高中英语概要写作（summary）答题过程探讨（学案）

概要写作（summary）
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题型介绍：
概要写作是新高考启用的新题型，给出一篇300字左右的文章(体裁多为说明文、记叙文，练习时偶见其它文体)，要求缩写成一篇不超过60字的小短文，缩写的内容覆盖原文的要点。
概要写作是对原文的高度浓缩，是阅读者在不改变原文的中心思想、体裁和结构的前提下用简洁、精炼的语言表述一篇文章的主要内容、基本观点或事实。它主要包括阅读和写作两个过程。
-01-
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满分要求：
简洁?全面
连贯
客观
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?-02-
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写作的技巧：
1)?删除细节，只保留主要观点。
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2)?把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。
如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。
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3)?避免重复。
在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
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4)?压缩长的句子。如下列两例：
“His
courage
in
battle
might
without
exaggeration
be
called
lion-like.”
可以概括为：”He
was
very
brave
in
battle.”
“He
was
hard
up
for
money
and
was
being
pressed
by
his
creditor.”
可以概括为：“He
was
in
financial
difficulties.”
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5)?你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。
请看下面的例子：
“Beautiful
mountains
like
Mount
Tai,
Lushan
Mountain,
and
Mount
Huang,
werevisited
by
only
a
few
people
in
the
past.
Today,
better
wages,
holidays
withpay,
new
hotels
on
these
mountains,
and
better
train
and
bus
services,
havebrought
them
within
reach
of
many
who
never
thought
of
visiting
them
ten
yearsago.”
可以概括为：”Beautiful
mountains
like
Mount
Tai,
once
visitedby
only
a
few
people,
are
today
accessible
to
many,
thanks
to
better
wages,paid
holidays,
new
hotels
and
better
transportation
services.”
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6)?使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：
“She
brought
home
several
Chinese
and
English
novels,
a
few
copies
of
Timeand
Newsweek
and
some
textbooks.
She
intended
to
read
all
of
them
during
thewinter
vocation.”
可以概括为：”She
brought
home
a
lot
of
books
to
read
during
thevocation.”
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7）巧妙使用连接词。
比如，可以使用but,
then,
thus,
yet,
though，不能使用at
the
same
time,
in
the
first
place,
because
of
these,
on
the
other
hand等较长的连接词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。
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8)?文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如：
Katelooked
at
Paul
disapprovingly:
You
use
too
much
salt
on
your
food,
Paul
—
it’snot
good
for
you!”
Paul
put
down
his
knife
and
frowned:”
Why
on
earth
not!
Ifyou
didn’t
have
salt
on
your
food
it
would
taste
awful…
like
eating
cardboardor
sand…
just
imagine
bread
without
salt
in
it,
or
potatoes
or
pasta
cookedwithout
salt!”
Kate
was
patient.
She
didn’t
want
to
quarrel
with
Paul.
Shewanted
to
persuade
him.
She
said
firmly:”
But
too
much
salt
is
bad
for
you.
Itcause
high
blood
pressure
and
late
on,
heart-attacks.
It
also
disguises
thetaste
of
food,
the
real
tastes
which
are
much
more
subtle
than
salt,
and
whichwe
have
lost
the
sensitivity
to
appreciate
any
more.”
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上面可以用第三人称概括为：
Katesuggested
to
Paul
that
he
should
eat
less
salt.
She
thought
that
eating
toomuch
salt
would
do
harm
to
Paul’s
health
and
that
it
could
reduce
the
realtastes
of
food.
But
Paul
disagreed.
He
said
that
food
without
salt
would
betasteless.
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?-03-
说明文的概要写作
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说明文是对某一特定事物或现象进行介绍说明。说明文会涉及到说明事物的方方面面，因此在概括时，要把所说明事物的主要方面重点去刻画，对于次要内容或附带说明则可一笔带过或忽略不写。
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值得注意的是，说明文的最后一段或一个句子往往包含得分要点，要多加注意甄别取舍。
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The
Problem
ofPackaging
A
largesource
of
rubbish
is
packaging
material.
It
often
makes
up
more
than
30
percentof
the
total.
To
understand
why
this
is
true,
think
of
the
packaging
commonlyused
for
a
simple
product,
such
as
toothpaste.
The
packaging
includes
not
onlythe
tube
for
the
toothpaste,
but
also
the
box
for
the
tube.
This
box
is
putinto
a
plastic
wrapper.
Then,
the
boxes
are
transported
in
a
cardboardcontainer.
Mostpackaging
material
ends
up
in
a
landfill
after
it
is
thrown
away.
Thoughnecessary,
landfills
take
up
valuable
space,
often
stink,
and
can
leak
harmfulsubstances
into
the
soil.
Landfills
not
included,
the
production
of
packagingmaterial
itself
is
a
major
source
of
air
and
water
pollution.
People
arenow
trying
to
solve
the
problems
caused
by
packaging
materials.
In
1991,Germany
took
the
lead
by
requiring
companies
to
recycle
the
packaging
used
fortheir
goods.
To
do
this,
the
companies
set
up
recycling
bins
in
everyneighborhood.
Consumers
now
separate
their
rubbish
into
three
categories—metal,plastic
and
paper
cartons.
They
then
put
it
into
the
appropriate
bin.
Therubbish
sorted,
it
is
transported
to
?cyclingcompany
for
processing.
Theprogramme
worked
well
at
first.
However,
the
amount
of
rubbish
has
begun
toincrease
again.
One
reason
for
this
is
that
many
consumers
no
longer
reducewaste
because
they
think
the
problem
is
solved.
It
seems
that
to
properly
dealwith
the
problem
of
rubbish,
everyone
must
remain
vigilant
and
do
their
part.
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【思路分析】
我们先来把每段的大意理一下：
第一段的中心应该就是讲?A
large
source
of
rubbish
is
packaging
material.It
often
makes
up
more
than
30
percent
of
the
total.?后面的牙膏的情况只是举例说明。
第二段呢？讲了两层意思，一层：垃圾进入填埋场后造成污染；二层：这些包装材料生产过程中，会产生对空气和水的污染。
第三段：中心句很清晰啊??
People
arenow
trying
to
solve
the
problems
caused
by
packaging
materials.??后面的德国的事情也是举例子，政府啊，制造商啊，个人啊，采取什么措施来试图解决包装材料带来的污染问题。
最后一段了：尽管德国的方法起到了一定的作用，但，又有些人开始神兜兜起来了。包装材料的污染仍是个大问题啊，我们不能放弃警惕。
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【答题步骤】
I.阅读——划主题句和关键词
标记段落，快速阅读全文，并划出每段中的主题句或关键词；
II.草稿——浓缩主题句和关键词
通过句子分析或添减词对关键词及主题句进行适当修改，使其符合英语语法规则和表达习惯。
III.定稿——用适当连接词，把主题句和关键词组成一篇Summary
梳理段落间主题句和关键词潜在的逻辑关系，并使用适当的连接词将其组合在一起。
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按这个步骤，我们试答题如下：
1.标记段落，快速阅读全文，并划出每段中的主题句或关键词；
Para.1：A
large
source
of
rubbish
is
packaging
material.?It?often?makes
up
more
than
30
percent
of
the
total.?
Para.2：Most
packaging
material
ends
up
in
a
landfill?(after
it
is
thrown
away).
(Though
necessary,)?landfillstake
up
valuable
space,
often
stink,
and
can?leak
harmful
substances
intothe
soil.?(Landfills
not
included,)?the
production
of
packagingmaterial?itself?is
a
major
source
of
air
and
water
pollution.
Para.3:People
arenow
trying
to
solve
the
problems?caused
by
packaging
materials.
Para.4:However,?theamount
of
rubbish?has
begun
to?increase
again.
It
seemsthat
(to
properly
deal
with
the
problem
of
rubbish),?everyone
must
remainvigilant
and
do
their
part.
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2.通过句子分析或添减词对关键词及主题句进行适当修改，使其符合英语语法规则和表达习惯。
Para.1:_______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Para.2：_______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Para.3:_______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Para.4:_______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Key：Para.1：Packaging
material
makesup
more
than
30
percent
of
the
total.
Para.2：Most
packaging
material
ends
up
in
a
landfill
landfills,which
leaks
harmfulsubstances
into
the
soil.
Para.3:People
are
nowtrying
to
solve
the
problems.
Para.4:the
amount
ofrubbish
has
begun
to
increase
again.everyone
must
do
their
part.
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3.summarizing
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答案呼之欲出：
The
article
points
out
the
problem
ofpackaging.
About
one
third
of
rubbish
results
from
the
packaging
materials,which
cause
damage
to
the
environment
during
their
production
and
after
endingin
landfills.
Measures
taken
before
were
temporarily
successful,but
the
problemremains
a
great
concern.
People
are
working
on
it
and
every
one
should
play
apart.
(55
words)
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【总结】
按照上面讲的答题步骤，只要关键词和主旨句不划错，分数一般不会太低，除非出现严重拼写和语法错误；这里面还有很关键的一步：怎么样把核心词主旨句恰当紧凑地衔接起来，这也是得分的关键；考生不妨把上面的写作技巧熟记于心，并多做练习，这样才会拿到高分甚至满分！
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A
drivinggoal
for
most
websites
is
for
that
site
to
be
easily
found
by
people
lookingfor
the
products
or
services.
One
of
the
ways
people
may
find
these
sites
isvia
a
search
engine.
With
this
in
mind,
companies
obviously
want
their
websitesto
appeal
to
search
engines
as
well.?(第一段文字讲网站要让搜索引擎喜欢，那预测下，接下来的文字可能会是，该怎么让搜索引擎喜欢呢？有什么要注意的要素呢？)
First
ofall,
website
content
should
be
unique
and
timely.?（第一句话是主题句，网站内容要独特新颖且及时）Only
quality
content
ensures
that
customers
willfrequent
your
website
and
also
recommend
it
to
friends
via
links
or
throughsocial
channels.?
This
act
of
sharing
notonly
gives
your
site
more
chances
of
public
exposure
but
it
also
helps
to
pushup
your
search
engine
rankings,
which
extends
huge
psychological
implication
toother
engine
users
as
people
tend
to
follow
suit.
Now
famoussearch
engines
such
as
Google
use
mobile
friendliness
as
a
ranking
signal（这个词出现了，后面几段文字都是在讲搜索引擎会关注的ranking
signal，这个词在summary中必须出现）?in
their
ranking
algorithm(算法).
Therefore,
if
your
site
is
not
applicable
formobile
devices,
you
are
offering
a
less
than
ideal
experience
to
some
users
andin
result
search
engines
will
take
the
disadvantage
into
account.（这段文字的主要词眼是?mobile
friendliness）
Anotherkey
ranking
signal
that
Google
and
other
search
engines
weigh
heavily
is
pagespeed
and
overall
site
performance.(又是主题句，关键词是page
speed?和overall
site
performance)If
your
site
is
loaded
with
too
manyhigh-resolution
images
and
videos
or
other
elements,
much
viewing
time
will
becaused.?
These
will
make
sluggish,
slowloading
that
frustrate
and
often
drive
away
visitors.
It's
time
to
reduce
thepage
size
as
all
the
visitors
appreciate
faster
download.?
Some
are
even
willing
to
trade
better
visualexperiences
for
high
viewing
speed.?
Asuser
preference
stands
on
top
of
any
search
engine's
list
of
priority,
searchengines
will
look
very
favorably
upon
the
speed
improvements
of
the
websites.
Inaddition,
for
a
hot
website,
appropriate
update
frequency
is
also
vital.(又是主题句，词眼是update
frequency)?Although
the
content
is
current
and
up
to
date
when
it
is
first
launched,it
will
soon
lose
its
freshness
with
the
explosion
of
other
various
onlineresources.?
If
the
content
on
yourwebsites
has
appeared
on
other
sites
before,
your
website
is
sooner
or
later
tobe
deserted
because
of
humans’
nature
of
having
a
low
boredom
threshold(门槛).
In
turn,
your
website’s
search
ranking
will
drop
drastically.?
Finally,don’t
look
down
on
customer
experience.?(主题句，关键词是customer
experience)Too
often
people
ignore
the
benefits
of
creating
aviewing
experience
that
is
enjoyable.
When
assessing
your
website's
userfriendliness,
understand
that
ease
of
use
comes
first,
but
do
not
discount
thebenefits
of
adding
a
bit
of
delight
into
that
experience
as
well.
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整理下思路如下：
该文章主要讲了网站为了迎合搜索引擎，必须要考虑到搜索引擎的一些ranking
signals，分别是unique
and
timely
content,
mobile
friendliness,page
speed
and
site
performance,
appropriate
update
frequency?和enjoyable
customer
experience.
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Answer:
Thisarticle
focuses
on
how
websites
make
themselves
easily
accessible
to
usersthrough
search
engines.
The
ranking
signals
to
be
considered
include
unique
andtimely
content,
mobile
friendliness,
page
speed
and
site
performance,appropriate
update
frequency
and
enjoyable
customer
experience.(41
words)
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【总结】
这里说一下文章的语言图式，内容图式，结构图式（限于篇幅，后面会专门介绍）。
在试卷作答的过程中，如果只是就题目而分析的话，可能就失去了很多好的机会，更立体的了解一段文字；往往我们更多地关注文章的语言图式和内容图式，对结构图式避而不谈，这是“只见树木，不见森林”的做法。
如果对文章的结构脉络了解清楚的话，对做完形，阅读题都是十分有帮助的，当然，写文章一样。summary很重要的一点就是要看出文章的结构，理清每一段的重点内容和关键词，以及各段之间的关系。当然，该文章是说明文，本来结构就比较清楚。
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-04-
记叙文的概要写作
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讲到记叙文，当然要关注记叙文的几要素，如时间，地点，人物，时间的起因，经过，发展，高潮，结尾等等。
记叙文中的conflict，比如自我的冲突（曾经的我和现在的我，表象的我和内心的我），人和人（社会）的冲突，人与自然的冲突等。这篇文章中，也有冲突，冲突让时间的发展产生戏剧效果（dramatize）。这里的冲突主要表现在，作者想要帮忙但被拒绝，之后又被另一人接受；记叙文通常会传递一个message，也是作者写作的意图：abilities
are
more
important
than
disabilities.
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?NOT
long
ago,
I
was
at
a
stateconference
with
a
group
preparing
for
a
week
of
meetings.
I
walked
into
theroom
where
a
handful
of
volunteers
were
busy
collating
(装订整理)
handouts.
I
asked
if
I
could
help.
One
of
the
ladies
politely
said
“Oh,no,
thank
you”
and
offered
me
a
chair
to
just
sit
while
they
worked.
Then,
another
volunteer
came
into
the
room,
saw
me
sitting
there
doingnothing
and
said:
“Hey,
Larry,
come
on
over
here.
There’s
work
to
do,
and
youcan
help.”
He
put
a
couple
of
chairs
together,
placed
two
stacks
of
handouts
onthem
and
instructed:
“OK,
the
left
sheet
goes
on
top
of
the
right
one.”
“Fine.
I
can
handle
that,”
I
said.
And
just
like
that,
I
was
now
part
ofthe
team.
?
This
member
of
the
group
saw
thatmy
disability
did
not
mean
an
inability
to
help.
Later,
I
thanked
him
forhaving
included
me,
and
asked
what
motivated
his
action.
He
said:
“Well,
Ifigured
with
one
more
set
of
hands
we’d
finish
more
quickly.
I
was
just
usingcommon
sense.”
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I’m
sure
that
the
kind
folks
whoinitially
turned
down
my
offer
of
help
did
not
mean
to
offend
me.
It
just
seemedmore
appropriate
to
them
to
say
“No,
thank
you”
than
to
stop
their
work
and
tryand
figure
out
how
to
include
me.
And
that’s
the
real
issue
here.
Too
often,people
with
disabilities
are
excluded
–
within
their
community
or
within
asocial
setting
–
because
of
their
disability
and
not
because
of
theirinability.
It’s
important
for
all
of
us
to
feel
part
of
the
group
and
to
feel
that
webelong.
It’s
important
to
our
self-esteem.
And
it
is
even
more
important
forpeople
with
disabilities.
Inclusion
means
we
are
accepted,
appreciated
andvalued
as
a
full
and
equal
member
of
the
group.
It
sends
a
message
that
states:“To
us,
your
abilities
are
more
important
than
your
disability.”
Summary：
The
article
is
about
the
author'sexperience
of
being
treated
differently
when
he
tried
to
offer
help
as
adisabled
volunteer
for
a
state
conference.
Turned
down
because
of
hisdisability
in
the
first
case,
he
was
later
treated
equally
and
included
in
theworking
team.
The
article
shows
disabled
people
do
not
necessarily
lack
theabilities
to
do
things.
-05-
开篇常用句式
?
1）This
paper
deals
with..
2）This
article
focuses
on
the
topics
of
(that,having,
etc).
3）This
essay
presents
knowledge
that...
4）This
thesis
discusses...
5）This
thesis
analyzes...
6）This
paper
provides
an
overview
of...
7)
This
paper
elaborates
on
..
8）This
article
gives
an
overview
of...
9）This
article
compares...and
summarizes
keyfindings.
10）This
paper
includes
discussions
concerning...
11)
This
paper
presents
up
12)
This
article
covers
the
role
of
chemicals
in...
13)
This
paper
addresses
important
topics
including...
14)
This
paper
touches
upon...
15)
This
paper
strongly
emphasizes..
17)
This
article
not
only
describes...but
also
suggests...
18)
This
paper
considers...
19)
This
paper
provides
a
method
of
...
20)
This
paper
introduces
an
applicable
procedure
to
analyze...
21)
This
paper
offers
the
latest
information
regarding...
22)
This
paper
is
devoted
to
examining
the
role
of...
23)
This
article
explores...
24)
This
paper
expresses
views
on...
25)
This
paper
reflects
the
state
of
the
art
in...
26)
This
paper
explains
the
procedures
for...
27)
This
paper
develops
the
theory
of
..
28)
This
article
reviews
the
techniques
used
in...
29)
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paper
investigates
the
techniques
and
procedures
to...
30)
This
article
is
about...
31)
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essay
is
related
to
...
32)
This
paper
concerns...
33)
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paper
gives
an
account
of
...
34)
This
article
tells
of...
35)
This
paper
tries
to
describe...
36)
This
paper
provides
an
analysis
of
...
37)
This
paper
reports
the
latest
information
on
..
38)
The
author
of
this
article
reviews..
39)
The
writer
of
this
paper
discusses...
40)
The
writer
of
this
essay
tries
to
explore...
41)
The
aim
of
this
paper
is
to
determine..
42)
The
purpose
of
this
article
is
to
review...
43)
The
objective
of
this
paper
is
to
explore...
44)The
author
of
this
article
reviews(or:
discusses,
describes,
summarizes,examines)
something
45)
This
article
reviews
(or:
reports,
tells
of,
is
about,
concerns)something……
46)
This
article
has
been
prepared(or:
designed,
written)…….
47)
The
purpose
of
this
article
is
to
determine
something…….
48)
The
problem
of
something
is
discussed
…….
总结：summary写作时一定要注意拼写和语法（行文时态、动词三单一等）不要出现低级错误；其次要学会快速抓住各种文体的要点，并且借助某些语法（比如从句，非谓语作状语等）精准提炼成summary语言；最后是模仿，平时可以多观摩一些参考答案，多思考琢磨并有意识地去仿写。