英语状语从句知识点??
在复合句中,用来修饰主句中的动词,形容词或副词等而充当状语的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句常用从属连词来引导,与主句连接起来。若置于句末,则前面不加逗号。
1.时间状语从句???
常用引导词when,while,
①when当......时,表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时或先后发生,从句的动词可用延续性动词或非延续性动词。???
当When引导的时间状语从句为系表结构,而且其主语和主句的主语一致,其表语又是一个名词时,可以用as引导的省略句来代替when引导的从句????
②while与.....同时,在......期间,引导的动作必须是持续性的,或表状态的词,侧重于主句动作和从句动作相比??
③as正当,一边......一边,随着,表示从句和主句的两个动作交替进行或同时发生
④如果主句表示的是短暂的动作,而从句用连续性动词的进行时态表示在一段时间内正进行的动作,此时when,?while与as可互换使用
特殊引导词:as
soon
as,the
minute,
the
moment,
the
second,
every
time(每次),each
time(每次),(the)
next
time(下次),any
time(随时),the
last
time(上次),the
first
time(第一次),the
day,the
instant(
瞬间,顷刻),
instantly,immediately
,
directly(不久,立即),once(一…就),
no
sooner
…
than(一...就...),
hardly
…when(刚一...就...)
,
scarcely
…
when(几乎没有……的时候)
这些从属连词引导的从句都表示从句的动作一发生,主句的动作就发生,“一…就…”。句中用一般时态替代将来时态。
注:no?sooner…than…,?hardly/scarcely…when…这一结构的时态搭配:?
No?sooner与hardly/scarcely引导的句子的谓语动词用过去完成时,而than和when引导的句子的谓语动词用一般过去时?把no?sooner和hardly/scarcely提到句首时,应用倒装语序?
till,?until和not…until????
①肯定句:主句的谓语动词必须是延续性动词,主句、从句都为肯定式,“某动作偶一直延续到某一时间点才停止”????
②否定句:主句的谓语动词必须是非延续性动词,从句为肯定式,“某动作直到某时间才开始”?③till不可置于句首,而until可以????
④not…until/till直到......才,主句常用短暂性动作
before和since????
①若表达“还未…就…,不到…就…,…才…,还没来得及”时,需用连词before????
②before从句中谓语不用否定式????
③it?will?be?+?一段时间?+?before…还要多久…才????
④since自......以来,从句的谓语动词一般是非延续性动词,主句的谓语动词是延续性的或者是反复发生过的动作。Since从从句的事态若是一般过去时,相应地,主句中的时态是一般现在时/现在完成时或现在完成进行时。⑤在?It?has?been/is+一段时间+since+过去时。句型中,其句意取决于从句的谓语动词是否可延续注意:since引导时间状语从句表示“自从?以来”,从句中的动词一般表示动作的起点,用过去时;而主句的动作延续的情况则用一般现在时或现在完成时。???
如:I?has?been/is?three?years?since?we?met?last?time.自从我们上次见面,已经三年了。?
every?time,?each?time,?next?time,?the?first?time,?any?time,?all?the?time等名词短语用来引导时间状语从句,表示“每当…,每次…,下次…”等?
I
didn’t
realize
how
special
my
mother
was
until
I
became
an
adult.
直到我成为了一个成年人我才意识到我的母亲是多么的特殊
While
John
was
watching
TV,
his
wife
was
cooking.
当约翰在看电视时,他的妻子正在做饭。
The
children
ran
away
from
the
orchard(果园),
the
moment
they
saw
the
guard.
孩子们一看到守卫就逃走了。
No
sooner
had
I
arrived
home
than
it
began
to
rain.
还没等我到家就开始下雨了。
Every
time
I
listen
to
your
advice,
I
get
into
trouble.
每当我听取你的建议的时候,我就会惹上麻烦。
When?he?knocked?at?the?door?I?was?cooking.???当他敲门时,我正在煮饭。???
Last?night?before?he?came?back?home,?his?wife?had?already?cooked?dinner?and?waited?for?2?hours.?昨天晚上在他回到家之前,他的妻子已经做好晚饭足足等了他两小时之久。??
After?I?went?to?church,?I?went?shopping.???
当主句是祈使句或谓语动词是一般将来时态或情态动词时,其时间状语从句中的谓语动词常用一般现在时态表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态。这就是我们常说的“主将从现”。????
如:Please?call?me?when?you?get?there.当你到那时,请给我打个电话。???
I?will?write?to?you?as?soon?as?I?arrive?in?Beijing.我一到北京就给你写信。
The?bus?won’t?start?until?everybody?gets?on.???公共汽车直到每人都上车为止,才开动。?
2.条件状语从句???
常用引导的连词或词组:if(如果),unless(除非),as?long?as(只要),whether(whether...or
not)
特殊引导词:as/so
long
as,
only
if,
providing/provided
that,
supposing
that,
in
case
that,
on
condition
that,in
case
(
只要/只要,只要,如果,假设,在这种情况下,条件是,万一/假使)
If?you?eat?bad?food,you?may?be?ill.?如果你吃到坏了的食物,就会生病。
If?it?doesn’t?rain?tomorrow,?we?will?have?a?sports?meet.如果明天不下雨,我们就开运动会。
We’ll
start
our
project
if
the
president
agrees.
如果总统同意,我们将开始我们的项目
You
will
certainly
succeed
so
long
as
you
keep
on
trying.你一定会成功,只要你继续努力
Provided
that
there
is
no
opposition,
we
shall
hold
the
meeting
here.
如果没有人反对,我们就在这里开会
如果主句是一般将来时,条件状语从句也用一般现在时来表示将来。???
如:I?will?stay?at?home?if?it?rains?tomorrow.如果明天下雨,我就待在家。???
You?can’t?learn?English?well?unless?you?work?hard.?除非你努力学习,否则学不好英语的。
注意:由if引导的条件状语从句,若从句表达的是与现在事实相反的事实,则常用虚拟语气,即用过去时态表示(如果涉及到be动词,一律都用were)。此时,主句则用过去将来时。
if表示引导条件状语从句表“如果”,主句一般将来时,从句一般现在时表将来;if引导宾语从句,表“是否”,若主句一般现在时,从句可用各种对应的时态;若主句是一般过去时,从句用过去的某种时态。
如:(1)If?I?had?enough?money,I?would?buy?it?for?you.如果我又足够的钱,我将把它买给你。
I?wouldn’t?do?it?if?I?were?you.如果我是你,我是不会做的。?
(2)I
didn’t
know
if
he
would
come
tomorrow.
我不知道他明天是否会来。?
3.原因状语从句??
常用引导连词because,since既然,as,for?
特殊引导词:seeing
that,
now
that,
in
that,
considering
that,考虑到,
given
that.
?
He?didn’t?see?the?film?because?he?had?seen?it.他没有看那部电影,因为他已经看过。??
They?couldn’t?get?on?the?train,for?it?was?too?crowed.?他们上不了火车,因为火车太拥挤了。
Now
that
everybody
has
come,
let’s
begin
our
conference.
既然每个人都到了,让我们开始我们的会议吧。
The
higher
income
tax
is
harmful
in
that
it
may
discourage
people
from
trying
to
earn
more.
高的收入税是有害的,因为它或许会阻碍人们努力赚钱。
比较:because,?since,?as和for
because语势最强,用来说明人所不知的原因,回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知,就用as或?since。???
I?didn't?go,?because?I?was?afraid.?
Since?/As?the?weather?is?so?bad,?we?have?to?delay?our?journey.???
由because引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗号,则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用for。??
He?is?absent?today,?because?/?for?he?is?ill.??He?must?be?ill,?for?he?is?absent?today.????
①because用来表示“造成某种结果的直接原因”,语气较浓,常用来回答why提出的问句。
如:Why?are?you?late???Because?my?bike?is?broken.???
②as和since用来表示“看的到的或是不说也知道的原因”,since也可译作:“既然”。???
如:As?he?is?old?enough,let?him?do?it.他既然长大了,就让他干吧!???
Since?his?shoes?are?worn?out,let’s?buy?him?a?new?pair.??
既然他的鞋坏了,那我们就给他买双新的吧。???
③for引导的原因状语从句不置于句首,常用来表示“顺便提及的理由”,只是稍带说明原因,并非强调。如:I?must?stay?here,for?it’s?raining?so?hard.我必须得待在这儿,因为雨下的很大。?
注意:because不能和so?连用。Because+从句和because?of?+n./?pron?
例如:I?was?late?because?I?didn’t?catch?the?bus.
I?was?late?because?of?the?rain.???
4.地点状语从句???
常用引导词:where
,?wherever?引导。指具体地点时,从句可用于主句之后;表示抽象条件的含义时,从句须放在主句之前
特殊引导词:wherever,
anywhere,
everywhere
???
Where?there?is?a?will,?there?is?a?way.?哪里有志向,哪里就有出路。有志者事竟成。???
Where?there?is?a?life,?there?is?a?hope.?哪里有生命,哪里就有希望。留得青山在,不怕没柴烧。Wherever?you?go,?whatever?you?do,?I?will?be?right?here?waiting?for?you.?
不管你去哪里,不管你做什么,我都会在此守侯你。?
Generally,
air
will
be
heavily
polluted
where
there
are
factories.
一般来说,有工厂的地方空气污染就严重
Wherever
you
go,
you
should
work
hard.
无论你去哪里,你应该努力工作
Where
there
is
no
rain,
farming
is
difficult
or
impossible.
在没有雨水的地方,耕作是困难的,或根本不可能的。
You
should
have
put
the
book
where
you
found
it.
你本来应该把书放回原来的`地方。
Where
the
Communist
Party
of
China
goes,
there
the
people
are
liberated.
哪里有了中国共产党,哪里人民就得解放。
Wherever
the
sea
is
,
you
will
find
seamen.
有海就有海员。
???
5.目的状语从句???
常用引导词:that
,
so?that?以便/以致???,in?order?that为了
特殊引导词:lest以防,
in
case以免,
for
fear
that以便,唯恐,以防,in
the
hope
that希望,
for
the
purpose
that为了这个目的,
to
the
end
that到最后
in?order?that与so?that?都意为“以便…,为了…”,它们引导的状语从句中需用情态动词,in?order?that比so?that正式。引导的状语从句可置于主句之前或之后,而so?that引导的从句只能置于主句之后?
2.?for?fear?that,?in?case与lest?这些从属连词引导的目的状语从句中谓语动词要用“(should+)动词原形”,它本身常有否定意义,相当于so?that…not…或in?order?that…not…??
(1)The
teacher
raised
his
voice
on
purpose
that
the
students
in
the
back
could
hear
more
clearly.
为了让后面的学生听得更清楚,老师有意地提高了他的声音。
They?studied?hard?so?that?they?could?pass?the?exam.
他们努力学习以便通过考试。??
They?started?early?so?that?they?caught?the?early?bus.
他们起得很早以便能赶上了早班车。
He?must?get?up?early?so?that?he?can?catch?the?first?bus.?
必须早起,以便能赶上第一辆公共汽车。???
He?repainted?the?house?so?that?he?could?welcome?the?guests.
重新粉刷了房子,以便能欢迎客人。?
Millions?of?trees?are?planted?in?North?China?so?that?the?sand?can?be?stopped?from?moving
south.?中国北方种植了数百万棵树,这样沙子就可以停止向南移动。
The
mother?left?work?earlier?in?order?that?she?could?be?at?home?when?the?children?arrived.
母亲提早下班,以便孩子们到时她可以在家。
The
boss
asked
the
secretary
to
hurry
up
with
the
letters
so
that
he
could
sign
them.
老板要求秘书快写函件以便他能在上面签字。
?
6.结果状语从句?
常用引导词:so
…
that,
such
…
that,
?that,so?that
特殊引导词:such
that,
to
the
degree
that,
to
the
extent
that,
to
such
a
degree
that,
He
got
up
so
early
that
he
caught
the
first
bus.
他很早起床以便赶上第一班公共汽车
It’s
such
a
good
chance
that
we
must
not
miss
it.
这是一个好机会,千万不能错过它
To
such
a
degree
was
he
excited
that
he
couldn’t
sleep
last
night.
他激动到这个程度,以至于他昨晚睡不着
The?box?is?so?heavy?that?I?can’t?lift?it.???这个盒子如此沉,以致我无法抬起来。???
such+名词性词组+that????So+形容词/副词+that?——如此??以致?????
例如:(1)She?is?such?a?good?teacher?that?we?all?love?her.???
(2)It?was?such?a?hot?day?that?they?didn’t?go?out?for?a?walk?as?usual.??
注意:1.such+a+形容词+名词+that?,可以改写成:so+形容词+a+名词+that?,
例句(1)可以改写成:She?is?so?good?a?teacher?that?we?all?love?her.???
在such+形容词+名词复数或不可数名词+that?结构中,形容词如果是many/few或much/little时,用so不用such,即:so+many/few+可数名词复数+that?,so+much/little+不可数名词+that??
There?are?so?many?people?in?the?room?that?I?can’t?get?in.???
The?man?has?so?much?money?that?he?can?buy?a?car.??
注意:在例句(1)中,是引导目的状语;在例句(2)中,是引导结果状语。一般来讲,从句中含有情态动词的,为目的状语。无情态动词的,为结果状语。
在非正式语体中,由so…that…,?such…that…引导的句子中that可省略,引导结果状语从句时可把so/such置于句首,主句用倒装语序。?????????
So?+?形容词/副词?+?that从句????????????
So?+?形容词?+?a/an?+?可数名词单数形式+?that从句????????????
So?+?many/much/few/little?+?名词?+?that从句????????????
Such?+?a/an?+?形容词?+?可数名词单数形式+?that从句????????????
Such?+?形容词?+?可数名词复数形式/不可数名词+?that从句????????????
Such?+?a?lot?of/lots?of?+?名词+?that从句?
如:Such
was
his
worry
that
he
couldn’t
go
on
with
his
work.
他如此担忧,以致不能继续上班了。
So
carelessly
did
he
drive
that
he
was
nearly
killed.
他开车如此粗心,以致差点丧命。
2.?除结果状语从句外,too…to,?enough?to…,?so…as?to等不定式结构同样可以表示结果???
7.让步状语从句???
常用引导词:though,although;?even?though/if;?
特殊引导词:
as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装),while
(
一般用在句首
),no
matter
…,
in
spite
of
the
fact
that,
whatever,
whoever,
wherever,
whenever,
however,
whichever
??
although/though(尽管,虽然),?even?though/even?if(即使)引导的让步状语从句although和though两者意思相同,一般可以互换,都可以与yet,?sill或nevertheless连用,但不能与but连用2.?as或though引导让步状语从句时倒装的情况或though从句一般放在主句之前,常用倒装语序。从句中表语、状语或动词原形置于句首,若表语是单数名词,前置的要省略冠词???????
注:though引导的从句也可以像as引导的从句一样用倒装语序,但是although引导的从句只能用正常语序?
3.whether…or…(不管…还是…),wh-ever与no??matter?wh-?(不管…;无论…)?注:wh-ever既可引导名词性从句,又可引导让步状语从句,而no?matter?wh-只可引导让步状语从句????
4.?when,??while可以做从属连词,相当于although?
Although?he?is?young,he?knows?a?lot?of?things.?虽然他年龄小,但却认识许多事物。?
Even?though?you?don’t?like?him,?you?still?have?to?be?polite.?即使你不喜欢他,你还是要有礼貌?
Whatever?you?say,?I?will?not?change?my?mind.?
不管你说什么,我都不会改变主意的。??
Much
as
I
respect
him,
I
can’t
agree
to
his
proposal.
尽管我很尊敬他,我却不同意他的建议。
The
old
man
always
enjoys
swimming
even
though
the
weather
is
rough.
老人喜欢游泳,即使天气很恶劣
No
matter
how
hard
he
tried,
she
could
not
change
her
mind.
不论他如何努力,她不会改变她的
He
won’t
listen
whatever
you
may
say.
他不会听你说什么
注意:although,though不能和but连用。???
8.比较(方式)状语从句
than为引导连词。常见连词(as)?as..,??than?;?the?,?the??
Jim?is?older?than?Lucy(is).?吉姆比路希年长。Skiing?is?more?exciting?than?running.?
The?more?you?practice,?the?more?knowledge?you?will?get.?
(1)比较状语从句:注意:
than?引导的比较状语从句中的谓语常省略。
常用引导词:as(同级比较),
than(不同程度的比较)比,as...as
和......一样,not
as/so...as......不如...,the,
特殊引导词:the
more
…
the
more
…
;
just
as
…,
so…;
A
to
B
is
what/as
X
is
to
Y;
no
…
more
than;
not
so
much
A
as
B
She
is
as
bad-tempered
as
her
mother.
她和她妈妈一样脾气很坏
The
house
is
three
times
as
big
as
ours.
这房子是我们的三倍大
The
more
you
exercise,
the
healthier
you
will
be.
你运动的越多,你就越健康
Food
is
to
men
what
oil
is
to
machine.
食物之于人,犹如油之于机器。
(2)方式状语从句
常用引导词:as,
as
if,
how
特殊引导词:the
way
When
in
Rome,
do
as
the
Roman
do.
入国问禁,入乡随俗
She
behaved
as
if
she
were
the
boss.
她表现得就好像她是老板
Sometimes
we
teach
our
children
the
way
our
parents
have
taught
us.
方式状语从句应放在主句之后,其中as?if或as?though引导的从句一般用虚拟语气,但如果从句中所陈述的情况很可能实现,也可用陈述语气??比较状语从句也是一种方式状语从句,其关联词有as(或so)…as,?than,?according?as,?in??proportion?as等