
(2) We always care for each other and help each other.
我们一直互相关心、互相帮助。
【结论2】表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。
【翻译句子】
(3) All the students here belong to No. 1 Middle School.
这儿所有学生都是一中的。
【结论3】表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时：see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice, agree, believe, like, hate, want, think, belong to, seem等。
【翻译句子】
(4)The shop closes at 11：00 p. m. every day.
这家商店每天晚上11：00 关门。
【结论4】少数用于表示起止的动词如come, go, leave, arrive, fly, return, start, begin, open, close, end, stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，只用一般现在时。
【疑难1】
If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased.
【疑难剖析1】在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示时态。
【疑难2】
The more you practise, the better your English will be.
【疑难剖析2】在the＋比较级…，the＋比较级…句型中，前者通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
【疑难3】
See to it that you are not late again.
【疑难剖析3】在make sure, see to it, mind, care, matter后的宾语从句的谓语动词用一般现在时代替一般将来。
2. 一般过去时(v.－ed或不规则变化)
【翻译句子】
(5) I met her in the street yesterday.
我昨天在街上遇到了她。
(6) I thought the film would be interesting, but it isn't.
我原以为这部电影会很有趣，但实际上并不是。
【结论1】一般过去时的基本用法：
①表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用(或有上下文语境暗示);
②用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去时。
【翻译句子】
(7) He told me he read an interesting novel last night.
他告诉我他昨晚看了一本有趣的小说。
【结论2】如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但从句中的谓语动词仍用过去式。
【结论3】表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由以下词语连接，用一般过去时。常见连词有：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute。如：He rushed into the room and sat down immediately.
3. 一般将来时
【翻译句子】
(8)我们下周将会讨论这个话题。
We will talk about this topic next week.
【结论1】表示未来的动作或状态常用will / shall ＋ 动词(常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow，next week等)。
【翻译句子】
(9) The bus is coming.
公共汽车就要到了。
【结论2】表示一种趋向或习惯动作。表示趋向行为的动词，如come，go，start，begin，leave等词，常用进行时的形式表示将来时。
【疑难1】
— You've left the light on.
— Oh, so I have. I'll go and turn it off.
【疑难剖析1】 shall / will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。
【疑难2】
Study hard, and you will pass the exam.
【疑难剖析2】 在祈使句＋and / or＋陈述句句型中，陈述句中只能用will / 情态动词＋动词原形。
【疑难3】
If it is fine, we'll go fishing. (√)
If it is fine, we are going to go fishing. (×)
【疑难剖析3】be going to表示现在打算最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而will则表意愿。
【疑难4】
A meeting is to be held at 3：00 this afternoon.
【疑难剖析4】be to do sth.表按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、可能性等。
【疑难5】
Autumn harvest is about to start.
【疑难剖析5】be about to do sth.表示“即将，就要”，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。
4. 现在进行时(am / is / are ＋ v．－ing)
【疑难1】
He is teaching English and learning Chinese.
The girl is always talking loud in public.
【疑难剖析1】表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时；表近期特定的安排或计划；go，come等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时 (与always, often等频率副词连用，表经常反复的行动或某种感彩)。
【疑难2】The room remains clean.
You are allowed to speak here.
【疑难剖析2】下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时：
a. 表示心理状态、情感的动词：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。
b. 表存在的状态的动词：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem, belong to, depend on。
c. 表示瞬间动作的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。
d. 表示感官的动词：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。
5. 过去完成时(had＋ v．－ed)
【完成例句】
(10)到去年为止我们已经生产了20000辆车。
By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars.
【结论1】在by, by the end, by the time, until, before, since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句，其谓语动词则表示在某一时刻或某一动作之前已经完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。
【完成例句】
(11)Jack到的时候，Mary已经走了将近一小时了。
When Jack arrived, Mary had been away for almost an hour.
【结论2】表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到另一过去时刻的动作或状态，即“从过去到过去”。
【完成例句】
(12)我原本想送给他一张圣诞卡的，但我忘了。
I had hoped to send him a Christmas card, but I forgot to do so.
【结论3】表示曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended / thought / wanted / expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示，即：hoped / planned…＋ to have done。
【疑难1】
Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.
He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before.
【疑难剖析1】“时间名词 ＋ before”在句子中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词 ＋ ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去时。
【疑难2】
We had no sooner been seated than the bus started.
＝ No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.
【疑难剖析2】hardly / scarcely…when (before)；no sooner…than表示“一……就……”。
【疑难3】
After he (had)left the room, the boss came in. We arrived home before it snowed.
【疑难剖析3】在before或after引导的时间状语从句中，用一般过去时代替过去完成时。
【疑难4】
It was the second time that he had been out with her.
【疑难剖析4】It / That / This was the first(second，third…)time＋that从句中，用过去完成时。
6. 过去将来时(would do, was / were going to do)
【完成例句】
(13)我说我会安排一切的。
I said I would arrange everything.
【结论】过去将来时表示从过去某个时间看将要发生的事情。
【疑难1】
He was leaving for Beijing.
【疑难剖析1】come, go, leave等用过去进行时表过去将来时。
【疑难2】
I was about to leave when the telephone rang.
【疑难剖析2】was / were to do sth.和was / were about to do sth. 表过去将来， was / were to do sth.常与when搭配。
7. 过去进行时(was / were ＋v.－ing)
【完成例句】
(14)在2010年夏天她在欧洲旅行。
During the summer of 2010, she was traveling in Europe.
【结论1】过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。
【翻译句子】
(15)①门铃响的时候，他正在看一本小说。
He was reading a novel when the door bell rang.
②我在想你能否载我一程。
I was wondering if you could give me a lift.
【结论2】
①某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。
②过去进行时可以表示委婉语气。
8. 现在完成时(has / have＋v.－ed)
【翻译句子】
(16)我已经看过这部电影了。(强调现在已经知道电影内容)
I have seen the film already.
【结论1】表示到现在为止已发生或完成的动作，强调结果的影响。
【翻译句子】
(17)过去的几年我们已经种了成千上万棵树。
We've planted thousands of trees in the past few years.
(18)他们自2008年一直生活在这儿。
They've lived here since 2008.
【结论2】表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态。常与since＋时间点，for＋时间段及介词短语during / in / over the last (past)few years (months, weeks), in recent years等连用。
【疑难1】
现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：
I closed the door. (强调关门的动作曾发生在过去)
I have closed the door. (强调现在门还是关着的)
【疑难剖析1】虽然动作都发生在过去，但现在完成时强调对现在造成的影响，而一般过去时的动作与现在没任何联系了。
【疑难2】
It is 3 weeks since I got here.
This is the second time that I have played this game.
【疑难剖析2】 下列句型中常用现在完成时：
It is (has been)＋ 一段时间 ＋ since从句
This(That / It)is the first(second…)time that ＋ 完成时
This(That / It)is the only…＋ that ＋ 完成时
This(That / It)is the best / finest / most interesting…＋ that＋完成时
【疑难3】
Don't get off the bus until it has stopped.
【疑难剖析3】 在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。
【疑难4】
I haven't met him for two years.
试比较：
I have bought the computer for a year. (×)
I have kept the computer for a year. (√)
【疑难剖析4】非延续性动词leave, arrive, come, go, return, join, die, buy, borrow等的完成时态，在肯定句中不能与for 或since 等引导的时间段连用，要转化为相应意义的延续性动词才能与一段时间连用。其否定式可与这类时间状语连用。
二、被动语态
(一)常考时态的被动语态
以下是常见的8种时态的被动语态：
时态 结构 例句
一般现在时 助动词(am / is / are)＋ 动词的过去分词 This kind of car is made in Shanghai.
一般过去时 助动词(was / were)＋ 动词的过去分词 Was this novel written by his father？
时态 结构 例句
一般将来时 will / be going to ＋ be ＋ 动词的过去分词 The baby will be taken good care of in the hospital.
现在进行时 助动词(am / is / are)＋ being ＋ 动词的过去分词 The problem is being discussed by the students.
过去进行时 助动词(was / were)＋ being ＋ 动词的过去分词 The light was being fixed when the electricity was cut off.
时态 结构 例句
现在完成时 助动词(have / has) ＋ been ＋ 动词的过去分词 She has been told the news.
过去完成时 助动词(had) ＋ been ＋ 动词的过去分词 The work had been done before I arrived.
过去将来时 would (was / were going to)be＋动词的过去分词 I did not say that the equipment would be changed.
(二)被动语态的用法
【完成例句】
(19)新的课本将在下学期被使用。
The new test book will be used next term.
【结论1】动作的执行者不知道是谁或难以说明时常用被动语态。
【完成例句】
(20)这种自行车在我们店没有卖。
This kind of bicycle is not sold in our shop.
(21)那个贼昨天被警察抓了。
The thief was caught by a policeman yesterday.
【结论2】当动作的承受者比起动作的执行者来说更能引起人们的关心而需要加以强调时，要用被动语态。
【完成例句】
(22)学生被钢琴家提了一些建议。
Some advice was given to the pupils by the pianist.
＝The pupils were given some advice by the pianist.
【结论3】含有双宾语的句子，主动句中的间接宾语或者直接宾语都可变为被动语态中的主语，另一个保留不变。变为主语的若是主动句中的直接宾语，间接宾语前则需加介词to 或for。
【完成例句】
(23)他们被老板强迫一天工作10小时。
They were made to work ten hours a day by the boss.
(24)他被看见进入房子。
He was seen to enter the house.
【结论4】在主动语态句中动词make, have, let, see, watch, hear, feel等后接动词不定式作宾语补足语，动词不定式不加to。但变成被动语态时后面的不定式都须加上to。
【完成例句】
(25)众所周知纸最先被中国发明。
It is known that paper was first made in China.
(26)纸被认为最先被中国发明。
Paper was known to be first made in China.
【结论5】当句子的谓语为say, believe, expect, think, know, write, consider, report等时，被动语态有两种形式：a. 谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。b. 用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面，用主语从句来表示。
类似句型有：It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped / thought that…
(三)不能用被动语态的几种情况
【完成例句】
(27)我的家乡近来发生了很大的变化。(take place)
Great changes have taken place recently in my hometown.
【结论1】所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。
【完成例句】
(28)他看起来像他父亲。
He looks like his father.
【结论2】表示状态的谓语动词，如：hold, benefit, contain, equal, fit, join, mean, last, look like, consist of等不用于被动。
【翻译句子】
(29)这支笔属于Tom。
The pen belongs to Tom.
【结论3】表示归属的动词，如：have, own, belong to等不用于被动。
【翻译句子】
(30)我想要些苹果。
I would like some apples.
【结论4】表示“希望， 意图”的动词，如：wish, want, hope, like, love, hate等不用于被动。
【完成例句】
(31)小孩自己会穿衣服了。
The baby can dress himself now.
【结论5】宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。
【完成例句】
(32)他过着一种简单的生活。
He lives a simple life.
【结论6】宾语是同源宾语，不定式、动名词等谓语动词不用被动语态。
【翻译句子】
(33)这种衣服很好卖。
This kind of clothes sell well.
【结论7】有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义，特别是当主语是物时。常见的动词有sell, write, wash, open, lock等。
【疑难1】
主动形式表被动意义
My pen writes smoothly.
The car needs repairing.
The book is worth reading.
The question is hard to answer.
【疑难剖析1】①当feel, look, smell, taste, sound等后接形容词时；当cut, read, sell, wear, write等词接状语修饰语时；当动词表示“开始、发生、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时，均用主动表被动。
②want, require, need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。
③be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。
④在“be ＋ 形容词 ＋ to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动表被动。
另外：be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent(出租)也用主动形式表被动。
【疑难2】
被动形式表示主动意义
He is seated on a bench. (He seats himself on a bench. )
He was hidden behind the door. (He hid himself behind the door. )
【疑难剖析2】被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况。
①be seated坐着
②be hidden躲藏
③be lost迷路
④be drunk喝醉
⑤be dressed穿着
【疑难3】
被动语态与系表结构的区别
The book was sold by a certain bookstore. (被动语态)
The book is well sold. (系表结构)
【疑难剖析3】被动语态强调动作；系表结构表主语的特点或状态。(共26张PPT)
【定义】主谓一致即主语和谓语在人称和数上必须保持一致。
一、意义(语法)一致原则
只要确定句子的主语是单数意义，则谓语单数，句子的主语意义复数，则谓语复数。
【完成句子】
用动词的适当形式填空
(1) Physics is (be) not easy to understand.
(2) When and where to go for the on－salary holiday has (have) not been decided yet.
(3) Either of the stories is (be) very funny.
(4) Nothing is (be) impossible.
(5) Ten pounds was (be) missing from the box.
【结论1】 ①不可数名词作主语，一律视为单数。以s结尾的国名、地名、机构名、书名等作主语，视为单数；有些不可数名词如news,
maths , physics 虽然以s结尾，但不是复数。
②表示单一概念的动名词、不定式或句子作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
③ “one, either, neither, each of ＋复数名词或代词”作主语时， 谓语用单数。
④ Something, everything, anything, nothing，somebody, nobody, no one 等不定代词作主语，谓语通常是单数。
⑤表示时间、金钱、距离、重量、数量的复数名词作主语，通常看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数。
【完成句子】
用动词的适当形式填空
(6)This pair of glasses is (be) very expensive.
(7)Two series of new stamps have (have) been ordered.
【结论2】a series of, a kind of, a piece of, a pair of 等量词修饰名词，通常以量词的单复数形式来决定谓语的单复数。
【完成句子】
用动词的适当形式填空
(8)The number of the students in our school is (be) quite large and a number of teachers work (work) hard.
(9)The population of China is (be) large and most of the population are (be) farmers.
【结论3】a number of ＋复数名词，“许多……”，复数意义；the number of ＋复数名词，“……的数目”，单数意义。the population of…“……的人口数量”作主语时，谓语单数，但如果是分数、百分数、half of, the rest of the population 作主语时，谓语则用复数，具体指其中的多少人，复数意义。the average of…“……的平均数量”，作主语时，谓语用单数。
【完成句子】
用动词的适当形式填空
(10)Mr. Green together with his children goes (go) to the park every Sunday.
【结论4】主语后with, together with, along with, except, besides, as well as 等短语时，谓语动词的数要和这些短语前面的名词的单复数保持一致。(因为with等词为介词，其后跟的名词只能是介宾，不可能充当主语。)
【完成句子】
用动词的适当形式填空
(11)The disabled are (be) well taken care of in this country.
(12)The news is (be) certain to replace the old.
(13)The rest of the workers are (be) still very tired.
(14)His family are (be) all sitting in the sofa watching TV.
【结论5】 ① “the ＋adj.”结构指人时，谓语动词用复数；如果表示抽象的概念，谓语动词用单数。
②分数、百分数、all, some, the rest, half of, most of, part of 等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数根据其指代的含义确定。
③主语为集合名词时，如果看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数；如果侧重其中的个体，谓语动词用复数。这类集体名词常见的有：army, audience, cattle, class, club, committee, crowd, family, government, group, majority, minority, part, people, police, public, staff, team等，其中cattle，people，police一般看成复数形式。
【完成句子】
用动词的适当形式填空
(15)战争与和平是一个历史上的永恒的主题。
War and peace is (be) a constant theme in history.
(16)中国丝绸和日本丝绸质量都很好。
Chinese and Japanese silk are (be) of good quality.
【结论6】当and连接两个并列主语在意义上指同一人、同一物、同一事或者同一概念时，应看作单数，谓语动词用单数。另外，当and 连接两个形容词去修饰一个单数形式的主语时，其实是指两种不同的事物，主语则应该看作是复数， 那么谓语动词也应该用复数。
【特别提醒】
英语中并列结构表示整体概念的有：
iron and steel钢铁
law and order治安
bread and butter 黄油面包
a watch and chain一块带链的表
a knife and fork刀叉
a coat and tie配有领带的上衣
aim and end目的
truth and honesty真诚
【完成句子】
用动词的适当形式填空
(17)What surprised me most was (be) his attitude towards his study.
【结论7】 what 引导的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词的单复数要取决于作表语的名词的单复数。
【完成句子】
用动词的适当形式填空
(18)Such is (be) Stephen Hawking, who has suffered a great deal but achieved so much.
【结论8】 such 作主语时， 谓语动词的单复数形式要根据其意义而定。
【完成句子】
用动词的适当形式填空
(19)Every day quantities of water are (be) wasted.
【结论9】 quantities of ＋名词作主语时，不论名词是复数还是不可数，谓语一律用复数。
二、形式一致原则
【完成句子】
用动词的适当形式填空
(20)Every boy and every girl is (be) having sports now.
(21)One and a half hours is (be) not enough to me.
(22)More than one boy was (be) invited to the ball yesterday.
(23)Many a student in our class wears (wear) glasses.
【结论】
①every / each / no ＋名词＋and every / each / no ＋名词作主语时，谓语用单数。
② “one ＋单数名词＋and a half”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
③ “more than one ＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
④ “many a ＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
【疑难】
— Did you go to the show last night
— Yeah. Every boy and girl in the area ______ invited.
A. were B. have been
C. has been D. was
【疑难剖析】答案为D项，根据形式一致原则。从last night可以排除B、C。以上四种情况，如果从意义上来讲，主语有复数意义，但由于名词都是以单数形式出现的，故谓语用单数形式，谓语形式上与主语的单数形式一致。
三、就近原则
【完成句子】
用动词的适当形式填空
(24)Either I or they are (be) responsible for the result of the matter.
(25)Neither the unkind words nor the unfriendly attitude has (have) caused me any distress.
【结论1】谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近作主语的词语保持一致。常出现在这类句子中的连词有：or, not…but…； either…or…， neither…nor…，not only…but also…等。
【完成句子】
用动词的适当形式填空
(26) In the distance was (be) heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people.
【结论2】在倒装句中：谓语可与后面第一个主语一致。
【完成句子】
用动词的适当形式填空
(27)Here is (be) a pen, a few envelopes and some paper in the drawer.
(28)There is (be) a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.
(29)There are (be) twenty boy－students and twenty－three girl－students in the class.
【结论3】当一个句子是由 there 或here引起，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常和最靠近它的主语一致。
