高中英语构词法口诀及实练

高中英语构词法口诀及实练
构词法，用处大：派生、合成与转化。
un-,
im-,
in-,
dis-放在前，意思常常是相反；
(unhappy,
unfriendly,
impossible,
independent,
dislike,
disagree...)
动变人，不是-er
即-or;①(actor,
visitor,
inventor,
governor,inspector...)
(teacher,
worker,
driver,
winner,
waiter,
waitress,
actor,
actress)
动变名，-tion/-sion
后跟；②（prediction,
information,
competition,
discussion,decision,invitation,
pronunciation,
graduation...)
动变名，-ing
来迎；③（building,
beginning,
meaning)
动变名，-ment
也行。④（apartment,
agreement)
名变形，-ful
跟/-less
反；⑤（careful，careless,
hopeful,
hopeless,
useful,
useless,
wonderful...)
名变形，-al/ous/ern能⑥。（educational,
natural,
dangerous,
famous,
serious,
anxious,
southern,
western,
northeastern...)
名变形，后跟-y。（healthy,
sunny,
rainy,
lucky)
形变副⑦，一般不奇怪，后面加上-ly,(quickly,
really,
carefully,
wonderfully,
widely,
mainly,
clearly...)
辅字+y
有点怪，⑧改y为i再加-ly;(happily,
luckily...)
好，真，double
l，
才奇怪，末-le
(-ble/-ple/-tle/-gle)
e变y;⑨
(good
well,
true
truly,
full
fully,
dull
dully
)
形副同形亦犹在。⑩（
early,
late,
fast,
hard,
far,
straight,
high)
动变形，形似分，（11）（interesting，
interested，
exciting，
excited，surprising,
surprised,
lost,
known,
crowded...)
动变形，
-able行（12）。（enjoyable,
comfortable,
changeable,valuable...)
形变名，
-t
用ce
替（13）；（different
difference,
important
importance,
confident
confidence)
形变名，
-ness
应（14）；（kindness,
illness,
happiness,fairness...)
形变名，
-(i)ty
宜（15）；（able
ability,
possible
possibility
,
real
reality,
safe
safety,
active
activity...）
形变名，
-th
也行（16）。（warm
warmth
,
long
length,
deep
depth,
strong
strength,
wide
width
...)
特殊几个记心上。（die
dead
death,
believe
belief,
relieve
relief,
discover
discovery,
courage
encourage
difficult
difficulty,
energy
energetic,
choose
choice,
arrive
arrival,
approve
approval
propose
proposal,
attract
attractive...
)
P/S.①“动变人，不是-er
即-or”意思是动词变成做这个动作的人，末尾加上-er/or;
②
“动变名，-tion/-sion
后跟”意思是动词变成名词，后面跟上-tion/-sion；
③“动变名，-ing
来迎”
意思是动词变成名词，后面跟上-ing；
④“动变名，-ment
也行”意思是动词变成名词，后面跟上-ing。
⑤“名变形，-ful
跟/-less
反”指的是名词变成其对应的形容词，加上ful,而加上less就变成其对应的反义形容词了；
⑥“名变形，-al/ous/ern能”指的是名词变成其对应的形容词，末尾加上al或ous或表示方向的名词加上ern；
⑦“形变副”指的是形容词变成副词；
⑧“辅字+y
有点怪”指的是以辅音字母+y结尾的形容词；
⑨“好，真，double
l，
才奇怪，末-le
(-ble/-ple/-tle/-gle)
e变y”指的是形容词是”good,
true,
末尾是两个l的单词才奇怪，不是直接加上ly,
而末尾le结尾的形容词，要把e
变成y;
⑩“形副同形亦犹在”指的是形容词变成副词时不变；
“动变形，形似分”指的是动词变成形容词，形状跟其分词相似。
“动变形，
-able行”指的是动词变成形容词，后面加上able;
“形变名，
-t
用ce
替”指的是末尾是t的形容词变成名词，将t改成ce;
“形变名，
-ness
应”指的是形容词变成名词，其后加上ness；
“形变名，
-(i)ty
宜”指的是形容词变成名词，其后加上ty
或ity；
“形变名，
-th
也行”指的是形容词变成名词，其后加上th。
EXX.一、根据题后要求，写出下列单词的正确形式：
real(adv.)______________
2.
danger(adj.)
________________
3.
fair(n.)________________
4.
surprise(adj.)_________________
5.
health(adj.)______________
6.
comfort(adj.)_________________
decide(n.)______________
8.
different(n.)____________________
9.
challenge
(adj.)
_____________
10.encourage(n.)_______________
根据句意，
用括号内单词的正确形式填空：
His
______________
looks
nice.
(paint)
I
look
back
on
my
time
in
the
UK
with
______________________.
(satisfy)
I
found
my
homework
a
bit
__________________.
(challenge)
Tom
is
a
great
_______________.(run)
Thanks
for
your
___________________________.
(good)
What
are
_____________________________
between
the
twins?(different)
We
should
learn
to
be
_________________________.(dependence)
I’m
sorry
I
can’t
see
the
words
______________________.(clear)
In
fact,
you
have
some
__________________
in
your
job.
(choose)
20.
We
should
face
our
___________________
bravely.
(difficult)
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。
A
In
1863the
first
underground
passenger
railway
in
the
world
opened
in
London.
It
ran
for
just
under
seven
kilometers
and
allowed
people
to
avoid
terrible
21
(crowded)
on
the
roads
above
as
they
travelled
to
and
from
work.
It
took
three
years
to
complete
and
was
built
using
an
22
（interest）
method.
This
included
digging
up
the
road,
laying
the
track
and
then
building
a
strong
roof
over
the
top.
When
all
those
had
been
done,
the
road
surface
was
replaced.
Steam
engines
used
to
pull
the
carriages
and
it
must
have
been
23
(fair)unpleasant
for
the
passengers,
with
all
the
smoke
and
noise.
However,
the
railway
quickly
proved
to
be
a
great
success
and
within
six
months,
more
than
25,000
people
were
using
it
every
day.
Later,
engineers
managed
to
construct
railways
in
a
system
of
deep
tunnels
(隧道）,
which
became
24
(know)
to
the
tube.This
25
(develop)
was
only
possible
with
the
26
(introduce)
of
electric-powered
engines
and
lifts.
The
central
London
Railway
was
one
of
the
most
27
(success)
of
these
new
lines,
and
was
opened
in
1900.
It
had
white-painted
tunnels
and
bright
red
carriages,
and
proved
extremely
popular
with
the
public.
B
Diets
have
changed
in
China
—
and
so
too
has
its
top
crop.
Since
2011,
the
country
has
grown
more
corn
than
rice.
Corn
production
has
jumped
nearly
125
percent
over
the
past
25
years,
while
rice
has
increased
only
7
percent.
A
taste
for
meat
is
28
(actual)
behind
the
change:
An
important
part
of
its
corn
is
used
to
feed
chickens,
pigs,
and
cattle.
Another
reason
for
corn’s
rise:
The
government
encourages
farmers
to
grow
corn
instead
of
rice
to
improve
water
quality.
Corn
uses
less
water
than
rice
and
creates
less
fertilizer(化肥)
runoff.
This
switch
has
decreased
29
(pollute)
in
the
country’s
major
lakes
and
reservoirs
and
made
drinking
water
safer
for
people.
According
to
the
World
Bank,
China
accounts
for
about
30
percent
of
total
30
(globe)
fertilizer
consumption.
The
Chinese
Ministry
of
Agriculture
finds
that
between
2005
—
when
the
government
started
a
soil-testing
program
which
gives
specific
fertilizer
recommendations
to
farmers
—
and
2011,
fertilizer
use
dropped
by
7.7
million
tons.
That
prevented
the
emission(排放)
of
51.8
million
tons
of
carbon
dioxide.
China’s
approach
to
protecting
its
environment
while
feeding
its
citizens
＂offers
useful
lessons
for
agriculture
and
food
policymakers
worldwide.＂
says
the
bank’s
Juergen
Voegele.
C
According
to
a
review
of
evidence
in
a
medical
journal,
runners
live
three
years
longer
than
non-runners.
You
don’t
have
to
run
fast
or
for
long
to
see
the
benefit.
You
may
drink,
smoke,
be
overweight
and
still
reduce
your
risk
of
31
(dead)
early
by
running.
While
running
regularly
can’t
make
you
live
forever,
the
review
says
it
is
more
32
(effect)
at
lengthening
life
by
walking,
cycling
or
swimming.
Two
of
the
authors
of
the
review
also
made
a
study
published
in
2014
which
showed
a
mere
five
to
10
minutes
a
day
of
running
reduced
the
risk
of
heart
disease
and
early
deaths
from
all
causes.
The
best
exercise
is
one
that
you
enjoy
and
will
do.
But
otherwise
…
it’s
probably
running.
To
avoid
knee
pain,
you
can
run
on
soft
surfaces,
do
exercises
to
33
(strength)
your
leg
muscles
(肌肉),
avoid
hills
and
get
good
running
shoes.
Running
is
cheap,
easy
and
it’s
always
34
(energy).
If
you
are
time
poor,
you
need
run
for
only
half
the
time
to
get
the
same
benefits
as
other
sports,
so
perhaps
we
should
all
give
35
(run)
a
try.
参考答案：
一、根据题后要求，写出下列单词的正确形式：
real(adv.)
really
2.
danger(adj.)
dangerous
fair(n.)
fairness
4.
surprise(adj.)
surprising/surprised
5.
health(adj.)
healthy
6.
comfort(adj.)
comfortable
decide(n.)
decision
8.
different(n.)
difference
9.
challenge
(adj.)
challenging
10.encourage(n.)
encouragement
二、根据句意，
用括号内单词的正确形式填空：
11.
painting
12.
satisfaction
13.
challenging
14.
runner
15.
goodness
16.
differences
17.
independent
18.
clearly
19.
choices
20.
difficulties
三、阅读下面短文，在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。
21.
crowds
22.
interesting
23.
fairly
24.
known
25.
development
26.
introduction
27.
successful
28.
actually
29.
pollution
30.
global
31.
dying
32.
effective
33.
strengthen
34.
energetic
35.
running