过去完成时
一、
过去完成时的概念
过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了
的动作，即
“过去的过去”。
二、
过去完成时的构成
过去完成时由“助动词
had
+
过去分词”构成，
其中
had
通用于各种人称。
eg.1
When
I
got
to
school,
the
bell
had
rung.
eg.2
By
the
time
I
got
home
,my
little
brother
had
gone
to
bed.
eg.3
By
the
time
I
got
outside,
the
bus
had
already
left.
三、
过去完成时的用法
用法
1：过去完成时动词表示过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或状态。
强调过去某一动作发生在另一动作之前时。
1.他说他以前见过你。
He
said
that
he
(see)
you
before.
2.我出去的时候,公共汽车已经开走了。
By
the
time
I
got
outside,
the
bus
（leave）
.
用法
2：过去完成时动词可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或呈现的状态，
这一动作一直持续
或将继续下去。常和
for,
since
构成的时间状语连用。
1.
到了六点钟为止，
他们已经工作了八小时了。
By
six
o'clock
they
(work)for
eight
hours.
2.
我到广州时，
他在那里很长时间了。
When
I
came
to
GangZhou
,
he
(be)
there
for
a
long
time.
用法
3.
过去完成时和
already,
just,
ever,
yet
等连用表示过去的过去。
1.
他告诉我说他们队已经赢了。
He
told
me
that
his
team
already
(win).
2.
她说她仍没去过长城。
She
said
that
she
(not
be
to)
the
Great
Wall
yet.
用法
4.
在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，
如果叙述的是过去的事，
先发生的
动作常用过去完成时。
例如：
I
returned
the
book
that
I
had
borrowed.
(
6
/
5
)
我已归还了我借的书。
She
found
the
key
that
she
had
lost.
她丢失的钥匙找到了。
用法
5.过去完成时常常用在
told,
said,
knew,
heard,
thought
等动词后的宾语从
句（或间接引语）
中，
这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。
例如：
He
said
that
he
had
known
her
well.
他说他很熟悉她。
I
thought
I
had
sent
the
letter
a
week
before.
我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。
用法
6.状语从句：
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，
发生在前，
用过去完
成时；
发生在后，
用一般过去时。
如
when,
before,
after,
as
soon
as,
till/until
引导的
例如：
When
I
woke
up,
it
had
already
stopped
raining.
我醒来时雨已停了。
She
didn'
t
go
to
bed
until
she
had
finished
her
work.
她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。
→
注意：
如果两个动作紧接着发生，
则常常不用过去完成时，
特别是在包含
before
和
after
的复合句中，
因为
这
时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后
顺序已经非常明确，
这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。
例如：
After
he
arrived
in
England,
Marx
worked
hard
to
improve
his
English.
马克思到达英格兰之后，
努力提高他的英语水平。
用法
7.动词
think,
want,
hope,
mean,
plan,
intend
等用过去完成时来表示过去未
曾实现的想法，
希望，
打算或意图等。
例如：
They
had
wanted
to
help
but
could
not
get
there
in
time.
他们本来打算去帮忙，
但没有及时赶到那里。
We
had
hoped
to
be
able
to
come
and
see
you
.
我们本来希望能来看看你。
四、
过去完成时的基本结构
基本结构：
主语+had+过去分词(done)
①肯定句：
主语+had+过去分词+其他.
②否定句：
主语+had+not+过去分词+其他.
③一般疑问句：
Had+主语+过去分词+其他?
肯定回答：
Yes,
主语+had.
否定回答：
No,
主语+had
not
.
④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句（Had+主语+过去分词+其他）？
五、
过去完成时的判断依据
1.由“过去的过去”来判断：
通常句子中有明显表示过去的动作或时间，
而谓
语部分的动作发生在过去的动作或时间之前；
或由
already/just/ever/yet
等词判
断。
2.
由时间状语来判定：
一般说来，
各种时态都有特定的时间状语。
如
by
the
time；
by+过去的时间点；
by
the
end
of
+过去的时间点；
before+过去的时间等。
【练习】
一、单项选择
1．
I
lost
the
dictionary
I
．
A．
have
bought
B．
bought
C．
had
bought
D．
had
been
bought
2．
The
train
had
gone
when
my
brother
at
the
station．
A．
have
arrived
B．
arrived
C．
had
arrived
D．
am
arriving
3.
Mary
of
visiting
her
grandmother,
but
the
bad
weather
made
her
change
her
mind.
A．
has
thought
B．
thought
C．
had
thought
D．
had
been
thought
4
．
------Did
you
meet
Tom
at
the
airport
？
------No
，
he
by
the
time
I
there．
A．
has
left；
got
B．
had
left；
arrived
C．
left；
arrived
D．
left；
had
got
5
．
-------Why
didn't
Tom
attend
the
meeting
yesterday
？
-------He
Beijing．
A．
has
gone
to
B．
had
gone
to
C．
went
to
D．
had
been
to
6．
-------I
to
come
to
help
you．
------But
you
didn't
come．
A．
have
meant
B．
had
meant
C．
meant
D．
will
mean
7．
Finally
one
of
my
friends
by
Beijing
University，
for
which
she
five
times．
A．
were
admitted;
had
tried
B．was
admitted;
had
tried
C．were
admitted;
has
tried
D．
was
admitted;
tried
8．
------I
have
bought
you
the
books
you
want．
------Oh，
good，
I
afraid
you
had
forgotten．
A．
was
B．
am
C．
had
been
D．
have
been
9．
We
four
thousand
new
words
by
the
end
of
last
year．
A．
had
learned
B．
have
learned
C．
learned
D．
will
have
learned
10
．
Helen
her
keys
in
the
office
so
she
had
to
wait
until
her
husband
home．
A．
has
left；
comes
B．
left；
had
come
C．
had
left；
came
D．
had
left；
would
come
11.
My
father
to
the
hospital
when
I
hurried
home.
A.
had
gone
B.
went
C.
had
been
taken
D.
had
been
sent
12.
-----
Jim,
you
your
homework?
-----
Yes,
of
course,
but
I
it
late
bed
time.
A.
do
do;
finished
B.
did
do;
had
finished
C.
have
done;
had
finished
D.
have
done;
finished
13.
You
football
after
school.
Why
not
go
home
and
do
your
homework
first?
A.
always
played
B.
are
always
playing
C.
have
always
played
D.
have
always
been
playing
14.
Ever
since
Picasso's
painting
went
on
exhibit,
there
museum
every
day.
A.
is
B.
has
been
C.
have
been
D.
had
been
large
crowds
at
the
15.
---What
do
you
think
of
my
suggestion?
---
Sorry.
What's
that?
I
about
something
else.
A.
was
thinking
B.
thought
C.
am
thinking
D.
had
thought
二、填空
1.
How
many
English
songs
she
(learn)
by
the
end
of
last
month?
2.
Hardly
I
(get)
on
the
bus
when
it
started
to
move
3.
He
(read)
the
book
before
he
was
ten
years
old.
4.
She
said
she
(see)
the
film
before.
5.
Our
English
teacher
(teach)
English
in
Guangxi
for
ten
years
before
he
came
to
No.113
Middle
School.
6.
By
the
end
of
last
month,
they
(complete)the
bridge
.
7.
No
sooner
I
(go)
out
than
he
came
to
see
me.
8.
He
asked
where
I
(go)
during
the
summer
vacation.
9.
The
classroom
yesterday.
(clean)
before
we
(get)
there
10.
the
boy
(finish)
his
homework
before
you
saw
him?
11.
When
we
got
to
the
station,
the
train
already
.
(leave)
12.
The
book
by
the
end
of
last
month.
(finish)
13.
When
I
got
back
to
the
shop
,
my
bag
someone
else.
14.
When
I
arrived
at
the
cinema,
the
film
minutes.
15.
---What's
that
terrible
noise?
---The
neighbors
(prepare)
for
a
party.
(take)
away
by
(be
)on
for
ten
16.
The
mayor
of
Beijing
says
that
all
construction
work
for
the
Beijing
Olympics
(
complete)
by
2006.
17.
The
teacher,
with
6
girls
and
8
boys
of
her
class,
(visit)
a
museum
when
the
earthquake
struck.
18.
---Mr.
Johnson
didn't
turn
up
at
the
meeting
yesterday
morning,
did
he?
---
No.
We
(wait)
till
twelve
o'clock.
A
whole
morning
was
wasted.
19.
---Why
haven't
you
asked
her
to
come
here?
---She
(do)
an
important
experiment
when
I
found
her
and
she
(not,
finish)
it.(共35张PPT)
过去完成时
The
present
perfect
tense（现在完成时）
Have
/
has
+
the
past
participle
I
have
received
a
letter
from
Lily
recently.
Has
he
handed
in
her
homework
yet?
He
has
just
gone
to
Beijing.
They
have
never
been
to
the
USA.
We
have
lived
here
for
ten
years.
过去完成时使用要点：
1两个动作都发生在过去。
2一个先发生，一个后发生。先发生的动作用过去完成，后发生的动作用一般过去。
Audrey
had
put
all
her
effort
into
ballet
training
before
she
entered
the
film
industry.
Audrey
had
been
a
model
before
she
became
a
Hollywood
superstar.
Audrey
had
won
an
Oscar
for
Best
Actress
already
when
she
won
the
Tony
Awards.
former
action
later
action
later
action
former
action
former
action
later
action
Which
happened
first?
1.
Millie
ran
back
to
school.
Millie
left
her
magazine
in
the
classroom.
2.
Simon
left
school
late.
The
football
game
started
late.
3.
Daniel
arrived
out
of
breath.
Daniel
went
to
the
wrong
cinema.
because
because
because
Millie
ran
back
to
school
because
she
had
left
her
magazine
in
the
classroom.
Simon
left
school
late
because
the
football
game
had
started
late.
Daniel
arrived
out
of
breath
because
he
had
gone
to
the
wrong
cinema.
Which
happened
first?
1.
Millie
ran
back
to
school.
Millie
left
her
magazine
in
the
classroom.
2.
Simon
left
school
late.
The
football
game
started
late.
3.
Daniel
arrived
out
of
breath.
Daniel
went
to
the
wrong
cinema.
because
because
because
Millie
ran
back
to
school
because
she
had
left
her
magazine
in
the
classroom.
Simon
left
school
late
because
the
football
game
had
started
late.
Daniel
arrived
out
of
breath
because
he
had
gone
to
the
wrong
cinema.
4.
Amy
lost
her
purse.
Amy
went
to
the
police
station.
5.
The
program
was
on
for
half
an
hour.
I
got
home.
6.
She
learnt
many
English
words.
She
came
to
our
school.
after
when
before
Amy
went
to
the
police
station
after
she
had
lost
her
purse.
The
program
had
been
on
for
half
an
hour
when
I
got
home.
She
had
learnt
many
English
words
before
she
came
to
our
school.
Something
in
Green’s
family
yesterday
Mr.
Green
got
up
at
6:30
a.m.
Mrs.
Green
got
ready
for
the
breakfast
before
6:30
a.m.
Mrs.
Green
had
got
ready
for
the
breakfast
when
Mr.
Green
got
up
at
6:30
a.m.
Something
in
Green’s
family
yesterday
Jim
finished
his
homework
at
7:00p.m.
Mr.
Green
drove
back
home
at
7:30
p.m.
Jim
had
finished
his
homework
when
his
father
drove
back
last
night.
Something
in
Green’s
family
yesterday
Sara
finished
her
computer
work
at
12:00
p.m.
Jim
went
to
sleep
at
10:00
p.m.
Jim
had
gone
to
sleep
when
Sara
finished
her
computer
work.
past
perfect
tense（过去完成时）
由had
+过去分词构成
表示过去的过去生的动作
构成方式:
肯定句:
had+动词的过去分词
否定句:
had
not+
过去分词
一般疑问句:had+
主语+
过去分词
肯定回答:
Yes,
主语+
had.
否定回答:
No,
主语+
hadn’t.
基本用法:
1.
过去完成时表示在过去某时或某个动作之前发生的动作或存在的状态或表示经历或经验.
(1)
我说自从你搬到这儿以来妈妈一直为你的懒惰
而生气.
辨别：自从你搬到这儿以来妈妈一直为你的懒惰而生气.
I
said
mother
had
been
angry
about
your
laziness
since
we
moved
here.
Mother
has
been
angry
about
your
laziness
since
we
moved
here.
The
film
had
begun
before
we
got
to
the
cinema.
(2)
我到达电影院之前电影早已经开始了.
2.
过去完成时表示过去某一时间以前开始一直延续到那个时间并可能延续下去的动作。常和by或since,
for引导的表时间的从句或短语连用,但必须要与一个表示过去时的动作相对照.
1)
他来我们学校之前已经在那所学校工作了三年。
辨别：他已经在那所学校工作了三年。
He
had
worked
in
that
school
for
three
years
before
he
came
to
our
school.
He
has
worked
in
that
school
for
three
years
我到达电影院之前电影早已经开始了.
The
film
had
begun
before
we
got
to
the
cinema.
2）
当Millie到达电影院的时候,
电影已经开始了半个小时了.
The
film
had
already
been
on
for
half
an
hour
when
Millie
got
to
the
cinema.
3）到2005年，我在这工作已经五年了。
试比较：
By
the
year
2005,
I
had
worked
here
for
5years.
我在这工作已经五年了。
I
have
worked
here
for
5
years.
到目前为止，我在这工作已经五年了。
By
now,
I
have
worked
here
for
5
years.
到上学期末为止，我在这工作已经五年了。
By
the
end
of
last
term
,
I
had
worked
here
for
5
years.
到下学期末，我将完成学业。
By
the
end
of
next
term,
I
will
finish
school.
3.
过去完成时表示在某一动作之前已经完成的动作.
过去的时间由before,
after,
when引导的时间从句表示出来.
1.
我在你回来之前就已经把晚饭准备好了.
2.
当我赶到学校时,
已经开始上课了.
3.
在我到家之前他已经走了.
I
had
finished
cooking
dinner
before
you
came
back.
The
class
had
begun
when
I
got
to
school.
He
had
left
before
I
got
home.
试比较：
I
had
finished
cooking
dinner
when
you
came
back.
1.
你回来的时候，我已经把晚饭做好了.
辨别：
你回来的时候，我正在做晚饭.所以没时间和你聊天。
I
was
cooking
dinner
when
you
came
back.
So
I
had
no
time
to
talk
with
you.
试比较：
2.
在我到家之前，他已经走了。
He
had
left
before
I
arrived
home.
He
was
getting
ready
to
leave
when
I
arrived
home.
辨别：当我到家的时候，他正准备离开。
4.在told,
said,
knew,
heard,
thought等动词引导的宾语从句中，一般用过去完成时。
1.
她说她从来没有去过巴黎。
She
said
(that)
she
had
never
been
to
Paris.
2.
我觉得我以前见过他。
I
thought
that
I
had
seen
him
before.
3.
Tom说他借了这本书两周了。
Tom
said
he
had
borrowed
the
book
for
2
weeks.
kept
试作比较：
昨天我见到王先生了。自从他离开北京我们就一直未曾见过面。
I
saw
Mr.
Wang
yesterday.
We
had
not
seen
each
other
since
he
left
Beijing.
自从他离开北京我们就一直未曾见过面。
We
have
not
seen
each
other
since
he
left
Beijing.
5.
表示意向的动词，如hope,
wish,
expect,
think,
mean,
suppose等，用过去完成时表示“原本……，未能……”。
1.结果比我们原来想象的要好。
The
result
was
better
than
what
we
had
expected.
2.
我们原本期望你会来的，但是你没有来。
We
had
hoped
that
you
would
come,
but
you
didn't.
过去完成时与现在完成时的区别
现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去,
但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响,与现在有关.
其结构是have/has+过去分词;
过去完成时则是一个相对的时态,
它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去,更强调”过去的过去”,只有和过去的某时或某动作相比较时,才用到它.
到目前为止我已经学会了3000个单词.
到那时我已经学会了3000个英语单词.
I
have
learned
3000
English
words
so
far
/
till
now.
I
had
learned
3000
English
words
till
then.
过去完成时与一般过去时的区别
1.
时间状语不同．过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”，而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间.
They
had
arrived
at
the
station
by
ten
yesterday.
(说明不到１０点就在车站了）
They
arrived
at
the
station
at
ten
yesterday.
(说明１０点到车站的）
2)
在没有明确的时间状语做标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断，先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的用一般过去时．
I
had
finished
my
homework
before
my
mother
came
back.
在妈妈回来前，我已经把作业写完了。
３)
当两个或两个以上的动作用and或but连接时，按时间顺序只需用一般过去时代替过去完成时；另外在引导的从句中由于这些连词本身已经表示时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时
He
entered
the
room,
turned
on
the
light
and
read
an
evening
paper.
I
(had)
called
her
before
I
left
the
office.
总结：
1
两个动作都发生在过去，但有先后顺序。比较明显的时间词是when,
before,
after.
注意when引导的过去进行时。
2
by,
till,
up
to引导的时间
by
the
end
of
last
term,
last
month
过去完成时
next
term,
this
term
一般将来时
by
now
现在完成时
3
句子中出现for,
since引导的时间，必须有he
said,
he
told
me,
he
knew等一般过去时作为参照，才能使用过去完成时。
4
语境题。要根据前后句意来判断。
He
didn’t
go
with
me,
because
he
had
been
there
before.
一次性动词与延续性动词的替换
begin,
start
(表上映)
=
be
on
,
begin,
start
to
do
=
do
end,
finish
=
be
over
open
=
be
open
close
=
be
closed,
buy
=
have
borrow
=
keep,
died
=
be
dead
leave(sw)
=
be
away
(from
sw)
get
to
know
=
know,
come,go
=
be
join
=
be
in,
be
a
member
of
arrive,
get,
reach
=
be
become
interested
in
=
be
interested
in
take
a
walk
/
rest
=
have
a
walk
/
rest
receive/
get
a
letter
from
sb
,
hear
from
=
have
a
letter
from
sb
More
practice
When
I
arrived
there,
they___________(leave)
already.
The
film______________(start),when
we
got
to
the
cinema.
I
___________(read)
the
book
before
I
started
school.
They
thought
that
they___________(try)
their
best.
The
poor
girl
never
saw
her
grandpa
because
he
__________________
(pass
away)
before
she
was
born.
I
_______________
(not
realize)
she
wasn’t
Chinese
until
she
spoke.
He
_________
(not
see)
the
film
yesterday,
because
he
___________
(see)
it
already
before.
had
left
had
started
had
read
had
tried
had
passed
away
hadn’t
realized
didn’t
see
had
seen
选择填空
(
)1.---
“Did
you
see
Tom
at
the
party?”
---“No,
Mary
told
me
that
he
___
by
the
time
I
got
there.”
A.
left
B.
was
leaving
C.
had
left
D.
has
left
(
)2.
He
said
that
he
____
his
lunch
yet.
A.
hadn’t
had
B.
hasn’t
had
C.
wouldn’t
have
D.
was
having
(
)3.
By
the
end
of
last
year
we
____
each
other
for
ten
years.
A.
have
known
B.
knew
C.
were
knowing
D.
had
known
(
)4.
I
saw
Li
Lei
yesterday.
We
hadn’t
seen
each
other
______
I
left
Beijing.
A.
after
B.
before
C.
since
D.
until
c
A
D
c
(
)6.
I
learned_______
the
city
for
a
long
time.
she
has
been
in
B.
she
has
gone
to
C.
she
had
been
in
D.
she
had
gone
to
(
)7.
He
said
that
he
_______
a
cold
for
three
days.
A.
has
B.
had
caught
C.
had
had
D.
has
got
(
)8.
I
saw
Kate
with
a
new
radio
in
her
hand
yesterday,
but
she
told
me
she______the
radio
for
ten
days.
has
bought
B.
had
bought
C.
has
had
D.
had
had
c
c
D
(
)9.
The
film
______
when
I
got
there.
A.
has
begun
B.
had
already
started
C
.began
D.
have
already
begun
(
)10.
The
film
_______
for
ten
minutes
when
we
got
to
the
cinema.
A.
had
already
been
on
B.
had
already
begun
C.
have
already
been
on
D.
have
already
begun
A
B
More
practice:
He
told
me
he
________(meet)
her
before.
She
thanked
me
for
what
I
_______(do)
for
her
son.
I
________(learn)
300
words
by
the
end
of
last
month.
He
_______(leave)
his
office
when
I
arrived
there.
She
_________(visit)
the
city
three
times
before
she
died
in
1997.
They
knew
she
___________(borrow)
a
lot
of
money
for
her
daughter.
7.
Great
changes
__________(take)
place
in
my
hometown
since
1996.
8.
He
__________(live)
in
Beijing
since
he
was
born.
He
told
me
he
________(live)
in
Beijing
since
he
was
born.
had
met
had
done
had
learnt
had
left
had
visited
had
borrowed
have
taken
has
lived
had
lived
1.
他来我们学校之前已经在那所学校工作了三年.
2.
当Millie到达电影院的时候,
电影已经开始了半个小时了.
3.
自从他离开南京我们就一直没有见过面.
He
had
worked
in
that
school
for
three
years
before
he
came
to
our
school.
The
film
had
already
been
on
for
half
an
hour
when
Millie
got
to
the
cinema.
We
haven’t
seen
each
other
since
he
left
Nanjing.
4.
到上学期末,我们已经学历4000多个单词.
By
the
end
of
last
term,
we
had
learnt
over
4,000
words.
5.
我们完成这项工作比预料中的时间要早的多.
6.
贝尔在30岁前发明了电话.
We
finished
the
work
much
earlier
than
we
had
expected.
Bell
had
invented
the
telephone
before
he
was
30.
The
young
couple
had
lived
here
for
three
years
before
he
moved
here.
7.
在他搬到这里之前,那对夫妇已经在这儿住了三年了.
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