英语非限定动词形式

英语非限定动词形式（一）
动词不定式
动词不定式、动词-ing形式和过去分词（V-ed）统称为非限定动词形式或非谓语动词。这些动词的形式通常不能在句中独立作谓语，因而只有逻辑主语，没有语法主语。由于没有语法主语，也就不受人称和数的限定。因为不是谓语，也就没有时态和语态，但这些词仍能表示动作和状态，所以仍有表示与其他动词相对时间关系的形式。由于与其它词有逻辑上的主谓关系，因此也有表示主、被动的形式，同时也有自己的宾语和状语，一起构成非谓语动词短语(动词不定式短语，V-ing短语，过去分词短语)。非谓语动词在英语语法中占有特殊且重要的位置。非谓语动词形式多样，应用广泛，且在句中作用强大，是英语语法项目中的重点和难点，也是高考等各类考试考查的重要内容。
动词不定式、V-ing形式及过去分词在句中通常均不可独立作谓语用，故名非谓语动词。
（一）动词不定式：
动词不定式由“to+ 动词原形”构成，如：to study, to play，动词不定式虽然不能作谓语动词用，但仍具有动词的特征，它可以带有所需要的宾语或状语而构成动词不定式短语，如：to study hard, to play table tennis。
1、动词不定式的形式变化：动词不定式有下列时态和语态的形式变化。
语态式 一般式 完成式 进行式 完成进行式
主 动 to build to have built to be building to have been building
被 动 to be build to have been build
2、动词不定式的基本用法：动词不定式能起名词、形容词和副词的作用，可在句中作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用，如：
（1）作主语：To help each other is good. /To see is to believe.（动词不定式作主语时，一般可用it作形式主语，而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末，如：It is good to help each other.
（2）作表语：My job is to drive them to the power station every day. 动词不定式在系动词be之后作表语，与表示将来时的be + 动词不定式结构有所区别，如：Our plan is to set up another middle school for the peasants’ children.我们的计划是给农民子弟再成立一所中学。（句中的谓语动词为is，动词不定式to set up… 为表语，主语为plan，但plan并不是动词不定式的逻辑主语，即动词不定式 to set up所表示的动作不是主语plan产生的。）We are to set up another middle school for the peasants’ children.我们将为农民的子弟再成立一所中学。（句中的are to set up整个结构为句中谓语，主语为we，同时也是动词不定式to set up所表示的动作的逻辑主语，即动词不定式to set up所表示的动作是由we发出或执行的）。
（3）作宾语：①作及物动词的宾语，如：She wishes to be a musician.②动词不定式一般不直接作介词的宾语，作介词宾语时为疑问词+to do形式，如：Can you give us some advice on what to do next
（4）作宾语补足语，如：Tell the children not to play on the street. 如果句中的谓语动词为see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等，作宾语补足语的动词不定式不可带to，如：I saw a little girl run across the street.
（5）动词不定式在句中作宾语，如带有宾语补足语时，须先用it作形式宾语，而将该动词不定式后置，如：I don’t think it right to do it that way.
（6）作定语：动词不定式作定语时，须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后，如：Is this the best way to help him 和定语用的动词不定式如果是不及物动词，不定式后面就要用必要的介词，如：He is the man to depend on. 如果被不定式修饰的名词为place, time, way，不定式后面的介词，习惯上可以省去，如：The old man is looking for a quiet place to live.
（7）作状语：动词不定式可以作
①目的状语： Every morning he gets up very early to read English.
为了强调不定式表示目的的作用，可在不定式前加in order to或so as to（以便或为了），但应注意in order to位于句首或句中均可，而so as to不能位于句首，如：She reads China Daily every day in order to (so as to) improve her English. 将表示目的的不定式置于句首，也可强调目的的作用，如：To master a foreign language, one must work hard at it.
②原因状语：跟在某些形容词后表示原因，可以这样用的形容词常见的有glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等，如：I am sorry to hear that.
③结果状语：They lived to see the liberation of their home town.他们活到亲眼见到了他们家乡的解放。too + 形容词或副词 + 动词不定式，表示“足能…”的结果，如：You are old enough to take care of yourself now.
3、复合结构不定式：由for + 名词（或代词宾格）+ 动词不定式即构成复合结构的动词不定式。其中for本身无意义。for后面的名词或代词是不定式的逻辑主语，这种不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语或状语，如：It is very important for us to get everything ready for the harvest. 当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时，就用介词of而不用for引出不定式的逻辑主语，这些形容词一般有good, nice, kind, wise, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, careless, impolite等，如：It is very kind of you to help him every day.
4、疑问词 + 动词不定式：疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语，在句中可作主语、表语或宾语，如：How to prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem.
5、动词不定式的否定式：动词不定式的否定式是由not + 动词不定式构成，如：It’s wrong of you not to attend the meeting.
6、动词不定式各具体形式所表示的时间关系：（1）一般式（to do）：动词不定式一般式所表示的动作是和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，但在多数情况下，是在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生，如：We decided to plant more trees this spring.（其后），They often watch us play table tennis.（同时）；（2）完成式(to have done)：动词不定式完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，如：I am sorryto have kept you waiting.（3）进行式(to be doing)：动词不定式进行式所表示的动作正在进行中，而且与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，如：She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I came in.
7、动词不定式被动式(to be done)的用法：如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是该不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般就用被动形式，如：What is to be done next hasn’t been decided yet.
非谓语动词专练（一）
1. ---- Can you ride a horse
---- No, I never had the chance ____.
A. for learning it B. for learning how C. how to learn it D. to learn how
2. Paul said, "Give me a chair _____."
A. to sit B. sit C. sit on D. to sit on
3. I ran too fast ______ where I was going.
A. to notice B. for me to notice C. to notice for me D. and notice
4. ---- Have you enjoyed your visit here
---- Yes, I'll be very sorry______ .
A. for leaving B.of leaving C. to leave D. with leaving
5. ---- I'll help you whenever you need me.
---- Good. I'd like _____me tomorrow.
A. you helping B. that you will help C. you to help D. that you help
6. ---- I didn't hear you come in last night.
---- That's good. We tried_____ noisy.
A. not be B. not to be C. to be not D. to not be
7. Because of air pollution being greatly reduced, this city is still ______.
A. a good place which to be lived in B. lived as a good place
C. a good place to live in D. living in as a good place
8. ---- Why was the official meeting called
---- ______ new officers.
A. Select B. Selecting C. To select D. For selecting
9. ---- Where did he go
---- He went to another store ______.
A. to buy pencils B. for buying pencils C. buy pencils D. buying pencils
10. ---- My baby has a heart trouble.
---- Did the doctor find it difficult ______
A. in treating B. treating C. for treating D. to treat
11. ---- Did the judge ask you many questions
---- Yes, and ______.
A. they were difficult to be answered B. to answer them was to be difficult
C. they were difficult to answer D. they had difficulty in answering
12. That beggar seems _____ anything yesterday.
A. not to have eaten B. not to eat C. didn't eat D. to not have eaten
13. The lost child desired nothing but _____ home.
A. go B. to go C. going . D. went
14.That box is____.
A. too heavy for me to carry B. too heavy for me to carry it
C. so heavy for me to carry D. very heavy for me to carry
15. Would you be ______ to do me a favour, please
A. so kind as B. too kind C. as kind as D. enough kind
16. To learn to speak English well,_____.
A. much practice is needed B. one needs much practice
C. much practice is needed by one D. one is needed much practice
17. Tom kept quiet about the accident ______ lose his job.
A. so not as to B. so as not to C. so as to not D. not so as to
18. Last summer I took a course on ______ .
A. how to make dresses B. how dresses be made
C. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made
19. The house is not large enough ____ .
A. to live in B. to be lived in C. to live D. for living
20. Nobody likes ______.
A. to speak ill of B. to be spoken ill of C. speaking ill of D. spoken ill of
21. I know him ______ a good football player while in college.
A. to have been B. to be C. was D. had been
22. I was surprised______.
A. watching him to eat so quickly B. watch him eat so quickly
C. watching him eat so quickly D. to watch him eat so quickly
23. Mr. White was seen ______ the Palace Museum.
A. enter B. to enter C. entered D. to entering
24. I saw Mary ____ the house.
A. open the door and go into B. to open the door and to go into
C. open the door and to go into D. open the door and went into
25. Paul does nothing but _____ all day long.
A. play B. to play C. playing D. played
26. Now we could not do anything but ______ for him here.
A. waited B. waiting C. to wait D. wait
27. I don't know her and I don't ______ .
A. want B. want to C. want it D. to want
28. ---- Go to the theatre with me, will you
---- I should like ______, but I don't have time.
A. to B. too C. to do D. to go to
29. To play fair is as important as ______.
A. to play well B. play well C. we play well D. playing well
30. It is the greatest happiness on earth ______.
A. loving and to be loved B. to love and being loved
C. to love and to be loved D. love and be loved
31. _____ is better to love than _____ .
A. That, to be loved B. That, be loved C. It, be loved D. It, to be loved
32. It's very foolish _____ it
A. for you to say B. of you to say C. with you saying D. in your saying
33. It ______ me two hours to find your new house.
A. cost B. took C. spent D. used
34. We did not expect our offer _____ so quickly.
A. rejected B. to reject . C. to be rejected D. rejecting
35. He told her ______ there at once.
A. get B. gets C. should get D. to get
36. We all think it most foolish ______ this mistake.
A. for you making B. of you to make
C. you to make D. for you to make
37. I really don't know ____ .
A. to swim B. how to swim C. to swim how D. how swim
38. ---- What do you think about English
---- It's a difficult language _____.
A. speaking B. to be spoken C. to speak D. spoken英语非限定动词形式（二）
动词-ing形式
（二）动词-ing形式：动词的-ing形式也是一种非谓语动词。V-ing形式仍具有动词的功能，可以带有其所需要的宾语或状语而构成V-ing短语。
1、V-ing的形式：V-ing有一般式和完成式。及物动词的-ing形式还有主动式和被动式，而不及物动词的-ing形式则没有被动式。现在以及物动词make 和不及物动词go为例，将其-ing各种形式列表如下：
动词 语态形式 及物动词make 不及物动词go
主动 被动 主动
一般式 making being made going
完成式 having made having been made having gone
2、V-ing形式的基本用法。
（1）作主语：Seeing is believing.百闻不如一见。
Talking is easier than doing.
V–ing作主语时，如果其结构较长，可用it作形式主语，而将作主语的V-ing结构后置。如：1)It isn’t much good writing to them again. 2) It’s no use waiting here.
（2）作表语：Her job is washing and cooking.
My hobby is collecting stamps.
（3）作宾语：
①作及物动词的宾语。She likes drawing very much.；
②作某些短语动词的宾语。 Mary is thinking of going back to New York.；
③ do+限定词（my, some, any, the等）+v -ing，表示“做…事”之意，如：
We often do our cleaning on Saturday afternoon.
Will you do any shopping on Saturday this afternoon
④作介词的宾语：Her sister is good at learning physics.；
⑤作形容词worth, busy等的宾语：This book is well worth reading.
V–ing作宾语带有宾语补足语时，要用it作为形式宾语，而将作宾语的v-ing后置，如：We found it no good talking like that. Do you think it necessary trying again
（4）作定语：The sleeping child is only five years old.
Do you know the man standing at the gate
注：v-ing形式作定语用时，如果v-ing只是一个单词，就位于其修饰的名词之前，如果是v-ing短语，则必须置于其修饰语之后。V-ing作定语时，被v-ing所修饰的名词就是该v-ing的逻辑主语。另外，v-ing作定语用时，其动作和句子谓语动词所表示的动作具有共时性即同时进行，若非同时进行，就不可用v-ing作定语，而要使用定语从句，如：The girl who wrote a letter there yesterday can speak English very well.
（5）作宾语补足语：We can see steam rising from the wet clothes.
注：当v-ing在复合宾语中作宾语补足语用时，句中宾语就是这个v-ing的逻辑主语，可以带有这种复合宾语的动词有see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have, keep等。
（6）作状语：
①时间状语：Seeing Tom, I couldn’t help thinking of his brother.
分词在句中作时间状语时，其前一般可加when或while，如：
When crossing street, you must be careful.
②原因状语：Being ill, he didn’t go to school yesterday.
③方式或伴随状语：Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty.
3、主动态v-ing完成式（having done）的基本用法。主动态v-ing完成式所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前，一般在句中作时间或原因状语用。句中的主语是它的逻辑主语，并且是它所表示的动作的执行者，如：
Having answered the letter, she went on to read an English novel.
4、被动式v-ing（being done）一般式的基本用法。被动态v-ing一般式所表示的动作是一个正在进行中的被动动作，而且这个被动动作也是和句中谓语所表示的动作同时发生的。它一般在句中作定语或状语用。如：
The truck being repaired there is ours.
5、被动态v-ing完成式（having been done）的基本用法。被动态v-ing完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，在句中一般作状语用。如：
Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the library.
6、V-ing形式的复合结构。在v-ing前加物主代词或名词所有格即构成v-ing的复合结构。与该物主代词或名词所有格相关的人或物即为v-ing的逻辑主语。这种结构在句中可作主语、宾语或表语，如：
Your smoking and drinking too much will do harm to your health.
但在口语中，这种结构如作宾语用，其中的物主代词常用人称代词的宾格，名词的所有格常用名词的普通格代替，如：
She insisted on Peter’s (or Peter)going there first.
7、V-ing形式与动词不定式在句中作主语、表语、宾语时的区别。一般说来，表示一个比较抽象或泛指的动作时多用v-ing形式，表示具体某一次的动作时，多用动词不定式，如：
1) Our job is making steel.
2) She likes playing the piano, but she doesn't want to play it today.
8、V-ing形式与动词不定式在句中作定语的区别。V-ing形式作定语用时，其动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，而动词不定式作定语时，其动作一般发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之后。如：
1) The girl writing a letter there can speak English very well.
2) I have written a letter, but I have three more letters to write.
9、V-ing形式与动词不定式在作宾语补足语时的区别。
（1）不定式作宾补时，其动作一般发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，如：
I have told them to come again tomorrow.
（2）在see, watch, hear, feel等之后，如果用v-ing形式作宾补，表示其动作正在进行中，而用不带to的不定式作宾补时，不定式所表示的是一个动作的全过程，如：1) I heard her singing this song in the room just now. 刚才我听见她在屋里唱这首歌。
2) I often hear her sing this song in the room. 我经常听见她在屋里唱这首歌。
10、V-ing形式与动词不定式在句中作状语的区别。V-ing形式在句作状语表示时间、原因、方式或伴随情况，而动词不定式一般式在句中作状语时，一般是作目的或结果状语，如：
1) Not receiving his letter, I wrote to him again.
2)I looked into the window to see what was going on inside.
作结果状语时，不定式往往表示出乎意料且令人不愉快的结果；V-ing形式则通常表示自然而然的结果。如：
1) She hurried back home only to find that her house had been in ruin.
2) The boat sank in the middle of the river, killing ten students.
非谓语动词专练（二）
1. Alien said that his trip was _______.
A. interested B. interest C. interesting D. of interest
2. We can't understand ______ a decision until it is too late.
A. him to postpone to make B. his postponing to make
C. him to postpone making D. his postponing making
3. I couldn't understand ______ at the poor child.
A. you to laugh B. you laugh C. why laugh D. you laughing
4. It's no use______ with him. You might as well ______ with a stone wall.
A. arguing, argue B. to argue, arguing
C. arguing, arguing D. to argue, argue
5. It is no good ______ today's work for tomorrow.
A. to leave B. leaving C. that you leave D. leave
6. The old man's ______ pity on the snake led to his own death.
A. take B. taking C. being taken D. have
7. It's very kind ______ you ______ say so.
A. of, to B. for, to C. to, to D. of, /
8. Some people's greatest pleasure is ______ .
A. fishing B. to fish C. to be fish D. being fishing
9. Remember ______ the book, when you have finished it.
A. putting back B. having put back C. to put back D. will put back
10. You didn't hear us come back last night. That's good. We tried ______ noisy.
A. to not be B. not to be C. being not D. not being
11. Though he failed, he tried _______ it again and again.
A. to do B. doing C. do D. done.
12. You'll regret ______ those words. You may hurt her feelings.
A. say B. to say C. having said D. to have said
13. You can keep the book until you ______ .
A. have finished reading B. finish to read
C. will finish reading D. have finished to read
14. We are looking forward to ______ another chance ______ it again.
A. be given, to try B. give, to try C. giving, trying D. having, to try
15. Most of the students enjoy_____ stamps.
A. collect B. to collect C. collecting D. collected
16. Excuse me for _____ in without ______.
A. coming, asking B. coming, being asked
C. to come, asking D. to come, being asked
17. People couldn't help ______ the foolish girl.
A. laugh at B. to laugh at C. laughing at D. laughing :
18. "What do you think of the book "
"Oh. excellent, it's worth _______ a second time."
A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read
19. "I usually go there by train."
"Why not ______ by boat for a change "
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
20. I was too excited ______ .
A. speak B. to speak C. not to speak D. speaking
21. Charles Babbage is generally considered ______ the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
22. It is no use _____to come now. He is busy.
A. ask him B. to ask him C. that you ask him D. asking him
23. The murder was brought in, with his hands _______ behind his back.
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
24. Mrs Smith warned her daughter ____ after drinking.
A. never to drive B. to never drive C. never driving D. never drive.
25. The computer centre, ______ last year is very popular among the students in this school.
A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened.
26. Do you know the boy _______ under the big tree
A. lay B. lain C. laying D. lying
27. Most of the artists ______ to the party 'were from South Africa.
A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited
28. English is a language ______ in many countries.
A. spoken B. speaking C. be spoken D. to speak
29. "Can you read " Mary said to the notice.
A. angrily, pointing B. and point angrily
C. angrily, pointed D. and angrily pointing
30. There was a terrible noise _______ the sudden burst of Tight.
A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed
31. ____ more attention, the trees could have grown better.
A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given
32. _____their students, the famous teacher came into the hall.
A. Followed B. Followed by
C. Being followed D. Having been followed
33. Your flat needs _____ . Would you like me it for you
A. to clean, to do B. cleaning, doing
C. cleaning, to do D. to be cleaned, doing
34. Does your new secretary ____ short hand
A. know to take B. know how to take
C. know how take D. know how taking
35. Tommy had his big brother _____ his shoes for him.
A. to tie B. tie C. tied D. tying
36. Would you please ______ write on the textbooks
A. don't B. not to C. not D. to not
37. I'd ______ the operation unless it is absolutely necessary.
A. rather not have B. rather not to have
C. not rather had D. rather not having
38. Your mother and I are looking forward________ you.
A. of seeing B. for seeing C. to see D. to seeing
39. The girl couldn't_____ how red his face was.
A. help to notice B. be helping to notice
C. be helping noticing D. help noticing
40. Excuse me, but it is time to have your temperature ______.
A. taking B. to take C. take D. taken英语非限定动词形式（三）
过去分词
（三）过去分词（V-ed）：
1、过去分词的基本用法：过去分词是英语动词的终极形式，只有一种形式，没有主动式。及物动词的过去分词含有完成和被动的意义，而不及物动词的过去分词只表示动作的完成。过去分词在句中可作定语、表语、宾语补语或状语等成分。过去分词在句中作某种成分时，其逻辑主语一般为该分词所表示的动作的承受者，如：
（1）作定语：过去分词作定语时，如果这个分词是一个单词，就位于其修饰的名词之前，如果是分词短语，就位于其修饰的名词之后。被过去分词所修饰的名词，就是该分词的逻辑主语，如：The stolen car was found by the police last week.
（2）作表语：过去分词作表语时，表示其逻辑主语所处的状态，其逻辑主语就是句中的主语，如：The glass is broken.这个玻璃杯是破的。 注：过去分词作表语时，和动词的被动语态结构相似，但两者表达的意义不同，如：The glass was broken by my little brother.这个玻璃杯是被我小弟弟打破的。作表语用的过去分词在许多词典中已列为形容词，如：crowded, devoted, discouraged, done, dressed, drunk, experienced, frightened, gone, hurt, interested, killed, known, learned, lost, pleased, satisfied, shut, surprised, tired, undressed, worried, astonished, broken, completed, covered等。
（3）作宾语补足语：过去分词作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语就是其逻辑主语，如：When I opened the door, I found the ground covered by fallen leaves. 注：动词have后的复合宾语中，宾语补足语如为过去分词，常表示该分词所表示的动作是由他人来执行的而非句中主语自己实施的，如：I had my bike repaired yesterday. 昨天我（找别人）把我的自行车给修了。
（4）作状语：过去分词作状语时，相当于一个状语从句，该结构的逻辑主语一般都是主句的主语，是过去分词所表示动作的逻辑宾语。为了使作状语的过去分词意义更加明确，常在分词前加when, if, while, though, as等连词，如：Seen from the hill/ When seen from the hill, our town looks beautiful.; Given more time/ If given more time, we could have done it better.（we是该结构的逻辑主语，是give的逻辑宾语。）
独立主格结构：上述v-ing和过去分词的用法中，v-ing和过去分词在句中均有逻辑主语，但有时它们也能有自己的独立的主语。这种独立的主语，一般为名词或代词，位于其前，和-ing或过去分词构成独立主格结构。独立主格结构在句中一般只作状语用，其中v-ing的具体形式，由其所表示的动作和句中谓语动词所表示的动作发生的时间而定。至于独立主格结构中是使用-ing或是过去分词，则要根据它们的主语和其所表示的动作的主动被动关系而定，如：The bell ringing, we all stopped talking. 注：The work having been finished, she sat down to have a rest. ①独立主格结构中的being或having been常可省去，如：The meeting (being) over, all left the room. ②作伴随状语的独立主格结构常可用with短语来代替，如：She read the letter, tears rolling down her cheeks./ She read the letter with tears rolling down her cheeks.
2、V-ing形式与过去分词的区别：
（1）语态不同：V-ing形式表示主动概念，及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念。an inspiring speech鼓舞人心的演说；the inspired audience受鼓舞的听众。
（2）时间关系不同：V-ing形式表示动作正在进行中，而过去分词则表示动作已完成，如：The changing world正在发生变化的世界；the changed world已经起了变化的世界。
非谓语动词专练（三）
1. There is no question of _____ able to finish it himself.
A. Tom was B. Tom's being C. Tom's be D. Tom is
2. The new shopping center _____ now will be put into use by the end of this year.
A. built B. be built C. being built D. to be built
3. "Have you had supper "
"Not yet. The meal_____."
A. are being cooked B. is being cooked C. is cooked D. are cooked
4. "I'm glad ______ you here in the hotel."
"It's my great pleasure to have you ______ us."
A. meeting, to B. to have met, with
C. having met, among D. to meet, of
5. I'm afraid I can't make myself _____ in English.
A. understanding B. understand C. to be understood D. understood
6. Although in a hurry, Wilson ______.
A. couldn't stop walking B. couldn't help the stranger
C. stopped to help the stranger D. didn't answer the stranger
7. Janet is easy _____.
A. for getting along with B. by getting along with
C. to get along with D. got along with
8. Don't forget ______ the light when you leave.
A. turn off B. to turn off C. turning off D. turned off
9. The mother is very glad; her baby is beginning ______.
A. understanding what she means B. to understand that she meant
C. to understand what she means D. noticing what she means ,
10. I think this story is _____ .
A. worth being read B. worth reading
C. worth to read D. worth of reading
11. This scientist is a man ______ praise.
A. worth to B. worthy to be C. worthy of D. worth
12. I don't want ______ any more trouble, you see
A. there being B. it to be C. it being D. there to be
13. When she returned home, she found the window open and something ______.
A. stealing B. missed C. stolen D. to steal
14. Strictly _____, it isn't worth the price you are asking.
A. to speak B. speaking C. speak D. spoken
15. Time ______, they'll come here to watch us ______ football.
A. permitted, playing B. permitted, to play
C. permitting, play D. permitting, to play
16. The man was seen _____ into the courtyard.
A, stealing B. stolen C. be stealing D. had stolen
17. Bob should love _____ to the party tomorrow evening.
A. taking B. to be taken C. to take D. being taken
18. Tom had no choice but _____ the classroom with his classmates.
A. to clean B. clean C. cleaning D. cleans
19. Mr. Brown said that his car needed
A. to be repaired B. being repaired C. be repairing D. to repair
20. The old man didn't know whether to sell the car or____ .
A. being kept for later use B. kept for later use
C. to keep it for later use D. to be kept it for later use
21. The noise of the desks _____ could be heard in the next classroom.
A. being opened and closed B. opened and closed
C. having been opened and closed D. to be opened and closed
22. I remember _____ someone ____ the umbrella away.
A. to see, take B. having seen, to take
C. to see, to take D. having seen, take
23. She was noticed ______ the shop.
A. to enter B. enter C. having entered D. entered
24. I couldn't help _____ when I heard the joke.
A. being laughed B. laughing C. to be laughing D. to laugh
25._____, she burst into tears.
A. Deeply moved B. Deeply moving
C. As she deeply moved D. As she was deeply moving
26. The problem requires ______.
A. studying with great care B. to study carefully
C. to be studied without carelessness D. taking great care of studying it
27. _____ carelessly, the boy made mistakes here and there. .
A. being written B. Wrote C. Write D. Writing
28. He would rather ______ his parents with their housework than _____ out to play games.
A. to help, to go B. help, go C. help, to go D. to help, go
29. The boy had his leg _____ while ____ football.
A. broken, playing B. break, play
C. broken, played D. broke, was playing
30. Having finished the work,_____.
A. it was almost six o'clock
B. a postman came and delivered the evening paper and some letters
C. supper had been already prepared D. we had a rest and then had supper
31. He is ill. He has kept_____.
A. coughing all along B. to cough at night
C. cough since yesterday D. being coughed day and night
32. It is no use ____ without _____.
A. to talk, doing B. taking, being done
C. talking, doing D. being talked, being to do
33. "I usually go there by boat."
"Why not _____ by train for a change "
A. try going B. to try going C. trying to go D. to try and go
34._____, she felt quite shy at the party.
A. As she a stranger B. Being a stranger
C. According to a stranger D. She like a stranger
35. Every morning he gets up early and practises ______ and then _____ to school.
A. to read English, go B. reading English, going
C. reading English, goes D. of reading English, goes
36. While _____ football on tin playground, I found 'my keys ______.
A. playing, lost B. play, losing C. played, being lost D. having played, lost
37. ____ the same mistakes again made his parents very angry.
A. His having made B. He has made C. He had making D. Him making
38. Dick made it ______ to all his friends.
A. to know B. known C. know D. knowing
39. Anna spends one hour a day _____ spoken English.
A. practise B. to practise C. on practising D. in practising
40. No one was surprised at _____ the examination.
A. he passing B. his pass C. him pass D. his passing
41. Although swimming is his favourite sport, yet he doesn't like _____ today.
A. to swim B. swimming C. swim D. to have swim
42. She sat at the desk and set about _____ a letter to her friend.
A. to write B. writing C. write D. written
43. This soup is cold; it needs _____.
A. to heat B. to be heated C. being hot D. heated
44. I went ______a balloon but I didn't see anyone _____ balloons.
A. to buy, to sell B. to buy, selling
C. buying, selling D. buying, to sell
45. Anna is often heard ______songs in her room.
A. sung B. singing C. sing D. to sing
46. The more you practise ______ English, the better your _____ English will be.
A. to speak, speaking B. speaking, spoken
C. spoken, spoken D. spoken, speaking英语非限定动词形式（四）
一些特别需要注意的情形
一 、关于逻辑主语
分词的逻辑主语有两种：一是悬垂分词的逻辑主语，其二是独立主格结构的逻辑主语。在悬垂结构中，分词的逻辑主语就是主句的主语，如果两者不能构成逻辑上的一致关系则该句结构是错误的.如：
Seen from the space, the earth looks like a blue ball.
从太空看起来，地球像个蓝色的球体。
这里悬垂结构seen from the space = when the earth is seen, …
Laughing and chatting, the pupils left school for home. 孩子们说说笑笑回家去了。
同上述结构一样，Laughing and chatting = the pupils were laughing and chatting, …
独立主格结构与悬垂结构不同的是独立主格结构有自己的主语。这个主语由名词或代词通格来表示，置于分词之前，与分词形成逻辑上的主谓关系。例如：
So many comrades being absent, the meeting had to be put off.
这么多同志都缺席了，所以会议只得延期。
We all went home, he remaining behind.
我们都回家了，只有他留在后面。
Weather permitting, we will go for an outing next week.
如果天气许可，我们下周去郊游。
The class (being) over, the teacher dismissed the students.
下课了，老师把学生打发走了。
The job done, we all went home.
工作完成之后，我们就都回家去了。
With the tree grown tall, we get more shade.
随着树的不断长高，树阴也越来越浓密了。
Everything taken into consideration, this plan seems to be more feasible.
把一切考虑在内，这个计划看起来可行。
They worked throughout the night with the lamp lighted.
他们挑灯夜战。
二、关于宾语
1. 只能使用v-ing（doing）作宾语的动词（短语）。常见的有：admit（承认），acknowledge, appreciate（感激）, avoid, consider, contemplate, delay, deny, detest, endure, enjoy, excuse, evade, face, finish, facilitate, fancy, favor, forgive, can’t help, imagine, include, involve, mention, mind, miss, postpone, practise, pardon, resent, resist, require, risk, stand, suggest, understand, be worth, feel like, can’t stand, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent … (from), keep … from, stop …（from, protect … from, set about, be engaged in, spend … (in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like等等。如：
They haven’t finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染。
He is considering changing a job. 他正在考虑换个工作。
2. 既能跟v-ing又能接不定式作宾语的动词：attempt, begin, cease, continue, dread, forget, hate, intend, like, neglect, omit, prefer, propose, remember, start, try. 具体使用情形如下：
① 在begin, start, continue, like, hate, cease等后可以使用两种结构，一般无明显区别。如：
Will you continue gardening/to garden after dinner 饭后你继续干花园的活，好吗？
She likes to be flattered/being flattered. 她喜欢别人奉承她。
② need, want, require, deserve等动词表示“需要，值得”时，有两种结构可以用：一是使用-ing的主动式表被动；二是使用不定式的被动式。但两者意义上有些微区别，即前者注重于事物本身的实际情况，后者侧重于说话人的主观看法。如：
The flowers want watering. ≈The flowers want to be watered. 花该浇水了。
My hair needs cutting. ≈ My hair needs to be cut. 我的头发该理了。
His performance deserves praising. = His performance deserves to be praised.
他的工作应该受到表扬。
③ remember, forget, regret等后面使用动词不定式表示未发生的动作；而使用-ing时表示已经发生的动作。如：
I regret to inform you that we are unable to offer you employment.
我很遗憾地通知你我们无法安排你的就业。
I regret being unable to help you. 我很遗憾当时未能帮你。
Don’t forget to post the letter on your way to work. 别忘了上班的路上把信寄走。
I forget posting the letter you gave me thins morning. 我忘了把你今天早上给我的信发走。
④ try后跟-ing表示“试一试”；和动词不定式连用表示“努力，试图”。
This foreign guest tried writing with the Chinese brush. 这位外国客人试着用毛笔写字。
He tried to cheat the old man out of his money. 他试图骗这老头的钱。
⑤ mean, intend后跟动名词表示“意味着”；接不定式表示“打算”。如：
Today, I intend to finish reading this book. 今天我打算读完这本书。
What he said at the meeting means his going abroad next year.
他在会上说的意思是他要出国。
⑥ prefer后使用v-ing还是不定式有两种情形：在谈论一般情况时和在两种活动之间表达更喜欢哪一种时，一般使用-ing；另一种是和不定式连用。如：
Do you like swimming ------- Yes, but I prefer sailing.
你喜欢游泳吗？--- 当然。但是我更喜欢驾驶帆船。
Can I give a lift ----No, thanks, I would prefer to walk.
你顺便坐我的车走好么？---- 不用了，谢谢！我喜欢步行。
I prefer reading to going shopping on weekends. 周末我喜欢读点书，不喜欢逛街。
I would prefer to spend the weekend at home rather than drive all the way to your mother’s. 我觉得与其开车跑那么远到你母亲那里过周末，倒不如在家更好些。
⑦ allow, advise, forbid, permit等在没有宾语的情况下接-ing即allow doing等；如果有宾语，则用不定式allow sb to do等。如：
Sorry, we don’t allow smoking in the lecture room. 对不起，教室不准抽烟。
We don’t allow people to smoke here. 我们不许人们在这里抽烟。
I wouldn’t advise taking the car --- there’s nowhere to park.
我不建议开车去，因为没有停车的地方。
I wouldn’t advise you to take the car. 我劝你不要开车去。
第三类是带to的短语。而实际上这个to是介词，如果不加区分，一律把它看作是动词不定式的小品词的话，很容易判断失误。这一类的短语主要有：attribute … to, owe … to, devote … to, contribute … to, be used to, be accustomed to, look forward to, pay attention to, object to, oppose to, in addition to等。如：
I am looking forward to hearing from her as soon as possible.
我在盼望着尽快收到她的来信。
He strongly opposed to traveling by air. 他强烈反对乘飞机。