初中英语八大时态专题复习

初中英语八种时态归纳复习
　
一、
一般现在时
（一）定义
表示经常性或习惯性的动作，或存在的状态，还表示主语具备的性格
和能力及客观真理。
例：I
get
up
at
6:30
in
the
morning
.
She
is
at
home
.
(二)构成
主要用动词原形表示，当主语是第三人称单数时，在动词词尾加s/es。
(三)句型
1、肯定句：主语+谓语+其他。
She
reads
English
everyday
.
2、否定句：主语+don’t/doesn’t+谓语+其他。
He
doesn’t
get
up
at
6:30
in
the
morning
.
3、一般疑问句：Do/Does+主语+V原+其他？
Do
you
like
English
?
Yes
,I
do
./No,
I
don’t
.
4、特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+do/does+主语+V原+其他？
What
time
do
you
get
up
every
morning
?
Where
does
your
father
work
?
（三）用法
1、表示经常性或习惯性的动作，或存在的状态，带与表示频率的时间状语如：often
,
sometimes
,
usually，always
,
everyday
year，month．．．）
,
once/twice
a
week
(month
,
year
,
etc.)
,
seldom
,
on
sundays等连用。
I
leave
home
for
school
at
seven
every
morning
.
2、表示客观真理，科学事实、格言警句。
The
sun
rises
in
the
east
.日出东方。
　　
The
earth
goes
around
the
sun
.地球绕着太阳转。
3、当主句的谓语动词是一般将来时，那么时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作。
　　I'll
tell
him
the
news
when
he
comes
back.
他回来时，我将告诉他这个消息。
　　4、仅为了描述状态、性质、特征、能力等等。这里的目的是为了"描述现阶段的动作或状态"，其重点"不是强调动作发生的时间、或进行的状态"。例如：
　　He
can
speak
five
foreign
languages
.他能说五种外语。
　　That
is
a
beautiful
city
.那是座美丽的城市。
　　Changjiang
River
is
one
of
the
longest
rivers
in
the
world.
长江是世界上最长的河流之一。
（四）动词第三人称单数形式变化规则
1、一般情况下，动词后直接加-s;
如：help-helps
,clean-cleans
,give-gives等。
2、以s，x，ch，sh或o结尾的动词，在词尾加-es;
如：dress-dresses,fix-fixes,watch-watches,finish-finishes等。
3、以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，把y变为i，再加-es;
如：study--studies,fly-flies,carry--carries等。
4、动词have遇在主语是第三人称单数时，have改为has，
如：He
has
an
interesting
book
.
5、动词be遇有主语是第一人称单数时，be改为am，遇有主语是第二人称时，be改为are，遇有主语是第三人称单数时，be改为is
一般现在时练习题
　　1）用动词的适当形式填空
　　1.I
like
____________
(swim).
　　2.He
_________(read)
English
every
day.
　　3.We
_________(go)to
school
at
seven
in
the
morning.
　　4.Mike________(go)to
school
at
seven
in
the
morning.
　　5.My
mother________(like)
______(go)
shopping.
　　6.I
can
________(draw)
many
beautiful
pictures.
　　7.She_________(make)
a
model
plane.
　　8.Do
you
________(like)_________(run)?
　　9.Does
he_________(like)_________(jump)
?
　　10.Does
Nancy_________(grow)flowers
on
Saturday
?
　　　　2）用所给的人称改写句子
　　1.I
take
photos
on
Sunday.
(
Mike)
　　2.We
grow
beautiful
flowers.
(she)
　　3.They
like
collecting
stamps.
(Ben)
　　4.I
listen
to
music
carefully.
(my
aunt)
　　5.You
like
making
a
model
ship.
(Helen)
二、
一般过去时
（一）结构
一般过去时用动词的过去式表示。
基本结构
否定句
一般疑问句
Be动词
was/
were+not
was或were提前，放于句首
行为动词
didn’t+do（动词原形）
Did+主语+do（动词原形）
注：在一般过去时的句子中，谓语动词可分为两类一类是be动词，其形式为was与第一、三人称单数连用，were与第二人称和复数人称的主语连用。凡是由be动词做谓语的句子，变否定句时，直接在其后加not,即wasn’t
或weren’t，变一般疑问句将was/
were放在句首，句末用问号。另一类谓语动词是由行为动词来充当，如stayed\went\visited等,这一类动词做谓语时，可与任何人称连用，句子变否定时，要在主语后面，动词的前面加didn’t，动词用原形；一般疑问句是把did提到句首，动词用原形。
I
was
in
Shanghai
last
year
.
I
wasn’t
in
Shanghai
last
year
.
Was
you
in
Shanghai
last
year
?
He
went
to
the
park
yesterday
.
He
didn’t
go
to
the
park
yesterday
?
Did
he
go
to
the
park
yesterday
?
（二）句式
1、肯定句：主语+动词过去式+其他。
I
was
in
Beijing
yesterday
.I
went
to
the
beach
yesterday
.
2、否定句：主语+wasn’t
或weren’t+其他。
主语+didn’t
+
V原+其他。
I
wasn’t
in
Beijing
yesterday
.I
didn’t
go
to
the
beach
yesterday
.
3、一般疑问句：was/
were+主语+V原+其他？
Did
+主语+V原+其他？
Were
you
in
Beijing
yesterday
?
Did
you
go
to
the
beach
yesterday
?
4、特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+
was/
were+主语+其他？
特殊疑问词+did+主语+V原+其他？
Where
were
you
yesterday
?
Where
did
yougo
yesterday
?
（三）用法
1、表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间里所发生的动作或情况，常与明确的时间状语连用，如：yesterday,last
week(month
,
year…),…ago,the
other
day
,just
now
,at
the
age
of…,in
1980等连用。如：
At
the
age
of
ten
,she
began
to
learn
to
play
the
piano
.
2、表示过去经常发生或反复发生的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。
When
I
was
a
child
,I
often
play
the
football
in
the
street
.
3、在时间、条件状语从句中，常用一般过去时态代替过去将来时。
He
said
he
wouldn’t
go
if
it
rained
.
（四）动词过去式的规则变化
1)
一般情况下,
在动词原形末尾加-ed
;
如look-looked
2)
结尾是字母e
的动词加-d,
如
practice-practiced；
3)
结尾是“辅音字母+y”
的动词,
变“y”为“i”
再加ed,
如study
studied;
4)
重读闭音节结尾,
双写动词尾的辅音字母，再加ed,
如stop
stopped。
不规则动词表
Infinitive
Past
tense
Infinitive
Past
tense
catch
caught
come
came
do
did
draw
drew
drink
drank
drive
drove
eat
ate
fall
fell
am
is
was
are
were
begin
begun
break
broke
bring
brought
build
built
buy
bought
can
could
动词过去式的记忆口诀
动词一般过去时,
表示过去发生事；be用was或用were,
have,
has变had；
谓语动词过去式,
过去时间坐标志；一般动词加-
ed,
若是特殊得硬记。
否定句很简单,
主语之后didn’t添；疑问句也不难,
did放在主语前；
如果谓语之前有did,
谓语动词需还原；动词若是was,
were,
否定就把not添。
一般过去时练习题
一、
写出下列动词的过去式
1．look—
2.
live—
3.
stop—
4.
carry—
5.hope—
6.
trip—
7.
call—
8.
finish—
9.
want—
10.
are—
11.
go—
12.
have—
13.
do—
14.
get—
15.come—
16.
say—
二、Fill
in
the
blanks.
1.
____
she
____(sing)a
song
last
night?
2.
--Were
there
any
people
in
the
room?
(作否定回答)
--______,
_______
_______nobody.
3.
--_____(be)
they
at
work
this
morning?
--Yes.
They
______
(have)a
meeting
together.
4.
--______
Joe
______
(do)well
in
the
long-distance
running?
--Yes,
he
_______.
5.
–Where
_____
Tina’s
Family____(go)last
Summer?
--They
_______
(go)to
New
York
for
their
vacation.
三、用所给动词的适当形式填空
　　1.
I
______
(watch)
a
cartoon
on
Saturday.
　　2.
Her
father
_______
(read)
a
newspaper
last
night.
　　3.
We
_________
to
zoo
yesterday,
we
_____
to
the
park.
(go)
　　4.
______
you
_______
(visit)
your
relatives
last
Spring
Festival?
　　5.
______
he
_______
(fly)
a
kite
on
Sunday?
Yes,
he
______.
　　6.
Gao
Shan
_______
(pull)
up
carrots
last
National
Day
holiday.
　　7.
I
____________
(sweep)
the
floor
yesterday,
but
my
mother
______.
　　8.
What
_________
she
_________
(find)
in
the
garden
last
morning?
　　She
_________
(find)
a
beautiful
butterfly.
　　9.
It
_________
(be)
Ben's
birthday
last
Friday
　　10.
10.
We
all
_________
(have)
a
good
time
last
night.
　　　三、一般将来时
（一）概念
表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
There
will
be
an
English
party
next
Saturday
.
We
will
come
to
see
you
tomorrow
.
（二）结构
1、由will
+动词原形构成，其will适用于各种人称，与主语连在一起时，常常缩写为’ll。变否定句时，只需在will后加not，可缩写为won’t
。在疑问句中，will需提前，构成will+主语+动词原形的结构。
He
will
arrive
here
this
evening
.他今晚抵达这里。
2、shall+动词原形（常用于主语为第一人称）
I
shall
/
will
not
be
free
tomorrow
.我明天没空。
3、be
going
to+动词原形（打算、准备做某事）
He
is
going
to
spend
his
holidays
in
London
.
他打算在伦敦度假。
（三）用法
1、表示在将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语，如：tomorrow,
next
day（week，month，year．．．．），
this
evening
(weekend
…),
in
the
future
,
in
a
few
minutes，
the
day
after
tomorrow
,by．．．，
soon
等连用。
I
will
pay
a
visit
to
Shanghai
next
week
.
I
hope
you
won’t
be
late
next
time
.
2、当主句为一般现在时，在以after,when,while,as
soon
as
,if
,unless等引导的时间或条件句中，要用一般现在时表将来。
I’ll
do
it
better
if
the
teacher
gives
me
another
chance
.
一般将来时练习题
　　一、单项选择
　　(
)
1.
There
__________
a
meeting
tomorrow
afternoon.
　　
A.
will
be
going
to
B.
will
going
to
be
C.
is
going
to
be
D.
will
go
to
be
　　(
)
2.
Charlie
________
here
next
month.
　　
A.
isn't
working
B.
doesn't
working
C.
isn't
going
to
working
D.
won't
work
　　(
)
3.
He
________
very
busy
this
week,
he
________
free
next
week.
　　
A.
will
be;
is
B.
is;
is
C.
will
be;
will
be
D.
is;
will
be
　　(
)
4.
There
________
a
dolphin
show
in
the
zoo
tomorrow
evening.
　　
A.
was
B.
is
going
to
have
C.
will
have
D.
is
going
to
be
　　(
)
5.
-_____
you
______
free
tomorrow?
-
No.
I
_____
free
the
day
after
tomorrow.
　　A.
Are;
going
to;
will
B.
Are;
going
to
be;
will
　　C.
Are;
going
to;
will
be
D.
Are;
going
to
be;
will
be
　　(
)
6.
Mother
________
me
a
nice
present
on
my
next
birthday.
　　
A.
will
gives
B.
will
give
C.
gives
D.
give
　　(
)
7.
-
Shall
I
buy
a
cup
of
tea
for
you?
-________.
（不，不要。）
　　
A.
No,
you
won't.
B.
No,
you
aren't.
C.
No,
please
don't.
D.
No,
please.
　　(
)
8.
-
Where
is
the
morning
paper?
-
I
________
if
for
you
at
once.
　　
A.
get
B.
am
getting
C.
to
get
D.
will
get
　　(
)
9.
________
a
concert
next
Saturday?
　　
A.
There
will
be
B.
Will
there
be
C.
There
can
be
D.
There
are
　　(
)
10.
If
they
come,
we
________
a
meeting.
　　
A.
have
B.
will
have
C.
had
D.
would
have
　　二、动词填空
　　1.
I
______（leave）in
a
minute.
I
______（finish）all
my
work
before
I
______
（leave）.
　　2.
-How
long
_____
you
_____（study）in
our
country?
　　
-I
_____（plan）to
be
here
for
about
one
more
year.
　　
-I
_____（hope）to
visit
the
other
parts
of
your
country.
　　
-What
______
you
______（do）after
you
______（leave）here?
　　
-I
______（return）home
and
______（get）a
job.
　　3.
I
______（be）tired.
I
______（go）to
bed
early
tonight.
　　4.
Mary's
birthday
is
next
Monday,
her
mother
_____（give）her
a
present.
　　5.
It
is
very
cold
these
days.
It
______（snow）soon.
　　
四、过去将来时
　　表示过去的某时以后将要发生的动作。但这个"将来"时间绝不会延伸到“现在”；而仅限于“过去时间区域内”。这个时态常用于：
　　A）宾语从句或间接引语中；B）表示过去习惯性的动作；C）表示过去情况中的“愿望”、“倾向”，多用于否定句。例如：
　　When
I
thought
about
it
,
I
wondered
what
their
reaction
would
be
.
当我考虑这件事时，我想知道他们的反应是什么。
　　She
told
me
that
she
would
go
on
trip
to
Europe
the
next
day.
她告诉我，她第二天要去欧洲旅行。
　　He
didn't
expect
that
we
would
all
be
there.
他没料到我们会全在那儿。
　　例句：
　　I
knew
you
would
agree.
我知道你会同意的。
　　I
said
I
would
arrange
everything.
我说我来安排一切。
过去将来时练习题
　　I.
选择填空
　　1.
Li
Ming
said
he
_____happy
if
Brian_____to
China
next
month.
　　A.
as;
come
B.
was;
would
come
　　C.
would
be;
came
D.
will
be;
come
　　2.
Jenny
said
she
_____her
holiday
in
China.
　　A.
spent
B.
would
spent
　　C.
was
going
to
spent
D.
would
spend
　　3.
—What
did
your
son
say
in
the
letter?
　　
—He
told
me
that
he
______
the
Disney
World
the
next
day.
　　A.
will
visit
B.
has
visited
　　C.
is
going
to
visit
D.
would
visit
　　4.
I
hoped
Tina
______
to
my
birthday
party
on
time
the
next
Wednesday.
　　A.
to
come
B.
is
coming
　　C.
will
come
D.
was
coming
　　5.
Father
said
that
he
______
me
to
Beijing
the
next
year.
　　A.
took
B.
would
take
　　C.
takes
D.
will
take
　　　II.
用所给动词的适当形式填空
　　1.
Miss
Zhang
said
she
________(visit)
the
Great
Wall
next
summer.　
　　2.
She
told
him
that
she
________(not
stay)
here
for
long.
　　3.
I
wasn’t
sure
whether
Lucy_______(come)
the
next
year.
　　4.
The
scientists
said
the
world’s
population
_______
(slow)
down
in
future.
　　5.
She
said
the
bus
_______(leave)
at
five
the
next
morning.
五、现在进行时
（一）结构
由
Be(am／is／are)
＋动词—ing
构成。
（二）用法
1、表示说话时刻正在进行的动作及行为，或者包括说话时刻在内的一段时间正在进行的动作。常用时间状语及标志词：now(
at
the
moment
)
,
listen
,
look
,
this
week
,
this
evening
,
these
days
等。
Listen
,
Someone
is
playing
the
piano
in
the
next
room
.
2、表示一种渐进的过程。
My
younger
brother
is
becoming
more
and
more
insterested
in
English
.
3、与always
,
all
the
time
,
forever等连用，表示说话人某种强烈的情感，如：赞许、批评；喜欢、厌恶等。例如：
　　He
is
always
thinking
of
others
,
not
of
himself
.
（表示赞许）他总是为他人着想，而不为自己。
　　She
is
often
doing
well
at
school.
（表示满意）她在学校学习挺不错的。
　　Are
you
feeling
better
today?
（表示亲切）你今天觉得好一些吗？
　　One
of
my
roommates
is
constantly
leaving
things
about.（表示不满）我的一个室友老是乱扔东西。
　　Some
sellers
are
often
knocking
at
our
door
and
promoting
their
products
to
us
.（表示不喜欢）
有些推销员老是敲我家的门,向我们推销他们的产品。
4、表示移位的动词，如go,come,leave,start,arrive等，其现在进行时可表将来。
She
is
leaving
for
Beijing
next
weak
.
My
friend
is
coming
for
dinner
.
（三）句型
1、肯定句：主语+
be(am／is／are)
＋动词—ing
+其他。
I
am
studying
now
.
2、否定句：主语+
be
+not+动词—ing
+其他。
I
am
not
studying
now
.
3、一般疑问句：Be+主语+动词—ing
+其他？
Is
she
studying
now
?
Yes
,she
is
./No,she
isn’t
.
4、特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+
Be+主语+动词—ing
+其他？
What
are
you
doing
now
?
（四）动词的现在分词形式构成的几种方法：
1、一般在动词原形结尾直接加-ing
。
read-reading
，go-going
，visit-visiting
2、以不发音字母e结尾的动词，去e再加-ing。
live-living,
write-writing，make-making,take-taking
3、
以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的词，双写这个字母再加-ing
。
sit-sitting,begin-beginning,get-getting,run-running,
put-putting
4、少数几个以ie结尾的动词，变ie为y再加-ing。
die-dying,
lie-lying,
tie-tying
现在进行时练习题
一、
写出下列动词的现在分词：　　
play______run__________swim________make_______go________like________
write_______read________have_______sing_______dance_______put______
see_____buy______love__________live_______take________come________
get________stop________sit________begin________shop__________
二、用所给的动词的正确形式填空：
1.The
boy
__________________
(
draw)a
picture
now.
2.
Listen
.Some
girls
__________(
sing)in
the
classroom
.
3.
My
mother
____________
(
cook
)some
nice
food
now.
4.
What
_____
you
______
(
do
)
now?
5.
Look
.
They
_____________(
have)
an
English
lesson
.
现在进行时态提高题
一.填空题
　　1．Mr
Zheng
_______________
(read)
a
book
now.
　　2.
The
rabbits
_________________
(jump)
now.
　　3..
Look
!
Tom
and
John
________________
(swim).
　　4.
My
brother
_________________
(make)
a
kite
in
his
room
now.
　　5.
Look!
The
bus
_______________
(stop).
　　6.
We
_______________
(have)
an
English
class
now.
　　7.
Listen!
Someone
is__________________(come).
　　8.
They
___________________(catch)
butterflies
now.
　　9.
He
______________________
(do)
an
experiment
now.
　　10.
They
_____________________(collect)
stamps
now.
六、过去进行时
（一）结构
由was/were+动词-ing构成。
（二）用法
表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行或发生的动作。动作发生的特指时间常用一个短语或时间状语从句来表明，如：at
this
time
yesterday，at
7:00
yesterday
，last
night
,from
seven
to
nine
,at
that
time以when或while引导的时间状语从句等。
My
family
were
watching
TV
at
this
time
yesterday
.
注意：（1）以when引导的时间状语从句中，从句动作，主句用过去进行时，表示一个动作发生时，另一个动作正在进行。
When
he
called
me
,
I
was
having
dinner
.
（2）以while引导的时间状语从句中，从句与主句的动作在过去某一时刻同时进行，while常译为“当……的时候，同时”。
Tom
was
doing
his
hmework
while
hie
sister
was
watching
TV
.
　
过去进行时练习题
　　一、用动词的适当形式填空
　　1.
While
we
__________
(wait)
for
the
bus,
a
girl
__________
(run)
up
to
us.
　　2.
I
__________
(telephone)
a
friend
when
Bob
__________
(come)
in.
　　3.
Jim
__________
(jump)
on
the
bus
as
it
__________
(move)
away.
　　4.
We
__________
(test)
the
new
machine
when
the
electricity
__________
(go)
off.
　
5.
She
__________
(not
want)
to
stay
in
bed
while
the
others
_______________
(all,
work)
in
the
fields.
　　
　　二、
选择题
　　1.I
______
cooked
a
meal
when
you
_____
me.
　　a.
cooked,
were
ringing
b.
was
cooking,
rang
　　c.
was
cooking,
were
ringing
d.
cooked,
rang
　　2.He
said
he
_____
to
draw
a
plane
on
the
blackboard
at
that
time.
　　a.
tries
b.
tried
c.
was
trying
d.
will
try
　　3.While
she
______
TV,
she
______
a
sound
outside
the
room.
　　a.
was
watching,
was
hearing
b.
watched,
was
hearing
　　c.
watched,
heard
d.
was
watching,
heard
　　4.They
_____
a
football
game
from
7
to
9
last
night.
　　a.
were
watching
b.
watch
c.
watched
d.
are
watching
　　5.What
book
____
you
______
when
I
____
you
at
four
yesterday
afternoon?
　　a.
did,
read,
was
seeing
b.
did,
read,
saw
　　c.
were,
reading,
saw
d.
were,
reading,
was
seeing
七、现在完成时
（一）含义
现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，但其结果却和现在有联系,
也就是说,
动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在。
e.g.
I
have
lost
my
wallet.
(含义是：现在我没有钱花了。)
Jane
has
laid
the
table.(含义是：已可以吃饭了。)
Michael
has
been
ill.(含义是：现在仍然很虚弱。)
He
has
returned
from
abroad.
(含义是：现在已在此地)
（二）结构
助动词have
/has+动词过去分词，主语为第三人称单数用has，其他人称用have
。
（三）句型
1、肯定句：主语+have
/has+动词过去分词+其他。
I
have
studied
English
for
5
years
.
2、否定句：主语+have
/has+not
+动词过去分词+其他。
We
haven’t
been
there
.
3、一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+动词过去分词+其他？
Has
he
eaten
that
apple
?
4、特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+
have
/has
+主语+动词过去分词+其他？
（四）用法
1、现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的、持续到现在的情况,常与for,
since连用。
e.g.
Mary
has
been
ill
for
three
days.
I
have
lived
here
since
1998.
2、现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,
如already,
yet,
just,
before,
recently,
lately等：
e.g.
He
has
already
obtained
a
scholarship.
I
haven’t
seen
much
of
him
recently
(lately).
We
have
seen
that
film
before.
Have
they
found
the
missing
child
yet?
3、现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用
e.g.
Have
you
ever
been
to
Beijing?
I
have
never
heard
Bunny
say
anything
against
her.
I
have
used
this
pen
only
three
times.
It
is
still
good.
George
has
met
that
gentleman
on
several
occasions.
4、现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用，如now,
up
to
these
few
days/weeks/months/years,
this
morning/week/month/year,
now,
just,
today,
up
to
present,
so
far等。
e.g.
Peter
has
written
six
papers
so
far.
Man
has
now
learned
to
release
energy
from
the
nucleus
of
the
atom.
There
has
bee
too
much
rain
this
year.
The
relations
between
us
have
been
enhanced
in
the
past
few
years.
Up
to
the
present
everything
has
been
successful.
5、现在完成时表示现在之前就已完成的动作,
虽然其效果或影响仍然存在但已不再继续,
但是有一些现在完成时的句子，在后面加上for+一段时间，则现在完成时的动作就表示延续性。
e.g.
Thomas
has
studied
Russian.
(现在不再学俄语)
Thomas
has
studied
Russian
for
three
years.
(=Thomas
began
to
study
Russian
three
years
ago,
and
is
still
studying
it
now.)
6、现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作。
e.g.
We
have
had
four
texts
this
semester.
现在完成时中的时间状语：
★already通常用于肯定句中，意为“已经”，位于行为动词之前,
be动词、助动词之后。有时可放在疑问句句尾，表示惊讶。例如：
We
have
already
cleaned
the
classroom.
Have
you
finished
it
already？
★yet用于疑问句中表示“已经”；用于否定句中，表示“还(没)”。例如：
—Has
he
found
his
watch
yet？他还没找到他的表吗？
—No,
not
yet.
是,
还没有。
★ever意为“曾经”，常用于疑问句或否定句中，位于助动词和过去分词之间，表示从过去到目前为止的时间。例如：
Have
you
ever
been
there？你曾经去过那里吗？
Nothing
has
ever
happened
here.
这里未曾发生过什么事。
★never意为“（曾经）从未、没有”,
是否定副词，在句中位于助动词和过去分词之间。ever与否定词not连用相当于never。例如：
I
haven’t
ever
spoken
to
her.
=
I
have
never
spoken
to
her.
我从未跟她讲过话。
★just意为“刚刚”,
用于现在完成时,
表示行为刚刚过去,
位于助动词与过去分词之间。
e.g.
He
has
just
come
back
from
school.他刚从学校回来。
★
just
now意为“刚才”,
表示过去某时,
用于一般过去时,
位于句首或句尾均可。e.g.
He
came
from
school
just
now.他刚才从学校回来。
★for
和since的用法及区别。for
与一段时间连用，since
与时间点连用。
注意：since
后接过去时的时间状语或过去时的句子。
e.g.
I
have
been
to
Shanghai
twice
since
1970.
I
haven’t
seen
her
since
she
left
Shanghai.
I
saw
Ping
Ping
six
years
ago.
Since
I
havenever
seen
her.
★have/has
gone
to、have/has
been
to
和have/has
been
in的区别。
have/
has
gone
to
去了,在去某地的路上或在某地,
人还未回来
have/
has
been
to
曾经去过,
人已经回来了
have/
has
been
in
已经在,
常与一段时间连用
e.g.
She
has
been
to
Shanghai
before.
她以前曾去过上海。
She
has
been
in
Shanghai
for
ten
years.
她在上海10年了。
Has
he
gone
to
Qingdao?
他去青岛了吗？但不能说
Have
you
gone
to
Qingdao?
区分短暂性动词与持续性动词.
表示短暂性(瞬间性)的动词在现在完成时的句中不能和一段时间连用.短暂性的动词如：come，go，join，leave，buy等，在完成时态中不能与for,since短语或How
long等引起的时间状语连用。
瞬间动词不能直接与for，since
连用，要改变动词为延续性动词。
瞬间动词转换为延续性动词：
buy
----
have
borrow
----
keep
?
arrive/
come----
be
in
/at
leave
----away
(from)
?
join----be
a
member
of/be
in
?
die---
be
dead
get
up
----
be
up
?
get
married----
be
married
go
there
----
be
there
?
begin/start----
be
on
stop----
be
over
?
open
----
be
open
现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
：
一般过去式：过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作。
现在完成时：为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。现在完成时强调过去发生的动作与现在的联系，对现在的影响。
一般过去时强调过去发生的动作或状态，与现在没有联系。
现在
现在
一看时间状语。如果句中没有表示过去确切时间的状语，常用现在完成时；如果有，则只能用一般过去时。如：
I
have
visited
the
factory.
I
visited
the
factory
last
year.
二看句首有无疑问词。如果笼统地问人家做过某事了吗（句首无疑问词），常用现在完成时；但进一步询问何时、何地、何原因、用什么方式做那事时（句首有疑问词）就要用一般过去时。如：
－Have
you
had
your
breakfast?
－Yes,
I
have.
－When
did
you
have
it?
－At
seven
thirty.
注意：
这种用法是以连贯性问答为背景的。否则就需要具体情况具体分析。如：
How
many
words
have
you
learned
by
heart?
How
did
you
learn
them
by
heart?
三看句中谓语动词是否为延续性动词。如果表示的动作或状态一直延续到现在，最好选用延续性动词，并使用现在完成时；如果是瞬间动词，则用一般过去时。如：
He
has
been
a
league
member
for
two
months.
He
joined
the
Youth
League
two
months
ago.
现在完成时练习题
　　一、单项选择
1、Both
his
parents
look
sad
.
Maybe
they
_________what's
happened
to
him
.
　　Ａ.
knew
Ｂ.
have
known
Ｃ.
must
know
Ｄ.will
know
　　2、He
has
_______
been
to
Shanghai
,
has
he
?
　　Ａ.
already
Ｂ.never
Ｃ.ever
Ｄ.
still
　　3、Have
you
met
Mr
Li
______？
　　Ａ.
just
Ｂ.
ago
Ｃ.before
Ｄ.
a
moment
ago
　　4、The
famous
writer
_____
one
new
book
in
the
past
two
year
Ａ.
is
writing
Ｂ.was
writing
Ｃ.wrote
Ｄ.has
written
5、-Our
country
______
a
lot
so
far
.
　　　-Yes
.
I
hope
it
will
be
even
______
.
　　Ａ.
has
changed
;
well
Ｂ.
changed
;
good
　　Ｃ.
has
changed
;
better
Ｄ.
changed
;
better
6、Zhao
Lan
______already
______in
this
school
for
two
years
.
Ａ.
was
;
studying
Ｂ.
will
;
study
　　Ｃ.
has
;
studied
Ｄ.
are
;
studying
　　7、We
______
Xiao
Li
since
she
was
a
little
girl
.
Ａ.
know
Ｂ.
had
known
Ｃ.
have
known
Ｄ.
Knew
8、Harry
Potter
is
a
very
nice
film
.I_______
it
twice
.
　　Ａ.
will
see
Ｂ.
have
seen
Ｃ.
saw
Ｄ.see
　　9、-These
farmers
have
been
to
the
United
States
.
　　
-Really
?
When
_____
there
?
　　Ａ.
will
they
go
Ｂ.
did
they
go
　　Ｃ.
do
they
go
Ｄ.
have
they
gone
　　10、-______
you
___
your
homework
yet
?
　　　　-Yes
.
I
_____
it
a
moment
ago
.
　　Ａ.
Did
;
do
;
finished
Ｂ.
Have
;
done
;
finished
　　Ｃ.
Have
;
done
;
have
finished
Ｄ.
will
;
do
;
finish
　　　　二、句型转换
　　3、The
old
man
_________
last
year.
He
for
a
year.
(die)
（动词填空）
　　4、This
factory
opened
twenty
years
ago.(同义句转换)
　　
This
factory
________
for
twenty
years.
　　5、Miss
Gao
left
an
hour
ago.
(同义句转换)
　　Miss
Gao
________
_______
________
________
an
hour
ago.
　　6、Her
mother
has
been
a
Party
member
for
three
years
.（同义句）
　　Her
mother
_______
the
Party
three
years
________
.
　　7、The
Green
Family
moved
to
France
two
years
ago.
(同义句转换)
　　
_______
two
years
________
the
Green
family
moved
to
Fra
nce.
　　8、The
bus
has
arrived
here.
It
arrived
ten
minutes
ago.
(把两个句子合并成一个句子)
　　
___________________________________________
　　二、句型转换。
　　1、has
he?
2、How
long
3、died,
has
been
dead
　　4、has
been
open
5、has
been
away
6、joined；ago
　　7、It
is,
since
8、The
bus
has
been
here
for
ten
minutes.
八、过去完成时
（一）过去完成时的概念
过去完成时表示过去某一时间或某一事件之前已经发生的动作或状态，即过去的过去。图示如下：
　
----|--------------------------
|---------------------------|----------------------->
　
过去完成　
过去
现在　　　　　　将来
（二）构成
1、肯定句：主语+had＋过去分词
When
we
got
there,
the
football
match
had
already
started.
2、否定句：主语+had
not+过去分词
He
hadn’t
worked
for
two
years
by
then.
3、疑问句：had+主语+过去分词…？
Had
he
finished
the
work
by
last
month?
（三）用法
1、过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或者某一动作之前完成的动作或状态;
句中常用by,
before,
until,
when等词引导的时间状语。
e.g.
By
the
time
she
got
up,
her
brother
had
already
gone
into
the
bathroom.
2、过去完成时的动词还可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或者状态持续到过去某个时间或者持续下去。例如：
Before
he
slept,
he
had
worked
for
12
hours.　
3、在told,
said,
knew,
heard,
thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如：
She
said
(that)
she
had
never
been
to
Paris.
4、在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。例如：
When
the
police
arrived,
the
thieves
had
run
away.
5、by
the
time
“直到……时候”。指从过去某一点到从句所示的时间为止的一段时间。如：
By
the
time
we
got
to
his
house,
he
had
finished
supper.
6、表示意向的动词,
如hope,
wish,
expect,
think,
intend,
mean,
suppose等,
用过去完成时表示
“原本…，未能…”。例如：
We
had
hoped
that
you
would
come,
but
you
didn't.
过去完成时练习题
　　1.
单项选择
　　1．He
asked
me
_____
during
the
summer
holidays.
　
　A.
where
I
had
been
B.
where
I
had
gone
　　
C.
where
had
I
been
D.
where
had
I
gone
　　2.
What
____
Jane
____
by
the
time
he
was
sever?
　　
A.
did,
do
B.
has,
done
C
did,
did.
D.
had,
done
　　3.
I
______
900
English
words
by
the
time
I
was
ten。
　　
A.
learned
B.
was
learning
C.
had
learned
D.
learnt
　　4.
She
______lived
here
for
______
years.
　　
A.
had,
a
few
B.
has,
several
C.
had,
a
lot
of
D.
has,
a
great
deal
of
　　5.
By
the
time
my
parents
reached
home
yesterday,
I
_____
the
dinner
already.
　　
A．had
cooked
B.
cooked
C.
have
cooked
D.
was
cooked
　　6.
She
said
she
__________
the
principle
already
　　
A
.has
seen
B.
saw
C.
will
see
D.
had
seen
　　7.
She
said
her
family
_______
themselves
______
the
army
during
the
war.
　　
A.
has
hidden,
from
B.
had
hidden,
from
　　
C.
has
hidden,
with
D.
had
hidden,
with
　　8.
By
the
time
he
was
ten
years
old,
he
_________.
　　
A.
has
completed
university
B.
has
completed
the
university
　　
B.
had
completed
an
university
D.
had
completed
university
　　9.
She
had
written
a
number
of
books
______
the
end
of
last
year.
　　
A.
for
B.
in
C.
by
D.
at
　　10.
He
_____
to
play
____
before
he
was
11
years
old.
　　
A
had
learned,
piano
B.
had
learned,
the
piano
　　
C.
has
learned,
the
piano
D.
learns
,piano.
　　
　　2.用动词的适当形式填空
　　1.
We
_____________
(paint)
the
house
before
we
______________
(move)
in.
　　2.
That
rich
old
man
_____________
(make)
a
will
before
he
_____________
(die).
　　3.
They
_____________
(study)
the
map
of
the
country
before
they
________
(leave).
　
4.
The
robbers
_____________
(run
away
)
before
the
policemen
_______
(arrive).
　　5.
I
__________
(turn
off)
all
the
lights
before
I
____________
(go)
to
bed.
　　6.
Paul
__________
(go)
out
with
Jane
after
he
__________
(make)
a
phone
call.
　　7.
Tom
__________
(say)
he
___________
(read)
the
book
twice.
　　8.
Our
plan
____________
(fail
)
because
we
_____________
(make)
a
bad
mistake.
　　9.
When
the
chairman
______________
(finish)
speaking,
he
_____________
(leave)the
hall.
　　10.The
Reads
__
______
(have)
lunch
when
I
________________(get)
to
their
house.
　　
3、通过活动，使学生养成博览群书的好习惯。
B比率分析法和比较分析法不能测算出各因素的影响程度。√
C采用约当产量比例法，分配原材料费用与分配加工费用所用的完工率都是一致的。Ｘ
C采用直接分配法分配辅助生产费用时，应考虑各辅助生产车间之间相互提供产品或劳务的情况。错
C产品的实际生产成本包括废品损失和停工损失。√
C成本报表是对外报告的会计报表。×
C成本分析的首要程序是发现问题、分析原因。×
C成本会计的对象是指成本核算。×
C成本计算的辅助方法一般应与基本方法结合使用而不单独使用。√
C成本计算方法中的最基本的方法是分步法。X
D当车间生产多种产品时，“废品损失”、“停工损失”的借方余额，月末均直接记入该产品的产品成本
中。×
D定额法是为了简化成本计算而采用的一种成本计算方法。×
F“废品损失”账户月末没有余额。√
F废品损失是指在生产过程中发现和入库后发现的不可修复废品的生产成本和可修复废品的修复费用。Ｘ
F分步法的一个重要特点是各步骤之间要进行成本结转。(√)
G各月末在产品数量变化不大的产品，可不计算月末在产品成本。错
G工资费用就是成本项目。(×)
G归集在基本生产车间的制造费用最后均应分配计入产品成本中。对
J计算计时工资费用，应以考勤记录中的工作时间记录为依据。(√)
J简化的分批法就是不计算在产品成本的分批法。(×)
J简化分批法是不分批计算在产品成本的方法。对
J加班加点工资既可能是直接计人费用，又可能是间接计人费用。√
J接生产工艺过程的特点，工业企业的生产可分为大量生产、成批生产和单件生产三种，X
K可修复废品是指技术上可以修复使用的废品。错
K可修复废品是指经过修理可以使用，而不管修复费用在经济上是否合算的废品。Ｘ
P品种法只适用于大量大批的单步骤生产的企业。×
Q企业的制造费用一定要通过“制造费用”科目核算。Ｘ
Q企业职工的医药费、医务部门、职工浴室等部门职工的工资，均应通过“应付工资”科目核算。Ｘ
S生产车间耗用的材料，全部计入“直接材料”成本项目。Ｘ
S适应生产特点和管理要求，采用适当的成本计算方法，是成本核算的基础工作。(×)
W完工产品费用等于月初在产品费用加本月生产费用减月末在产品费用。对
Y“预提费用”可能出现借方余额，其性质属于资产，实际上是待摊费用。对
Y引起资产和负债同时减少的支出是费用性支出。X
Y以应付票据去偿付购买材料的费用，是成本性支出。X
Y原材料分工序一次投入与原材料在每道工序陆续投入，其完工率的计算方法是完全一致的。Ｘ
Y运用连环替代法进行分析，即使随意改变各构成因素的替换顺序，各因素的影响结果加总后仍等于指标的总差异，因此更换各因索替换顺序，不会影响分析的结果。(×)
Z在产品品种规格繁多的情况下，应该采用分类法计算产品成本。对
Z直接生产费用就是直接计人费用。X
Z逐步结转分步法也称为计列半成品分步法。√
A按年度计划分配率分配制造费用，“制造费用”账户月末(可能有月末余额/可能有借方余额/可能有贷方余额/可能无月末余额)。
A按年度计划分配率分配制造费用的方法适用于(季节性生产企业)